Basic Concepts of CSS 2 - The raw information or unprocessed

information
- There are three types of files:
Computer – an electronic device that accepts
o Document Files
data from the user, processes it, produces
o Worksheet Files
results, displays them to the users, and stores
o Database Files
the results for future usage

Data – a collection of unorganized facts and

figures and does not provide any further Installing Computer Systems and
information Networks (CN)

Information – a structured, organized, and Occupational Health & Safety Plicies &
processed data Procedures in Installation Preparation

Functions of Computers Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)

- Receive input - Is defined as a work system plan to
- Process information prevent illness and injury in the workplace
- Store information - Safety procedures are everyone’s
- Produce output responsibility in the computer and
technology industries
System – a set of principles, procedures, or
elements put together to form a unified whole Some Prerequisites for a Healthy Workplace

Computer System – a set of integrated 1. Building and Structure

devices that input, output, process, and store - Facilities that house the installation or
data and information other activities
- Comply with the physical requirements
INPUT – PROCESS – OUTPUT stated in the building code

Elements of a Computer System 2. Installation, Equipment and Tools

- Must be suitable for their use and
Hardware – refers to the tangible devices that selected to minimize dangers to safety or
can be seen, touched and felt health when used correctly

Hardware Components 3. Signages

- Input - All hazardous and risky areas must be
- Output appropriately and visibly marked in
- Process accordance with the international
- Storage standards
- Communication
4. Lighting
Software - Workplace must be properly lit or with
- The intangible components of a computer sufficient artificial illumination
- Includes computer programs which the - Emergency lights must be installed and
users use to accomplish task automatically activated during power
failure/outages
Peopleware – also known as the “user” or
“end user” 5. First-Aid
- First-aid kits must be readily available at
Data all times
- Must be located and accessed once an - An expansion card that enables the input
emergency occur and output of audio signals to and from a
computer
Safety Tips in Planning and Preparing for
Installation Network Card
- Dirt free and well-ventilated workplace - Also called an ethernet card and network
- A person must be physically fit adapter
- Wear comfortable and work-friendly - Allows computers to communicate over a
clothes computer network
- Remove metals and jewelries, especially if - Allows users to connect to each other
working on electrical devices either by using cables or a wireless
- Keep your hands dry connection system
- Wear anti-static device
- Label containers Slots
- Place tools in proper storage - It is important to understand first the
- Avoid eating and drinking near the system different kinds and number of slots that
components you have on your computer
- Power cords must be disconnected
- Push power computer power button for 5 Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)
seconds - Is a kind of bus that connects the internal
- Firmly hold the base of the power cord to components of a computer
keep them from breaking - It is common in modern personal
computers
Computer Peripherals - Commonly used PCI cards are network
cards, sound cards, modems, and those
Peripheral used for extra ports
- Is a device or hardware that can be
connected internally or externally to a PCI Express (PCIe)
computer for it to have more capabilities - A point-to-point connection of serial links
and functionalities designed and introduced by Intel in 2004
to replace the general-purpose PCI
INTERNAL expansion bus and thr AGP (Accelerated
Graphics Port) graphics card interface
Card - It is ideal for high-end video cards
- It is a base board that supports and wires because of its faster bandwidth
the components in most electronics
- They are inserted into the expansion slots Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)
of the motherboard or backplane (a group - Intended for video card and 3D computer
of electrical connectors in parallel with graphics accelerators
each other) to add to the functionality of - It has been increasingly phased out in
the computer system favor of more advanced systems, and
eventually replaced by PCI Express
Video/Graphics Card
- Is a type of expansion card that creates Personal Computer Memory Card
images in a display International Association (PCMCIA)
- Offers specific functions such as video - Known simply as a PC Card
capture, TV tuning and the capacity to link - This is a type of bus used on laptop
multiple monitors computers
- It was originally designed for computer
Sound Card memory expansion and became the
- Also called sound board or audio card general standard for notebook peripherals
 - It transfers power to internal components,
Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) such as the memory module, hard disk,
- A bus architecture that is standard in the CPU, graphics or video card, and other
IBM AT motherboard internal components
- ISA slots are no longer included in new
computers which use PIC, AGP, and other DRAM Memory Slot
advanced buses - Various types of memory cards can be
installed into these slots
EXTERNAL
IDE Connector
Universal Serial Bus (USB) - Responsible for connecting the IDE
- A standard serial bus used in interfacing (Integrated Drive Electronics) cord used
with devices for hard disks, CD drives, and DVD drives
- Allows peripherals to be connected and to
improve plug and play capabilities Northbridge
through a single standardized interface - An integrated circuit that specifically
socket without the need to reboot the connects the processor, memory, and
computer video card

