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Beginning Android Web Apps Development 1st ed.
Edition Jon Westfall Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Jon Westfall, Rocco Augusto, Grant Allen
ISBN(s): 9781430239581, 1430239581
Edition: 1st ed.
File Details: PDF, 14.08 MB
Year: 2012
Language: english
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For your convenience Apress has placed some of the front
matter material after the index. Please use the Bookmarks
and Contents at a Glance links to access them.

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 Contents at a Glance

Contents .............................................................................................................. v
About the Authors .............................................................................................. ix
About the Technical Reviewer ............................................................................ x
Acknowledgments ............................................................................................. xi
Introduction ...................................................................................................... xii
■Chapter 1: Harnessing the Power of the Mobile Web ...................................... 1

■Chapter 2: Twitter Applications: Who's That Tweet? .................................... 21

■Chapter 3: Twitter Applications: I Love Ham ................................................. 39

■Chapter 4: Basic Planning and Structuring of Your Application ................... 49

■Chapter 5: Handling Multiple Screen Resolutions with CSS 3 ....................... 65

■Chapter 6: Handling Different Browser Platforms ......................................... 85

■Chapter 7: Building an Impressive User Experience with jQuery Mobile ...... 99

■Chapter 8: Building Visually Rich Internet Applications.............................. 121

■Chapter 9: HTML5 Location-Based Applications ......................................... 145

■Chapter 10: Using Cloud Services: A Transport Application........................ 167

■Chapter 11: Pushing the Limits with Audio and Video ................................ 187

■Chapter 12: Supercharging the User Experience with AJAX ....................... 211

■Chapter 13: PackagingYour Applications .................................................... 233

Index ............................................................................................................... 261

iv
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 Introduction

Both of the first author’s (Jon’s) parents were artists. They each could draw fantastical pictures
that resembled real life, and were shocked to see that their son could barely muster up a stick
figure. If you’ve always felt that your inner artist was best expressed through what you could build
with the help of a computer and the Internet, then this book can guide your virtual paintbrush.
The finished product? A mobile web application for Android devices, which can in turn inspire
creativity and productivity in millions of prospective users. It is our hope that this book will give
you all that you need to get up and running and creating your masterpieces in no time.

Who This Book Is For

This book is written at a beginner’s level. For the most part, we assume nothing as we write about
everything from what HTML is to how to apply CSS to querying databases and displaying content
using JavaScript. For some, this may mean that they would like to skim certain introductory
materials (and assuredly miss many bad jokes). However, even advanced users will likely gain
something from the tricks we unroll our sleeves to reveal.

How This Book Is Structured

We’ve split the content in this book into several chapters, with three “unofficial” parts.
In the first part, we introduce you (Chapter 1) to the basic languages of the web: HTML, CSS,
JavaScript, and more. We then jump into two applications (Chapters 2–3) quickly to get your feet
wet, and then back out to discuss planning concerns you might need to address when designing
your own apps (Chapters 4–6)
In the second part, we start to jazz things up a bit. We go into building impressive user
interfaces (Chapter 7) and working with visual content (Chapter 8). We then show you two more
applications (Chapters 9–10) that speak to the unique nature of mobile applications: Using
location information to guide your apps (and users), as well as tapping into the cloud for
information and data.
Finally, in the last part, we talk about the next level of interactivity to add to your
applications. We touch on adding audio and video (Chapter 11), doing things behind the user’s
back to provide impressive functionality (Chapter 12) and wrapping it all up and uploading to the
web or building a full app for your formerly browser-bound creation (Chapter 13).
While we’ve grouped chapters into a logical order, after Chapter 1 you should feel free to
explore the rest of the content. While many topics build upon one another, reading what interests
you first may help you get a good grasp of what concepts from earlier chapters you’ll definitely
want to check out. At the same time, there are nuggets of information in each chapter that will
stand upon their own, especially discussions on design, psychology, and user experience! We
hope you enjoy the journey!

xii
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 ■ CONTENTS

Downloading the code

The code for the examples shown in this book is available on GitHub at
https://github.com/jonwestfall/Beginning-Android-Web-Apps-Development.

Contacting the Author

We’re always happy to hear from our readers, and if you have questions, comments, or thoughts
about the book (or life in general), you can contact any of us through our personal websites or
social media.

Jon Westfall: http://jonwestfall.com Twitter: @jonwestfall

Rocco Augusto: http://nerdofsteel.com/ Twitter: @therocco
Grant Allen: http://www.artifexdigital.com Twitter: @fuzzytwtr

xiii
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 Chapter 1
Harnessing the Power of
the Mobile Web
Welcome to the first chapter of this book. In this chapter, we’ll endeavor to not only tell
you about what you’ll find in this book, but to also compare it to what has come before.
You see, quite simply, it is only now that the true power of mobile web applications and
mobile-optimized websites is being realized, despite the existence of the “web” on
mobile phones in some form for 10 years.
Before we show off the neat stuff we have planned for this book, it’s probably best to
make sure everyone is on the same page, lingo-wise. So we’ll start talking about the
basic terms in web design. In the second section, we’ll talk about the precursors to
today’s mobile web. And finally, in the last section, we’ll talk about the concepts that will
guide this book and give you a sneak peek at some of the applications we’ll be
developing!

Basics of Web Design

There are a few concepts that it’s best to discuss up front. Forgive us if you’ve heard this
all before. However, if you’re completely new to web design (i.e., you’ve never written a
single web page or blog), then this should be a good place to start. And, if we’re starting at
the beginning, then we should start with the lingua franca of the web: HTML.

Getting Started: HyperText Markup Language (HTML)

In the late 1980s, the computer language we know today as HTML was born. HTML isn’t
a true programming language, per se, in that it isn’t compiled. Rather, HTML is
interpreted by special software called a web browser. Browsers, such as Microsoft
Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, and Google Chrome on your Desktop computer, and
Dolphin HD, Opera Mini, and Skyfire on your Android device, download HTML files from
a web server, interpret them, and display them. This entire process is fairly simple. A

1
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2 CHAPTER 1: Harnessing the Power of the Mobile Web

web server can be any sort of computer that makes a list of files available to other
computers on the network over something called HyperText Transport Protocol (HTTP,
as in http:// at the beginning of web addresses, which are also called URLs). Browsers
download these HTML files over HTTP and read them, looking for special features
known as tags. These tags function in the same way as tags in older word processor
programs did—specifying how text and other elements of the page should look when
displayed in the viewer. Consider the web page in Figure 1–1.

Figure 1–1. An example web page named hello.html

Let’s look at the HTML code that made up the page shown in Listing 1–1:
Listing 1–1. hello.html
<html>
<head>
<title>This is the text that appears in the browser's Title bar!</title>
</head>
<body>
This is normal text. However let's get fancy and make <strong>this bold</strong> (this
is <em>italicized</em>).
<br /> The tag to the left just made this a new line.
<p> The tag to the left here just made this a new paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
The code might look a bit strange, but let’s walk through it line by line. The first line,
which simply reads <html>, lets the browser know that it’s reading an HTML document.
You’ll notice that the last line of the document, </html>, is similar. This line “finishes” the
HTML object—closing the tag and telling the browser that the page is over. By having
sets of tags like this, the browser knows what formatting to apply and where to stop
applying it.
The second through fourth lines of the code are known as the page header. This is
where programmers store important information that the browser needs to know in order
to format the page properly. In this case, the only tag I’ve placed within the header is a
title tag, which specifies what should be shown in the title bar of the user’s web
browser. The header would be the location where one would most commonly finds
certain documents, such as Cascading Style Sheets, JavaScript, and META information
for search engine optimization, special instructions for different browsers, favicons
(those little icons that appear next to a bookmark entry in your browser), and other
important information about the page that is not related to the documents’content,
which brings us to line 5 - the bodytag.
The bodytag tells the browser that the content to display to the user is about to be given.
From here, we see straight text—the same that’s in the rendered page shown in Figure 1–1.
However, you’ll notice a few special tags we’ve added in. The first, <strong>, tells the
browser that the text between it and its end tag </strong> should be in bold to give it a

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 CHAPTER 1: Harnessing the Power of the Mobile Web 3

stronger visual oomph. A second tag, <em>, does the same by emphasizing the content
orby making the content italic.1 A third tag, <br />, starts a new line (br stands for line
break!). The <br /> tag is a little different than most HTML tags. Since the tag does not
require itself to enclose content on the page in the same thatthe <strong> and <em> tags
do, this tag closes on itself. Finally, the <p> tag starts a new paragraph.
At their cores, all web pages are some form of HTML, although most we’ll discuss in this
book are much more complicated. Thankfully, we’ll walk you through them, so you won’t
be overwhelmed!
If this is your first outing into the world of HTML and web applications, then it would
probably be a good idea to familiarize yourself with the basics of HTML before jumping
full on into the book. One of the best resources on the Internet for learning HTML and
browsing through basic code examples can be found at the W3Schools
(http://www.w3schools.com/). Once you've gotten your feet a little wet with HTML, or in
case you're already soaked from the neck down, it would be time to move on to some of
the more intermediate portions of web application design and technologies that we will
be using in this book.

