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vi CONTENTS

Summary 42
Notes 42

CHAPTER 3 The Organization Development Practitioner 45

3-1 Who Is the Organization Development Practitioner? 46
3-2 Competencies of an Effective Organization Development Practitioner 47
3-2a Intrapersonal Skills or “Self-Management” Competence 48
3-2b Interpersonal Skills 51
3-2c General Consultation Skills 51
3-2d Organization Development Theory 52
3-3 The Professional Organization Development Practitioner 52
3-3a Role of Organization Development Professional Positions 52
Application 3.1 Personal Views of the Internal and External Consulting
Positions 55
3-3b Careers of Organization Development Professionals 59
3-4 Professional Values 60
3-5 Professional Ethics 61
3-5a Ethical Guidelines 61
3-5b Ethical Dilemmas 62
Application 3.2 Kindred Todd and the Ethics of OD 65
Summary 66
Notes 67
Appendix 70

PART 2 The Process of Organization Development 74

CHAPTER 4 Entering and Contracting 75
4-1 Entering into an OD Relationship 76
4-1a Clarifying the Organizational Issue 76
4-1b Determining the Relevant Client 77
4-1c Selecting an OD Practitioner 78
4-2 Developing a Contract 79
Application 4.1 Entering Alegent Health 80
4-2a Mutual Expectations 81
4-2b Time and Resources 81
4-2c Ground Rules 82
4-3 Interpersonal Process Issues in Entering and Contracting 82
Application 4.2 Contracting with Alegent Health 83
Summary 87
Notes 87

CHAPTER 5 Diagnosing 89
5-1 What Is Diagnosis? 90
5-2 The Need for Diagnostic Models 91
5-3 Open-Systems Model 92
5-3a Organizations as Open Systems 92
5-3b Diagnosing Organizational Systems 94

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 CONTENTS vii

5-4 Organization-Level Diagnosis 96

5-4a Inputs 96
5-4b Design Components 98
5-4c Outputs 100
5-4d Alignment 100
5-4e Analysis 101
Application 5.1 Steinway & Sons 102
5-5 Group-Level Diagnosis 106
5-5a Inputs 106
5-5b Design Components 107
5-5c Outputs 108
5-5d Alignment 108
5-5e Analysis 109
Application 5.2 Top-Management Team at Ortiv Glass Corporation 110
5-6 Individual-Level Diagnosis 112
5-6a Inputs 112
5-6b Design Components 113
5-6c Outputs 113
5-6d Alignment 114
5-6e Analysis 114
Application 5.3 Job Design at Pepperdine University 115
Summary 119
Notes 119

CHAPTER 6 Collecting, Analyzing, and Feeding Back Diagnostic Information 123

6-1 The Diagnostic Relationship 123
6-2 Collecting Data 126
6-2a Questionnaires 127
6-2b Interviews 129
6-2c Observations 130
6-2d Unobtrusive Measures 131
6-3 Sampling 132
6-4 Analyzing Data 133
6-4a Qualitative Tools 133
6-4b Quantitative Tools 135
Application 6.1 Collecting and Analyzing Diagnostic Data at Alegent Health 136
6-5 Feeding Back Data 142
6-5a Content of Feedback 142
6-5b Process of Feedback 144
6-6 Survey Feedback 145
6-6a What Are the Steps? 145
Application 6.2 Training OD Practitioners in Data Feedback 146
6-6b Survey Feedback and Organizational Dependencies 148
Application 6.3 Survey Feedback and Planned Change at Cambia Health
Solutions 149
6-6c Limitations of Survey Feedback 152
6-6d Results of Survey Feedback 152
Summary 154
Notes 154

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viii CONTENTS

CH A PT E R 7 Designing Interventions 157

7-1 Overview of Interventions 157
7-1a Human Process Interventions 157
7-1b Technostructural Interventions 159
7-1c Human Resources Management Interventions 160
7-1d Strategic Change Interventions 161
7-2 What Are Effective Interventions? 162
7-3 How to Design Effective Interventions 163
7-3a Contingencies Related to the Change Situation 164
7-3b Contingencies Related to the Target of Change 171
Summary 173
Notes 175

CH A PT E R 8 Managing Change 179

8-1 Overview of Change Activities 179
8-2 Motivating Change 181
8-2a Creating Readiness for Change 181
8-2b Overcoming Resistance to Change 183
8-3 Creating a Vision 184
Application 8.1 Motivating Change in the Sexual Violence Prevention Unit of
Minnesota’s Health Department 185
8-3a Describing the Core Ideology 186
8-3b Constructing the Envisioned Future 187
8-4 Developing Political Support 188
Application 8.2 Creating a Vision at Premier 189
8-4a Assessing Change Agent Power 192
8-4b Identifying Key Stakeholders 192
8-4c Influencing Stakeholders 192
8-5 Managing the Transition 193
Application 8.3 Developing Political Support for the Strategic Planning Project in
the Sexual Violence Prevention Unit 194
8-5a Activity Planning 196
8-5b Commitment Planning 196
8-5c Change-Management Structures 196
8-5d Learning Processes 196
8-6 Sustaining Momentum 197
Application 8.4 Transition Management in the HP–Compaq Acquisition 198
8-6a Providing Resources for Change 200
8-6b Building a Support System for Change Agents 200
8-6c Developing New Competencies and Skills 200
8-6d Reinforcing New Behaviors 201
8-6e Staying the Course 201
Application 8.5 Sustaining Change at RMIT University Library in Melbourne,
Australia 202
Summary 204
Notes 205

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 CONTENTS ix

CHAPTER 9 Evaluating and Institutionalizing Organization Development

Interventions 207
9-1 Evaluating Organization Development Interventions 207
9-1a Implementation and Evaluation Feedback 208
9-1b Measurement 211
9-1c Research Design 216
Application 9.1 Evaluating Change at Alegent Health 219
9-2 Institutionalizing Organizational Changes 221
9-2a Institutionalization Framework 222
9-2b Organization Characteristics 222
9-2c Intervention Characteristics 223
9-2d Institutionalization Processes 224
9-2e Indicators of Institutionalization 226
Application 9.2 Institutionalizing Structural Change at Hewlett-Packard 227
Summary 229
Notes 229
Selected Cases 232
Sunflower Incorporated 232
Kenworth Motors 234
Peppercorn Dining 238
Diagnosis and Feedback at Adhikar 257
Managing Change: Action Planning for the Vélo V Project in Lyon, France 262

PART 3 Human Process Interventions 264

CH A PT E R 10 Interpersonal and Group Process Approaches 265
10-1 Diagnostic Issues in Interpersonal and Group Process Interventions 266
10-2 Process Consultation 267
10-2a Basic Process Interventions 268
Application 10.1 Process Consultation at Christian Caring Homes, Inc. 271
10-2b Results of Process Consultation 273
10-3 Third-Party Interventions 274
10-3a An Episodic Model of Conflict 275
10-3b Facilitating the Conflict Resolution Process 276
10-4 Team Building 277
Application 10.2 Conflict Management at Ross & Sherwin 278
10-4a Team-Building Activities 282
10-4b Interventions Relevant to Individual Behavior 285
10-4c Interventions Relevant to the Group’s Behavior 285
10-4d Interventions Affecting the Group’s Integration with the Rest of the
Organization 286
Application 10.3 Aligning Senior Teams at Vaycot Products 287
10-4e The Manager’s Role in Team Building 291
10-4f The Results of Team Building 292
Summary 293
Notes 294

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x CONTENTS

CHAPTER 11 Organization Process Approaches 297

11-1 Diagnostic Issues in Organization Process Interventions 298
11-2 Organization Confrontation Meeting 298
11-2a Application Stages 299
Application 11.1 A Work-Out Meeting at General Electric Medical Systems
Business 300
11-2b Results of Confrontation Meetings 301
11-3 Intergroup Relations Interventions 301
11-3a Microcosm Groups 301
11-3b Resolving Intergroup Conflict 304
Application 11.2 Improving Intergroup Relationships in Johnson & Johnson’s Drug
Evaluation Department 307
11-4 Large Group Interventions 309
11-4a Application Stages 310
Application 11.3 Using the Decision Accelerator to Generate Innovative Strategies
in Alegent’s Women’s and Children’s Service Line 314
11-4b Results of Large Group Interventions 318
Summary 319
Notes 320
Selected Cases 322
Lincoln Hospital: Third-Party Intervention 322
Large Group Interventions at Airbus’ ICT Organization 329

PART 4 Technostructural Interventions 338

CHAPTER 12 Restructuring Organizations 339
12-1 Structural Design 339
12-1a The Functional Structure 340
12-1b The Divisional Structure 342
12-1c The Matrix Structure 344
12-1d The Process Structure 346
12-1e The Customer-Centric Structure 349
Application 12.1 Healthways’ Process Structure 350
12-1f The Network Structure 353
12-2 Downsizing 356
Application 12.2 Amazon.com’s Network Structure 357
12-2a Application Stages 359
Application 12.3 Downsizing in Menlo Park, California 362
12-2b Results of Downsizing 363
12-3 Reengineering 364
12-3a Application Stages 365
12-3b Results from Reengineering 368
Application 12.4 Honeywell IAC’s TotalPlant™ Reengineering Process 369
Summary 371
Notes 371

CHAPTER 13 Employee Involvement 375

13-1 Employee Involvement: What Is It? 376
13-1a A Working Definition of Employee Involvement 376

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 CONTENTS xi

13-1b The Diffusion of Employee Involvement Practices 377

13-1c How Employee Involvement Affects Productivity 377
13-2 Employee Involvement Interventions 379
13-2a Parallel Structures 379
Application 13.1 Using the AI Summit to Build Union–Management Relations
at Roadway Express 382
13-2b Total Quality Management 385
Application 13.2 TQM at the Ritz-Carlton 391
13-2c High-Involvement Organizations 392
Application 13.3 Building a High-Involvement Organization at Air Products and
Chemicals, Inc. 396
Summary 399
Notes 399

CH A PT E R 14 Work Design 403

14-1 The Engineering Approach 404
14-2 The Motivational Approach 405
14-2a The Core Dimensions of Jobs 405
14-2b Individual Differences 407
14-2c Application Stages 407
Application 14.1 Enriching Jobs at the Hartford’s Employee Relations Consulting
Services Group 410
14-2d Barriers to Job Enrichment 412
14-2e Results of Job Enrichment 413
14-3 The Sociotechnical Systems Approach 414
14-3a Conceptual Background 414
14-3b Self-Managed Work Teams 415
14-3c Application Stages 419
Application 14.2 Developing Self-Managed Teams at WI, Inc. 421
14-3d Results of Self-Managed Teams 423
14-4 Designing Work for Technical and Personal Needs 425
14-4a Technical Factors 425
14-4b Personal-Need Factors 426
14-4c Meeting Both Technical and Personal Needs 428
Summary 429
Notes 429
Selected Cases 433
City of Carlsbad, California: Restructuring the Public Works
Department (A) 433
The Sullivan Hospital System 435

