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An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design, Fourth Edition 6-1

Chapter 6
Using Methods

At a Glance

Instructor’s Manual Table of Contents

• Overview

• Objectives

• Teaching Tips

• Quick Quizzes

• Class Discussion Topics

• Additional Projects

• Additional Resources

• Key Terms
An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design, Fourth Edition 6-2

Lecture Notes

Overview
Chapter 6 presents another universal topic in object-oriented programming. Methods are a
fundamental concept and provide the foundation for a program. The chapter begins by
presenting the advantages of modularization and what is involved in modularizing a
program. Next, local and global variables and constants are described. This is followed by a
discussion regarding the creation of various methods using single variable arguments,
multiple variable arguments, array elements as arguments, and arrays themselves as
arguments. The topic of returning a variable to the calling method is also covered. The end
of the chapter discusses various important topics, including overloading methods, avoiding
ambiguous code, and the convenience of predefined methods.

Chapter Objectives
In this chapter, your students will learn about:
• The advantages of modularization
• Modularizing a program
• Declaring local and global variables and constants
• Methods that require parameters
• Methods that return a value
• Passing an array to a method
• Overloading methods
• Using predefined methods

Teaching Tips
Understanding the Advantages of Modularization
1. Introduce the concept of modularization, which is the process of breaking down the
programming process into smaller, more manageable units. Mention that modules are
also called subroutines, procedures, functions, or methods, depending on the
programming language you are working with. This book will use the term method.

2. Discuss the advantages of modularization using the bulleted list on Page 205.

Modularization Provides Abstraction

1. Introduce the notion of abstraction, which involves paying attention to important

properties while ignoring small details.
An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design, Fourth Edition 6-3

2. Describe one example of abstraction in computer programming: being able to write an

instruction such as, output message, without having to understand how a monitor
works to create each pixel on the screen.

3. Explain that methods provide a way to achieve abstraction, making complex tasks look
simple.

Modularization Simplifies the Logic

1. Explain that most well-written methods execute a single, finite task, making them easier
to understand than a large program.

2. Note that another advantage to using modularization is easier identification of errors.

Smaller methods are less complex and therefore more reliable.

Modularization Allows Multiple Programmers to Work on a Problem

1. Discuss another advantage of breaking down a task into methods; it can be more easily
divided among various people. Commercial software applications are developed this
way.

Modularization Allows You to Reuse Your Work

1. Describe reusability, which is a feature of modular programs that allows individual

methods to be reused.

2. Give some real-world examples of reusability, such as reusing plumbing and heating
systems in the construction of a new home.

3. Introduce reliability, which is the feature of programs and methods that assures you
each has been tested and proved to function correctly.

Modularizing a Program
1. Explain that application classes have the option of containing additional methods that
the main() method can use.

2. Describe a method’s header, a method’s body, and a method’s return statement.

3. Explain that when a main() method needs to use another method, it calls the method,
or invokes it, using the method’s name.

4. Describe the flowchart symbol used to represent a method— a rectangle with a bar
across the top. Note that the method name goes inside the rectangle.

5. Introduce the example in Figure 6-1 on Page 209, which produces a customer’s bill
using only a main() method.
An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design, Fourth Edition 6-4

6. Review Figure 6-2 on Page 210 and discuss the modularization that is accomplished by
the addition of the displayAddressInfo() method.

7. Explain some of the advantages of the modularized program shown in Figure 6-2. That
is, the main() method remains short and easy to follow, and the method in the
modularized version is easily reusable.

8. Mention the full name of the displayAddressInfo() method, which is

BillingProgram.displayAddressInfo(). The full name includes the class
name, a dot, followed by the method name.

9. Note that when using the displayAddressInfo() method within its own class, it
is not necessary to use the full name. Using it within another class requires identifying it
by its full name.

10. Explain that there are no fixed rules for how to break down programs into methods; it
requires experience.

11. Define functional cohesion, which describes the extent to which a method’s statements
contribute to the specific task.

Remind students that when you call a method, the action is similar to putting a
Teaching DVD player on pause. You abandon your first action (watching a video), take
Tip care of some other task (for example, making a sandwich), and when the
secondary task is complete, you return to the main task exactly where you left
off.

Declaring Local and Global Variables and Constants

1. Discuss the types of statements that can be placed within methods. Input, processing,
and output statements are legal, as are variable and constant declarations.

