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 Chapter 6 Repetition

Section 6.1 Do Loops

1. What is wrong with the following Do loop?

Dim index As Integer = 1
Do While index <> 9
lstBox.Items.Add("Hello")
index += 1
Loop
(A) The test variable should not be changed inside a Do loop.
(B) The test condition will never be true.
(C) This is an infinite loop.
(D) Nothing
D

2. What numbers will be displayed in the list box when the button is clicked?
Private Sub btnDisplay_Click(...) Handles btnDisplay.Click
Dim num as Double = 10
Do While num > 1
lstBox.Items.Add(num)
num = num - 3
Loop
End Sub

(A) 10, 7, and 4

(B) 10, 7, 4, and 1
(C) 10, 7, 4, 1, and -2
(D) No output
A

3. Which While statement is equivalent to Until num < 100?

(A) While num <= 100
(B) While num > 100
(C) While num >= 100
(D) There is no equivalent While statement.
C
4. What is wrong with the following Do loop?
Dim index As Integer = 1
Do While index <> 10
lstBox.Items.Add("Hello")
index += 2
Loop
(A) It should have been written as a Do Until loop.
(B) It is an infinite loop.
(C) The test variable should not be changed within the loop itself.
(D) Nothing
B

5. In analyzing the solution to a program, you conclude that you want to construct a loop so
that the loop terminates either when (a < 12) or when (b = 16). Using a Do loop, the test
condition should be
(A) Do While (a > 12) Or (b <> 16)
(B) Do While (a >= 12) Or (b <> 16)
(C) Do While (a < 12) Or (b <> 16)
(D) Do While (a >= 12) And (b <> 16)
(E) Do While (a < 12) And (b = 16)
D

6. When Visual Basic executes a Do While loop it first checks the truth value of the
_________.
(A) pass
(B) loop
(C) condition
(D) statement
C

7. If the loop is to be executed at least once, the condition should be checked at the
__________.
(A) top of the loop
(B) middle of the loop
(C) bottom of the loop
(D) Nothing should be checked.
C

8. A Do While loop checks the While condition before executing the statements in the loop.
(T/F)
T

9. If the While condition in a Do While loop is false the first time it is encountered, the
statements in the loop are still executed once. (T/F)
F
10. The following statement is valid. (T/F)
Do While x <> 0
T

11. The following two sets of code produce the same output. (T/F)
Dim num As Integer = 1 Dim num As Integer = 1
Do While num <=5 Do
lstBox.Items.Add("Hello") lstBox.Items.Add("Hello")
num += 1 num += 1
Loop Loop Until (num > 5)
T

12. A loop written using the structure Do While...Loop can usually be rewritten using the
structure Do...Loop Until. (T/F)
T

13. A variable declared inside a Do loop cannot be referred to outside of the loop. (T/F)
T

14. Assume that i and last are Integer variables. Describe precisely the output produced by the
following segment for the inputs 4 and –2.
Dim last, i As Integer
last = CInt(InputBox("Enter terminating value:"))
i = 0
Do While (i <= last)
lstBox.Items.Add(i)
i += 1
Loop
(Input 4): 0 1 2 3 4
(Input –2): No output

15. The following is an infinite loop. Rearrange the statements so that the loop will terminate as
intended.
x = 0
Do
lstBox.Items.Add(x)
Loop Until x > 13
x += 2
Move the last statement one line up, before the Loop Until statement
16. What is wrong with the following simple password program where today's password is
"intrepid"?
Private Sub btnDisplay_Click(...) Handles btnDisplay.Click
Dim password As String
password = InputBox("Enter today's password:")
Do
lstBox.Items.Add("Incorrect")
password = InputBox("Enter today's password:")
Loop Until password = "intrepid"
lstBox.Items.Add("Password Correct. You may continue.")
End Sub
(A) There is no way to re-enter a failed password.
(B) The Loop Until condition should be passWord <> "intrepid".
(C) It will display "Incorrect." even if the first response is "intrepid".
(D) Nothing
C

17. How many times will HI be displayed when the following lines are executed?
Dim c As Integer = 12
Do
lstBox.Items.Add("HI")
c += 3
Loop Until (c >= 30)
(A) 5
(B) 9
(C) 6
(D) 4
(E) 10
C

18. In the following code segment, what type of variable is counter?

Dim temp, counter, check As Integer
Do
temp = CInt(InputBox("Enter a number."))
counter += temp
If counter = 10 Then
check = 0
End If
Loop Until (check = 0)
(A) counter
(B) accumulator
(C) sentinel
(D) loop control variable
B
19. What numbers will be displayed in the list box by the following code when the button is
clicked?
Private Sub btnDisplay_Click(...) Handles btnDisplay.Click
Dim num As Integer = 7
Do
num += 1
lstBox.Items.Add(num)
Loop Until (num > 6)
lstBox.Items.Add(num)
End Sub
(A) 7
(B) 8
(C) 7 and 8
(D) 8 and 8
D

20. __________ calculate the number of elements in lists.