Getting Stylish: Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

Imagine that you’re writing up a simple web page to aid in your parenting—a family
chore list. It might look something like the list in Figure 1–2.

Figure 1–2.Family Chore List

By just glancing at the finished product, there does not appear to be a lot going on
here.We have a standard boring black and white document that completely lacks any style
or individuality. Let us take a look at the code behind the scenes shown in Listing 1–2.
Listing 1–2. chores.html
<html>
<head>
<title> Family Chore List </title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Family Chore List</h1>

1
It’s worth noting that the <b> and <i> tags you may be used to were used in HTML 4
for the same purpose as <strong> and <em> respectively. Their use has been
deprecated in HTML5 in favor of the tags above.

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4 CHAPTER 1: Harnessing the Power of the Mobile Web

<ul>
<li><strong>Tommy</strong>: Take out the trash</li>
<li><strong>Beth</strong>: Clean out the fridge. </li>
<li><strong>Mittens</strong>: catch mice. </li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
Let us break down the teensy morsel of code within the bodyelement. Here, the
unordered list on the page is created using the ul tag. An unordered list is great to use
anytime you want to create a bulleted list of items. If your list requires a little more
order,you might opt to use the ol, or ordered list,HTML tag.
While the page is fairly nice and simple, you might want to spice it up. Perhaps around
Christmas time, you’d like splash some color on your family chores page that would
make even the most bah humbug elf smile with glee (see Figure 1–3).

Figure 1–3.Christmas Chore List with green and red adding a holiday feel

Perhaps on the Fourth of July, you might want to fill your family with patriotic gusto (see
Figure 1–4).

Figure 1–4. Patriotic Chore List with the red, white, and blue

Each time we change the colors, we modify the HTML source code by adding in
appropriate tags. Take a look at the patriotic version of chores.html in Listing 1–3.
Listing 1–3. patriotic chores.html
<html>
<head>
<title> Family Chore List </title>
</head>
<body bgcolor=blue>
<font color=red><h1>Family Chore List</h1></font>
<font color=white>
<ul>
<li><strong>Tommy</strong>: Take out the trash</li>
<li><strong>Beth</strong>: Clean out the fridge. </li>
<li><strong>Mittens</strong>: catch mice. </li>
</ul>

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 CHAPTER 1: Harnessing the Power of the Mobile Web 5

</font>
</body>
</html>
Making modifications straight to the HTML is fine for small pages. However, imagine
how much time adding those font tags might take if there were 12 children and
countless pets to coordinate. Or perhaps you have multiple pages, one for each child
and you don’t want them to feel left out if their sibling has nice color combinations and
they don’t. Never fear–we can use something called a Cascading Style Sheet, or CSS, to
keep it all in check. Basically, a CSS file is a small document consisting of a set of styles
to be applied to an HTML document that can be changed at anytime, affecting every
page it is connected to, without ever having to edit the original HTML document(s).
Listing 1–4 provides an example CSS file.
Listing 1–4. patriotic.css
body {background-color: blue}
h1 {color: white}
li {color: red}
Notice how the format of the file is simply the HTML tag you wish to edit (H1 for example
and the attributes you’d like to give it). In this case, we want the color of text within h1 to
be white.We can simplify chores.html to include a link to this CSS file, as shown in the
code of Listing 1–5.
Listing 1–5. chores.html with CSS reference
<html>
<head>
<title> Family Chore List </title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="patriotic.css" />
</head>
<body>
<h1>Family Chore List</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Tommy</strong>: Take out the trash</li>
<li><strong>Beth</strong>: Clean out the fridge. </li>
<li><strong>Mittens</strong>: catch mice. </li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
We’ll get exactly the same output as is shown in Figure 1–4. Now, imagine how this
works if we scale upward. First of all, the parents no longer need to edit the HTML tags
directly to change styles. Depending on the holiday, they simply could have multiple
CSS files they could link to (simply changing the fourth line of the code in Listing 1–5).
Second, they could extend the CSS even further to specify spacing, fonts (Mittens hates
serifs), and more. Finally, if they have more than one page, they could simply link the
CSS sheet at the top of each page to their current “theme” and all the pages would look
alike. While the examples above are extremely simple, they illustrate the power of CSS.
We’ll examine CSS inmore detail as we continue through the book!

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6 CHAPTER 1: Harnessing the Power of the Mobile Web

Getting Interactive: JavaScript

Sometimes great design isn’t enough to make your point. Sometimes you want to do
something a bit flashy, or something unique, or something downright useful. One of the
simplest ways to do that is by using JavaScript. JavaScript is a scripting language that
runs inside the viewer’s web browser. For example, perhaps you’ve gone to a site before
and gotten a pop-up message like the one in Figure 1–5.

Figure 1–5.A JavaScript warning

Typically, you see these messages while filling out a forms page or perhaps in an online
shopping cart telling you that your item is out of stock or some such annoying message.
While you might be used to seeing these messages on web pages on your computer,
they can also be shown in a mobile web browser (see Figure 1–6).

Figure 1–6. A JavaScript warning on an Android phone

 CHAPTER 1: Harnessing the Power of the Mobile Web 7

The code that creates these messages is remarkably simple. Listing 1–6 integrated the
code into the chores.html page we saw in the CSS example above.
Listing 1–6. chores.html with JavaScript reference
<html>
<head>
<title> Family Chore List </title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="patriotic.css" />
<script type="text/javascript">
function ShowWarning() {
alert("Mittens - your mousing numbers are down this week - NO CATNIP FOR YOU");
}
</script>
</head>
<body onload=ShowWarning();>
<h1>Family Chore List</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>Tommy</strong>: Take out the trash</li>
<li><strong>Beth</strong>: Clean out the fridge. </li>
<li><strong>Mittens</strong>: catch mice. </li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
Let’s start by talking about the new section of code right below the CSS link, inside the
headsection, with the tag script. The scripttag tells the browser that a section of
scripting code (in this case, of the type text/javascript) is about to be given. The
browser then interprets the code. Since it’s in the headsection, the browser simply stores
this code for later use. This piece of code is called a function, which you can think of as
a list of commands wrapped up in a “shortcut”. Here the command is another function
named alert. As you can imagine, JavaScript functions can get quite complex, with
functions including other functions and interacting with user input.
Once the function is loaded into the browser’s menu, we need to tell the browser when
we want to execute it. In this case, I’ve changed the bodytag to include the line
onload=ShowWarning();. This tells the browser that, when the page is loaded, I want it to
run the function ShowWarning. The two parentheses indicate a spot where I could include
information to pass to the function. This becomes useful for creating things like
calculators or for checking input in a form. For example, I could write up something like
Listing 1–7.
Listing 1–7. chores.html with JavaScript reference passing a variable
<html>
<head>
<title> Family Chore List </title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="patriotic.css" />
<script type="text/javascript">
function ShowWarning(catname) {
alert(catname + " - your mousing numbers are down this week - NO CATNIP FOR YOU");
}
</script>
</head>
<body onload=ShowWarning("Mittens");>
<h1>Family Chore List</h1>
8 CHAPTER 1: Harnessing the Power of the Mobile Web

<ul>
<li><strong>Tommy</strong>: Take out the trash</li>
<li><strong>Beth</strong>: Clean out the fridge. </li>
<li><strong>Mittens</strong>: catch mice. </li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
The code in Listing 1–7 will produce the exact same message as the code in Listing 1–6.
However, in Listing 1–7, I’ve passed the feline’s name as a variable. The function
ShowWarning now expects that I’ll pass a variable to be named “catname”, and it can use
that information in its code. When I call ShowWarning() in the bodytag, I simply add the
cat’s name to be passed to the function. I can pass more than one thing, if I want to. As
mentioned, this could get quite complex, depending on how much I want to chastise
poor Mittens.
As you can see, coupling JavaScript along with HTML and CSS can produce pages that
look good, are easy to update, and can interact with the user. But sometimes you might
need to produce a document that doesn’t give style information–it just gives general
information. A prime example of this is given in the next section, as we start to get into
the wonderful world of XML!

Getting Informative: Extensible Markup Language (XML)

If you spend any time on the Web, you may have noticed an odd little icon on some
pages that looks something like this.

Figure 1–7.An RSS icon

This little orange icon tells the reader about an RSS feed that the current website has
available. RSS feeds look pretty uninteresting and unintelligible to a user (take a look at
Figure 1–8 for the start of an RSS feed). However, other web pages and scripts can use
them to grab a lot of information from one source and display it in different ways to the
user.
 CHAPTER 1: Harnessing the Power of the Mobile Web 9

Figure 1–8.The start of a blog’s RSS feed, showing new entries

For example, Figure 1–9 is the beginning of the RSS feed for my personal blog. Each
element contains a variety of data that isn’t very pretty to look at but provides all the
information one might want to view my blog in a special piece of software called an RSS
reader. While certain applications, like Microsoft Outlook, have built-in RSS readers,
many prefer to use a dedicated reader client. One popular RSS reader is Google Reader,
which can take the link to my RSS feed and produce a nice view of my blog so that the
Google Reader user can quickly see` what articles I’ve posted recently.