FireWire Southbridge
- Also called IEEE 1394 and i.LINK for Sony - Connects all the peripherals whether it is
- Is a serial bus interface that transmits data connected using USB, ISA, and PCI
to and from high-bandwidth digital connector
devices faster than the USB
- Can be connected and disconnected even CMOS Backup Battery
when the power is on, which makes it hot - A battery that maintains the time, data,
pluggable hard disk, and other configuration settings
in the CMOS memory
Personal System/2 (PS/2)
- Is used to connect old models of Ethernet
keyboards and mice to a computer system - A port that looks much like a regular
- It replaced the serial and keyboard mouse phone jack, but is slightly wider
connectors - It can be used to connect your computer
- Though they are almost identical, they to another computer, a local network, or
differe in the color indicator an external DSL or cable modem
- Purple is for keyboard and green is for
mouse Serial Port
- A 9-pin-serial communication physical
Other Components of a Motherboard with the interface in which information transfers in
System Unit/Back Panel or out, one bit a time
- With a mere glance on a motherboard,
you can say that it is like a city with street Parallel Port
blocks and highways which we can easily - A 25-pin-hole communication physical
correlate to data path or functional units, interface in which information transfers
such as the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that simultaneously by several cables at once
performs computing processes
CPU Socket
20-pin ATX Power Connector - A socket specifically for connecting the
- Designed to plug into and deliver computer processor
electricity into an ATX-type computer
motherboard CPU Fan & Heatsink Mounting Points
- Slots for CPU fan and heatsink to make filtering or during network
sure the computer doesn’t get too hot or troubleshooting
too cold
Different Types of Network Devices
Network Devices (Network Nodes)
- Are units that arbitrate the transfer of data Hubs
in a computer network and are usually - Are used to connect two or more devices
called communication devices - They can also be combined to create
- Components are used to connect the host biegger and wider networks
computer and other devices together so - Regardless of the destination, they
that they can share files or peripherals like instruct data packets or segments to all
printers and other output devices devices connected to the hub