(A) Sentinels
(B) Counter variables
(C) Accumulators
(D) Nested loops
B

21. _________ calculate the sums of numerical values in lists.

(A) Sentinels
(B) Counter variables
(C) Accumulator variables
(D) Nested loops
C

22. The following are equivalent While and Until statements. (T/F)
While (num > 2) And (num < 5)
Until (num <= 2) Or (num >= 5)
T

23. A Do…Loop Until block is always executed at least once. (T/F)

T

24. A counter variable is normally incremented or decremented by 1. (T/F)

T
25. The following program uses a counter variable to force the loop to end. (T/F)
Private Sub btnDisplay_Click(...) Handles btnDisplay.Click
Dim r As Double = 1
Dim t As Double = 0
Do While (t < 5000)
t = 2 * t + r
r += 1
lstBox.Items.Add(t)
Loop
End Sub
F

Section 6.2 For…Next Loops

1. When the number of repetitions needed for a set of instructions is known before they are
executed in a program, the best repetition structure to use is a(n)
(A) Do While...Loop structure.
(B) Do...Loop Until structure.
(C) For...Next loop.
(D) If blocks.
C

2. What is one drawback in using non-integer Step sizes?

(A) Round-off errors may cause unpredictable results.
(B) Decimal Step sizes are invalid in Visual Basic.
(C) A decimal Step size is never needed.
(D) Decimal Step sizes usually produce infinite loops.
A

3. When the odd numbers are added successively, any finite sum will be a perfect square (e.g.,
1 + 3 + 5 = 9 and 9 = 3^2). What change must be made in the following program to correctly
demonstrate this fact for the first few odd numbers?
Private Sub btnDisplay_Click(...) Handles btnDisplay.Click
Dim oddNumber As Integer
Dim sum As Integer = 0
For i As Integer = 1 To 9 Step 2 'Generate first few odd numbers
oddNumber = i
For j As Integer = 1 To oddNumber Step 2 'Add odd numbers
sum += j
Next
lstBox.Items.Add(sum & " is a perfect square.")
Next
End Sub
(A) Change the Step size to 1 in the first For statement.
(B) Move oddNumber = i inside the second For loop.
(C) Reset sum to zero immediately before the second Next statement.
(D) Reset sum to zero immediately before the first Next statement.
C
4. What does the following program do with a person's name?
Private Sub btnDisplay_Click(...) Handles btnDisplay.Click
Dim name, test As String
Dim n As String = ""
name = InputBox("Enter your first name:")
For i As Integer = 0 To (name.Length - 1) Step 2
test = name.Substring(i, 1)
n = test & n
Next
txtBox.Text = n
End Sub
It displays the name
(A) in reverse order.
(B) in reverse order and skips every other letter.
(C) as it was entered.
(D) as it was entered, but skips every other letter.
B

5. Suppose the days of the year are numbered from 1 to 365 and January 1 falls on a Tuesday
as it did in 2013. What is the correct For statement to use if you want only the numbers for
the Fridays in 2013?
(A) For i As Integer = 3 to 365 Step 7
(B) For i As Integer = 1 to 365 Step 3
(C) For i As Integer = 365 To 1 Step -7
(D) For i As Integer = 3 To 365 Step 6
A

6. Given the following partial program, how many times will the statement
lstBox.Items.Add(j + k + m) be executed?
For j As Integer = 1 To 4
For k As Integer = 1 To 3
For m As Integer = 2 To 10 Step 3
lstBox.Items.Add(j + k + m)
Next
Next
Next
(A) 24
(B) 60
(C) 36
(D) 10
(E) None of the above
C
7. Which of the following program segments will sum the eight numbers input by the user?

(A)For k As Integer = 1 To 8
s = CDbl(InputBox("Enter a number.")
s += k
Next
(B) For k As Integer = 1 To 8
a = CDbl(InputBox("Enter a number.")
s += 1
Next
(C) For k As Integer = 1 To 8
a = CDbl(InputBox("Enter a number.")
a += s
Next
(D) For k As Integer = 1 To 8
a = CDbl(InputBox("Enter a number.")
s += a
Next
D

8. What will be displayed by the following program when the button is clicked?
Private Sub btnDisplay_Click(...) Handles btnDisplay.Click
Dim a As String, n, c As Integer
a = "HIGHBACK"
n = CInt(Int(a.Length / 2))
c = 0
For k As Integer = 0 To n – 1
If a.Substring(k, 1) > a.Substring(7 – k, 1) Then
c += 1
End If
Next
txtBox.Text = CStr(c)
End Sub

