Below is a consolidated, in‐depth analysis drawn from the examiner reports (2016, 2018, and

2019) on what the examiners are expecting in both compulsory and optional papers—with a
focus on the following subjects: Town Planning, Anthropology, Political Science, Criminology,
and Gender Studies. Each section below summarizes the key examiner demands and follows
with tailored recommendations.

1. Town Planning & Urban Management

Examiner Demands:

 Although a relatively new addition to the CSS syllabus (as seen in the 2016 report),
examiners appreciate its inclusion. However, candidates’ answers are often marred by
poor writing standards and a lack of analytical depth.
 The expectations include the ability to clearly explain planning principles, discuss urban
management challenges, and back up theoretical concepts with practical illustrations such
as diagrams, maps, and case studies.
 Answers should be well organized and demonstrate an understanding of contemporary
issues in urban planning rather than being a mere recitation of textbook material.

(See observations in for 2016 on Town Planning & Urban Management.)

Recommendations:

 Develop a Clear Structure: Organize your response logically—start with a brief

introduction outlining key urban planning concepts, followed by analytical discussion
supported by practical examples.
 Incorporate Visual Aids: Practice drawing simple diagrams or maps where relevant to
illustrate planning issues effectively.
 Update Knowledge Base: Consult current textbooks and research articles on urban
management to include up-to-date trends and challenges in your answers.
 Enhance Language Proficiency: Work on refining written English to ensure clarity and
precision in your arguments.

2. Anthropology

Examiner Demands:

 Reports from 2018 point out that many candidates lack conceptual clarity and often fail to
apply theoretical frameworks to real-life social issues.
 While a few candidates manage to connect anthropological theories to the practical socio-
cultural landscape of Pakistan, most responses are superficial, with significant issues in
language (spelling and grammar) and time management.
  The emphasis is on transforming rote memorization into a critical, analytical approach
that links theory with practice.

(See for 2018 insights on Anthropology.)

Recommendations:

 Deepen Conceptual Understanding: Engage with comprehensive anthropological texts

and scholarly articles. Focus on key theories and their relevance to Pakistani society.
 Practice Application: Work on case studies and past exam questions that require you to
apply anthropological ideas to current social structures and cultural issues.
 Improve Language Skills: Dedicate time to enhancing your English language
proficiency, especially in writing clear and error-free responses.
 Time Management: Practice structuring your answers so that you address all parts of the
question systematically within the given time.

3. Political Science

Examiner Demands:

 Across the reports (2019 and earlier), examiners consistently note a poor grasp of
fundamental political concepts and an inability to construct well-reasoned arguments.
 Many candidates demonstrate over-reliance on rote learning and guide books; they fail to
explain key issues like separation of powers, federalism, and the evolution of the state
with sufficient depth.
 Critical thinking, coherent argumentation, and proper interpretation of the question are
highlighted as major areas for improvement.

(See for 2019 observations on Political Science.)

Recommendations:

 Strengthen Fundamentals: Revisit core textbooks and academic journals to build a

solid understanding of political theories and concepts.
 Cultivate Critical Analysis: Practice evaluating current political events and debates; this
helps in forming original arguments and linking theory to practice.
 Structured Answering: Work on presenting your ideas clearly with a defined
introduction, body (with sub-headings if needed), and conclusion.
 Language and Presentation: Improve your written English by practicing essays and
getting feedback on grammar and clarity. Consider group discussions to refine your
thought process.
4. Criminology

Examiner Demands:

 While candidates’ overall performance in Criminology has been somewhat encouraging,

there is a common critique: many answers remain superficial and lack depth in explaining
criminological theories.
 There is an observed over-dependence on local texts with insufficient reference to
international authors or frameworks, leading to a limited perspective.
 Presentation, clarity, and a professional approach to answering (with proper examples
and references) are areas where many responses fall short.

(Refer to and for discussions on Criminology.)

Recommendations:

 Broaden Reading Horizons: Supplement your study material with international

literature and reputable research articles in criminology.
 Deepen Analytical Skills: Develop your ability to critically compare different
criminological theories and relate them to real-world scenarios, including case studies
and recent developments.
 Improve Presentation: Focus on clarity and coherence in your writing. Practice drafting
concise answers that directly address the question and include relevant examples.
 Focus on Language Proficiency: Ensure that your responses are grammatically sound
and clearly articulated.