Figure 1–9. My personal blog, displayed within Google Reader

10 CHAPTER 1: Harnessing the Power of the Mobile Web

Now, you might be asking why I’d want people to view my website somewhere other
than at its usual web address. The simple answer is that it might be more convenient for
my users to view all the blogs they read (mine and others) within one piece of software.
Software, such as Google Reader, can keep track of hundreds of RSS feeds, from news
sources, blogs, and even just simple status updates like my Twitter feed. All of these
pieces of information are retrieved by Google Reader in a format known as Extensible
Markup Language (XML). XML isn’t a format you’d want to have your human viewers
see, but it is one that you’d want to use if you were sharing information between web
pages or between web services.
While the example above shows XML as an output, the web application that powers my
blog (WordPress) produces the XML so other sites like Google Reader can use it. XML
can also be used as an input. For example, I might want to take data (such as sports
scores) and display them on my webpage. Most likely, those sports scores will be
available in XML, which my web page can then open and parse. Parsing is simply a
fancy term that means “read, interpret, and display”. My webpage will read the scores,
interpret them if necessary (i.e., calculate something, aggregate something), and then
display them to the user in some meaningful way.
So to recap, we’ve now seen how to build a basic webpage, how to make it look pretty
(easily), and how to make it interact with a user. Finally, we talked about how webpages
and programs get data between each other by using XML. As we move through the
book, we’ll talk in depth about each of these areas and give you plenty of examples of
how to use them. In fact, coming up in Chapter 2, we’ll discuss how to get data from a
very popular web service and display it in the first full application we’ll create!

JSON: Human-Readable Data Interchange

If you have a brilliant idea for a mobile web application that relies on the application
programming interface, or API, of other services, such as Twitter or Foursquare, then
chances are you will be quickly introduced to JSON (JavaScript Object Notation), which
is one of my favorite technologies.
JSON is a human-readable, super-lightweight data interchange technology that is based
on JavaScript. Basically, it is a JavaScript object that can be used to transmit simple
data structures and arrays of information. When it comes to working with external data
in your web application, I have fallen in love with JSON for its ease of use when
compared to other technologies such as XML. As with all technologies though, your
mileage may vary.Figure 1–10 shows an example of what a JSON document would look
like.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
birth, or aggregation. Time is annihilated by it, as it has already traversed
space when the neutral centres of the molecules were established.

Gravity, then, is nothing more than an attractive, sympathetic stream,

flowing towards the neutral centre of the earth, emanating from molecular
centres of neutrality; concordant with the earth’s centre of neutrality, and
seeking its medium of affinity with a power corresponding to the character
of the molecular mass.

What is Cohesion?—Cohesion is sympathetic negative attraction. It is the

negative, vibratory assimilation, or aggregation, of the molecules, acting
according to the density or compactness of the molecular groupings on their
structures. The differing character of molecular densities, or molecular
range of motion, represents differing powers of attraction. The lower the
range of motions on the molecular vibrations of these structures, the greater
is the attractive force that holds them together; and vice versâ.

What is Heat? Heat may be classed as a vibro-atomic element, not

exceeding 14,000 vibrations per second at its greatest intensity, latent in all
conditions of matter both visible and invisible. The velocity of the
sympathetic flows which emanate from our solar world, the sun, coming
into contact with our atmospheric medium, liberates this element in all the
different degrees of intensity that give warmth to our earth. Light is another
resultant; the different intensities of which are produced according to the
different angles of this sympathetic projectment.

The light that emanates from a glow-worm is the resultant of the action of
the sympathetic medium of the insect itself on a centre of phosphorescent
matter, which is included in its structure. The resultant of the two conditions
are quite different, but they are governed by the same laws of sympathetic
percussion.

Radiation is the term used to express the reaching out of the thermal
element, after its liberation from its corpuscular imprisonment, to be re-
absorbed or returned again to its sympathetic environment; teaching us a
lesson in the equation of disturbance of sympathetic equilibrium.
Force.

“By what means is force exerted, and what definitely is force? Given that
force can be exerted by an act of will, do we understand the mechanism by
which this is done? And if there is a gap in our knowledge between the
conscious idea of a motion and the liberation of muscular energy needed to
accomplish it, how do we know that a body may not be moved without
ordinary material contact by an act of will?” These questions were asked by
Professor Lodge in his paper on “Time;” and as Keely contends that all
metallic substances after having been subjected to a certain order of
vibration may be so moved, let us see how he would answer these
questions. When Faraday endeavoured to elaborate some of his
“unscientific notions in regard to force and matter,” men of science then
said that Faraday’s writings were not translatable into scientific language.
The same has been said of Keely’s writings. Pierson says, “The very fact
that there is about the product of another’s genius what you and I cannot
understand is a proof of genius, i.e., of a superior order of faculties.” Keely,
who claims to have discovered the existence of hidden energy in all
aggregations of matter, imprisoned there by the infinite velocity of
molecular rotation, asserts that “physicists in their mental rambles in the
realm of analytical chemistry, analytical as understood by them, have failed
to discover the key-note which is associated with the flow of the mental
element;” that “they have antagonized or subverted all the conditions,” in
this unexplored territory of negative research, which he has demonstrated as
existing in reference to latent energy locked in corpuscular space. These
antagonisms might have been sooner removed had those physicists who
witnessed some of Keely’s experiments, while he was still working
blindfold as it were, in past years, not belonged to that class of scientists
“who only see what they want to see, and who array facts and figures
adroitly on the side of preconceived opinion.” Since the last meeting of the
British Association, Keely, in writing of some of the addresses delivered,
says: “It delights me to find that physicists are verging rapidly toward a
region which, when they reach, will enable them to declare to the scientific
world what they now deny; viz., that immense volumes of energy exist in all
conditions of corpuscular spaces. My demonstrations of this truth have
been ignored by them and now they must find it out for themselves. I do not
doubt that they will reach it in their own way. I accept Professor Stoney’s
idea that an apsidal motion might be caused by an interaction between high
and low tenuous matter; but such conditions, even of the highest accelerated
motion, are too far down below the etheric realm to influence it
sympathetically, even in the most remote way. I mean by this that no
corpuscular action, nor interaction can disturb or change the character of
etheric vibrations. The conception of the molecule disturbing the ether, by
electrical discharges from its parts, is not correct; as the highest conditions
associated with electricity come under the fourth descending order of
sympathetic condensation, and consequently its corpuscular realm is too
remote to take any part towards etheric disturbance. Hypothesis is one thing
and actual experimental demonstration is another; one being as remote from
the other as the electrical discharges from the recesses of the molecule are
from the tenuous condition of the universal ether. The conjecture as regards
the motion being a series of harmonic elliptic ones, accompanied by a slow
apsidal one, I believe to be correct …. The combination of these motions
would necessarily produce two circular motions of different amplitudes
whose differing periods might correspond to two lines of the spectrum, as
conjectured, and lead the experimenter, perhaps, into a position
corresponding to an ocular illusion. Every line of the spectrum, I think,
consists not of two close lines, but of compound triple lines: though not
until an instrument has been constructed, which is as perfect in its parts as is
the sympathetic field that environs matter, can any truthful conclusion be
arrived at from demonstration.”

It must be remembered that Keely claims to have demonstrated the

subdivision of matter in seven distinct orders: molecular, intermolecular,
atomic, inter-atomic, etheric, inter-etheric, reaching the compound inter-
etheric in the seventh order. In commenting further upon the experimental
researches of men of science to show whether ether in contact with moving
matter is affected by the motion of such matter, Keely writes: “The motion
of any matter of less tenuity than the ether cannot affect it any more than
atmospheric air could be held under pressure in a perforated chamber. The
tenuous flow of a magnet cannot be waived aside by a plate of heavy glass,
and yet the magnetic flow is only of an inter-atomic character and far more
crude than the introductory etheric. The etheric element would remain
perfectly static under the travel of the most furious cyclone; it would pass
through the molecular interstices of any moving projectile with the same
facility that atmospheric air would pass though a coarse sieve. Ether could
not be affected by the motion of less tenuous matter, but if the matter were
of the same tenuous condition it would sympathetically associate itself with
it; consequently there would be no motion any more than motion
accompanies gravity.

In the same way that the mind flow induces motion on the physical
organism, sympathetic flows on molecular masses induce motion on the
molecular. The motion of the molecules in all vegetable and mineral forms
in nature are the results of the sympathetic force of the celestial mind flow,
or the etheric luminous, over terrestrial matter. This celestial flow is the
controlling medium of the universe, and one of its closest associates is
gravity …. The molecule is a world in itself, carrying with it all the ruling
sympathetic conditions which govern the greatest of the planetary masses. It
oscillates within its etheric rotating envelope with an inconceivable
velocity, without percussing its nearest attendant, and is always held within
its sphere of action by the fixed gravital power of its neutral centre, in the
same sympathetic order that exists between the planetary worlds. The
dissociation of aggregated molecules by intermolecular vibration does not
disturb even to an atomic degree these fixed neutral points. Each molecule
contributes its quota to the latent electrical force, which shows up by
explosion after its gathering in the storm clouds, and then it returns to the
molecular embrace it originally occupied. You may call this return,
absorption; but it gets there first during corpuscular aggregation, and comes
from there, or shows itself, during sympathetic disturbance of equilibrium.