(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
(E) 5
C

9. In a For statement of the form shown below, what is the default step value when the "Step c"
clause is omitted?
For i As Integer = a To b Step c
(A) the same as a
(B) the same as b
(C) 0
(D) 1
D
10. What will be displayed when the following lines are executed?
txtBox.Clear()
For k As Integer = 1 To 3
txtBox.Text &= "ABCD".Substring(4 – k, 1)
Next

(A) ABC
(B) CBA
(C) DBA
(D) DCBA
(E) DCB
E

11. Which loop computes the sum of 1/2 + 2/3 + 3/4 + 4/5 + … + 99/100?
(A) For n As Integer = 1 To 99
s += n / (1 + n)
Next
(B) For q As Integer = 100 To 1
s += (q + 1) /q
Next
(C) For d As Integer = 2 To 99
s = 1 / d + d / (d + 1)
Next
(D) For x As Integer = 1 To 100
s += 1 / (x + 1)
Next
A

12. How many times will PETE be displayed when the following lines are executed?
For c As Integer = 15 to -4 Step -6
lstBox.Items.Add("PETE")
Next
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
D
13. What will be displayed by the following program when the button is clicked?
Private Sub btnDisplay_Click(...) Handles btnDisplay.Click
Dim s As Double
s = 0
For k As Integer = 1 To 5
If k / 2 = Int(k / 2) Then
s += k
End If
Next
txtBox.Text = CStr(s)
End Sub

(A) 12
(B) 9
(C) 15
(D) 6
D

14. How many lines of output are produced by the following program segment?
For i As Integer = 1 To 3
For j As Integer = 1 To 3
For k As Integer = i to j
lstBox.Items.Add("Programming is fun.")
Next
Next
Next
(A) 8
(B) 9
(C) 10
(D) 11
C

15. Assuming the following statement, what is the For...Next loop's counter variable?
For yr As Integer = 1 To 5
(A) 1
(B) 5
(C) To
(D) yr
D
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16. What is the value of j after the end of the following code segment?
For j As Integer = 1 to 23
lstBox.Items.Add("The counter value is " & j)
Next

(A) 22
(B) 23
(C) 24
(D) j no longer exists
D

17. A For...Next loop with a positive step value continues to execute until what condition is
met?
(A) The counter variable is greater than the terminating value.
(B) The counter variable is equal to or greater than the terminating value.
(C) The counter variable is less than the terminating value.
(D) The counter variable is less than or equal to the terminating value.
A

18. Which of the following loops will always be executed at least once when it is encountered?
(A) a For...Next loop
(B) a Do loop having posttest form
(C) a Do loop having pretest form
(D) none of the above.
B

19. Which of the following are valid for an initial or terminating value of a Fir...Next loop?
(A) a numeric literal
(B) info.Length, where info is a string variable
(C) a numeric expression
(D) All of the above
D

20. What is the data type of the variable num if Option Infer is set to On and the statement
Dim num = 7.0 is executed?
(A) Integer
(B) Boolean
(C) Double
(D) String
C

21. The value of the counter variable should not be altered within the body of a For…Next loop.
(T/F)
T
22. The body of a For...Next loop in Visual Basic will always be executed once no matter what
the initial and terminating values are. (T/F)
F

23. If the terminating value of a For...Next loop is less than the initial value, then the body of the
loop is never executed. (T/F)
F

24. If one For...Next loop begins inside another For...Next loop, it must also end within this
loop. (T/F)
T

25. The value of the counter variable in a For...Next loop need not be a whole number. (T/F)
T

26. One must always have a Next statement paired with a For statement. (T/F)
T

27. If the initial value is greater than the terminating value in a For...Next loop, the statements
within are still executed one time. (T/F)
F

28. When one For...Next loop is contained within another, the name of the counter variable for
each For...Next loop may be the same. (T/F)
F

29. A For...Next loop cannot be nested inside a Do loop. (T/F)

F

30. The following code segment is valid. (T/F)

If (firstLetter > "A") Then
For x As Integer = 1 to 100
lstBox.Items.Add(x)
Next
End If
T

31. In a For...Next loop, the initial value should be greater than the terminating value if a
negative step is used and the body of the loop is to be executed at least once. (T/F)
T

32. If the counter variable of a For...Next loop will assume values that are not whole numbers,
then the variable should not be of type Integer. (T/F)
T

33. The step value of a For...Next loop can be given by a numeric literal, variable, or expression.
(T/F)
T
34. The variable index declared with the statement For index As Integer = 0 To 5 cannot
be referred to outside of the For…Next loop. (T/F)
T

35. When Option Infer is set to On, a statement of the form Dim num = 7 is valid. (T/F)
T

36. What is displayed in the text box when the button is clicked?
Private Sub btnDisplay_Click(...) Handles btnDisplay.Click
Dim word As String = "Alphabet"
Dim abbreviation As String = ""
For i As Integer = 0 To word.Length - 1
If word.Substring(i, 1).ToUpper <> "A" Then
abbreviation &= word.Substring(i, 1)
End If
Next
txtBox.Text = abbreviation
End Sub
lphbet