PART 5 Human Resource Interventions 438

CH A PT E R 15 Performance Management 439
15-1 A Model of Performance Management 440
15-2 Goal Setting 442
15-2a Characteristics of Goal Setting 442
15-2b Application Stages 443

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xii CONTENTS

15-2c Management by Objectives 444

15-2d Effects of Goal Setting and MBO 445
Application 15.1 Changing the Human Capital Management Practices at Cambia
Health Solutions 446
15-3 Performance Appraisal 448
15-3a The Performance Appraisal Process 449
15-3b Application Stages 451
15-3c Effects of Performance Appraisal 452
15-4 Reward Systems 452
Application 15.2 Adapting the Appraisal Process at Capital One Financial 453
15-4a Structural and Motivational Features of Reward Systems 455
15-4b Reward System Design Features 457
15-4c Skill- and Knowledge-Based Pay Systems 458
15-4d Performance-Based Pay Systems 460
15-4e Gain-Sharing Systems 462
15-4f Promotion Systems 464
15-4g Reward-System Process Issues 464
Application 15.3 Revising the Reward System at Lands’ End 465
Summary 468
Notes 468

CHAPTER 16 Talent Management 473

16-1 Coaching and Mentoring 474
16-1a What Are the Goals? 474
16-1b Application Stages 475
16-1c The Results of Coaching and Mentoring 476
16-2 Management and Leadership Development Interventions 476
16-2a What Are the Goals? 477
16-2b Application Stages 477
Application 16.1 Leading Your Business at Microsoft Corporation 479
16-2c The Results of Development Interventions 480
16-3 Career Planning and Development Interventions 480
16-3a What Are the Goals? 481
16-3b Application Stages 482
Application 16.2 PepsiCo’s Career Planning and Development
Framework 491
16-3c The Results of Career Planning and Development 493
Summary 493
Notes 494

CHAPTER 17 Workforce Diversity and Wellness 497

17-1 Workforce Diversity Interventions 497
17-1a What Are the Goals? 498
17-1b Application Stages 499
17-1c The Results for Diversity Interventions 503
17-2 Employee Stress and Wellness Interventions 504
17-2a What Are the Goals? 504
Application 17.1 Aligning Strategy and Diversity at L’Oréal 505
17-2b Application Stages 507
17-2c The Results of Stress Management and Wellness Interventions 513

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 CONTENTS xiii

Application 17.2 Johnson & Johnson’s Health and Wellness Program 514
Summary 516
Notes 516
Selected Cases 519
Employee Benefits at HealthCo 519
Designing and Implementing a Reward System at Disk Drives, Inc. 523

PART 6 Strategic Change Interventions 528

CH A PT E R 18 Transformational Change 529
18-1 Characteristics of Transformational Change 530
18-1a Change Is Triggered by Environmental and Internal Disruptions 530
18-1b Change Is Initiated by Senior Executives and Line Managers 531
18-1c Change Involves Multiple Stakeholders 532
18-1d Change Is Systemic and Revolutionary 532
18-1e Change Involves Significant Learning and a New Paradigm 533
18-2 Organization Design 534
18-2a Conceptual Framework 534
18-2b Basic Design Alternatives 535
18-2c Worldwide Organization Design Alternatives 537
Application 18.1 Organization Design at Deere & Company 538
Application 18.2 Implementing the Global Strategy: Changing the Culture of
Work in Western China 542
18-2d Application Stages 546
18-3 Integrated Strategic Change 548
18-3a Key Features 549
18-3b Implementing the ISC Process 549
18-4 Culture Change 552
18-4a Defining and Diagnosing Organization Culture 552
Application 18.3 Managing Strategic Change at Microsoft Canada 553
18-4b Implementing the Culture Change Process 558
Application 18.4 Culture Change at IBM 561
Summary 563
Notes 563

CH A PT E R 19 Continuous Change 569

19-1 Dynamic Strategy Making 570
19-1a Conceptual Framework 571
19-1b Application Stages 573
19-2 Self-Designing Organizations 576
19-2a The Demands of Turbulent Environments 576
Application 19.1 Dynamic Strategy Making at Whitbread PLC 577
19-2b Application Stages 579
19-3 Learning Organizations 582
Application 19.2 Self-Design at Healthways Corporation 583
19-3a Conceptual Framework 584
19-3b Organization Learning Interventions 586
19-4 Built-to-Change Organizations 593
19-4a Design Guidelines 593

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xiv CONTENTS

Application 19.3 Dialogue and Organization Learning at DMT 594

19-4b Application Stages 597
Application 19.4 Creating a Built-to-Change Organization at Capital One
Financial 599
Summary 601
Notes 602

CHAPTER 20 Transorganizational Change 605

20-1 Transorganizational Rationale 606
20-2 Mergers and Acquisitions 607
20-2a Application Stages 608
Application 20.1 Planning the United–Continental Merger 613
20-3 Strategic Alliance Interventions 616
20-3a Application Stages 616
Application 20.2 Building Alliance Relationships 618
20-4 Network Interventions 620
20-4a Creating the Network 621
20-4b Managing Network Change 624
Application 20.3 The Alaska Workforce Coalition 627
Summary 631
Notes 632
Selected Cases 636
Global Mobile Corporation 636
Leading Strategic Change at DaVita: The Integration of the Gambro
Acquisition 645

PART 7 Special Applications of Organization Development 658

CHAPTER 21 Organization Development for Economic, Ecological,
and Social Outcomes 659
21-1 Sustainable Management Organizations 659
21-1a Design Guidelines 660
21-1b Application Stages 667
21-2 Global Social Change 670
21-2a Global Social Change Organizations 670
Application 21.1 Interface Carpet’s Transformation to Sustainability 671
21-2b Application Stages 674
21-2c Change-Agent Roles and Skills 677
Application 21.2 Social and Environmental Change at LDI Africa 678
Summary 681
Notes 682

CHAPTER 22 Organization Development in Nonindustrial Settings:

Health Care, School Systems, the Public Sector, and
Family–Owned 685
22-1 Organization Development in Health Care 686
22-1a The Health Care Industry—A Snapshot 686
22-1b Trends in Health Care 687

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 CONTENTS xv

22-1c Opportunities for Organization Development Practice 690

22-1d Conclusions 693
22-2 Organization Development in Public School Systems 693
22-2a A Complex, Diverse, and Evolving K-12 Educational System 693
22-2b Change Forces 694
22-2c Disappointing Reform Efforts 696
22-2d Considerations for OD Practitioners 699
22-2e Conclusions 702
22-3 Organization Development in the Public Sector 703
22-3a Comparing Public- and Private-Sector Organizations 705
22-3b Recent Research and Innovations in Public-Sector Organization
Development 710
22-3c Conclusions 711
22-4 Organization Development in Family-Owned Businesses 711
22-4a The Family Business System 712
22-4b Business, Ownership, and Family Systems 714
22-4c Family Business Developmental Stages 715
22-4d A Parallel Planning Process 716
22-4e Values 716
22-4f Critical Issues in Family Business 719
Summary 725
Notes 726

CH A PT E R 23 Future Directions in Organization Development 731

23-1 Trends Within Organization Development 732
23-1a Traditional Trend 732
23-1b Pragmatic Trend 733
23-1c Scholarly Trend 733
23-1d Implications for OD’s Future 734
23-2 Trends in the Context of Organization Development 735
23-2a The Economy 735
23-2b The Workforce 738
23-2c Technology 739
23-2d Organizations 740
23-2e Implications for OD’s Future 741
Summary 747
Notes 747
Integrative Cases 750
B. R. Richardson Timber Products Corporation 750
Building the Cuyahoga River Valley Organization 764
The Transformation of Meck Insurance 774

Glossary 784

Name Index 793

Subject Index 797

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© Pixmann/Imagezoo/Getty Images

Preface

What a difference an edition makes. We need look no farther than this text to get a sense
of the pace and consequences of change. Compared to the promise of hope and change
that accompanied Barack Obama’s first election while we were finishing the ninth edi-
tion, finishing this tenth edition in 2013 brings daily reminders that things are moving
far more quickly and unpredictably than we could ever have imagined. As a global soci-
ety, we are still living with the enormous personal, social, and economic consequences of
the financial turmoil brought on by the mortgage-lending crisis and the subsequent
recession that enveloped the world’s economies; still coping with the distressing after-
math of man-made and natural calamities such as the BP/Macondo/Deepwater Horizon
disaster in the Gulf of Mexico and the earthquake and tsunami that devastated Japan;
and still apprehensive about the spreading strife and seemingly intractable unrest in the
Middle East, the angry rhetoric from the Korean peninsula, and the ever present threat
of terrorist attacks almost anywhere, any time. We are reminded almost daily that global
climate change, nuclear weapons proliferation, and disease pandemics can actually hap-
pen in our lifetime, businesses are not too big to fail, and almost no industry or sector of
society is free of ethical breeches, illegal practices, or mismanagement. From a more opti-
mistic perspective, more and more of the world’s population is taking advantage of the
rapid advances in information technology that are transforming how we do business,
communicate and relate with each other, deliver and access information, and educate
and entertain ourselves. Add to this the enormous advances in medicine and health
care that are offering promising new treatments for many of the maladies that plague us.
For organizations existing in these times, life can be extremely challenging. Busi-
nesses increasingly face global markets in which competition is intense, and economic,
political, and cultural conditions are diverse and can change unexpectedly. Sources of
competitive advantage, such as technical, product, or resource superiority, can quickly
erode as can a firm’s storehouse of human capital and knowledge. Government agencies
encounter more and more demands to operate more efficiently, offering faster, cheaper,
and better service at lower cost. Yet funding is scarcer and tied unpredictably to shifting
economic conditions, political whims, and public mandates. Educational institutions
increasingly are being asked to keep pace with the changing needs of a global society
by delivering more knowledge to larger numbers of more diverse students at lower
costs in ways that transcend the physical classroom. At the same time, budgets for public
education have been falling, advances in information technology have far exceeded the
willingness and capability of educators to apply them to student learning, and the
bureaucracy surrounding curriculum change remains well in place.
In times like these, organization development (OD) and change has never been
more relevant and necessary. For our part, this is the tenth edition of the market-leading
text in the field. OD is an applied field of change that uses behavioral science knowledge
to improve organizations’ functioning and performance and to increase their capability
to change. OD is more than change management, however, and goes well beyond the
mechanistic, programmatic assumptions that organization change can simply be scripted
by various methods of “involving” people and “enrolling” them in the change. OD is not
xvi