5. Gender Studies

Examiner Demands:

 Examiner reports (2018 and 2019) indicate that responses in Gender Studies tend to be
formulaic—often mirroring introductory texts without offering critical insight.
 Candidates frequently follow a rigid structure with headings and sub-headings but fail to
develop a nuanced argument or to address the specific demands of the questions.
 There is also a noted inability to differentiate between closely related areas (for example,
Gender Studies versus Women’s Studies) and a general lack of contemporary application,
particularly in relation to Pakistani society.

(See and for Gender Studies remarks.)

Recommendations:

 Engage with Advanced Material: Move beyond basic textbooks by studying current
research articles and critical essays in Gender Studies to develop a deeper understanding.
  Practice Critical Differentiation: Work on distinguishing between similar concepts
(e.g., gender studies vs. women’s studies) and apply them to analyze contemporary social
issues, especially those relevant to Pakistan.
 Avoid Formulaic Writing: While structure is important, strive to ensure that your
response is original and analytical rather than just a reproduction of standard material.
 Refine Writing Skills: Invest time in improving your language proficiency so that you
can present clear, concise, and critically engaged answers.

Overall Conclusion

Across these subjects, the examiners are urging candidates to move away from rote
memorization and superficial responses. Instead, they demand:

 Critical Thinking: Develop original, well-structured arguments that integrate theory

with practice.
 Analytical Depth: Support your answers with up-to-date references, examples, and,
where applicable, visual aids.
 Language Proficiency: Improve grammar, clarity, and presentation skills to ensure that
your arguments are communicated effectively.
 Thorough Preparation: Engage deeply with the prescribed syllabus and recommended
academic resources rather than relying on shortcuts or guide books.

By addressing these areas in each subject, candidates can meet the examiners’ expectations more
fully and enhance their overall performance in the competitive examination.

Sources
o3-mini

You said:

you have not given of complusory subjects

ChatGPT said:

Reasoned about compulsory subject expectations for 23 seconds

Below is an integrated analysis—drawn from the 2016, 2018, and 2019 examiner reports—of
what the examiners expect in both the compulsory subjects and in the optional subjects (Town
Planning, Anthropology, Political Science, Criminology, and Gender Studies), along with
targeted recommendations for improvement.
I. Compulsory Subjects
1. Essay

Examiner Demands:

 Depth and Originality: Examiners expect essays to be more than a regurgitation of

memorized facts. Essays on topics requiring critical, subjective analysis (e.g., Democracy
in Pakistan, Rule of Law) tend to be stronger than those on more “objective” topics (like
Global Warming or CPEC).
 Structure and Clarity: Many candidates fail to differentiate between an essay and other
forms of writing. A clear introduction, well-organized body paragraphs, and a cogent
conclusion are essential.
 Language and Presentation: There is a consistent complaint about poor grammar,
mechanical language, and a lack of literary finesse.

(Observations from 2018 and 2019 reports highlight these issues. , )

Recommendations:

 Practice Structured Writing: Develop an outline before you start. Ensure your essay
has a clear thesis, supporting arguments, and a conclusion.
 Enhance Critical Thinking: Engage with diverse perspectives by reading quality
editorials and academic essays; this will help you build original arguments.
 Language Improvement: Regularly practice writing and seek feedback to correct
grammatical mistakes and improve style.

2. English (Precise & Composition)

Examiner Demands:

 Precision in Expression: Candidates often lose marks by deviating from the prescribed
content. Many answers contain personal anecdotes or irrelevant details rather than
summarizing the provided passage.
 Language Mechanics: Common issues include errors in tense, subject–verb agreement,
punctuation, and overreliance on literal translation of idioms.

(2018 and 2019 reports note a widespread inability to follow the standard rules of précis writing
and composition. , )

Recommendations:

 Master the Basics: Study standard guidelines for précis writing and composition.
  Practice Regularly: Use diverse passages to practice summarizing and composing
coherent responses, focusing on clarity and brevity.
 Language Drills: Engage in targeted exercises for grammar, punctuation, and sentence
structure.