Section 6.3 List Boxes and Loops

1. Which of the following expressions refers to the contents of the last row of the list box?
(A) lstBox.Items(lstBox.Items.Count)
(B) lstBox.Items(lstBox.Items.Count - 1)
(C) lstBox.Items(Count)
(D) lstBox.Items.Count
B

2. Which of the following expressions refers to the contents of the first row of the list box?
(A) lstBox.Items(0)
(B) lstBox.Items(1)
(C) lstBox.Items.First
(D) lstBox.Items(First)
A

3. Each item in a list box is identified by an index number; the first item in the list is assigned
which of the following values as an index?
(A) a randomly assigned value
(B) 1.
(C) a value initially designated by the programmer
(D) 0
D
4. The following lines of code display all the items of lstBox. (T/F)
For n As Integer = 1 to lstBox.Items.Count
lstBox2.Items.Add(lstBox.Items(n))
Next
F

5. The number of items in ListBox1 is ListBox1.Items.Count. (T/F)

T

6. If no item in a list box is selected, the value of lstBox.SelectedIndex is 0. (T/F)

F

7. Which of the statements will unhighlight any highlighted item in lstBox?

(A) lstBox.SelectedItem = Nothing
(B) lstBox.SelectedItem = ""
(C) lstBox.SelectedIndex = 0
(D) lstBox.SelectedIndex = -1
D

8. A list box named lstBox has its Sorted property set to True and contains the three items Cat,
Dog, and Gnu in its Items collection. If the word Elephant is added to the Items collection at
run time, what will be its index value?
(A) 2
(B) 1
(C) 3
(D) 0
A

9. A list box named lstBox has its Sorted property set to False and contains the three items Cat,
Dog, and Gnu in its list. If the word Elephant is added to the list at run time, what will be its
index value?
(A) 2
(B) 1
(C) 3
(D) 0
C

10. If a program contains procedures for both the Click and DoubleClick events on a list box and the user
double-clicks on the list box, only the Click event will be raised. (T/F)
T

11. If a list box has its sorted property set to True and the list box contains all numbers, then the values in
the list box will always be in increasing numerical order. (T/F)
F
12. If a list box contains all numbers, then which of the following values can be calculated
without using a loop?
(A) average value of the numbers
(B) largest number
(C) smallest number
(D) number of numbers
D

13. Which of the following is not a main type of event that can be raised by user selections of
items in a list box?
(A) Click event
(B) SelectedIndexChanged event
(C) FillDown event
(D) DoubleClick event
C

14. The value of lstBox.Items(n) is the nth item in the list box. (T/F)
F

15. The sorted property can only be set to True at design time. (T/F)
F

16. The _____________ data type is most suited to a flag.

(A) Boolean
(B) Integer
(C) String
(D) Double
A

17. A variable that keeps track of whether a certain situation has occurred is called
(A) a counter.
(B) an accumulator.
(C) a switch.
(D) a flag.
D
Other documents randomly have
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Introduction
to the Literature of Europe in the Fifteenth,
Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries, Vol. 1
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
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Title: Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the Fifteenth,

Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries, Vol. 1

Author: Henry Hallam

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Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTRODUCTION

TO THE LITERATURE OF EUROPE IN THE FIFTEENTH, SIXTEENTH,
AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES, VOL. 1 ***
 Transcriber’s Note:

This text includes characters that require UTF-8 (Unicode) file

encoding:
œ (oe ligature)
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+ - √ (mathematics symbols)
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If any of these characters do not display properly, make sure your
text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode
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Additional notes are at the end of the book.

THE WORKS OF HENRY HALLAM.

INTRODUCTION
TO THE

LITERATURE OF EUROPE
 IN THE FIFTEENTH, SIXTEENTH,
AND
SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES.
BY

HENRY HALLAM, F.R.A.S.,

CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF MORAL AND
POLITICAL SCIENCES
IN THE FRENCH INSTITUTE

VOLUME I.