There are three kinds of electricity, the harmonic and enharmonic, which,
with their leader, the dominant, form the first triple. Their sympathetic
associations evolve the energy of matter. The dominant is electricity
luminous, or propulsive positive. The harmonic, or the magnetic, which is
the attractive, with its wonderful sympathetic outreach, is the negative
current of the triune stream. The enharmonic, or high neutral, acts as the
assimilative towards the reinstatement of sympathetic disturbance. In
electric lighting, the velocity of the dynamos accumulates only the
harmonic current—by atomic and inter-atomic conflict—transferring one
two hundred thousandth of the light that the dominant current would give, if
it were possible to construct a device whereby it could be concentrated and
dispersed. But this supreme portion can never be handled by any finite
mode. Each of these currents has its triple flow, representing the true lines
of the sympathetic forces that are constantly assimilating with the polar
terrestrial envelope. The rotation of the earth is one of the exciters that
disturbs the equilibrium of these sensitive streams. The alternate light and
darkness induced by this motion helps to keep up the activity of these
streams, and the consequent assimilation and dissimilation. The light zone
being ever followed by the dark zone, holds the sympathetic polar wave
constant in its fluctuations. This fact may be looked upon as the foundation
of the fable that the world rests upon a tortoise. The rotation of the earth is
controlled and continued by the action of the positive and negative
sympathetic celestial streams. Its pure and steady motion, so free from
intermitting impulses, is governed to the most minute mathematical nicety
by the mobility of the aqueous portion of its structure, i.e., its oceans and
ocean’s anastomosis. There is said to be a grain of truth in the wildest fable,
and herein we have the elephant that the tortoise stands on. The fixed
gravital centres of neutrality, the sympathetic concordants to the celestial
outreach, that exist in the inter-atomic position, are the connective
sympathetic links whereby the terrestrial is held in independent suspension.
We cannot say that this corresponds to what the elephant stands upon, but
we can say, “This is the power whereby the elephant is sympathetically
suspended.”

The Atom.

Question asked in Clerk Maxwell’s memoirs: “Under what form, right, or

light, can an atom be imagined?” Keely replies, It eludes the grasp of the
imagination, for it is the introductory step to a conception of the eternity of
the duration of matter. The magnitude of the molecule, as compared to the
inter-atom, is about on the same ratio as a billiard ball to a grain of sand; the
billiard ball being the domain wherein the triple inter-molecules rotate, the
inter-molecules again being the field wherein the atomic triplets
sympathetically act, and again progressively, in the inter-atomic field, the
first order of the etheric triplets begins to show its sympathetic inreach for
the centres of neutral focalization. It is impossible for the imagination to
grasp such a position. Inter-atomic subdivision comes under the order of the
fifth dimensional space in etheric condensation. Atoms and corpuscules can
be represented by degrees of progressive tenuity, as according to
progressive subdivision, but to imagine the ultimate position of the atomic
alone would be like trying to take a measurement of immeasurable space.
We often speak of the borders of the infinite. No matter what the outreach
may be, nor how minute the corpuscular subdivision, we still remain on the
borders, looking over the far beyond, as one on the shore of a boundless
ocean who seeks to cross it with his gaze. Therefore, philosophically
speaking, as the atom belongs to the infinite and the imagination to the
finite, it can never be comprehended in any form or light, nor by any right;
for in the range of the imagination it is as a bridge of mist which can never
be crossed by any condition that is associated with a visible molecular
mass, that is, by mind as associated with crude matter.

Sympathetic Outreach

is not induction. They are quite foreign to each other in principle.

Sympathetic outreach is the seeking for concordance to establish an
equation on the sympathetic disturbance of equilibrium. When a magnet is
brought into contact with a keeper, there is no induction of magnetism from
the magnet into the keeper. The static force of the magnet remains
unchanged, and the action between the two may be compared to a
sympathetic outreach of a very limited range of motion. The sympathetic
outreach of the moon towards the earth, has a power strong enough to
extend nearly a quarter of a million of miles to lift the oceans out of their
beds. This is not the power of induction ….

The sympathetic envelope of our earth owes its volume and its activity
entirely to celestial radiating forces. Reception and dispersion are kept up
by atomic and inter-atomic conflict, as between the dominant and
enharmonic.
Silver represents the 3rd, gold the 6th, and platina the 9th, in their links of
association, one to the other, in the molecular range of their motions, when
submitted to vibratory impulses.

If an introductory impulse, representing the sympathetic chord of

transmission, say B flat, or any other chord, be given to a sectional
transmitting wire, the molecular triple, that is carried sympathetically along
the path of such transmitter by the differentiation induced, excites high
sympathy with the polar terrestrial stream. The polar terrestrial, being triune
in its character, requires a triune sympathizer to meet its differential
requirements: silver the harmonic, gold the enharmonic, and platina the
dominant. When this triple metallic condition is properly sensitized, by any
chord on the dominant, combined molecular, differentiated action is
induced; showing a condition approaching magnetism in its development of
related sympathy, without having the conditions that are truly magnetic, as
this term (magnetic) is understood by all physicists.

Magnetism is not polar negative attraction, any more than polar negative
attraction is magnetism; for polar negative attraction shows positive
sympathetic outreach, of a high order; which is a condition entirely foreign
to magnetism.

Sympathetic negative attraction is not the resultant of electrical

sympathization, but it includes the full triune flow; the dominant being the
leader and associate of the celestial. The sympathetic outreach, of negative
attraction, is the power that holds the planetary masses in their orbital
ranges of oscillatory action. Magnetism has no outreach, but it pervades all
terrestrial masses—all planetary masses. It is highly electrical in its
character, in fact magnetism is born of electricity; whereas negative
attraction is not, but it has a sympathetic outreach for magnetism.
Magnetism is static. Sympathetic negative attraction reaches from planet to
planet; but electricity does not, nor does magnetism. Sympathetic negative
attraction is born of the celestial, and impregnates every mass that floats in
space: seeking out all magnetic or electric conditions; and all these masses
are subservient to celestial outreach. All the magnets in the world could not
induce rotation, no matter how differentiated, but polar negative attraction
induces rotation.

Hydrogen.

The horizon of matter, which has been thought to rest over attenuated
hydrogen, may extend to infinite reaches beyond, including stuffs or
substances which have never been revealed to the senses. Beings fashioned
of this attenuated substance might walk by our side unseen, nor cast a
shadow in the noon-day sun.—Hudson Tuttle.

This supposition of itself admits that hydrogen is a compound. If it were

indivisible it would assimilate with the high luminous, from which all
substances are formed or aggregated. If hydrogen were a simple it could not
be confined. No molecular structure known to man can hold the inter-
luminous; not even the low order of it that is chemically liberated. The word
“attenuated” admits that hydrogen is a compound. I contend that hydrogen
is composed of three elements, with a metallic base, and comes under the
order of the second atomic, both in vibration and sympathetic outreach.

Hydrogen exists only where planetary conditions exist: there it is always

present, but never in uninterfered space. There is much celestial material
that has never been revealed to the senses. My researches lead me to think
that hydrogen carries heat in a latent condition, but I do not believe it will
ever be possible to originate a device that will vibrate hydrogen with a
velocity to induce heat.

The word imponderable as applied to a molecule is incorrect. All gases as

well as atmospheric air are molecular in their structures. If atmospheric air
is subdivided, by atomic vibration, it merely dissociates the hydrogen from
the oxygen; neither of which, though disunited, passes from the inter-
molecular state; and not until hydrogen is sympathetically subdivided in its
inter-molecular structure by inter-atomic vibrations can it assimilate with
the introductory etheric element. There is a wonderful variation of gravital
sympathy between the gaseous elements of compounds, all of which comes
under the head of molecular ….
Under date of October 1st, 1891, Mr. Keely writes: I see no possibility of
failure, as I have demonstrated that my theories are correct in every
particular, as far as I have gone; and if I am not handicapped in any way
during the next eight months, and my depolarizer is perfect, I will then be
prepared to demonstrate the truth of all that I assert in reference to
disintegration, cerebral diagnosis, aerial suspension and dissociation, and to
prove the celestial gravital link of sympathy as existing between the polar
terrestrial and equation of mental disturbance of equilibrium. It is a broad
assertion for one man, and ‘an ignorant man’ at that, to make; but the proof
will then be so overwhelming in its truthful simplicity that the most simple-
minded can understand it. Then I will be prepared to give to science and to
commerce a system that will elevate both to a position far above that which
they now occupy.

Again, November 4th, Mr. Keely says: The proper system for the treatment
of cerebral differentiation is not yet known to the physician of to-day. The
dissimilarities of opinion existing, with regard to any case, are confounding.
When the true system is recognized, the vast number of physical
experimentalists, now torturing humanity, will die a natural death. Until this
climax is reached, physical suffering must go on multiplying at the same
ratio that experimentalists increase. Molecular differentiation is the fiend
that wrecks the physical world, using the seat of the cerebral forces as its
intermediate transmitter. It is the devastating dragon of the universe, and
will continue to devastate until a St. George arises to destroy it. The system
of equating molecular differentiation is the St. George that will conquer.