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 PREFACE xvii

concerned about change for change’s sake, a way to implement the latest fad, or a pawn
for doing management’s bidding. It is about learning and improving in ways that make
individuals, groups, organizations, and ultimately societies better off and more capable of
managing change in the future. Moreover, OD is more than a set of tools and techniques.
It is not a bunch of “interventions” looking to be applied in whatever organization that
comes along. It is an integrated theory and practice aimed at increasing an organization’s
effectiveness. Finally, OD is more than a set of values. It is not a front for the promulga-
tion of humanistic and spiritual beliefs or a set of interventions that boil down to “holding
hands and singing Kumbaya.” It is a set of evidence-based ideas and practices about how
organizations can produce sustainable high performance and human fulfillment.
The original edition of this text, authored by OD pioneer Edgar Huse in 1975,
became a market leader because it faced the relevance issue. It took an objective, research
perspective and placed OD practice on a strong theoretical footing. Ed showed that, in
some cases, OD did produce meaningful results but that additional work was still
needed. Sadly, Ed passed away following the publication of the second edition. His wife,
Mary Huse, asked Tom Cummings to revise the book for subsequent editions. With the
fifth edition, Tom asked Chris Worley to join him in writing the text.
The most recent editions have had an important influence on the perception of OD.
While maintaining the book’s strengths of even treatment and unbiased reporting, the
newer editions made even larger strides in placing OD on a strong empirical foundation.
They broadened the scope and increased the relevance of OD by including interventions
that had a content component, including work design, employee involvement, organization
design, and transorganization change. They took another step toward relevance and sug-
gested that OD had begun to incorporate a strategic perspective. This strategic orientation
proposed that OD could be as concerned with performance issues as it was with human
potential. Effective OD, from this newer perspective, relied as much on knowledge about
organization theory and economics as it did on the more “micro” behavioral sciences. The
most recent additions describe how OD has become more global. This global orientation
includes the growing application of OD in cross-cultural settings. It also shows how OD
can help organizations design their global structures and operations. It is our greatest
hope that the current edition continues this tradition of rigor and relevance.

Revisions to the Tenth Edition

Our goal in the tenth edition is to update the field again. We take our role as the authors
of the leading textbook in OD seriously and, we hope, responsibly. Although we have
retained several features of the prior editions, we have made some important changes.

Integration and Flow

The chapter sequence from previous editions has been maintained, but we have reduced the
number of chapters from 25 to 23 and worked hard to better integrate the content. For exam-
ple, we achieved a more integrated presentation of the diagnostic process by combining two
chapters into one. Similarly, we combined chapters on data collection, analysis, and feedback
into one, more tightly integrated description. Finally, we have tried to use a consistent organi-
zation design framework in the diagnosis, structural design, and strategic change sections.

Global Integration
We have also improved the integration and flow of material by making a concerted attempt
to address global issues and global perspectives throughout the text. We began the

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xviii PREFACE

internationalization of the text in the sixth edition with the addition of a chapter on “global
issues in OD.” However, in the past, the text could be criticized, and rightfully so, for being
“North America centric.” The examples, applications, and cases came almost exclusively
from U.S.-based companies. In the tenth edition, we have tried—ultimately the reader will be
the judge of our effectiveness—to dramatically reduce the North American bias and to cite
European, Asian, Australian, South American, and where possible, African examples.

Strategic Emphasis Continued

Reflecting on where we think OD is headed, we completely rewrote Part 6 on strategic
change interventions. While we kept the chapter titles, we added dynamic strategy mak-
ing, completely revised the section on organization design, leveraged the design section
to more deeply explore integrated strategic change, and completely revised the sections
on organization learning, built to change, and culture change.

Sustainability
We have added a new chapter (Chapter 21) focusing on OD practices intended to
improve and balance organizations’ economic, social, and ecological outcomes. This
topic is a growing area of OD practice and one that we believe will continue to expand.

Key Chapter Revisions

Other chapters have received important updates and improvements. Chapter 7’s descrip-
tion of designing interventions, in keeping with the global integration described above,
has been rewritten to account for cross-cultural values in interventions. In Chapter 22,
the sections on OD in Healthcare, Education, Government, and Family Businesses have
been completely rewritten by new and familiar guest authors. Finally, Chapter 23—
Future Directions in Organization Development—has received a thorough revision
based on the authors’ recent research.

Distinguishing Pedagogical Features

The text is designed to facilitate the learning of OD theory and practice. Based on feed-
back from reviewers, this format more closely matches the OD process. Instructors can
teach the process and then link OD practice to the interventions.

Organization
The tenth edition is organized into seven parts. Following an introductory chapter that
describes the definition and history of OD, Part 1 provides an overview of organization devel-
opment. It discusses the fundamental theories that underlie planned change (Chapter 2) and
describes the people who practice it (Chapter 3). Part 2 is a six-chapter description of the OD
process. It describes how OD practitioners enter and contract with organizations (Chapter 4);
diagnose organizations, groups, and jobs (Chapter 5); collect, analyze, and feed back diagnostic
data (Chapter 6); design interventions (Chapter 7); lead and manage change (Chapter 8); and
evaluate and institutionalize change (Chapter 9). In this manner, instructors can focus on the
OD process without distraction. Parts 3, 4, 5, and 6 then cover the major OD interventions
used today according the same classification scheme used in previous editions of the text.
Part 3 covers human process interventions; Part 4 describes technostructural approaches;
Part 5 presents interventions in human resource management; and Part 6 addresses strategic
change interventions. In the final section, Part 7, we cover special applications of OD, including

Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
 PREFACE xix

OD for economic, social, and environmental outcomes (Chapter 21); OD in health care, family
businesses, schools, and the public sector (Chapter 22); and the future of OD (Chapter 23). We
believe this ordering provides instructors with more flexibility in teaching OD.

Applications
Within each chapter, we describe actual situations in which different OD techniques or
interventions were used. These applications provide students with a chance to see how
OD is actually practiced in organizations. In the tenth edition, about 30 percent of the
applications are new and many others have been updated to maintain the text’s currency
and relevance. In response to feedback from reviewers, all of the applications describe a
real situation in a real organization (although sometimes we felt it necessary to use dis-
guised names). In many cases, the organizations are large public companies that should
be readily recognizable. We have endeavored to write applications based on our own OD
practice or that have appeared in the popular literature. In addition, we have asked sev-
eral of our colleagues to submit descriptions of their own practice and these applications
appear throughout the text. The time and effort to produce these vignettes of OD prac-
tice for others is gratefully acknowledged.

Cases
At the end of each major part in the book, we have included cases to permit a more in-
depth discussion of the OD process. Seven of the 16 cases are new to the tenth edition.
We have kept some cases that have been favorites over the years but have also replaced
some of the favorites with newer ones. Also in response to feedback from users of the
text, we have endeavored to provide cases that vary in levels of detail, complexity, and
sophistication to allow the instructor some flexibility in teaching the material to either
undergraduate or graduate students.

Audience
This book can be used in a number of different ways and by a variety of people. First, it
serves as a primary textbook in organization development for students at both the
undergraduate and graduate levels. Second, the book can also serve as an independent
study guide for individuals wishing to learn more about how organization development
can improve productivity and human satisfaction. Third, the book is intended to be of
value to OD professionals, executives and administrators, specialists in such fields as
training, occupational stress, and human resource management, and anyone interested
in the complex process known as organization development.

Educational Aids and Supplements

Instructor’s Manual
To assist instructors in the delivery of a course on organization development, an Instruc-
tor’s Manual is available, which contains material that can improve the student’s appre-
ciation of OD and improve the instructor’s effectiveness in the classroom.

Chapter Outline and Lecture Notes The material in the chapter is outlined and
comments are made concerning important pedagogical points, such as crucial assump-
tions that should be noted for students, important aspects of practical application, and
alternative points of view that might be used to enliven class discussion.

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xx PREFACE

Case Teaching Notes For each case in the text, teaching notes have been devel-
oped to assist instructors in preparing for case discussions. The notes provide an out-
line of the case, suggestions about where to place the case during the course,
discussion questions to focus student attention, and an analysis of the case situation.
In combination with the instructor’s own insights, the notes can help to enliven the
case discussion or role-plays.

Audiovisual Listing Finally, a list is included of films, videos, and other materials that
can be used to supplement different parts of the text, along with the addresses and phone
numbers of vendors that supply the materials.

Test Bank
The Test Bank includes a variety of multiple choice, true/false, and essay questions for each
chapter. The Test Bank questions vary in levels of difficulty and meet a full range of tagging
requirements so that instructors can tailor their testing to meet their specific needs.
Instructors can use these questions directly or to suggest additional questions reflecting
the professor’s own style.

Cognero
Cengage Learning Testing Powered by Cognero is a flexible, online system that allows you to:
• author, edit, and manage test bank content from multiple Cengage Learning solutions
• create multiple test versions in an instant
• deliver tests from your LMS, your classroom or wherever you want

Start Right Away! Cengage Learning Testing Powered by Cognero works on any oper-
ating system or browser.
• No special installs or downloads needed
• Create tests from school, home, the coffee shop—anywhere with Internet access

What Will You Find?

• Simplicity at every step. A desktop-inspired interface features drop-down menus and
familiar, intuitive tools that take you through content creation and management
with ease.
• Full-featured test generator. Create ideal assessments with your choice of 15 question
types (including true/false, multiple choice, opinion scale/likert, and essay).
Multi-language support, an equation editor and unlimited metadata help ensure
your tests are complete and compliant.
• Cross-compatible capability. Import and export content into other systems.

PowerPoint® Presentation Slides

®
The PowerPoint presentation slides consists of lecture outlines and select tables and
figures used in the book. These colorful slides can greatly aid the integration of text
material during lectures and discussions.

Companion Site
A rich companion site accompanies the text, providing many extras for the student and
instructor. Visit www.cengagebrain.com to learn more.