WARD, LOCK & CO.,

LONDON: WARWICK HOUSE, SALISBURY SQUARE, E.C.
NEW YORK: BOND STREET.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.
 ON THE GENERAL STATE OF LITERATURE IN THE MIDDLE AGES
TO THE END OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY.
Page
Retrospect of Learning in Middle Ages Necessary 1
Loss of learning in Fall of Roman Empire 1
Boethius—his Consolation of Philosophy 1
Rapid Decline of Learning in Sixth Century 2
A Portion remains in the Church 2
Prejudices of the Clergy against Profane Learning 2
Their Uselessness in preserving it 3
First Appearances of reviving Learning in Ireland and 3
England
Few Schools before the Age of Charlemagne 3
Beneficial Effects of those Established by him 4
The Tenth Century more progressive than usually supposed 4
Want of Genius in the Dark Ages 5
Prevalence of bad Taste 5
Deficiency of poetical Talent 5
Imperfect State of Language may account for this 6
Improvement at beginning of Twelfth Century 6
Leading Circumstances in Progress of Learning 6
Origin of the University of Paris 6
Modes of treating the Science of Theology 6
Scholastic Philosophy—its Origin 7
Roscelin 7
Progress of Scholasticism; Increase of University of Paris 8
Universities founded 8
Oxford 8
Collegiate Foundations not derived from the Saracens 9
Scholastic Philosophy promoted by Mendicant Friars 9
Character of this Philosophy 10
It prevails least in Italy 10
Literature in Modern Languages 10
Origin of the French, Spanish, and Italian Languages 10
Corruption of colloquial Latin in the Lower Empire 11
Continuance of Latin in Seventh Century 12
It is changed to a new Language in Eighth and Ninth 12
Early Specimens of French 13
Poem on Boethius 13
Provençal Grammar 14
Latin retained in use longer in Italy 14
French of Eleventh Century 14
Metres of Modern Languages 15
Origin of Rhyme in Latin 16
Provençal and French Poetry 16
Metrical Romances—Havelok the Dane 18
Diffusion of French Language 19
German Poetry of Swabian Period 19
Decline of German Poetry 20
Poetry of France and Spain 21
Early Italian Language 22
Dante and Petrarch 22
Change of Anglo-Saxon to English 22
Layamon 23
Progress of English Language 23
English of the Fourteenth Century—Chaucer, Gower 24
General Disuse of French in England 24
State of European Languages about 1400 25
Ignorance of Reading and Writing in darker Ages 25
Reasons for supposing this to have diminished after 1100 26
Increased Knowledge of Writing in Fourteenth Century 27
Average State of Knowledge in England 27
Invention of Paper 28
Linen Paper when first used 28
Cotton Paper 28
Linen Paper as old as 1100 28
Known to Peter of Clugni 29
And in Twelfth and Thirteenth Century 29
Paper of mixed Materials 29
Invention of Paper placed by some too low 29
Not at first very important 30
Importance of Legal Studies 30
Roman Laws never wholly unknown 31
Irnerius—his first Successors 31
Their Glosses 31
Abridgements of Law—Accursius’s Corpus Glossatum 31
Character of early Jurists 32
Decline of Jurists after Accursius 32
Respect paid to him at Bologna 33
Scholastic Jurists—Bartolus 33
Inferiority of Jurists in Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries 34
Classical Literature and Taste in dark Ages 34
Improvement in Tenth and Eleventh Centuries 34
Lanfranc and his Schools 35
Italy—Vocabulary of Papias 36
Influence of Italy upon Europe 36
Increased copying of Manuscripts 36
John of Salisbury 36
Improvement of Classical Taste in Twelfth Century 37
Influence of increased Number of Clergy 38
Decline of Classical Literature in Thirteenth Century 38
Relapse into Barbarism 38
No Improvement in Fourteenth Century—Richard of Bury 39
Library formed by Charles V. at Paris 39
Some Improvement in Italy during Thirteenth Century 40
Catholicon of Balbi 40
Imperfection of early Dictionaries 40
Restoration of Letters due to Petrarch 40
Character of his Style 41
His Latin Poetry 41
John of Ravenna 41
Gasparin of Barziza 42
CHAPTER II.

ON THE LITERATURE OF EUROPE FROM 1400 TO 1440.