2. Using Figure 6-3 on Page 213, show an example of a method that contains three named
constant declarations.

3. Explain that variables and constants declared in a method are usable only within that
method. Note that the terms local, in scope, and visible are other ways of referring to
variables that are known only within a method. When the method ends, its variables are
said to go out of scope.

4. Make sure students understand that local variables and constants cannot be used by the
main() method.
An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design, Fourth Edition 6-5

5. Mention that in the last example, the variables in the main() method are local to main
and not visible within the displayAddressInfo() method.

6. Define portable methods, which are self-contained units that are easily transportable to
other applications. Note that the definitions for variables and constants should come
with the method.

7. Explain global variables and constants, which are known to the entire class. They are
declared inside a class but outside any methods.

8. Describe how methods share data, noting that data can be passed into and returned out
of methods. Using the bulleted list on page 214, explain three requirements of calling a
method.

Creating Methods That Require Parameters

1. Define the term argument, which is a data item passed into a method from a calling
program. The argument is stored in a parameter in the method header.

2. Give the example of a square() method that you can supply with a parameter that
represents the value to be squared.

3. Give the example of modifying the displayAddressInfo() method such that

when a customer’s balance is over $1,000, a message precedes the company’s name and
address on the bill. Note that in the original program, the balance is local to the
main() method and therefore cannot be used by the displayAddressInfo()
method.

4. Explain approaches to accomplishing the above:

• Eliminate the displayAddressInfo() method and put all statements in
main(). Mention that this approach, while effective, does not achieve the
benefits of modularization.
• Retain the displayAddressInfo() method, but make the balance variable
global by declaring it outside of any methods. Mention that a disadvantage to
this approach is losing some of the portability of the
displayAddressInfo() method.
• Retain the displayAddressInfo() method, add a local variable to
displayAddressInfo(), and prompt the user for the balance again within
the method. Explain that the disadvantage is that the user must answer a balance
question twice, creating the potential for inconsistencies.
• Store the variable that holds balance in main() so it can be used to display the
balance and pass it to the displayAddressInfo() method. Review Figure
6-4 on page 216, which illustrates this—the best solution.

5. Show Figure 6-5 on page 217, which illustrates how the billing program might look
when executed in a command-line environment.
An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design, Fourth Edition 6-6

6. Discuss the items that must be included within the method header’s parentheses: the
type of parameter and local name for the parameter.

7. Review that in the program in Figure 6-4, the value of the balance is stored in two
places in memory; main() stores it in the variable balance and passes it to
displayAddressInfo()as an argument. Note that the
displayAddressInfo() method accepts the parameter as amountDue.

Understanding the Difference between Passing Arguments by Value and by

Reference
1. Explain two ways of passing an argument into a method: passing by value and passing
by reference.

2. Mention that most of the time, an argument is passed by value, forcing the method to
contain its own copy of the value.

3. Clarify that the displayAddressInfo()method could be called using any numeric

value as an argument: a variable, a named constant, or a literal constant.

4. Explain that the name of the variable passed in can be either the same or different as the
parameter in the method header.

5. Go through the logic in the program shown in Figure 6-6 on page 219, as an example of
passing an argument by value. Figure 6-7 shows the execution of the program in Figure
6-6.

6. Describe what is meant by implementation hiding: the encapsulation of method details

within a class. In short, a program or method need not know the details of how a called
method works—only what information should be sent and returned. Note that this is
called the interface to the method. Explain that a method’s signature is the combination
of the method’s name and its parameter list.

7. Mention that the calling method is called a method’s client.

8. Explain that some programming languages allow you to pass arguments by reference,
which gives the receiving method the address of the original variable rather than a copy
of its value. The way this is accomplished differs among programming languages but
typically involves placing a special symbol or specified keyword within the parentheses
in the method header.
An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design, Fourth Edition 6-7

Explain that the declaration of the argument in the method header is similar to
Teaching the declaration of a data item variable in the class. It is different, however, in that
Tip the argument can only be used within the body of the method, and its value must
be supplied when the method is called. That is, a value is assigned to an
argument when the method is invoked, and the argument does not retain its value
once the method is finished executing.

Creating Methods that Require Multiple Parameters

1. Explain that a method can require more than one parameter. Describe how to create and
use a method with multiple parameters using the bulleted list on page 220.

2. Use Figure 6-8 on page 221 to illustrate a call to a computeTax() method using two
values: the amount to be taxed and a percentage by which to tax it. Step through the
program logic, emphasizing variable declarations and use. Use the discussion on pages
221–222 as a guide.

3. Stress that a method invocation with multiple arguments requires that the arguments
passed in match the method’s argument declaration in number, type, and order.

