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The only issue is that computers do not speak English as we do, they speak
their own language. This computer language is known as machine
language.
There is a part on the computer called the interpreter, which interprets our
instructions to machine language so that the computer is able to understand
the instructions we are giving it. This interpreter is also known as a
compiler.
Your first programming language is usually the toughest to learn but after
learning it, it becomes easier to learn other languages.
Why C++
You can do a lot after learning C++. You can make games, use the Arduino
board to make cool projects or even program planes if you are allowed to
do that. The only limit you have is your imagination.
C++ has a large community support with developer forums, online tutorials,
Facebook community groups, which is very significant for beginner
programmers. It’s much easier to learn as you can ask other people in the
community if you get stuck.
C++ is also very scalable and flexible in multiple environments. This means
that it can be used by beginner programmers and advanced professionals for
different purposes. It can also be used to code games, applications, software
and apps.
Programming at its core is not really about writing code but thinking of
ways to solve problems. You get to learn and appreciate that there are
different ways to tackle a problem and sometimes one way is better than the
other. You also learn that breaking a big problem into small parts makes
your work easier.
Finally, you feel comfortable in this digital world where computers run
almost everything. To you it will not be magic as you know how to use
computers to do your tasks.
At the end of the day even if you don't become a programmer, you will be
able to know how computers can help you out in your work and gain all
these skills.
Files usually have extensions to their file names to indicate the kind of file
it is. When writing
C++ files, the files will have the extension .cpp , example main.cpp
An IDE has everything you need to write, compile and run a program in one
place.
1. A laptop/ Desktop
2. Internet Connection
3. Web browser such as Chrome, Windows Edge or Firefox
Note: please ensure that you download the file named Code Blocks
Windows 64 bit (including compiler).
After that just install the application and open it when done:
You can head over to the Code::Blocks website at the following link:
https://www.codeblocks.org/ to learn more about it. It also includes user
manual and links to download the IDE for other operating systems
Hello World in C++
The first program that all programmers write when learning a new
programming language is known as Hello World.
It is just basically writing a program that displays the words 'Hello World' to
the screen. Since we are programmers now, we say that we are printing the
words 'Hello World' to the screen.
I will be giving out code examples, and you will have to type the examples
in the Code::Blocks and click on the build and run button to compile and
execute the code in order to see the results.
In the pop-up window select Console application and click on the button
Go
Ensure you select C++ in this window
Click Next on the information window
Give the Project a title, for now it is Hello World. Select which folder it
will be saved at.
Ensure that you have GNU GCC Compiler selected as the compiler and
click on Finish.
Now on the left-hand side, under Hello World, click on the + icon next to
the Sources folder to reveal the main.cpp file. Double click on it to display
the file on the editor window on the right-hand side.
The code in the editor looks like the example below
Code
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
return 0;
}
I am pretty sure that the above code looks overwhelming when you first see
it. But we are going to understand what it all means by the end of a few
chapters. For now hang in there as I try to explain the main part of this
program.
The trick with programming is to persevere as things get easier the more
you learn.
There are three buttons on top of the editor that enable us to build and run
our project.
The yellow gear button enables you to build the project, the green play
button enables you to run the build project, while the third, which is a
combination of the gear and play button, enables you to build and run the
project. Click on the combination of the two to execute the project.
A pop-up window will appear with the words 'Hello World' as shown
below.
This is what is known as the console or terminal. The console shows the
output in C++. Just close the window to get rid of it.
NOTE: make sure that you save you file before building and running it, this
can be done by pressing Control-s (Ctrl+s) after every change
First of all, notice that the line ends with a semicolon (;), this is very
important as it indicates the end of this instruction.
cout is just the programmer way of calling a screen, you can think of it as
the short form of console output.
The symbols << just mean display the things after me on the screen
'Hello World' is the text that we want to display on the screen. Notice that it
is surrounded by double quotes. The double quotes are part of the syntax
and are very important.
The next << symbol over means, add what's after me to the text 'Hello
world'. In programming we call this concatenation that is adding two
strings together
endl, means add a newline, a newline is just like pressing enter while typing
something on the computer, it takes you to a next line below the current text
As you can see when writing programs, we do not just write it in plain
English, we follow some specific rules known as the syntax of the language.
Exercise
1. Change the text so that the program prints out your name, build and run
the code.
2. Write the line of code cout << “Hello World”; two times and see what is
printed on the console. How is that different from writing cout << 'Hello
World' << endl; two times
3. Create a new project and give it any name you like and store it in a
different folder location.
a. For this new project click the run icon and notice what happens
b. For this new project click the build gear icon then the run icon
individually and note what happens.
Variables
In this chapter I will first take you through the main parts of the computer
that are important in programming.
The main part of the computer is known as the processor. This is what
actually reads your code and does what you instructed.
You can think of it as a bunch of shelves with boxes where you can store
things. In addition, these boxes are of different sizes and type. Hence you
can determine what you can store in them.
In addition, we can label these boxes so that we can refer to the name later
easily.
Variable Assignment
You can think of a variable as a box where we place our value in, and a
variable name as a label we place on the box.
There is also a thing called data type assigned to each box. A data type is a
type of information that is stored in a box. That means that the particular
variable can store only a particular type of data. Examples of data types
include strings, numbers, booleans etc.
Below is an example of a variable assignment. We write it in Code::Blocks
in a new project called variables, save the file by pressing Control-S then
build and run.
Example code
Above we have declared a variable of the name radius of data type int,
meaning integer and initialized it to the value 20.
int is what we call the data type. Using the box analogy a data type
determines the type of the box to store our value. The value which we store
is 20. The variable name is called radius, which means the label on the box
is radius.