Zeal for Classical Literature in Italy 42
Poggio Bracciolini 42
Latin Style of that Age indifferent 43
Gasparin of Barziza 43
Merits of his Style 43
Victorin of Feltre 44
Leonard Aretin 44
Revival of Greek Language in Italy 44
Early Greek Scholars of Europe 44
Under Charlemagne and his Successors 45
In the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries 45
In the Twelfth 46
In the Thirteenth 46
Little Appearance of it in the Fourteenth Century 47
Some Traces of Greek in Italy 47
Corruption of Greek Language itself 47
Character of Byzantine Literature 48
Petrarch and Boccace learn Greek 48
Few acquainted with the Language in their Time 49
It is taught by Chrysoloras about 1395 49
His Disciples 49
Translations from Greek into Latin 50
Public Encouragement delayed 51
But fully accorded before 1440 51
Emigration of learned Greeks to Italy 52
Causes of Enthusiasm for Antiquity in Italy 52
Advanced State of Society 52
Exclusive Study of Antiquity 53
Classical Learning in France low 53
Much more so in England 53
Library of Duke of Gloucester 54
Gerard Groot’s College at Deventer 54
Physical Sciences in Middle Ages 55
Arabian Numerals and Method 55
Proofs of them in Thirteenth Century 56
Mathematical Treatises 56
Roger Bacon 57
His Resemblance to Lord Bacon 57
English Mathematicians of Fourteenth Century 57
Astronomy 58
Alchemy 58
Medicine 58
Anatomy 58
Encyclopædic Works of Middle Ages 58
Vincent of Beauvais 59
Berchorius 59
Spanish Ballads 59
Metres of Spanish Poetry 60
Consonant and assonant Rhymes 60
Nature of the Glosa 61
The Cancionero General 61
Bouterwek’s Character of Spanish Songs 61
John II. 62
Poets of his Court 62
Charles, Duke of Orleans 62
English Poetry 62
Lydgate 63
James I. of Scotland 63
Restoration of Classical Learning due to Italy 63
Character of Classical Poetry lost in Middle Ages 64
New School of Criticism in Modern Languages 64
Effect of Chivalry on Poetry 64
Effect of Gallantry towards Women 64
Its probable Origin 64
It is shown in old Teutonic Poetry; but appears in the Stories 65
of Arthur
Romances of Chivalry of two Kinds 65
Effect of Difference of Religion upon Poetry 66
General Tone of Romance 66
Popular Moral Fictions 66
Exclusion of Politics from Literature 67
Religious Opinions 67
Attacks on the Church 67
Three Lines of Religious Opinions in Fifteenth Century 67
Treatise de Imitatione Christi 68
Scepticism—Defences of Christianity 69
Raimond de Sebonde 69
His Views misunderstood 69
His real Object 70
Nature of his Arguments 70
CHAPTER III.

ON THE LITERATURE OF EUROPE FROM 1440 TO THE CLOSE OF

THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
The year 1440 not chosen as an Epoch 71
Continual Progress of Learning 71
Nicolas V. 71
Justice due to his Character 72
Poggio on the Ruins of Rome 72
Account of the East, by Conti 72
Laurentius Valla 72
His Attack on the Court of Rome 72
His Treatise on the Latin Language 73
Its Defects 73
Heeren’s Praise of it 73
Valla’s Annotations on the New Testament 73
Fresh Arrival of Greeks in Italy 74
Platonists and Aristotelians 74
Their Controversy 74
Marsilius Ficinus 75
Invention of Printing 75
Block Books 75
Gutenberg and Costar’s Claims 75
Progress of the Invention 76
First printed Bible 76
Beauty of the Book 77
Early printed Sheets 77
Psalter of 1547—Other early Books 77
Bible of Pfister 77
Greek first taught at Paris 78
Leave unwillingly granted 78
Purbach—his Mathematical Discoveries 78
Other Mathematicians 78
Progress of Printing in Germany 79
Introduced into France 79
Caxton’s first Works 79
Printing exercised in Italy 79
Lorenzo de’ Medici 80
Italian Poetry of Fifteenth Century 80
Italian Prose of same Age 80
Giostra of Politian 80
Paul II. persecutes the Learned 81
Mathias Corvinus 81
His Library 81
Slight Signs of Literature in England 81
Paston Letters 82
Low Condition of Public Libraries 83
Rowley 83
Clotilde de Surville 83
Number of Books printed in Italy 83
First Greek printed 84
Study of Antiquities 84
Works on that Subject 84
Publications in Germany 85
In France 85
In England, by Caxton 85
In Spain 85
Translations of Scripture 85
Revival of Literature in Spain 86
Character of Labrixa 86
Library of Lorenzo 87
Classics corrected and explained 87
Character of Lorenzo 87
Prospect from his Villa at Fiesole 87
Platonic Academy 88
Disputationes Camaldulenses of Landino 88
Philosophical Dialogues 89
Paulus Cortesius 89
Schools in Germany 89
Study of Greek at Paris 91
Controversy of Realists and Nominalists 91
Scotus 91
Ockham 92
Nominalists in University of Paris 92
Low State of Learning in England 92
Mathematics 93
Regiomontanus 93
Arts of Delineation 93
Maps 94
Geography 94
Greek printed in Italy 94
Hebrew printed 95
Miscellanies of Politian 95
Their Character, by Heeren 95
His Version of Herodian 96
Cornucopia of Perotti 96
Latin Poetry of Politian 96
Italian Poetry of Lorenzo 97
Pulci 97
Character of Morgante Maggiore 97
Platonic Theology of Ficinus 98
Doctrine of Averroes on the Soul 98
Opposed by Ficinus 99
Desire of Man to explore Mysteries 99
Various Methods employed 99
Reason and Inspiration 99
Extended Inferences from Sacred Books 99
Confidence in Traditions 100
Confidence in Individuals as inspired 100
Jewish Cabbala 100
Picus of Mirandola 101
His Credulity in the Cabbala 101
His Literary Performances 102
State of Learning in Germany 102
Agricola 103
Renish Academy 103
Reuchlin 104
French Language and Poetry 104
European Drama 104
Latin 104
Orfeo of Politian 105
Origin of Dramatic Mysteries 105
Their early Stage 105
Extant English Mysteries 105
First French Theatre 106
Theatrical Machinery 107
Italian Religious Dramas 107
Moralities 107
Farces 107
Mathematical Works 107
Leo Baptista Alberti 108
Lionardo da Vinci 108
Aldine Greek Editions 109
Decline of Learning in Italy 110
Hermolaus Barbarus 111
Mantuan 111
Pontanus 111
Neapolitan Academy 112
Boiardo 112
Francesco Bello 113
Italian Poetry near the End of the Century 113
Progress of Learning in France and Germany 113
Erasmus—his Diligence 114
Budæus—his early Studies 114
Latin not well written in France 115
Dawn of Greek Learning in England 115
Erasmus comes to England 116
He publishes his Adages 116
Romantic Ballads of Spain 116
Pastoral Romances 117
Portuguese Lyric Poetry 117
German popular Books 117
Historical Works 118
Philip de Comines 118
Algebra 118
Events from 1490 to 1500 119
Close of Fifteenth Century 119
Its Literature nearly neglected 119
Summary of its Acquisitions 119
Their Imperfection 120
Number of Books printed 120
Advantages already reaped from Printing 120
Trade of Bookselling 121
Books sold by Printers 121
Price of Books 122
Form of Books 122
Exclusive Privileges 122
Power of Universities over Bookselling 123
Restraints on Sale of Printed Books 124
Effect of Printing on the Reformation 124
CHAPTER IV.