Terminologies Commonly Used Repeater

- Is an electronic device that receives and
Data Packet transmits signals to a higher level, or over
- Is a unit of data formatted into a single an interfering barrier so that the signal can
package that travels from one device to cover longer distances without blockage
another along a network path, such as the or interference
Internet
- Are essential components of digital Switch
communication because they allow large - Is also called switching hub, bridging hub,
files to be broken down into smaller, more and MAC bridge
manageable units that can be sent and - It is a special type of hub that connects
reassembled at their destination devices over a computer network through
(TechnoPedia) “packet” switching to receive, process,
and forward data to the destination
Internet Protocal Address (IP Address) device
- Is a numerical label that is assigned to a
device connected to a computer network Bridges
that uses the Internet Protocal for - Connect two networks that allow
communication computers on both sides to access
resources
Two Types of IP Address - They can also be used to split large
networks into smaller sections
IPV4 (Internet Protocol Version 4) - Has all the features of repeaters, but with
- 32 bits long address additional nodes
- Octa - Since the network is split, the network
- Numbers only (0 to 9) performance is improved and results in
lesser competition for resources
IPV6 (Internet Protocol Version 6)
- 128 bits long address Routers
- Hexadecimal - Are used to lengthen the section’s
- Letters A to Z and numbers 0 to 9 network by transmitting packets between
logical networks
Media Access Control Address (MAC Address) - Are normally used in large networks that
- A unique identifier assigned to the use the TCP/IP protocol and for
device’s network interface controller (NIC) connecting TCP/IP hosts and Local Area
- Known as the “Physical Address” Networks (LANs) to the Internet using
- A MAC address is often required when dedicated leased lines available in the
configuring a network router for device market
 Assembly and Disassembly of a
Brouters Computer Unit
- Are used with networks that can use a
bridge or a router, depending on existing
DISASSEMBLY
protocols
- Are usually used in complex network
1. Unplugging
configurations
- Unplug every cable that is plugged into
your computer and other external devices
Gateway
attached on the back and front panel of
- Is used to connect networks through
the computer unit
different protocols
- Functions with the network layer of the
2. Opening the Outher Shell/Case
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
- Unscrew the bolts that lock the cover to
model
open the computer case
- For a gateway to allow communication
with a host on another network, an
3. Removing the System Fan
Internet Protocol (IP) address must be set
- Unplug the fan from the motherboard,
with a destination path
then unscrew the fan from the outside
Modem
4. Removing the CPU Fan
- From the term modulator-demodulator
- The CPU fan is located right on top of the
- Is a device that converts the ones (1s) and
CPU heat sink
zeroes (0s) of a computer into patterns of
audio that can be sent over the telephone
5. Removing the Power Supply
line
- Unplug every wire coming from the power
supply and other cables connected to the
Network Interface Card (NIC)
motherboard
- Allows computers to communicate over a
- Unscrew the 4 screws holding the power
computer network through a unique
supply in place
identifier known as MAC address
- Slide the PSU out of the case
Wireless Access Point (WAP or AP)
6. Removing the Storage Device
- Makes wireless communication possible
- Unplug the SATA cable from the
through Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity),
motherboard and the HDD/SSD/CD and
Bluetooth, or any related standards
DVD Drive
- Hot spot is a common public application
- Unscrew the screws that hold the storage
of a WAP, where users can connect to the
devices to the case
Internet regardless of the networks they
- Carefully remove them
are associated with

7. Removing the RAM

Firewall
- Push down on both tabs holding the RAM
- Prevents unauthorized access to a network
in place
- It is technically a system or a device that
works to allow, restrict, block, encrypt,
8. Removing the Motherboard
decrypt, or proxy traffic to a computer or
- Make sure all wires connected to the
computers using a set of protocols
motherboard are removed before
- Applies to both hardware and software, or
unscrewing and removing from the case
both at the same time
- Remove the expansion cards if any