Teaching The arguments sent to a method in a method call are often referred to as actual
Tip parameters. The variables in a method declaration that accept values from the
actual parameters are called the formal parameters.

Creating Methods that Return a Value

1. Review what is meant when a variable goes out of scope.

2. Explain that if a programmer wants to retain a value that exists in a method, the
programmer can send the value back to the calling method. To do this, the method must
have a return type. Explain that a return type could be numeric, character, or string, as
well as other types that exist in the programming language you are using.

3. Define a void method, and explain that a method type is indicated in front of the method
name when the method is defined.

A method with arguments and a non-void return type can be compared to a food
Teaching processor. You provide input (food) to the food processor, press a button to
Tip “execute” it, and the food processor returns something that is probably in a
different form than it was when you put it in! The food processor manipulated
the input and provided something in return.
An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design, Fourth Edition 6-8

4. Use Figure 6-9 on pages 224–225 to illustrate a method returning a value. Step through
the program logic, emphasizing the returning variables’ declarations and use. Use the
discussion on page 225 as a guide.

5. Mention that a method’s declared return type must match the type of the value used in
the return statement; if it does not, the program will not compile.

6. Note that a called method may return a value directly to the calling method without
storing it. Use Figure 6-10 on page 226 to illustrate an example of a main() method
that uses a method’s returned value in an arithmetic statement directly without storing
it.

7. Explain that in most programming languages, including multiple return statements in a

method is allowed but not recommended. For example, consider the findLargest()
method illustrated in Figure 6-11 on page 227. Step through the program logic,
emphasizing the returning variables’ declarations and use. Use the discussion on pages
226–227 as a guide.

8. Note the problem that exists in Figure 6-11. The problem involves a violation of
structured logic, requiring each structure to contain one entry point and one exit point
by leaving the decision structure before it is complete.

9. Use Figure 6-12 on page 228 to illustrate a solution to the problem in Figure 6-11. Step
through the program logic, noting that the largest value is stored in a variable. Then,
when the decision structure is complete, the stored value is returned.

Passing an Array to a Method

1. Explain how a programmer can pass a single array element to a method in exactly the
same manner as the programmer would pass a variable or constant. A passed array
element is passed by value; the receiving method receives a copy.

2. Describe that instead of passing an array element, you can pass an entire array as an
argument. Explain that arrays are passed by reference and that changes made to the
array in the called method are permanently reflected in the array.

3. Review the program in Figure 6-13 on pages 230–231, which creates an array of four
numeric values and passes the array to methods three times. Use the bulleted list on
page 229 to talk through these three calls.

4. Show the program’s output in Figure 6-14 on page 238.

An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design, Fourth Edition 6-9

Quick Quiz 1
1. ____ are the data items sent to methods.
Answer: Arguments

2. ____ are the data items received by methods.

Answer: Parameters

3. True or False: A method’s arguments must be declared with the argument type before
the argument name.
Answer: True

4. Which method return type does not return a value?

A. numeric
B. string
C. void
Answer: C

5. When passing values to arguments in a method, the values must match the argument
declarations in which three ways?
Answer: number, type, and order

6. What is the minimum number of arguments that a method may have?

A. 0
B. 1
C. more than 1
Answer: A

Overloading Methods
1. Describe what is meant by overloading.

2. Discuss the process of “overloading a method.” Specifically, the programmer writes

multiple methods with a shared name but different parameter lists. The compiler
understands the meaning based on the arguments used when the method is called.

3. Use Figure 6-15 on page 233 to show a method that prints a message and the amount
due on a customer bill. The method receives a numeric parameter that represents the
customer’s balance and prints two lines of output. A second version that receives two
parameters is also shown in the figure. Step through the two programs to illustrate
overloading.

4. Use Figure 6-16 on page 234 to show two more versions of the printBill method:
one that uses two arguments and one that uses three. Step through the logic in each.
An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design, Fourth Edition 6-10

5. Note that overloading a method is never required, but the advantage to the method’s
clients is that they need only keep track of a single method name rather than multiple
names.

Teaching Overloading a method is an example of polymorphism—the ability of a method

Tip to act appropriately depending on the context. Literally, polymorphism means
“many forms.”

Avoiding Ambiguous Methods

1. Explain an ambiguous method and how overloading a method creates a risk of creating
ambiguous methods.

2. Use Figure 6-17 on pages 236–237 to illustrate a program that contains an ambiguous
method call. Step through the program, explaining that each of the two versions of
printBill() in Figure 6-17 is a valid method on its own. However, when the two
versions exist in the same class, the compiler cannot determine which version to
execute.