ON THE LITERATURE OF EUROPE FROM 1500 TO 1520.

Decline of Learning in Italy 125
Press of Aldus 125
His Academy 126
Dictionary of Calepio 126
Books printed in Germany 126
First Greek Press at Paris 126
Early Studies of Melanchthon 127
Learning in England 127
Erasmus and Budæus 128
Study of Eastern Languages 128
Dramatic Works 128
Calisto and Melibœa 128
Its Character 129
Juan de la Enzina 129
Arcadia of Sanazzaro 129
Asolani of Bembo 130
Dunbar 130
Anatomy of Zerbi 130
Voyages of Cadamosto 130
Leo X., his Patronage of Letters 131
Roman Gymnasium 131
Latin Poetry 132
Italian Tragedy 132
Sophonisba of Trissino 132
Rosmunda of Rucellai 132
Comedies of Ariosto 132
Books printed in Italy 133
Cælius Rhodiginus 133
Greek printed in France and Germany 133
Greek Scholars in these Countries 134
College at Alcala and Louvain 134
Latin Style in France 135
Greek Scholars in England 135
Mode of Teaching in Schools 136
Few Classical Works printed here 137
State of Learning in Scotland 137
Utopia of More 137
Inconsistency in his Opinions 138
Learning restored in France 138
Jealousy of Erasmus and Budæus 138
Character of Erasmus 139
His Adages severe on Kings 139
Instances in illustration 140
His Greek Testament 142
Patrons of Letters in Germany 142
Resistance to Learning 143
Unpopularity of the Monks 145
The Book excites Odium 145
Erasmus attacks the Monks 145
Their Contention with Reuchlin 145
Origin of the Reformation 146
Popularity of Luther 147
Simultaneous Reform by Zwingle 147
Reformation prepared beforehand 147
Dangerous Tenets of Luther 148
Real Explanation of them 149
Orlando Furioso 150
Its Popularity 150
Want of Seriousness 150
A Continuation of Boiardo 150
In some Points inferior 151
Beauties of its Style 151
Accompanied with Faults 151
Its Place as a Poem 152
Amadis de Gaul 152
Gringore 152
Hans Sachs 152
Stephen Hawes 153
Change in English Language 153
Skelton 154
Oriental Languages 154
Pomponatius 155
Raymond Lully 155
His Method 155
Peter Martyr’s Epistles 156
CHAPTER V.