When my system is completed for commerce, it will be ready for science

and art. I have become an extensive night worker, giving not less than
eighteen hours a day, in times of intensification. I have timed my race for
life and I am bound to make it ….

New York Truth, 15th May, 1890, in commenting upon Keely’s claims to
have “annihilated gravity and turned the mysterious polar current to a mill-
race,” continues: “I sincerely hope that Mr. Keely may prove, AS FROM
LATE DEVELOPMENTS HE IS LIKE TO DO, that the hidden spirit of the
Cosmos, which men call Deity, First Cause, Nature, and other sonorous but
indefinite names, has manifested itself to him; that the music of the spheres
is a truth, not an imagination, and that vibration, which is sight, hearing,
taste and smell, is in serious verity, all else. The fable of Orpheus and Arion
may have a foundation in actual physics, the harmonies that move our souls
to grief or joy as music, may be the same as those that govern and impel the
stars in their courses, cause molecules to crystallize into symmetry, and
from symmetry into life. Who shall say? If the accounts of Keely’s late
achievements be true, and they are honestly vouched for by men of
worth and note, then the secret is laid bare, the core of being is
opened out. In this age of dawning reason the candle cannot always be
hidden under a bushel; some enterprising hand will lift the obstruction and
let the light shine before men.”

Two years have nearly passed away since this was written, during which
time Mr. Keely has been engaged in perfecting his system for aerial
navigation. He has, one by one, overcome all obstacles, and so far gained
control, of the mysterious polar current, that he has been able to exhibit on
the thirds, or molecular graduation of the propeller of his air-ship, 120
revolutions in a minute; and on the sixths, or atomic graduation, 360
revolutions in a minute. He still has the etheric field to conquer; but those
who know how many years he has been making his mistakes stepping-
stones in his upward progress, surmounting obstacle after obstacle which
would have dismayed a less courageous soul, feel little doubt that he will
“make the race,” which he has timed for life, and reach the goal a
conqueror, notwithstanding he is still so often “handicapped.”

All those who had the privilege of witnessing Keely’s researching

experiments, in the spring of 1890, when he first succeeded in raising the
metal weight, and who were sufficiently acquainted with the laws of
physics to understand the conditions under which the weight was raised,
pronounced the force by which it was affected to be an unknown force. Had
the weight been but a nail or a feather, lifted under such conditions,
physicists know that, after he has gained as perfect control of it as we now
have of steam, air-ships weighing thousands of tons can be raised to any
height in our atmosphere, and the seemingly untraversable highways of the
air opened to commerce.
This force is not, like steam or electricity, fraught with danger in certain
states to those who use it; for, after the molecular mass of the vessel has
been fitted to the conditions required, its control becomes of such a nature
that seemingly a star might as soon go astray, and be lost to the universe, as
for the aerial ship to meet with an accident, unless its speed was pushed to
that point where gravity resumes its control. In fact, Keely asserts that there
is no known force so safe to use as the polar terrestrial force, for when the
celestial and terrestrial conditions are once set up, they remain for ever;
perpetual molecular action the result.

In using the word celestial, Keely refers to the air, in the same sense that
terrestrial refers to the earth.

Wide through the waste of ether, sun and star

All linked by harmony, which is the chain
That binds to earth the orbs that wheel afar
Through the blue fields of Nature’s wide domain.

Percival.

From the New York Home Journal.

THE SONG OF THE CARBONS.2

A weird, sweet melody, faint and far,

A humming murmur, a rhythmic ring,
Floats down from the tower where the lenses are:—
Can you hear the song which the carbons sing?

Millions of æons have rolled away

In the grand chorale which the stars rehearse,
Since the note, so sweet in our song to-day,
Was struck in the chord of the universe.

The vast vibration went floating on

Through the diapason of space and time,
Till the impulse swelled to a deeper tone,
And mellowed and thrilled with a finer rhyme.

Backward and forward the atoms go

In the surging tide of that soundless sea,
Whose billows from nowhere to nowhere flow,
As they break on the sands of eternity.

Yet, through all the coasts of the endless All,

In the ages to come, as in ages gone,
We feel but the throb of that mystic thrall
Which binds responsive the whole in one.

We feel but the pulse of that viewless hand

Which ever has been and still shall be,
In the stellar orb and the grain of sand,
Through nature’s endless paternity.

The smile which plays in the maiden’s glance,

Or stirs in the beat of an insect’s wing,
Is of kin with the north light’s spectral dance,
Or the dazzling zone of the planet’s ring.

From our lonely tower aloft in air,

With the breezes around us, tranquil and free,
When the storm rack pales in the lightning’s glare,
Or the starlight sleeps in the sleeping sea,

We send our greeting through breathless space,

To our distant cousins, the nebulæ,
And catch in the comet’s misty trace,
But a drifting leaf from the tribal tree.

The song we hum is but one faint sound

In the hymn which echoes from pole to pole,
Which fills the domes of creation’s round,
 And catches its key from the over-soul.

And when it ceases all life shall fail,

Time’s metronome shall arrested stand;
All voice be voiceless, the stars turn pale,
And the great conductor shall drop his wand.

1 One of Keely’s researching instruments. ↑

2 The universal physical law of molecular vibration is finely illustrated in the carbon
pencils of the electric arc light used in some of the largest lighthouses. The molecular stir
set up in the armatures of the dynamo machines by rapid magnetization and
demagnetization is transmitted to the carbon points of the lantern, and reappears as a
distinct musical tone. ↑
CHAPTER XVIII.
 A PIONEER IN AN UNKNOWN REALM.
Thus, either present elements are the true elements, or
there is a probability of eventually obtaining some
more high and general power of Nature, even than
electricity; and which, at the same time, might reveal
to us an entirely new grade of the elements of matter,
now hidden from our view and almost from our
suspicion.—The Nature of the Chemical Elements.
Faraday, 1836.

A mysterious force exists in the vibrations of the ether,

called sound, which science and invention have so far
failed to utilize; but which, no doubt in the near future,
will come under man’s control, for driving the wheels
of industry.—Thought as Force. E. S. Huntington.

Force and forces—

No end of forces! Have they mind like men?

Browning.

The Spectator, commenting on the jubilee of the Chemical Society, last

year, said it was notable for two remarkable speeches; one by Lord
Salisbury, and the other by Sir Lyon Playfair. Lord Salisbury reminded his
hearers that about one hundred years ago, a very celebrated tribunal had
informed Lavoisier that the French Republic had no need of chemists;
“but,” said his Lordship, “Lavoisier, though a man of very advanced
opinions, was behind this age.” Lord Salisbury proceeded to exalt chemistry
as an instrument of the higher educational discipline. Astronomy, he said,
was hardly more than a science of things that probably are; for, at such
distance in space, it was impossible to verify your inferences. Geology he
regarded as a science of things as they probably were; verification being
impossible after such a lapse of time. But chemistry he treated as a science
of things as they actually are at the present time. The Spectator remarks:—
Surely that is questionable. All hypothesis is more or less a matter of
probability. No one has ever verified the existence of atoms.
Sir Lyon Playfair, following Lord Salisbury, said, Boyle has been called the
father of chemistry and the brother of the Earl of Cork; ironically hinting,
perhaps, that Lord Salisbury was reflecting as much immediate glory on
chemistry, by his interest in it, as did the relationship of the first
considerable chemist to the Irish earl. Sir Lyon, acknowledging the
revolutionizing progress of chemistry, remarked that within the last fifty
years it had seen great changes; then, oxygen was regarded as the universal
lover of other elements; and nitrogen was looked upon as a quiet, confirmed
bachelor; but oxygen had turned out to be a comparatively respectable
bigamist, that only marries two wives at a time; and nitrogen had turned out
to be a polygamist; generally requiring three conjugates, and sometimes
five, at a time. The false teachings of physicists in the past were admitted,
including Sir Lyon’s own errors; his old conceptions concerning carbonic
acid and carbonic oxide all having broken down, under the crushing feet of
progress. After all, says the Spectator, it seems that the French
revolutionists should have welcomed chemistry, instead of snubbing it, for
it has been the most revolutionary of sciences.

At the present time, notwithstanding the experiences of the past, Science

stands as calmly on the pedestal, to which she has exalted herself, as if not
even an earthquake could rock its foundations. In her own opinion, she
holds the key to nature’s domains. Some few there are who are ready to
admit that it is possible Nature still holds the key herself; and who are not
unwilling to encounter another revolution, if they can extend their
knowledge of Nature’s laws; even though it may leave only ruins, where
now all is supposed to be so solid as to defy earthquakes and other
revolutionizing forces.