3. Stress that the compiler determines which version of a method to call based on
argument data types only, not their identifiers.

All of the popular object-oriented programming languages support multiple

Teaching numeric data types. For example, Java, C#, C++, and Visual Basic all support
Tip integer (whole number) data types that are different than floating-point (decimal
place) data types. Many languages have even more specialized numeric types,
such as signed and unsigned. Methods that accept different specific types are
correctly overloaded.

Using Predefined Methods

1. Explain that all modern languages provide predefined methods. Discuss the sources of
such methods, using the bulleted list on page 238.

2. Explain that using predefined methods saves time and effort. Give the example of
methods that print “Hello” on the screen, using the statements on page 238.

3. Describe that most programming languages contain various methods that do

mathematical operations.
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An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design, Fourth Edition 6-11

4. Describe the three things a programmer needs to know when using predefined methods,
using the bulleted list on page 239.

Teaching Note that a programmer does not need to know how a built-in method is
Tip implemented—that is, how the instruction statements are written within it. Built-
in methods are usually black boxes. You can use built-in methods without
worrying about their low-level implementation details.

Quick Quiz 2
1. True or False: A programmer can pass a single array element to a method in exactly the
same manner as passing a variable or constant.
Answer: True

2. True or False: An entire array is too big and impossible to pass as a variable to a called
method.
Answer: False

3. When an item is ____ to a method, the method receives the actual memory address
item.
Answer: passed by reference

4. ____ involves supplying diverse meanings for a single item.

Answer: Overloading

5. Which of the following items best describes a parameter list?

A. When multiple parameters appear in a method header
B. When variables and constants are known to an entire class
C. The arguments in a method
D. The variables in the method declaration that accept the values from the actual
parameters
Answer: A

6. Which of the following items best describes actual parameters?

A. When multiple parameters appear in a method header
B. When variables and constants are known to an entire class
C. The arguments in a method
D. The variables in the method declaration that accept the values from the actual
parameters
Answer: C
An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design, Fourth Edition 6-12

7. Which of the following items best describes formal parameters?

A. When multiple parameters appear in a method header
B. When variables and constants are known to an entire class
C. The arguments in a method
D. The variables in the method declaration that accept the values from the actual
parameters
Answer: D

Class Discussion Topics

1. Ask students to consider when it might be desirable to have an argument returned as
void. Ask the students to think about a real-life example. Why does an object-oriented
programming language allow this? What is its real purpose?

2. Discuss the concept of reusability and how to design for reusability. Have the students
consider the actions they take to complete a homework assignment in a specific course
and determine if any similar actions are taken to complete homework in another course.
For example, “open book” and “read book” are two activities that are probably common
to many homework assignments. Discuss how these activities could be represented as
generic, reusable methods with arguments.

Additional Projects
1. Have the student select an object-oriented language of his or her choice and research the
various specifics of variable definition and use within that language. Have the student
write a short report and present it to the class.

2. Have the student write the pseudocode and a flowchart diagramming the process of
calculating student grades at the end of the semester. Ask the student to focus on
incorporating a called method (or two) and consider the variable declarations for doing
this.

Additional Resources
1. Methods (C# Programming Guide):
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms173114.aspx

2. Method (computer science): Wikipedia:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_(programming)

3. Passing Arrays as Arguments:

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hyfeyz71.aspx

4. Passing Arguments by Value and by Reference (Visual Basic):

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ddck1z30.aspx
An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design, Fourth Edition 6-13