HISTORY OF ANCIENT LITERATURE IN EUROPE FROM 1520 TO

1550.
Superiority of Italy in Taste 157
Admiration of Antiquity 158
Sadolet 158
Bembo 159
Ciceronianus of Erasmus 159
Scaliger’s Invective against it 160
Editions of Cicero 160
Alexander ab Alexandro 160
Works on Roman Antiquities 161
Greek less Studied in Italy 161
Schools of Classical Learning 161
Budæus—his Commentaries on Greek 161
Their Character 162
Greek Grammars and Lexicons 162
Editions of Greek Authors 163
Latin Thesaurus of R. Stephens 163
Progress of Learning in France 164
Learning in Spain 165
Effects of Reformation on Learning 165
Sturm’s Account of German Schools 165
Learning in Germany 166
In England—Linacre 166
Lectures in the Universities 166
Greek perhaps Taught to Boys 167
Teaching of Smith at Cambridge 167
Succeeded by Cheke 168
Ascham’s Character of Cambridge 168
Wood’s Account of Oxford 168
Education of Edward and his Sisters 169
The Progress of Learning is still slow 169
Want of Books and Public Libraries 169
Destruction of Monasteries no Injury to Learning 169
Ravisius Textor 170
Conrad Gesner 170
CHAPTER VI.
 HISTORY OF THEOLOGICAL LITERATURE IN EUROPE FROM 1520
TO 1550.
Progress of the Reformation 171
Interference of Civil Power 171
Excitement of Revolutionary Spirit 172
Growth of Fanaticism 172
Differences of Luther and Zwingle 172
Confession of Augsburg 173
Conduct of Erasmus 173
Estimate of it 174
His Controversy with Luther 174
Character of his Epistles 176
His Alienation from the Reformers increases 176
Appeal of the Reformers to the Ignorant 176
Parallel of those Times with the Present 177
Calvin 177
His Institutes 177
Increased Differences among Reformers 178
Reformed Tenets spread in England 178
In Italy 178
Italian Heterodoxy 179
Its Progress in the Literary Classes 180
Servetus 180
Arianism in Italy 181
Protestants in Spain and Low Countries 181
Order of Jesuits 181
Their Popularity 181
Council of Trent 182
Its Chief Difficulties 182
Character of Luther 182
Theological Writings—Erasmus 183
Melanchthon—Romish Writers 183
This Literature nearly forgotten 184
Sermons 184
Spirit of the Reformation 184
Limits of Private Judgment 185
Passions instrumental in Reformation 185
Establishment of new Dogmatism 186
Editions of Scripture 186
Translations of Scripture 186
In English 187
In Italy and Low Countries 187
Latin Translations 187
French Translations 188
CHAPTER VII.

HISTORY OF SPECULATIVE, MORAL, AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY,

AND OF JURISPRUDENCE, IN EUROPE, FROM 1520 TO 1550.
Logic included under this head 188
Slow Defeat of Scholastic Philosophy 188
It is sustained by the Universities and Regulars 188
Commentators on Aristotle 188
Attack of Vives on Scholastics 189
Contempt of them in England 189
Veneration for Aristotle 189
Melanchthon countenances him 189
His own Philosophical Treatises 190
Aristotelians of Italy 190
University of Paris 190
New Logic of Ramus 190
It meets with unfair treatment 191
Its Merits and Character 191
Buhle’s account of it 191
Paracelsus 191
His Impostures 192
And Extravagancies 192
Cornelius Agrippa 192
His pretended Philosophy 193
His Sceptical Treatise 193
Cardan 193
Influence of Moral Writers 194
Cortegiano of Castiglione 194
Marco Aurelio of Guevara 194
His Menosprecio di Corte 194
Perez d’Oliva 195
Ethical Writings of Erasmus and Melanchthon 195
Sir T. Elyot’s Governor 195
Severity of Education 196
He seems to avoid Politics 196
Nicholas Machiavel 196
His motives in writing the Prince 197
Some of his Rules not immoral 197
But many dangerous 197
Its only Palliation 198
His Discourses on Livy 198
Their leading Principles 198
Their Use and Influence 199
His History of Florence 199
Treatises on Venetian Government 199
Calvin’s Political Principles 199
Jurisprudence confined to Roman Law 200
The Laws not well arranged 200
Adoption of the entire System 200
Utility of General Learning to Lawyers 200
Alciati—his Reform of Law 201
Opposition to him 201
Agustino 201
CHAPTER VIII.

HISTORY OF THE LITERATURE OF TASTE IN EUROPE FROM 1520

TO 1550.
Poetry of Bembo 201
Its Beauties and Defects 202
Character of Italian Poetry 202
Alamanni 202
Vittoria Colonna 202
Satires of Ariosto and Alamanni 203
Alamanni 203
Rucellai 203
Trissino 203
Berni 203
Spanish Poets 204
Boscan and Garcilasso 204
Mendoza 204
Saa di Miranda 205
Ribeyro 205
French Poetry 205
Marot 206
Its Metrical Structure 206
German Poetry 206
Hans Sachs 206
German Hymn 206
Theuerdanks of Pfintzing 206
English Poetry—Lyndsay 206
Wyatt and Surrey 207
Dr. Nott’s Character of them 207
Perhaps rather exaggerated 208
Surrey improves our versification 208
Introduces Blank Verse 208
Dr. Nott’s Hypothesis as to his Metre 208
It seems too extensive 209
Politeness of Wyatt and Surrey 209
Latin Poetry 210
Sannazarius 210
Vida 210
Fracastorius 210
Latin Verse not to be disdained 210
Other Latin Poets in Italy 211
In Germany 211
Italian Comedy 211
Machiavel 211
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