In reviewing the history of the onward march of chemistry in the past, we

find that Robert Boyle, who lived from 1627 to 1691, was the first chemist
who grasped the idea of the distinctions between an elementary and a
compound body. He has been called the first scientific chemist, and he
certainly did much to advance chemical science, particularly in the
borderland of chemistry and physics, but he did this more by his overthrow
of false theories, than in any other way. It was left for Scheele (born 1742),
an obscure Swedish chemist whose discoveries extended over the whole
range of chemical science, and his French contemporary, Lavoisier (born
1743), to bring about a complete revolution in chemistry. Thus, step by step,
and period by period, experimental science has prepared the way to reach
that elevation which humanity is destined eventually to attain, when all
errors have been discarded and truth reigns triumphant. The question has
been asked, in view of the past history of discovery, what may not the
science of the future accomplish in the unseen pathways of the air? That
still unconquered field lies before us, and we know that it is only a question
of time when man will hold dominion there with as firm sway as he now
holds it on land and sea.

Physics and chemistry walk hand in hand. Scientists cannot cut the tie that
joins them together in experimental science. Physics treats of the changes of
matter without regard to its internal constitution. The laws of gravitation
and cohesion belong to physical science. They concern matter without
reference to its composition. Chemistry makes us acquainted with the
constituents of the different forms of matter, their proportions and the
changes which they are capable of bringing about in each other. But
notwithstanding the lessons of the past, both chemistry and physics are
blind to what the future has in store for them. Scientists have erected
barriers to progress, building them so as to appear of solid masonry on the
ground of false hypotheses; but, when the hour is ripe, these will be swept
away as if by a cyclone, leaving not one stone on another. It was Boyle who
overthrew the so-called Aristotelian doctrine, and Paracelsus’s teachings of
the three constitutents of matter, disputed first by Van Helmont. Boyle
taught that chemical combination consists of an approximation of the
smallest particles of matter, and that a decomposition takes place when a
third body is present, capable of exerting on the particles of the one element
a greater attraction than is exercised by the particles of the element with
which it is combined. In this conjecture there is just a hint of the grand
potentialities in the unknown realm which is now being explored by Keely,
the discoverer of the order of vibration that releases the latent force held in
the interstitial spaces of the constituents of water; one order of vibration,
being more in sympathy with one of the elements of water than with the
other, possesses a greater attraction for that element and thereby raptures its
atoms, showing up new elements. Not all men of science are willing to
admit the atomic theory; although it explains satisfactorily all the known
laws of chemical combination. Dalton, accepting the teachings of the
ancients as to the atomic constitution of matter, was the first to propound a
truly chemical atomic theory; a quantitative theory, declaring that the atoms
of the different elements are not of the same weight, and that the relative
atomic weights of the elements are the proportions, by weight, in which the
elements combine. All previous theories, or suggestions, had been simply
qualitative. Berzelius, the renowned Swedish chemist, advancing Dalton’s
atomic theory, laid the foundation stones of chemical science, as it now
exists. Since his day, by the new methods of spectrum analysis, elements
unknown before have been discovered; and researchers in this field are now
boldly questioning whether all the supposed elements are really
undecomposable substances, and are conjecturing that they are not. On this
subject Sir Henry Roscoe says:—

“So far as our chemical knowledge enables us to judge, we may assume,

with a considerable degree of probability, that by the application of more
powerful means than are known at present, chemists will succeed in
obtaining still more simple bodies from the so-called elements. Indeed, if
we examine the history of our science, we find frequent examples occurring
of bodies, that only a short time ago were considered to be elementary,
which have been shown to be compounds, upon more careful examination.”

What the chemist’s retort has failed to accomplish has been effected by the
discoverer of latent force existing in all forms of matter, where it is held
locked in the interstitial spaces, until released by a certain order of
vibration. As yet, the order of vibration which releases this force, has not
been discovered in any forms of matter, excepting in the constituents of
gunpowder, dynamite, and water. The Chinese are supposed to have
invented, centuries before the birth of Christ, the explosive compound
gunpowder, which requires that order of vibration known as heat to bring
about a rupture of the molecules of the nitre, sulphur, and charcoal, of
which it is composed. Dynamite requires another order of vibration—
concussion—to release the latent force held in the molecular embrace of its
constituents. The order of vibration discovered by Keely, which causes the
rupture of the molecular and atomic capsules of the constituents of water,
must remain—though in one point only—a secret with the discoverer, until
he has completed his system for science, and some one patentable
invention. Let physicists be incredulous or cautious, it matters not to him.
He has proved to his own satisfaction the actual existence of atoms and
their divisibility—and, to the satisfaction of thousands capable of forming
an opinion, the existence of an unknown force. Men of science have not
been in any haste to aid him, either with money or with sympathy, in his
researches; and he will take his own time to bestow upon them the fruit of
those researches.

Those who have not clear ideas as to the nature of elementary bodies—
molecules and atoms—may like to know that elements are defined as
simple substances, out of which no other two or more essentially differing
substances have been obtained. Compounds are bodies out of which two or
more essentially differing substances have been obtained. A molecule is the
smallest part of a compound or element that is capable of existence in a free
state. Atoms are set down, by those who believe in the atomic theory, as the
indivisible constituents of molecules. Thus, an element is a substance made
up of atoms of the same kind; a compound is a substance made up of atoms
of unlike kind.

Over seventy elements are now known, out of which, or compounds of

these with each other, our globe is composed, and also the meteoric stones
which have fallen on our earth. The science of chemistry aims at the
experimental examination of the elements and their compounds, and the
investigation of the laws which regulate their combination one with another.
For example, in the year 1805, Gay-Lussac and Von Humboldt found that
one volume of oxygen combines with exactly two volumes of hydrogen to
form water, and that these exact proportions hold good at whatever
temperature the gases are brought into contact. Oxygen and hydrogen are
now classified as elementary bodies.

The existence of atoms, if proved, as claimed by the pioneer of whom we

write, confirms Priestly’s idea that all discoveries are made by chance; for it
certainly was by a mere chance, as we view things with our limited
knowledge, that Keely stumbled over the dissociation of the supposed
simple elements of water by vibratory force;1 thus making good Roscoe’s
assumption that, by the application of more powerful means than were
known to him, still more simple bodies would be shown up. Had Keely
subdivided these corpuscles of matter, after a method known to physicists,
he would have been hailed as a discoverer, when it was announced by
Arthur Goddard, in the British Mercantile Gazette, in 1887, that Keely
declared electricity to be a certain form of atomic vibration of what is called
the luminiferous ether.

Had Keely been better understood, science might have been marching with
giant strides across this unknown realm during the many years in which
men of learning have refused to witness the operation of the dissociation of
water, because one of their number decided, in 1876, that Keely was using
compressed air. Fixing bounds to human knowledge, she still refuses to
listen to the suggestion that what she has declared as truth may be as
grossly erroneous as were her teachings in the days when the rotation of the
earth was denied; this denial being based upon the assertions of all the great
authorities of more than one thousand years, that the earth could not move
because it was flat and stationary. Herodotus ridiculed those who did not
believe this. For two thousand years after the daily rotation of the earth was
first suggested, the idea was disputed and derided. The history of the past,
says General Drayson, who claims to have discovered a third movement of
the earth, teaches us that erroneous theories were accepted as grand truths
by all the scientific authorities of the whole world during more than five
thousand years.2 Although the daily rotation of the earth and its annual
revolution around the sun had been received as facts by the few advanced
minds, some five hundred years before Christ, yet the obstructions caused
by ignorance and prejudice prevented these truths from being generally
accepted until about three hundred years ago, when Copernicus first, and
afterwards Galileo, revived the theory of the earth’s two principal
movements. Human nature is the same as in the days when Seneca said that
men would rather cling to an error than admit they were in the wrong; so it
is not strange that General Drayson, as the discoverer of a third movement,
has not received the attention that he deserves, although his mathematical
demonstrations seem to be beyond dispute.
With Keely’s claim, that latent force exists in all forms of matter, it is
different; for it is susceptible of proof by experiment. In the days when the
sphericity of the earth was denied, for the asserted reason that the waters of
the oceans and seas on its surface would be thrown off in its revolutions
were it so, because water could not stay on a round ball, the statement could
not be disputed; the theory of the laws of gravitation being then unknown.
Copernicus and Galileo had nothing but theories to offer; consequently it
took long years to overcome the bigotry and the baneful influence of the
great authorities of the time. It is otherwise with Keely, who, for fifteen
years and more, has been demonstrating this discovery to thousands of men;
some of whom, but not all, were competent to form an opinion as to
whether he was “humbugging with compressed air,” or with a concealed
dynamo, or, still more absurd, with tricks in suction, as I asserted by a
learned professor.

Now that some of our men of science have consented to form their opinions
from observation, without interfering with the lines of progressive
experimental research which the discoverer is pursuing, there seems to be
no doubt as to the result; nor of the protection of the discovery by science.
Truth is mighty, and must in the end prevail over mere authority.

It has been said that we need nothing more than the history of astronomy to
teach us how obstinately the strongholds of error are clung to by
incompetent reasoners; but when a stronghold is demolished, there is
nothing left to cling to. Sir John Lubbock says:—The great lesson which
science teaches is how little we yet know, and how much we have still to
learn. To which it might be added, and how much we have to unlearn!