3. General Knowledge (GK-I & GK-II)

Examiner Demands:

 GK-I (General Science & Ability):

o Candidates are expected to have a basic command over even simple scientific
concepts (e.g., understanding directions, basic mathematics) and analytical
reasoning.
o Many scripts reveal gaps in knowledge—such as confusion over space sciences—
and a lack of neat, systematic presentation.
 GK-II (Current Affairs):
o Answers should be focused and relevant, avoiding long-winded, general
descriptions.
o There is a frequent issue with poor handwriting, limited vocabulary, and an
overreliance on uncritical reproduction of media content.

(Both reports underscore the need for precision and relevance in GK answers. , )

Recommendations:

 Solidify Fundamentals: Revisit basic science and mathematics concepts. Work on

solving simple problems to build confidence and accuracy.
 Stay Informed: Regularly read both national and international newspapers, scholarly
articles, and analytical reports to develop a well-rounded understanding of current affairs.
 Practice Answering: Focus on writing concise answers that are directly responsive to the
questions. Use diagrams or tables where appropriate to enhance clarity.

4. Comparative Study of Major Religions / Islamic Studies

Examiner Demands:

 For Non-Muslim Candidates (Comparative Study of Major Religions):

o There is a significant deficiency in understanding both modern and historical
aspects. Candidates often rely on superficial notes rather than in-depth study of
prescribed texts.
 For Muslim Candidates (Islamic Studies):
 o Answers should reflect a clear comprehension of Islamic history, theology, and its
contemporary implications. Many responses are criticized for not addressing the
precise demand of the question.

(Both 2018 and 2019 reports point to a lack of critical insight and poor use of recommended
resources. , )

Recommendations:

 Deepen Your Reading: Engage with the prescribed textbooks and supplement your
study with authentic sources and scholarly commentaries.
 Critical Analysis: Practice comparing different viewpoints and discussing the evolution
of religious thought rather than merely listing facts.
 Tailor Your Answers: Ensure that your responses specifically address the question's
demand—for instance, linking religious doctrines with contemporary social issues where
required.

II. Optional Subjects

1. Town Planning & Urban Management

Examiner Demands:

 Analytical Depth: Candidates are expected to explain urban planning principles, current
urban challenges, and propose workable solutions rather than simply reciting textbook
definitions.
 Presentation: Clarity of diagrams, maps, or figures is crucial to demonstrate a practical
understanding of the subject.

(The 2016 report particularly noted issues with poor writing standards and superficial treatment
of the subject. )

Recommendations:

 Use Diagrams and Case Studies: Complement theoretical discussion with simple
visuals and examples from recent urban issues.
 Stay Updated: Read current journals and case studies on urban development and
planning practices.
 Practice Structured Answers: Organize your response logically to ensure that your
argument is both clear and analytical.

2. Anthropology
Examiner Demands:

 Conceptual Clarity and Application: While some candidates demonstrate the ability to
relate anthropological theory to practical issues in Pakistan, many fall short by presenting
superficial answers with poor language mechanics.
 Integration of Theory and Practice: An effective answer should weave in theoretical
concepts with current social and cultural examples.

(Reports from 2018 highlight the need for deeper, more analytical responses. )

Recommendations:

 Deepen Theoretical Knowledge: Study comprehensive texts and engage with academic
journals to understand key anthropological theories.
 Practice Application: Regularly attempt case studies or past questions that require
linking theory with contemporary issues.
 Enhance Language Skills: Focus on improving your spelling and grammar to present
your arguments clearly.

3. Political Science

Examiner Demands:

 Critical Analysis: Candidates must demonstrate a robust understanding of political

theories (e.g., separation of powers, federalism) and be able to analyze these concepts in
the context of national issues.
 Originality in Argumentation: Many responses are criticized for relying on rote
material from coaching centers rather than original thought and critical evaluation.

(Observations in the 2019 report point to a need for stronger, more logically structured
arguments. )

Recommendations:

 Revise Core Concepts: Go back to fundamental textbooks and academic articles to

solidify your understanding.
 Develop Analytical Essays: Practice constructing well-reasoned arguments with clear
introductions, body paragraphs, and conclusions.
 Improve Writing Proficiency: Enhance your written English through regular practice,
focusing on clarity and precision.