9. Removing the Heatsink and CPU

- Remove the heatsink carefully by - Enterprise
unscrewing the screws
- Carefully remove the CPU from the CPU System Requirements
socket Requirements 32bit 64bit
CPU 1GHz 2GHz
ASSEMBLY RAM 2GB 4GB
Disk Space 16GB 20GB
1. Prepare the workplace and wear your PPE Direct X9 w/
2. Prepare the motherboard Video WDDM 1.0 or
3. Install the CPU, Heatsink, and the CPU higher driver
Fan Media DVD ROM
4. Install the Memory Modules (RAM)
5. Place and screw the motherboard into the WINDOWS 7
system case properly
6. Install and connect the power supply Versions:
7. Install the graphics/video cards - Starter
8. Install the storage devices/drives - Home
9. Install the add-in cards - Professional
- Ultimate
- Enterprise
Operating System and Software/Driver
System Requirements
Installation Requirements 32bit 64bit
CPU 1GHz 2GHz
Windows OS Installation Requirements RAM 2GB 4GB
Disk Space 16GB 20GB
WINDOWS 10 Direct X9 w/
Video WDDM 1.0 or
Versions: higher driver
- Home Media DVD ROM
- Pro
- Enterprise WINDOWS VISTA
- Education
- Mobile Enterprise Versions:
- Home Basic
System Requirements - Home Premium
Requirements 32bit 64bit - Business
CPU 1GHz 2GHz - Ultimate
RAM 2GB 4GB - Enterprise
Disk Space 16GB 20GB
Direct X9 w/ System Requirements
Video WDDM 1.0 or Requirements
higher driver CPU 800MHz
Media DVD ROM RAM 512MB
Disk Space 15/20GB
WINDOWS 8 Direct X9 w/
Video WDDM 1.0 or
Versions: higher driver
- Basic Media DVD/CD ROM
- RT
- Professional
 WINDOWS XP WINDOWS SERVER 2008
Component Minimum Microsoft
Versions: Requirement Recommended
- Home Processor 1GHz 1.4GHz or
- Professional higher
Memory 512MB 2GB or higher
- Media Center
Disk Space 32GB 40GB or higher
Optical DVD ROM
System Requirements
Drive
Requirements Windows XP Media
Center
CPU 233MHz 1.6GHz
RAM 64MB 256MB WINDOWS SERVER 2003
Disk Space 2GB Component Standard Enterprise
Media CD/DVD ROM Edition Edition
Processor 550 MHz 733GHz or
higher
Windows Server OS Installation Requirements
Memory 512MB 2GB or higher
Disk Space 1.5GB (X86) 1.6G (X86)
WINDOWS SERVER 2022 4GB (X64) 4GB (X64)
Component Minimum Microsoft Optical CD/DVD ROM
Requirement Recommended Drive
Processor 1.4GHz 64bit
Memory 512MB 2GB or higher
Disk Space 32GB 40GB or higher
Creating a Bootable Disk Drive Using
Optical Drive DVD ROM
Power ISO
WINDOWS SERVER 2019
Component Minimum Microsoft Power ISO
Requirement Recommended - A powerful CD/DVD/BD image file
Processor 1.4GHz 64bit processing tool, which allows you to open,
Memory 512MB 2GB or higher extract, burn, create, edit, compress,
Disk Space 32GB 40GB or higher encrypt, split, and convert ISO files, and
Optical Drive DVD ROM mount ISO files with internal virtual drive
- It can process almost all CD/DVD/BD
WINDOWS SERVER 2016 R2 image files including ISO and BIN files
Component Minimum Microsoft
Requirement Recommended To create a bootable USB using Power ISO
Processor 1.4GHz 2GHz or higher you will need:
Memory 512MB 2GB or higher - Flash Drive
Disk Space 32GB 40GB or higher - Power ISO application
Optical Drive DVD ROM - Image file of the OS

WINDOWS SERVER 2012 R2 Steps in Creating a Bootable Disk Drive Using

Component Minimum Microsoft Power ISO
Requirement Recommended
1. Start Power ISO application on your
Processor 1.4GHz 2GHz or higher
computer
Memory 512MB 2GB or higher
2. Insert the USB device you intend to boot
Disk Space 32GB 40GB or higher
from
Optical Drive DVD ROM
3. Choose the menu “Tools > Create
Bootable USB Drive.” The “Create
Bootable USB Drive” dialog will pop-up
4. In “Create Bootable USB Drive” dialog, 4 or 6 Pins Connector (Auxiliary Connector) –
click “…” button or the folder icon to provides additional power to the computer
open the ISO file of Windows operating processor and other power-hungry devices
system like a GPU
5. Select the correct USB drive from the
“Destination USB Drive” list if multiple Molex – connects your computer power
USB drives are connected to the supply to drives and devices inside the
computer computer
6. Choose the proper writing method. “USB-
HDD” is recommended Random Access Memory (RAM) Slot
7. Click “Start” button to start creating - Also known as DIMM (Dual In-line
bootable USB drive Memory Module) slots
8. Power ISO will alert you that all data on - The slot where DIMM or RAM sticks are
USB drive will be destroyed. Click “OK” being inserted
to continue
9. The program will start writing USB drive, DIMM or RAM Stick
and showing the progress information. - Improves computer performance, not just
You should get the message “Writing USB for hardcore applications like games but
Drive completed successfully” after the also more common apps like web
operation completes browsers
- RAM is a volatile type of memory
Computer Components and
Peripherals Volatile Memory – if there is a sudden loss of
power, the data is lost