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 PREFACE xxi

Acknowledgments
The Grateful Dead’s lyric, “What a long strange trip it’s been” seems particularly apropos
in writing this edition. Reflecting the global world we live in, we revised this text virtually.
Tom and Chris never once saw each other face-to-face once the work began. Tom wrote
from his office in Los Angeles and his view in Palos Verdes while trying to run the Depart-
ment of Management and Organization at the Marshall School of Business; Chris wrote
from his sabbatical home in Lyon, France while trying to adopt the French lifestyle. How-
ever, we think it is safe to say that after collaborating on five editions of the text, we finally
have figured out how to do this effectively. This revision has gone very smoothly. That is
not to say that we haven’t lived in the VUCA world. Volatility, uncertainty, complexity,
and ambiguity certainly affected our lives in strange and tragic ways, but after five editions,
we’ve learned to roll with the punches, adapt and adjust schedules, and cover each other’s
back. Sometimes our writing is so bad, we want to throw up; sometimes it’s so good it
brings tears to our eyes. We hope this edition will, at times, at least make you feel good.
We’d like to thank those who supported us in this effort. We are grateful to and for
our families: Chailin and Catherine Cummings and the Worley clan, Debbie, Sarah,
Hannah, and Sam. We would like to thank our students for their comments on the previ-
ous editions, for contributing many of the applications, and for helping us to try out new
ideas and perspectives. A particular word of thanks go to our colleagues at USC’s Center
for Effective Organizations—Ed Lawler, Sue Mohrman, John Boudreau, Alec Levenson,
Gerry Ledford, Theresa Welbourne, Jim O’Toole, Jay Conger, and Jay Galbraith. They
have been consistent sources of support and intellectual inquiry. We also extend thanks
to Tom Williams at Booz&Co. for his patience, support, and partnership. To our friends at
Pepperdine University’s MSOD program (Ann Feyerherm, Miriam Lacey, Terri Egan, Julie
Chesley, Gary Mangiofico, and Kent Rhodes) we send our appreciation for their dedication
to maintaining the “long grey line.” As well, the following individuals reviewed the text and
influenced our thinking with their honest and constructive feedback:
Jack Cox, Amberton University
Stacy Ball-Elias, Southwest Minnesota State University
Bruce Gillies, California Lutheran University
Jim Maddox, Friends University
Shannon Reilly, George Brown College
We also would like to express our appreciation to members of the staff at Cengage
Learning for their aid and encouragement. Special thanks go to Scott Person, Sarah
Blasco, and Jennifer King for their help and guidance throughout the development of
this revision. And Jerusha Govindakrishnan patiently made sure that the editing and
producing of our book went smoothly.

Thomas G. Cummings Christopher G. Worley

Palos Verdes Estates, California San Juan Capistrano, California
Lyon, France
August, 2013

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© Pixmann/Imagezoo/Getty Images

About the Authors

Thomas G. Cummings, professor, chair of the Department of Management and Organiza-

tion, received his B.S. and MBA from Cornell University, and his Ph.D. from the University
of California at Los Angeles. He has authored over 70 articles and 22 books and was formerly
President of the Western Academy of Management, Chair of the Organization Development
and Change Division of the Academy of Management, and Founding Editor of the
Journal of Management Inquiry. Dr. Cummings was the 61st President of the Academy
of Management, the largest professional association of management scholars in the
world with a total membership of over 19,000. He is listed in American Men and
Women of Science and Who’s Who in America. His major research and consulting inter-
ests include designing high-performing organizations and strategic change manage-
ment. He has conducted several large-scale organization design and change projects,
and has consulted to a variety of private and public-sector organizations in the United
States, Europe, Mexico, and Scandinavia.

Christopher G. Worley is a Senior Research Scientist at the Center for Effective Organiza-
tions (USC’s Marshall School of Business) and professor of management in Pepperdine
University’s Master of Science in Organization (MSOD) program. He received B.S. from
Westminster College, master’s degrees from Colorado State University and Pepperdine
University, and his doctorate from the University of Southern California. He served as Chair
of the Organization Development and Change Division of the Academy of Management,
received the Luckman Teaching Fellowship at Pepperdine University, and the Douglas
McGregor Award for best paper in the Journal of Applied Behavioral Science. His most recent
books are Management Reset and Built to Change, and he is completing a book on organiza-
tion agility. His articles on agility and strategic organization design have appeared in the
Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, Journal of Organization Behavior, Sloan Management
Review, StrategyþBusiness, and Organizational Dynamics. He and his family live in San Juan
Capistrano, CA.

xxii

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© Pixmann/Imagezoo/
Getty Images

1
General Introduction to Organization
Development

learning Define and describe the practice and study of organization

objectives development (OD).
Describe the history and relevance of OD.
Distinguish OD and planned change from other forms of organization
change.

T
his is a book about organization develop- in the context of the larger environment that
ment (OD)—a process that applies a broad affects them.
range of behavioral science knowledge This book reviews the broad background of OD
and practices to help organizations build their and examines assumptions, strategies and models,
capability to change and to achieve greater intervention techniques, and other aspects of OD.
effectiveness, including increased financial per- This chapter provides an introduction to OD,
formance, employee satisfaction, and environ- describing first the concept of OD itself. Second, it
mental sustainability. Organization development explains why OD has expanded rapidly in the past
differs from other planned change efforts, such 60 years, both in terms of people’s need to work
as project management or product innovation, with and through others in organizations and in
because the focus is on building the organiza- terms of organizations’ need to adapt in a complex
tion’s ability to assess its current functioning and changing world. Third, it reviews briefly the
and to make necessary changes to achieve its history of OD, and fourth, it describes the evolution
goals. Moreover, OD is oriented to improving of OD into its current state. This introduction to OD
the total system—the organization and its parts is followed by an overview of the rest of the book.

1-1 Organization Development Defined

Organization development is both a professional field of social action and an area of
scientific inquiry. The practice of OD covers a wide spectrum of activities, with seem-
ingly endless variations upon them. Team building with top corporate management,
structural change in a municipality, and job enrichment in a manufacturing firm are
all examples of OD. Similarly, the study of OD addresses a broad range of topics,
including the effects of change, the methods of organizational change, and the factors
influencing OD success.
1

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 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
were, that with their borrowed hair, teeth, eyes, eyebrows, looked
like fine folks at a distance, but would have been left as ridiculous as
Æsop’s crow, if every bird had fetched away his own feather.
’Deliver me (thought I, smiling and shaking my head) if this be
woman.
And so I stepped into the men’s quarter, which was but next door,
and only a thick wall between. Their great misery was that they
were deaf to good advice, obstinately hating and despising both
physic and physician; for if they would have either quitted or
changed, they might have been cured. But they chose rather to die,
and though they saw their error, would not mend it. Which minded
me of the old rhyme:

Where love’s in the case,

The doctor’s an ass.

These fools-male were all in the same chamber; and one might
perfectly read their humour and distemper in their looks and
gestures. Oh! how many a gay lad did I see there in his point band
and embroidered vest that had not a whole shirt to his back! How
many huffs and highboys that had nothing else in their mouths but
the lives and fortunes they’d spend in their sweet ladies’ service!
that would yet have run five miles on your errand, to have been
treated but at a threepenny ordinary? How many a poor devil that
wanted bread, and was yet troubled with the rebellion of the flesh!
Some there were that spent much time in setting their perukes,
ordering the mustache, and dressing up the very face of Lucifer
himself for a beauty: the woman’s privilege, and in truth an
encroachment, to their prejudice. There were others that made it
their glory to pass for Hectors, sons of Priam, brothers of the blade;
and talked of nothing but attacks, combats, reverses, stramazons,
stoccados; not considering that a naked weapon is present death to
a timorous woman. Some were taking the round of their ladies’
lodgings, at midnight, and went to bed again as wise as they rose.
Others fell in love by contagion and merely conversing with the
infected. Some again went post from church to chapel, every holy
day, to hunt for a mistress; and so turned a day of rest into a day of
labour. Ye might see others skipping continually from house to
house, like the knight upon a chess-board, without ever catching the
(queen or) dame. Some, like crafty beggars, made their case worse
than ’twas: and others, though ’twere ne’er so bad, durst not so
much as open their mouths. Really it grieved me for the poor
mutes, and I wished with all my heart their mistresses had been
witches, that they might have known their meaning by their
mumping; but they were lost to all counsel, so that there was no
advising them. There was another sort of elevated, and conceited
lovers; and these forsooth were not to be satisfied without the seven
liberal sciences, and the four cardinal virtues, in the shape of a
woman; and their case was desperate. The next I observed were a
generation of modest fools, that passed under the notion of people
diffident of themselves. They were generally men of good
understanding, but for the most part younger brothers, of low
fortunes, and such as for want of wherewithal to go to the price of
higher amours, were fain to take up with ordinary stuff, that brought
them nothing in the end, but beggary and repentance. The
husbands, I perceived, were horribly furious, although in manacles
and shackles. Some of them left their own wives, and fell upon their
neighbours’. Others, to keep the good women in awe and
obedience, would be taking upon them, and playing the tyrants, but
upon the upshot they found their mistake, and that though they
came on as fierce as lions, they went off as tame as muttons. Some
were making friendships with their wives’ she-cousins, and agreeing
upon a cross-gossiping whoever should have the first child.
The widowers, that had bit of the bridle, passed from place to place,
where they stayed more or less, according to their entertainment,
and so were in effect, as good as married; for as long, or as little a
while as themselves pleased. These lived single, and spent their
time in visiting, first one friend, then another. Here they fell in love;
there they kindled a jealousy, which they contracted themselves in
one place, and cured it in another. But the miracle was, that they all
knew, and confessed themselves a company of mad fools, and yet
continued so. Those that had skill in music, and could either sing or
fiddle, made use of their gifts, to put the silly wenches that were but
half moped before, directly out of their wits. They that were poetical
were perpetually hammering upon the subjects of cruelty and
disappointment. One tells his good fortune to another, that requites
him with the story of his bad. They that had set their hearts upon
girls were beating the streets all day, to find what avenues to a
lady’s lodgings at night. Some were tampering and caressing the
chamber-maid, as the ready way to the mistress. Others chose
rather to put it to the push, and attempt the lady herself. Some
were examining their pockets and taking a view of their furniture,
which consisted much in love-letters, delicately sealed up with
perfumed wax, upon raw silk; and a thousand pretty devices within;
all wrapt up in riddle, and cipher. Abundance of hair bracelets,
lockets, pomanders, knots of riband, and the like. There were
others, that were called the husband’s friends, who were ready upon
all occasions to do this, and to do that kindness for the husband.
Their purse, credit, coach and horses, were all at his service; and in
the meantime, who but they to gallant the wife? To the park, the
gardens, a treat, or a comedy, where forty to one, by the greatest
good luck in the world, they stumble upon an aunt, an old
housekeeper of the family, or some such reverend goer-between
that’s a well-willer to the mathematics; she takes the hint, performs
the good office, and the work is done.
Now there were two sorts of fools for the widows: the one was
beloved, and the other not. The latter were content to be a kind of
voluntary slaves, for the compassing their ends; but the other were
the happier, for they were ever at perfect liberty to do their pleasure,
unless some friend or child of the house perchance came in, in the
mischievous nick, and then in case of a little colour more than
ordinary, or a tumbled handkercher: ’twas but changing the scene,
and struggling for a paper of verses, or some such business to keep
all in countenance. Some made their assaults both with love and
money, and they seldom failed, for they came doubly armed; and
your Spanish pistols are a sort of battery hardly to be resisted.
I came now to reflect upon what I had seen, and as I was walking
(in that meditation) toward another lodging, I found myself (ere I
was aware) in the first court again; where I entered, and in it I
observed new wonders: I saw that the number of the mad fools
increased every moment; although time (I perceived) did all that
was possible to recover them. There was Jealousy tormenting even
those that were most confident of the faith of what they loved.
There was Memory rubbing of old sores. There was Understanding,
locked up in a dark cellar; and Reason with both her eyes out. I
made a little pause, the better to observe these varieties and
disguises. And when I had looked myself a-weary, I turned about
and spied a door; but so narrow that it was hardly passable; and yet
strait as it was, divers there were that ingratitude and infidelity had
set at liberty, and made a shift to get through. Upon which
opportunity of returning, I made what haste I could to be one of the
first at the door, and in that instant, my man drew the curtain of my
bed, and told me the morning was far spent. Whereupon I waked,
and recollecting myself, found all was but a dream. The very fancy
however of having spent so much time in the company of fools and
madmen, gave me some disorder, but with this comfort, that both
sleeping and waking, I had experimented passionate love to be
nothing else than a mere frenzy and folly.
THE END OF THE FOURTH VISION
 THE FIFTH VISION OF THE WORLD