4. Criminology
Examiner Demands:

 Depth and Breadth of Knowledge: Although overall performance is somewhat

encouraging, many candidates provide superficial answers that lack reference to
international perspectives and analytical depth.
 Professional Presentation: Clear, coherent answers with relevant examples and a
balanced discussion of theories are expected.

(Both 2018 and 2019 reports emphasize the need for a broader knowledge base and improved
presentation skills. , )

Recommendations:

 Expand Your Reading List: Supplement local texts with internationally recognized
works in criminology.
 Practice Analytical Writing: Develop your ability to compare and critically analyze
different criminological theories.
 Focus on Clarity: Work on presenting your answers in a structured manner with
appropriate examples and minimal language errors.

5. Gender Studies

Examiner Demands:

 Beyond Formulaic Responses: Many candidates stick to a rigid structure (headings,

sub-headings) without offering substantive analysis.
 Contemporary Relevance: Answers should distinguish between closely related fields
(e.g., Gender Studies vs. Women’s Studies) and apply concepts to current social issues in
Pakistan.
 Language and Critical Thinking: Poor language skills and lack of critical
argumentation are common weaknesses.

(Both 2018 and 2019 reports criticize the superficial approach in Gender Studies responses. , )

Recommendations:

 Engage with Current Research: Read updated academic articles and critical essays to
deepen your understanding.
 Practice Critical Differentiation: Work on distinguishing between related concepts and
apply these distinctions to analyze contemporary gender issues.
 Avoid Rote Patterns: While a structured format is useful, ensure your answer is
analytical and original, rather than a reproduction of textbook material.
 Improve Written Expression: Focus on clarity and accuracy in language to present your
arguments more effectively.
Overall Integrated Strategy
Across both compulsory and optional subjects, the examiner reports consistently stress that
candidates should:

 Move Beyond Memorization: Rely less on rote learning and more on original, analytical
thought.
 Ensure Clarity and Relevance: Answers must be concise, well-structured, and directly
address the question’s demand.
 Hone Language Skills: Clear and error-free English is a key requirement for all subjects.
 Engage in Comprehensive Preparation: Study prescribed texts thoroughly and stay
updated with current trends and scholarly research.

By focusing on these areas and following the above recommendations, candidates can better
align their preparation with the examiners’ expectations and improve their performance in both
compulsory and optional papers.

Sources
o3-mini

You said:

are you confirmed that these things are enough from the reports? if anything is remaining then
tell me since i am going to start preparation,
ChatGPT said:

In addition to the earlier recommendations, the examiner reports from the Federal Public Service
Commission (FPSC) for the CSS Competitive Examinations highlight several critical areas that
candidates should focus on to enhance their preparation:

1. Subject Selection:

 Relevance to Academic Background: Candidates are advised to choose optional

subjects aligned with their educational background and interests. Selecting subjects
without proper understanding can lead to superficial answers and poor performance.

Federal Public Service Commission

2. Analytical and Critical Thinking:

 Beyond Memorization: Examiners emphasize the importance of moving beyond rote

learning. Candidates should develop the ability to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize
information to construct well-reasoned arguments.
 Federal Public Service Commission

3. Language Proficiency:

 Effective Communication: Proficiency in English is crucial, not just for language-based

papers but across all subjects. Candidates should work on grammar, vocabulary, and
coherent expression to convey their ideas effectively.

Federal Public Service Commission

4. Time Management:

 Practice Under Timed Conditions: Developing the ability to articulate thoughts clearly
within the given time frame is essential. Regular practice under exam-like conditions can
enhance this skill.

5. Understanding Exam Requirements:

 Familiarity with Syllabus and Past Papers: A thorough understanding of the syllabus
and regular practice with past papers can help in identifying patterns and frequently asked
topics, aiding in focused preparation.

6. Presentation Skills:

 Structured Responses: Organizing answers with clear introductions, coherent

arguments, and concise conclusions can significantly impact the impression on
examiners.

7. Continuous Learning:

 Stay Updated: Keeping abreast of current affairs, especially for subjects like Current
Affairs and Pakistan Affairs, is vital. Regular reading of reputable newspapers and
journals is recommended.

By incorporating these additional insights from the examiner reports, candidates can adopt a
more holistic approach to their CSS exam preparation, addressing both content mastery and skill
development.