All mysteries are said to be either truths concealing deeper truths, or errors
concealing deeper errors; and thus, as the mysteries unfold, truth or error
will show itself in a gradually clearer light, enabling us to distinguish
between the two. It is now left for men of science to decide as to the nature
of the mysteries which Keely is slowly unfolding, and whether his
demonstrations substantiate his theories. They have been invited to follow
him in his experimental research, step by step; to bestow upon him
sympathy and encouragement, so long withheld, until he reaches that stage
where he will no longer need their protection. Then, if science is satisfied
that he has gained a treasure for her, in his years of dead-work, she must
step aside and wait patiently until he has fulfilled his obligations to those
who organized themselves into a company to aid him, long before she came
forward to interest herself in his behalf. Those men of science who have
refused to countenance this great work, even by witnessing experiments
made to prove the discovery of an unknown force, are men who attempt no
explanation of the miracles of nature by which we are surrounded,
assuming that no explanation can be given; but, as Bacon has said, he is a
bad mariner, who concludes, when all is sea around him, that there is no
land beyond.

If the multitude of so-called laws of nature could be resolved into one grand
universal law, would it not be considered a great step in the progress of
scientific knowledge? This is what our pioneer claims for his discoveries,
one law working throughout nature, in all things; for, as Macvicar says, the
productive and conservative agency in creation, as it exists and acts, does
not consist of two things, “idea” and “power”; but of a unity embracing
both, for which there is no special name. The relation between the Creator
and the Creation, the First Cause and what he has effected, is altogether
inscrutable; but intelligence acting analytically, as it cannot be kept from
doing, insists on these two elements in the problem, viz. idea and power.

“The law of the universe is a distinct dualism while the creative energies are
at work; and of a compound union when at rest.”

The hypothesis that motion can only be effected mechanically, by pressure

or traction or contact of some kind, is an utterly helpless one to explain
even familiar movements. Gravitation itself, the grandest and most
prevailing phenomenon of the material universe, has set all genius at
defiance when attempting to conceive a mechanism which might account
for it. The law of sympathetic association, or sympathetic assimilation,
between two or more atoms, or masses of atoms, explains this grand
phenomenon; but Roscoe, in theorizing on the atomic theory, says that from
purely chemical considerations it appears unlikely the existence of atoms
will ever be proved. It never could have been proved by mechanical physics
nor by chemistry. The law which locks the atoms together would have
remained an unknown law, had not Keely opened the door leading into one
of nature’s domains which was never entered before, unless by the fabled
Orpheus, who, mythology tells us, was killed because he revealed to man
what the gods wished to conceal. Certainly, whether Orpheus ever existed
or not, the principle which Pythagoras promulgated as the teaching of
Orpheus is disclosed in one of Keely’s discoveries.

In the great fresco of the school of Athens, by Raphael, Pythagoras is

represented as explaining to his pupils his theory that the same principle
underlies the harmonies of music and the motion of heavenly bodies. One
of these pupils holds in his hand a tablet, shaped like a zither, on which are
inscribed the Greek words, Diapason, Diapente, Diatessaron. Of the
diapason, or concord of all, Spenser writes, in The Faerie Queen:—

Nine was the circle set in heaven’s place,

All which compacted made a goodly diapase.

Here we have a clue to the Thirds, Sixths and Ninths of Keely’s theories, in
the operation of his polar negative attractor. The conception of the
Pythagoreans of music, as the principle of the creation’s order, and the
mainstay and supporter of the material world, is strictly in accordance with
the marvellous truths which are now being unfolded to science. Rightly
divined Browning when he wrote of

… music’s mystery, which mind fails

To fathom; its solution no mere clue;

and Cardinal Newman also, when he discoursed of musical sounds, “under

which great wonders unknown to us seem to have been typified,” as “the
living law of divine government.” Since the days of Leucippus, poets and
philosophers have often touched upon the mysteries hidden in sound, which
are now being revealed in the experimental researches of Keely. These
truths make no impression on those who are not gifted with any
comprehension of nature’s harmonious workings, and are regarded as
flights of fancy and of rhetoric. Among the utterances of inspiration—and
all truth is inspired—one of the most remarkable, when taken in connection
with these discoveries, is found in these eloquent words of the Dean of
Boston University in his “Review of Herbert Spencer,” printed in 1876:—

“Think of the universal warring of tremendous forces which is for ever

going on, and remember that out of this strife is born, not chaos void and
formless, but a creation of law and harmony. Bear in mind, too, that this
creation is filled with the most marvellous mechanisms, with the most
exquisite contrivances, and with forms of the rarest beauty. Remember,
also, that the existence of these forms for even a minute depends upon the
nicest balance of destructive forces. Abysses of chaos yawn on every side,
and yet creation holds on its way. Nature’s keys need but to be jarred to turn
the tune into unutterable discord, and yet the harmony is preserved. Bring
hither your glasses—and see that, from atomic recess to the farthest depth,
there is naught but ‘toil co-operant to an end.’ All these atoms move to
music; all march in tune. Listen until you catch the strain, and then say
whether it is credible that a blind force should originate and maintain all
this.”

Sir John Herschel said:—There is some principle in the science of music

that has yet to be discovered.

It is this principle which has been discovered by Keely. Let his theories be
disputed as they have been, and as they still may be, the time has come in
which his supporters claim that he is able to demonstrate what he teaches; is
able to show how superficial are the foundations of the strongholds to
which physicists are clinging; and able to prove purity of conditions in
physical science which not even the philosophers and poets of the past have
so much as dreamed of in their hours of inspiration.

… ways are made,

Burdens are lifted, or are laid,
By some great law unseen and still,
Unfathomed purpose to fulfil.
Our materialistic physicists, our Comtist and agnostic philosophers, have
done their best to destroy our faith.

Of him who will not believe in Soul because his scalpel cannot detect it,
Browning wrote:

To know of, think about—

Is all man’s sum of faculty effects,
When exercised on earth’s least atom.
What was, what is, what may such atoms be?—
Unthinkable, unknowable to man.
Yet, since to think and know fire through and through
Exceeds man, is the warmth of fire unknown?
Its uses—are they so unthinkable?
Pass from such obvious power to powers unseen,
Undreamed of save in their sure consequence:
Take that we spoke of late, which draws to ground
The staff my hand lets fall; it draws at least—
Thus much man thinks and knows, if nothing more.

These lines were written in reference to Keely’s discovery of the infinite

subdivision of the atom; for not until a much later period was Browning
influenced by a New York journalist to look upon Keely as “a modern
Cagliostro.” Keely’s discovery was the key-note of “Ferishtah’s Fancies,”
written by Browning before he met this journalist.

Professor Koenig writes:—I have long given up the idea of understanding

the Universe; with a little insight into its microcosm, I would feel quite
satisfied; as every day it becomes more puzzling.

But there are no boundaries set to knowledge in the life of the Soul, and
these discoveries reach out so far towards the Infinite, that we are led by
them to realize how much there is left for science to explore in the supposed
unfathomable depths of the etheric domain, whence proceeds the influence
that connects us with that infinite and eternal energy from which all things
proceed.
The attitude of willingness to receive truths, of whatever nature, now
manifested by men of science in regard to Keely’s experimental research, is
shared by all who are not “wise in their own conceit.” They stand ready to
welcome, while waiting for proof, the discovery of Darwin’s grand-niece,
Mrs. F. J. Hughes, as now demonstrated by Keely, viz., that the laws which
develop and control harmonies, develop and control the universe; and they
will rejoice to be convinced (as Keely teaches) that all corpuscular
aggregation absorbs energy, holding it latent in its embrace until liberated
by a certain order of vibration; that nature does not aggregate one form of
matter under one law, and another form of matter under another law. When
this has been demonstrated, to their entire satisfaction, they will
acknowledge that Faraday’s speculations on the nature of force and matter
pointed the way to Keely’s discoveries. Some broad-minded men have been
pursuing lines of research which give evidence of their desire to solve the
problem for themselves as to the mode of rupturing the atom, which science
declares to be indivisible. Before any great scientific principle receives
distinct enunciation, says Tyndall, it has dwelt more or less clearly in many
minds. The intellectual plateau is already high, and our discoverers are
those who, like peaks above the plateau, rise over the general level of
thought at the time. If, as Browning has said,

’Tis not what man does which exalts him, but what man would do,

surely this discoverer merits the sympathy and the admiration of all men,
whether he succeeds commercially or not, for his persistent efforts to make
his discoveries of use to the world. Keely has always said that scientists
would never be able to understand his discoveries until he had reached
some practical or commercial result. Only now he sees an interest
awakened among men of science, which is as gratifying to him as it is
unexpected. For the first time in his life, he is working with the appreciation
of men competent to comprehend what he has done in the past, and what
remains to be done in the future, without one aspiration on their part for
monetary results.

Foremost among these men was the late Joseph Leidy, Professor of Biology
in the University of Pennsylvania; but physicists were not satisfied to take
the opinion of this great man, because he was a biologist. What better
preparation than the study of the science of life could a man have to qualify
him for discriminating between laws of nature as conjectured by physicists,
and Nature’s operations as demonstrated by Keely?