It is utterly impossible for anything in this world to fix our appetites

and desires; but they are still flitting, and restless like pilgrims;
delighted and nourished with variety: which shows how much we are
mistaken in the value and quality of the things we covet. And hence
it is, that what we pursue with the greatest delight and passion
imaginable, yields us nothing but satiety and repentance in the
possession; yet such is the power of these appetites of ours that
when they call and command, we follow and obey; though we find
in the end that what we took for a beauty, upon the chase proves
but a carcass in the quarry; and we are sick on’t as soon as we have
it. Now the world, that knows our palate and inclination, never fails
to feed the humour, and to flatter and entertain us with all sorts of
change and novelty, as the most certain method of gaining upon our
affections.
One would have thought that these considerations might have put
sober thoughts and resolutions in my head, but it was my fate to be
taken off, in the very middle of my morality and speculations, and
carried away from myself by vanity and weakness into the wide
world, where I was for a certain time, not much unsatisfied with my
condition. As I passed from one place to another, several that saw
me (I perceived) did but make sport with me: for the further I went,
the more I was at a loss in that labyrinth of delusions. One while I
was in with the sword-men and bravoes; up to the ears in
challenges, and quarrels; and never without an arm in a scarf, or a
broken head. Another fit; I was never well, but at the Fleece
Tavern, or Bear at bridge-foot, stuffing my guts with food and tipple,
till the hoops were ready to burst. Beside twenty other
entertainments that I found, every jot as extravagant as these,
which to my great trouble and admiration left me not so much as
one moment of repose.
As I was in one of my unquiet and pensive moods, somebody called
after me, and plucked me by the cloak, which proved to be a person
of a venerable age; his clothes miserably poor and tattered; and his
face, just as if he had been trampled upon in the streets, which did
not yet hinder but that he had still the air and appearance of one
that deserved much honour and respect. “Good father,” said I to
him, “why should you envy me my enjoyments? Pray’e let me alone,
and do not trouble yourself with me or my doings. You’re past the
pleasure of life yourself, and can’t endure to see other people merry,
that have the world before them. Consider of it; you are now upon
the point of leaving the world, and I am but newly come into’t, but
’tis the trick of all old men to be carping at the actions of their
juniors.” “Son,” said the old man, smiling, “I shall neither hinder nor
envy thy delights, but in pure pity I would fain reclaim thee. Dost
thou know the price of a day an hour or a minute? Didst ever
examine the value of time? If thou hadst, thou wouldst employ it
better; and not cast away so many blessed opportunities upon
trifles; and so easily, and insensibly, part with so inestimable a
treasure. What’s become of thy past hours? have they made thee a
promise to come back again at a call, when thou hast need of
them? Or, canst thou show me which way they went? No, no; they
are gone without recovery; and in their flight, methinks, Time seems
to turn his head, and laugh over his shoulder in derision of those
that made no better use of him, when they had him. Dost thou not
know that all the minutes of our life are but as so many links of a
chain that has death at the end on’t? and every moment brings thee
nearer thy expected end, which perchance, while the word is
speaking, may be at thy very door; and doubtless at thy rate of
living, it will be upon thee before thou art aware. How stupid is he
that dies while he lives, for fear of dying! How wicked is he that
lives, as if he should never die; and only fears death when he comes
to feel it! which is too late for comfort, either to body or soul: and he
is certainly none of the wisest that spends all his days in lewdness
and debauchery, without considering that of his whole life any
minute might have been his last.”
“My good father,” said I, “I am beholding to you for your excellent
discourses, for they have delivered me out of the power of a
thousand frivolous and vain affections, that had taken possession of
me. But who are you, I pray’ee? And what is your business here?”
“My poverty and these rags,” quoth he, “are enough to tell ye that I
am an honest man, a friend to truth, and one that will not be mealy-
mouthed, when he may speak it to purpose. Some call me the
plain-dealer; others, the undeceiver-general. You see me all in
tatters, wounds, scars, bruises. And what is all this but the requital
the world gives me for my good counsel and kind visits? And yet
after all this endeavour to get shut of me they call themselves my
friends, though they curse me to the pit of hell, as soon as ever I
come near them; and had rather be hanged than spend one quarter
of an hour in my company. If thou hast a mind to see the world I
talk of, come along with me, and I’ll carry thee into a place where
thou shalt have a full prospect of it, and without any inconvenience
see all that’s in’t, or in the people that dwell in’t, and look it through
and through.” “What’s the name of this place?” quoth I. “It is
called,” said he, “the Hypocrites’ Walk; and it crosses the world from
one Pole to th’ other. It is large, and populous; for I believe there’s
not any man alive but has either a house or a chamber in’t. Some
live in’t for altogether; others take it only in passage: for there are
hypocrites of several sorts; but all mortals have, more or less, a tang
of the leaven. That fellow there in the corner came but t’other day
from the plow tail, and would now fain be a gentleman. But had not
he better pay his debts, and walk alone, than break his promises to
keep a lackey? There’s another rascal that would fain be a lord, and
would venture a voyage to Venice for the title, but that he’s better at
building castles in the air than upon the water. In the meantime he
puts on a nobleman’s face and garb; he swears and drinks like a
lord, and keeps his hounds and whores, which ’tis feared in the end
will devour their master. Mark now that piece of gravity and form;
he walks, ye see, as if he moved by clock-work; his words are few
and low; he makes all his answers by a shrug or a nod. This is the
hypocrite of a Minister of State, who with all his counterfeit of
wisdom is one of the veriest noddies in nature.
“Face about now, and mind those decrepit sots there that can scarce
lift a leg over a threshold, and yet they must be dyeing their hair,
colouring their beards, and playing the young fools again, with a
thousand hobby-horse tricks and antique dresses. On the other
side, ye have a company of silly boys taking upon them to govern
the world, under a visor of wisdom and experience.” “What lord is
that,” said I, “in the rich clothes there, and the fine laces?” “That
lord,” quoth he, “is a tailor, in his holiday clothes; and if he were now
upon his shop-board, his own scissors and needles would hardly
know him: and you must understand that hypocrisy is so epidemical
a disease that it has laid hold of the trades themselves as well as the
masters. The cobbler must be saluted Mr. Translator. The groom
names himself gentleman of the horse; the fellow that carries guts
to the bears, writes, one of His Majesty’s officers. The hangman
calls himself a minister of justice. The mountebank, an able man. A
common whore passes for a courtesan. The bawd acts the Puritan.
Gaming ordinaries are called academies; and bawdy-houses, places
of entertainment. The page styles himself the child of honour; and
the foot-boy calls himself my lady’s page. And every pick-thank
names himself a courtier. The cuckold-maker passes for a fine
gentleman; and the cuckold himself, for the best-natured husband in
the world: and a very ass commences master-doctor. Hocus-pocus
tricks are called sleight-of-hand; lust, friendship; usury, thrift;
cheating is but gallantry; lying wears the name of invention; malice
goes for quickness of apprehension; cowardice, meekness of nature;
and rashness carries the countenance of valour. In fine, this is all
but hypocrisy, and knavery in a disguise, for nothing is called by the
right name. Now there are beside these, certain general
appellations taken up, which by long usage are almost grown into
prescription. Every little whore takes upon her to be a great lady;
every gown-man, to be a councillor; every huff to be a soldat; every
gay thing to be a cavalier; every parish-clerk to be a doctor; and
every writing-clerk in the office must be called Mr. Secretary.
“So that the whole world, take it where you will, is but a mere
juggle; and you will find that wrath, gluttony, pride, avarice, luxury,
murder, and a thousand other heinous sins, have all of them
hypocrisy for their source, and thither they’ll return again.” “It
would be well,” said I, “if you could prove what you say; but I can
hardly see how so great a diversity of waters should proceed from
one and the same fountain.” “I do not wonder,” quoth he, “at your
distrust, for you are mistaken in very good company; to fancy a
contrariety in many things, which are, in effect, so much alike. It is
agreed upon, both by philosophers and divines, that all sins are evil;
and you must allow, that the will embraces or pursues no evil but
under the resemblance of good; nor does the sin lie in the
representation, or knowledge of what is evil, but in the consent to
it. Which consent itself is sinful, although without any subsequent
act: it’s true, the execution serves afterward for an aggravation, and
ought to be considered under many differences and distinctions. But
in fine, evident it is that the will entertains no ill, but under the
shape of some good. What do ye think now of the hypocrite that
cuts your throat in his arms, and murders you, under pretence of
kindness? ‘What is the hope of an hypocrite?’ says Job. He neither
has nor can have any: for he is wicked as he is an hypocrite; and
even his best actions are worth nothing, because they are not what
they seem to be. So that of all sinners he has the most to answer
for. Other offenders sin only against God. But the hypocrite sins
with Him, as well as against Him, making use of His holy Name as a
cloak and countenance for his wickedness. For which reason, our
blessed Saviour, after many affirmative precepts delivered to His
disciples for their instruction, gave only this negative: ‘Be not sad as
the hypocrites,’ which lays them open in few words; and He might as
well have said ‘Be not hypocrites, and ye shall not be wicked.’”
We were now come to the place the old man told me of, where I
found all according to my expectation, and took the higher ground,
that I might have the better prospect of what passed. The first
remarkable thing I saw was a long funeral train of kindred and
guests, following the corpse of a deceased lady, in company with the
disconsolate widower, who marched with his chin upon his breast, a
sad and a heavy pace, muffled up in a mourning hood, enough to
have stifled him, with at least ten yards of cloth upon his body, and
no less in his train. “Alack, alack!” cried I, “that ever I should live to
see so dismal a spectacle! Oh blessed woman! How did this
husband love thee in thy lifetime, that follows thee with this infinite
faith and affection, even to thy grave! And happy the husband,
doubtless, in a wife that deserved this kindness! and in so many
tender friends and relations, to take part with him in his sorrows.
My good father, let me entreat you to observe this doleful
encounter.” With that (shaking his head and smiling) “My son,”
quoth he, “thou shalt by and by perceive that all is nothing in the