The value of the variable can change throughout the program as long as it is
of the same data type. In the above program, we change the value to 40.
int
The data type int stands for integer. An integer is a whole number, meaning
that it cannot have a decimal to it. Examples of integers are
1,0,45,768,23343 etc.
Variable names
A C++ variable name must start with either a letter or an underscore and all
the rest of the characters must be letters, digits or an underscore.
x
x1
x_1_abc
RATE
bigBonus_
12
3x
%change data
-1 PROG.CPP
The first three, 12 3x %change, are not allowed because they do not start
with a letter or an underscore.
C++ is also case sensitive, meaning that the following are three distinct
variable names:
Rate
RATE
Rate
Camel Case
Camel case is a programming practice where multiple words are written
without spaces and the first letter of each word is capitalized (except for the
first word)
The word end of car would become: endOfCar
Camel case is a commonly used programming practice to name variables.
Keywords
Keywords are names that cannot be used as variable names as they are
reserved for programming language syntax.
If you use them as variable names the compiler will throw errors, or you
might end up changing the basic functionality of some basic function.
Examples of keywords include the basic data types, such as int, bool and
the rest, and names such as struct and class.
Comments
Sometimes we want to explain our code so that others can understand what
we did. In the future that information will help us remember what we did as
we go through the code.
Single line comments begin with two forward slashes (//) while multiline
comments sit in between the following symbols: /**/
Examples of comments:
// Test Code
/* Line 1 of Comments
Line 2 of Comments */
Declaring variables
All variables must be declared or defined before they are used.
When you declare a variable without giving it a value, we say that the
variable is uninitialized.
Uninitialized variable will have a random value in it.
You can also declare and initialize a variable at the same time.
In this example we are going to make use of comments and declare some
variables whose value we will print to the console
Create a new project in Code::Blocks, write the following code, build and
run it.
Example code
Explanation
In the above program, in the main block of code, we first begin by writing a
multiline comment by writing in between /**/.
We then declare two variables of type int which are length and width
without initializing them, which we do later.
We then declare and initialize the variable depth of type int to 40. Finally,
we print the values of length, width and depth to the console each on its
own separate line.
Exercise
1. Write a program that contains statements that output the values of
five or six variables that have been defined, but not initialized.
Compile and run the program. What is the output? Explain.
2. Create a string variable with your name and print it to the console.
3. Create a char variable and print it to the console
4. Create a bool variable and print it to the console
5. Create a float variable and print it to the console
6. Create a long variable named, time of day, in camel case and print it
to the console
Mathematics Operations
In this section we will make a small calculator that only performs
multiplication of two numbers. The program will ask us for two numbers to
multiply and print the result of multiplication.
Addition
Subtraction
Subtraction is done using the - operator
Kristianialaissalapoliisi nauroi.
Johtaja raapi niskaansa. Ei… ei… ei… ei voi olla oikeassa, mutta
silloin on hän, tuhat tulimmainen minut periköön, englantilainen
loordi.
— Sellainen?
— Ymmärrän.
Pierpont Morgan.
RAHARUHTINAAN SÄHKÖSANOMA.
Salapoliisi Krag,
Fredrikshald.
Montako nuottia?
Pierpont Morgan,
South Alloa.
Joko Viimeinen ruusu Fredrikshaldissa,
Geisha mahdollisesti Antwerpenissä.
Burns.
Morgan,
South Alloa.
Burns.
Salapoliisi Krag,
Fredrikshald.
Smyth.
Hän oli täydellisesti selvillä siitä, ettei hänellä koskaan ennen ole
ollut niin arvoituksellista salaisuutta ratkaistavanaan. Eihän ollut
olemassa edellytyksiä, yhteyttä eikä selvitystä. Ainoat, mitä hänellä
olivat hallussaan, olivat naurettavimpia päähänpistoja ja kujeita:
ilveilijä, huijariprofessori sekä joukko sekavia sähkösanomia. Mistä
hänen oli etsittävä ensimäinen säije, joka auttaisi häntä avaamaan
solmua?
Se oli salapoliisipäälliköltä.
Päällikkö.
Lennätinvirkamies sanoi:
KONSULIN LUONA.
— Aha, vai niin. Tässä meillä onkin selitys. Mutta kaikin mokomin,
olkaa hyvä ja astukaa sisään. Täällä seisomme todellakin ja
juttelemme, joten unhotamme ettei juhlasali juuri ole oikea
keskustelupaikka. Asbjörn Krag riisui takkinsa ja hattunsa ja seurasi
konsulia erinomaisen rikkaasti ja aistikkaasti sisustetun huonerivin
läpi. He astuivat työhuoneeseen, joka oli varustettu kelvolla, vanhalla
mahongihuonekalustolla. Seiniä koristivat kirjat kauniissa ja
taiteellisissa kansissa.
— Taulu?
— Niin.
— Niin.
— Mitä minusta?
— Niin, asia on nimittäin siten, ettei yritys ole vielä lahonnut. Nyt
kerron miten se tapahtui.
Mutta silloin tapahtui pari asiaa jotka tekivät sen että minä aloin
varomaan.
— Kyllä yöllä eli aamulla, ja niin pian kun olin päässyt selville siitä
sähkötin teidät.
Taulu oli niin irroitettu että sen kovin hyvin saattoi temmata alas
seinältä.
— No mitä te sitten teitte? kysyi Asbjörn Krag.
— Te sähkötitte salapoliisille?
— Ja edelleen?
Konsuli soitti,
Pian sen jälkeen tuli palvelija sisään. Hän näytti todellakin aivan
harvinaisen typerältä. Hänen kasvoissaan oli lammasmaisen
tuijottava näkö, jonka Kristianialaissalapoliisi heti näki.
Konsuli sanoi.
— Portviiniä?
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