5. Built-in classes and methods (Ruby):

www.phrogz.net/ProgrammingRuby/builtins.html

Key Terms
 Abstraction is the process of paying attention to important properties while ignoring
nonessential details.
 Actual parameters are the arguments in a method call.
 Ambiguous methods are overloaded methods for which the compiler cannot determine
which version to use.
 Arguments are the data items sent to methods.
 Calling or invoking a method causes it to execute.
 Encapsulation is the feature of methods that provides for their instructions and data to
be contained in the method.
 Formal parameters are the variables in the method declaration that accept the values
from the actual parameters.
 Functional cohesion describes the extent to which a method’s statements contribute to
the same task.
 Functional decomposition is the act of reducing a large program into more manageable
methods.
 Global variables and constants are known to an entire class.
 Implementation hiding is a principle of object-oriented programming that describes
the encapsulation of method details within a class.
 In scope describes items that are visible in a method.
 The interface to a method includes the method’s return type, name, and arguments.
The interface is the part that a client sees and uses.
 Local describes data items that are usable only within the method in which they are
declared.
 A method body contains all of the statements in a method.
 The method declaration consists of the return type and signature of the method.
 A method header is the first line of a method. It is the entry point to a method, and it
provides an identifier, parameter list, and frequently, other information.
 A method’s client is a program or other method that uses the method.
 A method’s return statement marks the end of the method and identifies the point at
which control returns to the calling method.
 A method’s type is its return type.
 Modularization is the process of converting a large program into a set of shorter
methods.
 Modules are small program units that are combined to make programs. Programmers
also refer to modules as subroutines, procedures, functions, or methods.
 Out of scope describes data items that are no longer visible to a method.
 When you overload a method, you write multiple methods with a shared name but
different parameter lists.
 Overloading involves supplying diverse meanings for a single identifier.
 A parameter list is the list of parameters in a method header.
 Parameters are the data items received by methods.
 Passed by reference describes parameters received by a method as memory addresses.
 Passed by value describes parameters received by a method as a copy.
An Object-Oriented Approach to Programming Logic and Design, Fourth Edition 6-14

 Polymorphism is the ability of a method to act appropriately depending on the context.

 Portable program features are those that are self-contained units that are easily
transported to other applications.
 Reliability is the feature of programs and methods that assures you each has been tested
and proven to function correctly.
 A method’s return type is the data type for any value it returns.
 Reusability is the feature of modular programs that allows individual methods to be
used in a variety of applications.
 A signature is a method’s name and parameter list.
 The stack holds the memory addresses to which method calls should return.
 Visible describes items that are in scope for a method.
 A void method returns no value.
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Koko Jylhälinna raikui noiden vierasten äänistä ja nopeista

liikkeistä, laulunliverryksistä, hippasilla olosta ja ikuisista ulkoilma-
leikeistä. Ja näille suloisille suvivieraille syntyi kesän kuluessa monta
kymmentä pienokaista, jotka pian nekin leijuivat ja heijailivat linnan
korkeassa kartanossa. Kuninkaan lapset Villi ja Lilli olivat hyvin
ihastuneita näihin leikkitovereihin.
 — Meillä on kesävieraita! puheli herra kuningas kaikille
sivupurjehtiville kalamiehille. — Ne ovat ylhäistä etelän väkeä, jotka
haluavat viettää kesänsä täällä Pohjantähden valtiossa.

— Vai niin, vai niin! kummastelivat ukot, toivottivat onnea ja

hiipivät kunnioittaen matkoihinsa etteivät suinkaan häiritsisi…

— Kuulkaa, meillä on kesävieraita! huudahteli rouva kuningatarkin

naapurin akoille. — Emme me jouda minnekkään eikä liioin
halutakkaan. Meidän kesävieraamme ovat hyvin elämänhaluista
väkeä, jotka ilahduttavat koko linnan piirin.

Kun sekä kuningas että kuningatar näin juttelivat kaikille

sivukulkeville, niin pianpa levisi huhu ympäri maailmaa että
Jylhälinnassa on kesävieraita ja että siellä vietetään iloista elämää
omassa keskuudessa. Ja tästä huhusta oli niin ihmeellinen seuraus
että seuraavana kesänä Jylhälinnaan alkoi saapua muitakin vieraita,
niitä kuninkaita ja keisareita ja muita korkeita, jotka halusivat
tervehtiä Jylhälinnan erakkoväkeä.

Elämä Jylhälinnassa muuttui vuosi vuodelta hauskemmaksi!

Eräänä päivänä herra kuningas sentään, parvekkeellaan istuen,

kun oli saanut keskustella kyllikseen vertaistansa kanssa, virkahti
ääneen:

— Mutta pääskysistä minä sittenkin enin pidän. Niihin ei koskaan

kyllästy. Eivät ne koskaan juorua, laulavat vain ja ylistävät luojaa
kuin oikeat Jumalan lapset. Ja ne ne juuri ovatkin meidän parhaat
kesävieraamme.
 — Niin minustakin! sanoi kuningatar. Mutta kuninkaan lapset
huomauttivat että kyllä sentään vapaaherratar Etelä Napasen
lapsetkin Piltti ja Kiltti olivat hyvin hauskoja kesävieraita.