world but vanity, imposture, and constraint; and I will shew thee the
difference between things themselves, and their appearances. To
see this abundance of torches, with the magnificence of the
ceremony and attendance, one would think there should be some
mighty matter in the business; but let me assure thee that all this
pudder comes to no more than much ado about nothing. The
woman was nothing (effectually) even while she lived: the body now
in the coffin is somewhat a less nothing: and the funeral honours,
which are now paid her come to just nothing too. But the dead it
seems must have their vanities, and their holidays as well as the
living. Alas! what’s a carcass but the most odious sort of
putrefaction? A corrupted earth, fit neither for fruit nor tillage. And
then for the sad looks of the mourners: they are only troubled at the
invitation; and would not care a pin, if the inviter and body too were
both at the devil. And that you might see by their behaviour, and
discourses; for when they should have been praying for the dead,
they were prating of her pedigree, and her last will and testament.
‘I’m not so near akin,’ says one, ‘but I might have been spared; and
I had twenty other things to do.’ Another should have met company
at a tavern; a third, at a play. A fourth mutters that he is not placed
according to his quality. Another cries out, ‘A pox o’ your meetings
where there is nothing stirring but worms’ meat.’ Let me tell ye
further, that the widower himself is not grieved as you imagine for
the dead wife; but for the damned expense in blacks, and
scutcheons, tapers, and mourners; and that she was not fairly laid to
rest, without all this ado: for he persuades himself, that she might
have found the way to her grave without a candle. And since she
was to die, ’tis his opinion, that she should have made quicker work
on’t: for a good wife is (like a good Christian) to put her conscience
in order betimes, and get her gone; without lingering in the hands of
doctors, ’pothecaries, and surgeons, to murder her husband too. Or
(to save charges) she might have had the discretion to have died of
the plague, which would have staved off company. This is the
second wife he has already turned over, and (to give the man his
due) he has had the wit to secure himself of a third, while this lay on
her deathbed. So that his case is no more than chopping of a cold
wife for a warm one, and he’ll recover this affliction, I warrant ye.”
The good man, methought, spoke wonders; and being thoroughly
convinced of the danger of trusting to appearances, I took up a
resolution, never to conclude upon anything, though never so
plausible, without due examination and inquiry. With that, the
funeral vanished, leaving us behind; and for a farewell, this
sentence: “I am gone before, you are to follow; and in the
meantime, to accompany others to their graves, as you have done
me; and as I, when time was, have attended many others, with as
little care and devotion as yourselves.”
We were taken off from this meditation by a noise we heard in a
house behind us, where we had no sooner set foot over the
threshold, but we were entertained with a concert of six voices, that
were set and tuned to the sighs and groans of a woman newly
become a widow. The passion was acted to the life; but the dead
little the better for’t. They would be ever and anon clapping and
wringing of their hands; groaning and sighing, as if their hearts
would break. The hangings, pictures, and furniture were all taken
down and removed; the rooms hung with black, and in one of them
lay the poor disconsolate upon a couch with her condoling friends
about her. It was as dark as pitch, and so much the better, for the
parts they had to play; for there was no discovering of the horrid
faces and strains they made, to fetch up their artificial tears and
lamentations. “Madam,” says one, “tears are but thrown away; and
really the grief to see your ladyship in this condition has made me as
lost a woman to all thought of comfort as yourself.” “I beseech you,
madam, cheer up,” cries another, with almost as many sighs as
words, “your husband’s e’en happy that he is out of this miserable
world. He was a good man, and now he finds the sweet on’t.”
“Patience, patience, dear madam,” cries a third, “’tis the will of
Heaven, and there’s no contending.” “Dost talk of patience,” says
she, “and no contending? Wretched creature that I am! to outlive
that dear man! Oh that dear husband of mine! Oh that I should
ever live to see this day!” And then she fell to blubbering, sobbing,
and raving a thousand times worse than before. “Alas, alas, who will
trouble himself with a poor widow! I have never a friend left to look
after me; what shall become of me!”
At this pause came in the chorus with their nose-instruments; and
there was such blowing, snobbing, snivelling, and throwing snot
about, that there was no enduring the house. And all this, you must
know, served them to a double purpose; that is to say, for physic
and for complement: for it passed for the condoling office, and
purged their heads of ill humours all under one. I could not choose
but compassionate the poor widow, a creature forsaken of all the
world; and I told my guide as much; and that a charity (as I
thought) would be well bestowed upon her. The Holy Writ calls
them mutes, according to the import of the Hebrew: in regard that
they have nobody to speak for them. And if at any time they take
heart to speak for themselves, they had e’en as good hold their
tongues, for nobody minds them. Is there anything more frequently
given in charge throughout the whole Bible, than to protect the
fatherless, and defend the cause of the widow? as the highest and
most necessary point of Christian charity: in regard that they have
neither power, nor right to defend themselves. Does not Job in the
depth of his misery and disgraces make choice to clear himself
toward the widow, upon his expostulations with the Almighty? [If I
have caused the eyes of the widow to fail] (or consumed the eyes of
the widow; after the Hebrew) so that it seems to me, beside the
general duty of charity, we are also bound by the laws of honour and
generosity to assist them: for the poor souls are fain to plead with
their eyes, and beg with their eyes, for want of either hands or
tongues to help themselves. “Indeed you must pardon me my good
father,” said I, “if I cannot hold any longer from bearing a part in this
mournful concert, upon this sad occasion.” “And is this,” quoth the
old man, “the fruit of your boasted divinity? to sink into weakness
and tears, when you have the greatest need of your resolution and
prudence. Have but a little patience, and I’ll unfold you this
mystery; though (let me tell ye) ’tis one of the hardest things in
nature, to make any man as wise as he should be, that conceits
himself wise enough already. If this accident of the widow had not
happened, we had had none of the fine things that have been
started upon’t: for ’tis occasion that awakens both our virtue and
philosophy; and ’tis not enough to know the mine where the
treasure lies, unless a man has the skill of drawing it out, and
making the best of what he has in his possession. What are you the
better for all the advantages of wit and learning, without the faculty
of reducing what you know into apt and proper applications?
“Observe me now, and I will show you that this widow that looks as
if she had nothing in her mouth but the service for the dead, and
only hallelujahs in her soul, that this mortified piece of formality has
green thoughts under her black veil, and brisk imaginations about
her, in despite of her calamity and misfortune. The chamber you see
is dark; and their faces are muffled up in their funeral dresses. And
what of all this? when the whole course of their mourning is but a
thorough cheat. Their weeping signifies nothing more, than crying,
at so much an hour; for their tears are hackneyed out, and when
they have wept out their stage, they take up, and are quiet. If you
would relieve them, leave them to themselves; and as soon as your
back is turned, you shall have them singing and dancing, and as
merry as Greeks: for take away the spectators, their hypocrisy is at
an end, and the play is done; and now the confidents’ game begins.
‘Come, come, madam, ’faith we must be merry’ cries one, ‘we are to
live by the living, and not by the dead. For a bonny young widow as
you are, to lie whimpering away your opportunities and lose so many
brave matches! There’s, you know who, I dare swear, has a month’s
mind to you; by my troth I would you were in bed together, and I’d
be hanged, if you did not find one warm bedfellow worth twenty
cold ones.’ ‘Really, madam,’ cries a second, ‘she gives you good
counsel; and if I were in your place, I’d follow it, and make use of
my time. ’Tis but one lost, and ten found. Pray’e tell me, madam, if
I may be so bold; what’s your opinion of that cavalier that was here
yesterday? Certainly he has a great deal of wit; and methinks he’s a
very handsome proper gentleman. Well! if that man has not a
strange passion for you, I’ll never believe my eyes again for his
sake; and, in good faith, if all parties were agreed, I would you were
e’en well in his arms the night before to-morrow. Were it not a
burning shame to let such a beauty lie fallow?’ This sets the widow
a-pinking, and simpering like a furmety-kettle; at length she makes
up the pretty little mouth, and says, ‘’Tis somewhat of the soonest to
talk of those affairs; but let it be as Heaven pleases. However,
madam, I am much beholden to you for your friendly advice.’ You
have here the very bottom of her sorrow: she has taken a second
husband into her heart before her first was in his grave. I should
have told you that your right widow eats and drinks more the first
day of her widowhood than in any other of her whole life: for there
appears not a visitant, but presently out comes the groaning cake, a
cold baked meat, or some restorative morsel or other, to comfort the
afflicted; and the cordial bottle must not be forgotten neither, for
sorrow’s dry. So to’t they fall, and at every bit or gulp, the lady relict
fetches ye up a heavy sigh, pretends to chew false, and makes
protestation that for her part she can taste nothing; she has quite
lost her digestion; and has such an oppression in her stomach that
she dares not eat any more, for fear of over-charging nature. ‘And
in truth,’ says she, ‘how can it be otherwise; since (unhappy creature
that I am!) he is gone that gave the relish to all my enjoyments; but
there is no recalling him from the grave, and so, no remedy but
patience.’ By this time, you see,” quoth the old man, “whether your
exclamations were reasonable, or no.”
The words were hardly out of his mouth, when hearing an uproar
among the rabble in the street, we looked out to see what was the
matter. And there we saw a catchpole, without either hat or band,
out of breath, and his face all bloody, crying out, “Help, help, in the
king’s name! stop thief, stop thief!” and all the while, running as
hard as he could drive, after a thief that made away from him, as if
the devil had been at his breech. After him, came an attorney, all
dirty, a world of papers in his hand, an inkhorn at his girdle, and a
crowd of nasty people about him; and down he sat himself just
before us, to write somewhat upon his knee. Bless me (thought I)
how a cause prospers in the hand of one of these fellows, for he had
filled his paper in a trice. “These catchpoles,” said I, “had need to
be well paid, for the hazards they run to secure us in our lives and
fortunes; and indeed they deserve it. Look how the poor wretch is
torn, bruised, and battered, and all this for the good and benefit of
the public.”