Computer Components
DIMM OR RAM Stick Performance
- The integral part of the computer DRAM DDR DDR2 DDR3 DDR4 DDR5
- Without any of these components, the Bit 16Bit
computer will not work Prefetch 1Bit 2Bit 4Bit 8Bit per
- Input, Process, Storage, Output (IPSO) Bank
Transfer 0.8- 2.1- 4.2- 8.5- 17- 38.4-
Motherboard – a printed circuit board Rate 1.3 3.2 6.4 14.9 25.6 51.2
containing the principal components of a (GB/s)
computer or other device, with connectors Voltage 3.3 2.5- 1.8 1.35- 1.2 1.1
into which other circuit boards can be slotted (V) 2.6 1.5

Power Supply Unit (PSU) DIMM or RAM Stick Types

- A computer component that converts AC Type Pins
DDR 184 Pins
electricity into DC electricity
DDR2 240 Pins
- Manufacturers:
DDR3 240 Pins
o Corsair
DDR4 288 Pins
o MSI
o EVGA
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
o Cougar
- Processor, central processor, or
o OCZ
microprocessor
- Handles all instructions it receives from
Advanced Technology eXtended (ATX)
hardware and software running on the
- Known as the 20 pins or 24 pins
computer
- Supplies power to the computer system
Two Types of CPU: Computer Peripherals
- Land Grid Array (LGA) - Devices or hardware that can be
- Pin Grid Array (PGA) connected internally or externally to a
computer for it to have more capabilities
HDD and SSD or functionalities
- Both are storage devices
- Non-volatile storage Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
(CMOS Battery)
Hard Disk Drive (HDD) – a traditional storage - Known as an RTC (real-time clock)
device that uses mechanical platters and a - An onboard, battery-powered
moving read/write head access data (Dell) semiconductor chip inside computers that
stores information
Solid State Drive (SSD) – access data - Stores the system time and date to the
electronically through ‘cells’ that can be hardware settings and information
written and rewritten thousands of times
Accelerated Graphic Port (AGP) Slot
Disk Drive Connectors - An advanced port designed for video
cards and 3D accelerators
1. Parallel Advanced Technology - AGP has been replaced by PC Express
Attachment (PATA)
- Also known as Integrated Drive Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Slot
Electronics (IDE) - A local computer bus for attaching
- Is a standard interface for connecting a hardware devices in a computer and is
motherboard to storage devices part of the PCI Local Bus standard (Intel)
- Modem Network card
2. Serial Advanced Technology Attachment - Sound card
(SATA) - Video card
- Graphic Card
Northbridge
- Known as PAC (PCI/AGP Controller) or NB INTERNAL PERIPHERALS
- An integrated circuit responsible for
communications between the CPU Expansion Cards
interface, AGP, and RAM
Video Card
Southbridge - Also known as Graphics Processing Unit
- Responsible for the hard drive controller, (GPU)
I/O controller and integrated hardware - A type of expansion card that is used for
videos and images
Northbridge Southbridge - Manufacturers:
A chip in the core A chip in the core o Nvidia
logic chipset logic chipset o AMD
architecture on the architecture on the o Intel
northern section of the southern section of the
o ASUS
PC motherboard PC motherboard
o Apple
Located in the Located in the
northern section of the southern section of the
o GIGABYTE
motherboard motherboard o ZOTAC
Directly connected to Connects to the CPU o EVGA
the CPU via northbridge o MSI
o Sapphire
Sound Card
- A type of expansion card that is
responsible for the input and output of
sound/audio system of the computer unit
- Manufacturers:
o Soundblast
o RealTek
o VIA
o C-media
o Turtle Beach

Network Card
- Allows the computer system to
communicate to the network and other
computers
- Manufacturers:
o RealTek
o Cisco
o TPLink
o QualComm