To such men, possessing entire scientific and intellectual liberty of thought,

with that love of justice and truth which keeps its possessor from self-
conceit, arrogance and intolerance, the world owes all that we now possess
of scientific advance, since the days when men believed the thunder and
lightning to be the artillery of the gods.

Lucifer, September, 1892.

1 It will be a matter of interest to those who have given attention to the laws of heredity
to know that John Ernst Worrell Keely is a grandson of a German composer, Ernst, who led
the Baden-Baden orchestra in his day; and that Keely’s experiments in vibration had their
origin in his knowledge of music, and were commenced in his childhood. ↑
2 See “Untrodden Ground in Astronomy and Geology.” ↑
CHAPTER XIX.
 LATENT FORCE IN INTERSTITIAL SPACES—
ELECTRO-MAGNETIC RADIATION—MOLECULAR
DISSOCIATION.

(By John Ernst Worrell Keely.)

The atom is infinitely divisible.—Arthur

Schopenhauer.

For thou well knowest that the imbecility of our

understanding, in not comprehending the more
abstruse and retired causes of things, is not to be
ascribed to any defect in their nature, but in our own
hoodwinkt intellect.—P. 6, A Ternary of Paradoxes.—
Van Helmont.

The advance of science, which for a time

overshadowed philosophy, has brought men face to
face once more with ultimate questions, and has
revealed the impotence of science to deal with its own
conditions and pre-suppositions. The needs of science
itself call for a critical doctrine of knowledge as the
basis of an ultimate theory of things. Philosophy must
criticize not only the categories of science but also the
metaphysical systems of the past.—Prof. Seth.

Latent Force.

Science, even in its highest progressive conditions, cannot assert anything

definite. The many mistakes that men of science have made in the past
prove the fallacy of asserting. By doing so they bastardize true philosophy
and, as it were, place the wisdom of God at variance; as in the assertion that
latent power does not exist in corpuscular aggregations of matter, in all its
different forms, visible or invisible.
Take, for example, gunpowder, which is composed of three different
mediums of aggregated matter, saltpetre, charcoal, and sulphur, each
representing different orders of molecular density which, when associated
under proper conditions, gives what is called an explosive compound. In
fact it is a mass which is made susceptible at any moment by its exciter fire,
which is an order of vibration, to evolve a most wonderful energy in volume
many thousands of times greater than the volume it represents in its
molecular mass. If it be not latent force that is thus liberated by its exciter, a
mere spark, what is it? Are not the gases that are evolved in such great
volume and power held latent in the molecular embrace of its aggregated
matter, before being excited into action? If this force is not compressed
there, nor placed there by absorption, how did it get there? And by what
power was it held in its quiescent state? I contend that it was placed there at
the birth of the molecule by the law of sympathetic etheric focalization
towards the negative centres of neutrality with a velocity as inconceivable
in its character as would be the subdivision of matter to an ultimate end.
Again, what is the energy that is held in the molecular embrace of that small
portion of dynamite which by slight concussion, another order of vibration,
evolves volumes of terrific force, riving the solid rock and hurling massive
projectiles for miles? If it is not latent power that is excited into action,
what is it? Finally, what is held in the interstitial corpuscular embrace of
water, which by its proper exciter another form of vibration, is liberated
showing almost immeasurable volume and power? Is not this energy latent,
quiet, until brought forth by its sympathetic negative exciter? Could the
force thus evolved from these different substances be confined again, or
pressed back and absorbed into the interstitial spaces occupied before
liberation, where the sympathetic negative power of the Infinite One
originally placed it?1

If latent force is not accumulated and held in corpuscular aggregations how

is it that progressive orders of disintegration of water induce progressive
conditions of increased volume and of higher power? I hold that in the
evolved gases of all explosive compounds, dynamite or any other, there
exists deeper down in the corpuscular embrace of the gaseous element,
induced by the first explosion, a still greater degree of latent energy that
could be awakened by the proper condition of vibration; and still further on
ad infinitum.2

Is it possible to imagine that mere molecular dissociation could show up

such immense volumes of energy, unassociated with the medium of latent
force?

The question arises, How is this sympathetic power held in the interstitial
corpuscular condition?

Answer.—By the incalculable velocity of the molecular and atomic etheric

capsules,3 which velocity represents billions of revolutions per second in
their rotations. We shall imagine a sphere of twelve inches in diameter,
representing a magnified molecule surrounded by an atmospheric envelope
of one sixteenth of an inch in depth; the envelope rotating at a velocity of
the same increased ratio of the molecule’s magnification. At the very lowest
estimate it would give a velocity of six hundred thousand miles per second,
or twenty-four thousand times the circumference of the earth in that time. Is
it possible to compute what the velocity would be, on the same ratio, up to
the earth’s diameter?3 It is only under such illustrations that we can be
brought even to faintly imagine the wonderful sympathetic activity that
exists in the molecular realm. An atmospheric film, rotating on a twelve
inch sphere at the same ratio as the molecular one, would be impenetrable
to a steel-pointed projectile at its greatest velocity; and would hermetically
enclose a resisting pressure of many thousands of pounds per square inch.
The latent force evolved in the disintegration of water proves this fact; for
under etheric evolution, in progressive orders of vibration, these pressures
are evolved, and show their energy on a lever especially constructed for the
purpose, strong enough for measuring a force over three times that of
gunpowder. We shall continue this subject a little farther, and this little
farther will reach out into infinity. The speculations of the physicists of the
present age, in regard to latent energy, would neutralize the sympathetic
conditions that are associated with the governing force of the cerebral and
the muscular organism. The evolution of a volition, the infinite exciter,
arouses the latent energy of the physical organism to do its work;
differential orders of brain-force acting against each other under dual
conditions. If there were no latent energy to arouse sympathetically, there
would be no action in the physical frame; as all force is will-force.

All the evolutions of latent power in its varied multiplicity of action

induced by its proper exciters, prove the connecting link between the
celestial and the terrestrial, the finite and the infinite. (See Appendix I.)

There would be no life, and therefore no action in aggregated matter, had

the latent negative force been left out of it.

If a bar of steel or iron is brought into contact with a magnet, the latent
force that the steel or iron is impregnated with is aroused, and shows its
interstitial latent action by still holding another bar. But this experiment
does not give the most remote idea of the immensity of the force that would
show itself on more progressive exciters. Enough alternate active energy
could be evolved, by the proper sympathetic exciter, in one cubic inch of
steel to do the work of a horse, by its sympathetic association with the polar
force in alternate polarization and depolarization.

This is the power that I am now getting under control (using the proper
exciters as associated with the mechanical media) to do commercial work.
In other words, I am making a sympathetic harness for the polar terrestrial
force: first, by exciting the sympathetic concordant force that exists in the
corpuscular interstitial domain, which is concordant to it; and secondly,
after the concordance is established, by negatizing the thirds, sixths, and
ninths of this concordance, thereby inducing high velocities with great
power by intermittent negation, as associated with the dominant thirds.

Again: Take away the sympathetic latent force that all matter is
impregnated with, the connective link between the finite and the infinite
would be dissociated, and gravity would be neutralized; bringing all visible
and invisible aggregations back into the great etheric realm.

Here let me ask, What does the term cohesion mean? What is the power that
holds molecules together, but electro-magnetic negative attraction? What is
the state that is brought about by certain conditions of sympathetic
vibration, causing molecules to repel each other, but electro-magnetic
radiation?

It must not be understood that the character of the action of the latent force
liberated from liquids and gases is the same, in its evolution, as that of the
latent force existing in metals. The former shows up an elastic energy,
which emanates from the breaking up of their rotating envelopes;
increasing, at the same time, the range of their corpuscular action: thus
giving, under confinement, elastic forces of an almost infinite character. By
liberation from the tube it is confined in, it seeks its medium of concordant
tenuity with a velocity greater than that of light.

In metals, the latent force, as excited by the same sympathizer, extends its
range of neutral sympathetic attraction without corpuscular rupture, and
reaches out as it were to link itself with its harmonic sympathizer, as long as
its exciter is kept in action. When its exciter is dissociated, its outreach
nestles back again into the corpuscular embrace of the molecular mass that
has been acted upon.4

This is the polar sympathetic harness, as between metallic mediums and the
polar dominant current,—the leader of the triune stream of the terrestrial
flow. (See Appendix II.)

The velocity of the sympathetic bombarding streams, towards the centres of

neutrality, in the corpuscular atoms, during sympathetic aggregation of
visible molecular masses (in registering the latent force in their interstitial
spaces), is thousands of times greater than that of the most sensitive
explosives. An atmospheric stream of that velocity would atomize the plate
of an ironclad, if brought to bear on it.

If the evolution of the power of a volition be set down as one, what number
would that represent in the power evolved by such volition on the physical
organism? To answer this we must first be able, mentally, to get down to the
neutral central depths of the corpuscular atoms, where gravity ceases, to get
its unit; and in the second place we must be able to weigh it as against the
force physically evolved.
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