“Soft and fair,” quoth the old man; “I think thou wouldst never leave
talking, if I did not stop thy mouth sometime. You must know, that
he that made the escape and the catchpole are a couple of ancient
friends and pot-companions. Now the catchpole quarrels the thief
for not giving him a snip in the last booty; and the thief, after a
great struggle, and a good lusty rubber at cuffs, has made a shift to
save himself. You’ll say the rogue had need of good heels, to outrun
this gallows-beagle; for there’s hardly any beast will outstrip a bailiff
that runs upon the view of a quarry. So that there’s not the least
thought of a public good in the catchpole’s action; but merely a
prosecution of his own profit, and a spite to see himself choused.
Now if the catchpole, I confess, without any private interest had
made this attempt upon the thief, (being his friend) to bring him to
justice, it had been well; and yet, take this along with you: it is as
natural to let slip a serjeant at a pickpocket as a greyhound at a
hare. The whip, the pillory, the axe, and the halter make up the
best part of the catchpole’s revenue. These people are of all sorts
the most odious to the world; and if men in revenge would resolve
to be virtuous, though but for a year or two, they might starve them
all. It is in fine an unlucky employment, and catchpoles as well as
the devils themselves have the wages of tormentors.”
“I hope,” said I to my guide, “that the attorneys shall have your
good word too.” “Yes, yes, ye need not doubt it,” said the old man,
“for your attorney and your catchpole always hunt in couples. The
attorney draws the information, and has all his forms ready, so that
’tis no more then but to fill up the blanks, and away to the jail with
the delinquent; if there be anything to be gotten ’tis not a halfpenny
matter, whether the party be guilty or innocent: give but an attorney
pen, ink, and paper, and let him alone for witnesses. In case of an
examination, he has the grace not to insist too much upon plain and
naked truth; but to set down only what makes for his purpose, and
then when they come to signing, to read over in the deponent’s
sense (for his memory is good) what he has written in his own; and
by this means, the cause goes on as he pleases. To prevent this
villainy, it were well, if the examiners were as well sworn to write the
truth as the witnesses are to speak it. And yet there are some
honest men of all sorts but among the attorneys; the very calling
does by the honest catchpoles, marshal’s men, and their fellows, as
the sea by the dead: it may entertain them for a while, but in a very
short space it spews them up again.”
The good man would have proceeded, if he had not been taken off
by the rattling of a gilt coach, wherein was a courtier that was blown
up as big as pride and vanity could make him. He sat stiff and
upright, as if he had swallowed a stake; and made it his glory to
show himself in that posture: it would have hurt his eyes, to have
exchanged a glance with anything that was vulgar, and therefore he
was very sparing of his looks. He had a deep laced ruff on, that was
right Spanish, which he wore erect, and stiff starched, that a man
would have thought he had carried his head in a paper-lanthorn. He
was a great studier of set faces, and much affected with looking
politic and big. But, for his arms and body, he had utterly lost or
forgotten the use of them: for he could neither bow nor move his
hat to any man that saluted him; no, nor so much as turn from one
side to the other; but sat as if he had been boxed up, like a
Bartlemew-baby. After this magnificent statue, followed a swarm of
gaudy butterfly-lackeys: and his lordship’s company in the coach was
a buffoon and a parasite. “Oh blessed prince!” said I, “to live at this
rate of ease and splendour, and to have the world at will! What a
glorious train is that! Beyond all doubt, there never was a great
fortune better bestowed.” With that, the old man took me up, and
told me that the judgment I had made upon this occasion, from one
end to the other, was all dotage and mistake; save only, when I said
he had the world at will: “and in that,” says he, “you have reason;
for what is the world but labour, vanity, and folly; which is likewise
the composition and entertainment of this cavalier.
“As for the train that follows him let it be examined, and my life for
yours, you shall find more creditors in’t, than servants: there are
bankers, jewellers, scriveners, brokers, mercers, drapers, tailors,
vintners; and these are properly the stays and supporters of this
animated machine. The money, meat, drink, robes, liveries, wages,
all comes out of their pockets; they have this honour for their
security; and must content themselves with promises, and fair words
for full satisfaction, unless they had rather have a footman with a
cudgel for their pay-master. And after all, if this gallant were taken
to shrift, or that a man could enter into the secrets of his
conscience, I dare undertake, it would appear that he that digs in a
mine for his bread lives ten thousand times more at ease than the
other, with beating of his brains night and day for new shifts, tricks
and projects to keep himself above water.
“Observe his companions now, his fool and his flatterer. They are
too hard for him, ye see; and eat, drink, and make merry at his
expense. What greater misery or shame in the world, than for a
man to make a friendship with such rascals, and to spend his time
and estate in so brutal, and insipid a society! It costs him more
(beside his credit) to maintain that couple of coxcombs than would
have bought him the conversation of a brace of grave and learned
philosophers. But will ye now see the bottom of this scandalous and
dishonourable kindness? ‘My lord,’ says the buffoon, ‘you were most
infallibly wrapt in your mother’s smock; for let me be — if ye have
not set all the ladies about the court agog.’ ‘The very truth is,’ cries
the parasite, ‘all the rest of the nobility look like corn-cutters to you;
and indeed, wherever you come, you have still the eyes of the whole
company upon you.’ ‘Go to, go to, gentlemen,’ says my lord, ‘you
must not flatter your friends. This is more your courtesy than my
desert; and I have an obligation to you for your kindness.’ After this
manner these asses knab and curry one another, and play the fools
by turns.”
The old man had his words yet between his teeth, when there
passed just by us a lady of pleasure, of so excellent a shape and
garb, that it was impossible to see her without a passion for her, and
no less impossible to look upon anything else, so long as she was to
be seen. They that had seen her once were to see her no more, for
she turned her face still to new-comers. Her motion was graceful
and free. One while she’d stare ye full in the eyes, under colour of
opening her hood, to set it in better order. By and by she’d steal a
look at ye with one eye, and a side face, from the corner of her
visor, like a witch that’s afraid to be known when she comes from a
caterwaul. And then out comes the delicate hand, and discovers the
more delicious neck, and breasts, to adjust the handkercher or the
scarf, or to remove some other grievance that made her ladyship
uneasy. Her hair was most artificially disposed into careless rings;
and the best red and white in nature was in her cheeks, if that of
her lips and teeth did not exceed it. In a word, all she looked upon
was her own; and this was the vision for my money, from all the
rest. As she was marching off, I could not choose but take up a
resolution to follow her. But my old man laid a block in the way, and
stopped me at the very starting; which was an affront to a man that
was both in love and in haste, that might very well stir his choler.
“My officious friend,” said I, “he that does not love a woman sucked
a sow. And questionless, he must be either blind or barbarous that’s
proof against the charms of so divine a beauty. Nor would any but a
sot let slip the blessed opportunity of so fair an encounter. A
handsome woman? why, what was she made for, but to be loved?
And he that has her, has all that’s lovely or desirable in nature. For
my own part, I would renounce the world for the fellow of her, and
never desire anything either beyond her, or beside her. What
lightning does she carry in her eyes! What charms, and chains in
her looks, and motions, for the very souls of her beholders! Was
ever anything so clear as her forehead? or so black as her
eyebrows? One would swear that her complexion had taken a
tincture of vermilion and milk: and that nature had brought her into
the world with pearl and rubies in her mouth. To speak all in little,
she’s the masterpiece of the creation, worthy of infinite praise, and
equal to our largest desires and imaginations.”
Here the old man cut me short, and bade me make an end of my
discourse, “for thou art,” said he, “a man of much wonder, and small
experience, and delivered over to the spirit of folly and blindness.
Thou hast thy eyes in thy head, and yet not brain enough to know
either why they were given thee, or how to use them. Understand
then that the office of the eye is to see, but ’tis the privilege of the
soul to distinguish and choose, whereas you either do the contrary,
or else nothing, which is worse. He that trusts his eyes, exposes his
mind to a thousand torments and confusions: he shall take clouds
for mountains, straight for crooked, one colour for another, by
reason of an undue distance, or an indisposed medium. We are not
able sometimes to say which way a river runs, till we throw in a twig
or straw to find out the current. And what will you say now, if this
prodigious beauty, your new mistress, prove as gross a cheat and
imposture as any of the rest? She went to bed last night as ugly as
a witch; and yet this morning she comes forth in your opinion as
glorious as an angel. The truth of it is, she hires all by the day; and
if you did but see this puppet taken to pieces, you would find her
little else but paint and plaister. To begin her anatomy at the head.
You must know that the hair she wears is borrowed of a tire-woman,
for her own was blown off by an unlucky wind from the coast of
Naples. Or if she has any left, she keeps it private, as a memorial of
her antiquity. She is beholden to the pencil for her eyebrows and
complexion. And upon the whole matter, she is but an old picture
refreshed. But the wonder is, to see a picture, with life and motion;
unless perchance she has got the necromancer’s receipt that made
himself young again in his glass bottle. For all that you see of her
that’s good, comes from distilled waters, essences, powders, and the
like; and to see the washing of her face would fright the devil. She
abounds in pomanders, sweet waters, Spanish pockets, perfumed
drawers; and all little enough to qualify the poisonous whiffs she
sends from her toes and arm-pits, which would otherwise out-stink
ten thousand pole-cats. She cannot choose but kiss well, for her lips
are perpetually bathed in oil and grease. And he that embraces her,
shall find the better half of her the tailor’s, and only a stuffing of
cotton and canvas, to supply the defects of her body. When she
goes to bed, she puts off one half of her person with her shoes.
What do ye think of your adored beauty now? or have your eyes
betrayed ye? Well, well; confess your error and mend it; and know
that (without more descant upon this woman) ’tis the design and
glory of most of the sex to lead silly men captive. Nay take the best
of them, and what with the trouble of getting them and the difficulty
of pleasing them, he that comes off best will find himself a loser at
the foot of the account. I could recommend you here to other
remedies of love, inseparable from the very sex, but what I have
said already, I hope, will be sufficient.”

THE END OF THE FIFTH VISION

 THE SIXTH VISION OF HELL

Being one autumn at a friend’s house in the country (which was

indeed a most delicious retreat) I took a walk one moonlight night
into the park, where all my past visions came fresh into my head
again, and I was well enough pleased with the meditation. At length
the humour took me to leave the path, and go further into the
wood: what impulse carried me to this, I know not. Whether I was
moved by my good angel, or some higher power, but so it was that
in half a quarter of an hour, I found myself a great way from home,
and in a place where ’twas no longer night; with the pleasantest
prospect round about me that ever I saw since I was born. The air
was calm and temperate; and it was no small advantage to the
beauty of the place, that it was both innocent and silent. On the
one hand, I was entertained with the murmurs of crystal rivulets; on
the other, with the whispering of the trees; the birds singing all the
while either in emulation, or requital of the other harmonies. And
now, to show the instability of our affections and desires, I was
grown weary even of tranquillity itself, and in this most agreeable
solitude began to long for company.
When in the very instant (to my great wonder) I discovered two
paths, issuing from one and the same beginning but dividing
themselves forwards, more and more, by degrees, as if they liked
not one another’s company. That on the right hand was narrow,
almost beyond imagination; and being very little frequented, it was
so overgrown with thorns and brambles, and so stony withal, that a
man had all the trouble in the world to get into’t. One might see,
however, the prints and marks of several passengers that had
rubbed through, though with exceeding difficulty; for they had left
pieces of heads, arms, legs, feet, and many of them their whole
skins behind them. Some we saw yet upon the way, pressing
forward, without ever so much as looking back; and these were all
of them pale-faced, lean, thin, and miserably mortified. There was
no passing for horsemen; and I was told that St. Paul himself left his
horse, when he went into’t. And indeed, there was not the footing
of any beast to be seen. Neither horse nor mule, nor the track of
any coach or chariot. Nor could I learn that any had passed that
way in the memory of man. While I was bethinking myself of what I
had seen, I spied at length a beggar that was resting himself a little
to take breath; and I asked him what inns or lodgings they had upon
that road. His answer was that there was no stopping there, till they
came to their journey’s end. “For this,” said he, “is the way to
paradise, and what should they do with inns or taverns, where there
are so few passengers? Do not you know that in the course of
nature, to die is to be born, to live is to travel; and the world is but a
great inn, after which, it is but one stage either to pain or glory?”
And with these words he marched forward, and bade me God-
b’w’ye, telling me withal that it was time lost to linger in the way of
virtue, and not safe to entertain such dialogues as tend rather to
curiosity than instruction. And so he pursued his journey, stumbling,
tearing his flesh, and sighing, and groaning at every step; and
weeping as if he thought to soften the stones with his tears. This is
no way for me, thought I to myself; and no company neither; for
they are a sort of beggarly, morose people, and will never agree with
my humour. So I drew back and struck off into the left-hand way.
And there I found company enough and room for more. What a
world of brave cavaliers! Gilt coaches, rich liveries, and handsome,
lively lasses, as glorious as the sun! Some were singing and
laughing, others tickling one another and toying; some again, at
their cheese-cakes and China oranges, or appointing a set at cards:
so that taking all together, I durst have sworn I had been at the
park. This minded me of the old saying, “Tell me thy company, and
I’ll tell thee thy manners;” and to save the credit of my education, I
put myself into the noble mode, and jogged on. And there was I at
the first dash up to the ears, in balls, plays, masquerades, collations,
dalliances, amours, and as full of joy as my heart could hold.
It was not here, as upon t’other road, where folks went barefoot and
naked, for want of shoemakers and tailors, for here were enow, and
to spare; beside mercers, drapers, jewellers, bodice-makers, peruke-
makers, milliners, and a French ordinary at every other door. You
cannot imagine the pleasure I took in my new acquaintance; and yet
there was now and then some justling and disorder upon the way,
chiefly between the physicians upon their mules, and the infantry of
the lawyers, that marched in great bodies before the judges, and
contested for place. But the physicians carried it in favour of their
charter, which gives them privilege to study, practise, and teach the
art of poisoning, and to read lectures of it in the universities. While
this point of honour was in dispute, I perceived divers crossing from
one way to the other, and changing of parties. Some of them
stumbled and recovered; others fell down right. But the pleasantest
gambol of all was that of the vintners. A whole litter of them
tumbled into a pit together, one over another, but finding they were
out of their element, they got up again as fast as they could. Those
that were in the right-hand way, which was the way of paradise, or
virtue, advanced very heavily, and made us excellent sport. “Prithee
look what a Friday-face that fellow makes!” cries one; “Hang him,
prick-eared cur,” says another; “Damn me,” cries a third, “if the
rogue be not drunk with holy water;” “If the devil had raked hell, he
could not have found such a pack of ill-looked rascals,” says
another. Some of them stopped their ears, and went on without
minding us. Others we put out of countenance, and they came over
to us. And a third sort came out of pure love to our company.
After this, I observed a great many people afar off in a by-path: with
as much contrition and devotion in their looks and gestures as ever I
saw in men. They walked shaking their heads, and lifting up their
hands to heaven; and they had most of them large ears, and, to my
thinking, Geneva Bibles. These, thought I, are a people of singular
integrity, and strictness of life, above their fellows; but coming
nearer, we found them to be hypocrites; and that though they’d
none of our company upon the road, they would not fail to meet us
at our journey’s end. Fasting, repentance, prayer, mortification, and
other holy duties, which are the exercise of good Christians, in order
to their salvation, are but a kind of probation to these men, to fit
them for the devil. They were followed by a number of devotees,
and holy sisters, that kissed the skirts of their garments all the way
they went, but whether out of zeal, spiritual, or natural, is hard to
say; and undoubtedly, some women’s kisses are worse than Judas’s.
For though his kiss was treacherous in the intention, it was right yet
in the application: but this was one Judas kissing another, which
makes me think there was more of the flesh than of the spirit in the
case. Some would be drawing a thread now and then out of the
holy man’s garment, to make a relic of. Others would cut out large
snips, as if they had a mind to see them naked. Some again desired
they would remember them in their prayers; which was just as much
as if they had commended themselves to the devil by a third
person. Some prayed for good matches for their daughters; others
begged children for themselves: and sure the husband that allows
his wife to ask children abroad will be so civil as to take them home,
when they are given him. In fine, these hypocrites may for a while
perchance impose upon the world, and delude the multitude; but no
mask or disguise is proof against the all-piercing eye of the
Almighty. There are I must confess many religious and godly men,
for whose persons and prayers I have a great esteem. But these are
not of the hypocrites’ humour, to build their hopes and ambition
upon popular applause, and with a counterfeit humility, to proclaim
their weakness and unworthiness; their failings; yea and their
transgressions in the market-place; all which is indeed but a true
jest; for they are really what they say, though they would not be
thought so.
These went apart, and were looked upon to be neither fish nor flesh
nor good red-herring. They wore the name of Christians; but they
had neither the wit nor the honesty of pagans. For they content
themselves with the pleasures of this life, because they know no
better. But the hypocrite, that’s instructed both in the life temporal
and eternal, lives without either comfort in the one, or hope in the
other; and takes more pains to be damned than a good Christian
does to compass his salvation. In short, we went on our way in
discourse. The rich followed their wealth, and the poor the rich;
begging there what Providence had denied them. The stubborn and
obstinate went away by themselves, for they would hear nobody
that was wiser than themselves, but ran huddling on, and pressed
still to be foremost. The magistrates drew after them all the
solicitors and attorneys. Corrupt judges were carried away by
passion and avarice. And vain and ambitious princes trailed along
with them principalities and commonwealths. There were a world of
clergy upon this road too. And I saw one full regiment of soldiers
there, which would have been brave fellows indeed, if they had but
been half so good at praying and fighting, as they were at
swearing. Their whole discourse was of their adventures, how
narrowly they came off at such an assault; what wounds they
received upon t’other breach; and then what a destruction they
made at such a time, of mutton and poultry. But all they said came
in at one ear and went out at t’other. “Don’t you remember, sirrah,”
says one, “how we clawed it away at such a place!” “Yes, ye
damned rogue you,” cries t’other, “when you were so drunk you took
your aunt for the bawd.” These and such as these were the only
exploits they could truly brag of.
While they were upon these glorious rhodomontades, certain
generous spirits from the right-hand way, that knew what they were,
by the boxes of passports, testimonials, and recommendations they
wore at their girdles, cried out to them, as if it had been to an
attack: “Fall on, fall on, my lads, and follow me. This, this is the
path of honour, and if you were not poltroons you would not quit it
for fear of a hard march, or an ill lodging. Courage comrades; and
be assured that this combat well fought makes all your fortunes, and
crowns ye for ever. Here, ye shall be sure both of pay and reward,
without casting the issue of all your hazards and hopes upon the
empty promises of princes. How long will ye pursue this trade of
blood and rapine? And accustom your ears and tongues to the
tragical outcries of, Burn; No quarter; Kill, or Die. It is not pay, or
pillage, but Virtue that’s a brave man’s recompense. Trust to her,
and she’ll not deceive ye. If it be the war ye love, come to us; bear
arms on the right side, and we’ll find you work. Do not you know
that man’s life is a warfare? That the world, the flesh, and the devil,
are three vigilant enemies? And that it is as much as his soul is
worth, to put himself, but for one minute, out of his guard. Princes
tell ye, that your bloods and your lives are theirs, and that to shed
the one, and lose the other, in their service, is no obligation, but a
duty. You are still however to look to the cause; wherefore turn
head, and come along with us, and be happy.” The soldiers heard all
this with exceeding patience and attention; but the brand of
cowardice had such an effect upon them, that without any more
ado, like men of honour, they presently quitted the road; drew; and
as bold as lions, charged headlong into a tavern.
After this, we saw a great troop of women, upon the highway to
hell, with their bags and their fellows, at their heels, ever and anon
hunching and justling one another. On the other side, a number of
good people, that were almost at the end of their journey, came
over into the wrong road; for the right-hand way growing easier and
wider toward the end, and that on the left hand, on the contrary,
narrower, they thought they had been out of their way, and so came
in to us; as many of ours went over to them, upon the same
mistake. Among the rest, I saw a great lady, without either coach,
sedan, or any living creature with her, foot it all the way to hell:
which was to me so great a wonder, considering how she had lived
in the world, that I presently looked about for a public notary to
make an entry of it. The woman was in a most miserable pickle;
and I did not know what design she might drive on, under that
disguise; but finding never a notary, or register at hand, though I
missed my particular aim, yet I was well enough pleased with it, for
I took it then for granted that I was in my ready way to heaven. But
when I came afterward to reflect upon the crosses, afflictions, and
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