Semmoinen se nyt vain on tämä tarina, jotta me kaikki

käsittäisimme, kuinka tärkeätä on rakentaa kotinsa niin että siinä
viihtyy, vaikka se piilisi kuinka kaukana tahansa Pohjantähden
valtakunnassa.

21.

Kummitus on kultainen herra!

Eräänä syksyiltana olivat lapset kovin kärsimättömät ja sentähden

äiti kysyi hiukan hermostuneesti:

— Mitä te tahdotte?

Mutta lapset eivät vastanneet, vaan kärtyilivät ja potkivat ja

juonittelivat.

— Jospa Jumala teitä auttaisi! sanoi silloin äiti.

Sattuipa Jumala tosiaan kuulemaan äidin rukouksen ja hän lähetti

herra
Kummituksen lastenkamariin huvittamaan lapsia.

Lapset eivät ennen olleet nähneet Kummitusta eivätkä uskoneet

että sellaista oli olemassakaan, mutta nytpä he näkivät. Kummitus oli
puettu pitkään yöpaitaan ja hänellä oli pitkävartinen piippu
suupielessä ja tuohipollot jaloissa. Eivätkä kasvonsa näyttäneet
kovinkaan pelottavilta…

— Mitä te oikein tahdotte? kysyi Kummitus aivan niinkuin äitikin.

Lapset katsoivat toisiinsa veitikkamaisesti. He iskivät silmää

Kummitukselle ja utelivat:

— Annatkos sitten mitä tahdomme?

— Tottakaiketi! vastasi Kummitus iloisesti puhaltaen savuja. —

Pyytäkää mitä tahansa, niin huomenna kello 8 aamulla se asia
tapahtuu.

Lapset tulivat nyt kovin hiljaisiksi ja miettiväisiksi.

Mitä ihmettä tuolta herralta arvaisikaan pyytää!

Vihdoin sanoi Leila, vanhin tyttö:

— Jos saisi oikein paljon perunoita?

— Saathan niitä! vastasi Kummitus.

— Ja minä tahtoisin tynnyrin siirappia, pyysi toinen tyttö, jonka

nimi oli Heila.

— Saathan sitä, hyvä lapsi! lupasi herra Kummitus.

— En minä tahdo perunoita enkä siirappia, huusi poika nimeltä

Pulski, vaan minä haluan lentää kuin harakka.

— Sekin käy päinsä! lupasi Kummitus ja kumarsi pojalle.

 — Mutta minä tahdon oppia latinaa, sanoi tuimasti toinen pikku
poika, jonka nimi oli Korski.

— Soronoo! sanoi Kummitus muka venäjäksi ja hymyili.

— Mitäs tämä pikku tyttö tahtoo? kuiskasi Kummitus ja kumartui

silittelemään pikku Keijua, joka ei vielä osannut puhuakaan kuin pari
sanaa.

— Suolakallaa-pullaa! sopersi pikku Keiju vilkuttaen sinisiä

silmiään.

— Hyvä, hyvä! lupasi herra Kummitus, mutta Leila selitti että Keiju
suolakalalla tarkoitti ainoastaan lettuja.

— Sama se! suhisi Kummitus.

— Pitääkös tuolle lullulapselle jotain antaa? kysyi Kummitus

kuudennesta lapsesta, jonka nimi oli Viikko.

— Jos se pääsisi Saksan keisariksi? ehdotti Heila.

— Mainiosti! sanoi herra Kummitus ja kumarsi Heilalle. Ja sitten

hän hyvin kohteliaasti ja naurussasuin kumarsi koko lapsilaumalle ja
hävisi pois uuninpiipun kautta.

Lapset olivat kovasti jännityksissään ja söivät kiltisti illallisensa.

Hyvin varhain he myös menivät nukkumaan että jaksaisivat
huomenna…

Aamulla kello 7 kaikki heräsivät ja katselivat ympärilleen. Eipäs

mitään näkynyt? Mutta äiti kiirehti: pian pöksyt päälle, kyllä
Kummitus täyttää lupauksensa.
 Kello löi jo 8. Ei vieläkään mitään?

— Minulla on hirveästi nälkä! sanoi Leila.

— Ja minulla myös! sanoi Heila, joka aina matki Leilaa.

Mutta pikkupojat Pulski ja Korski juoksivat ulos "pikkukamariin",

vaikkeivät vielä olleet suurustaneetkaan…

Pojat viipyivät niin kauvan "pikkukamarissa" että kello pirtissä jo

helisi 8:aa.

Samalla tapahtui se ihme, minkä Kummitus eilisiltana oli luvannut.

Pulski poika muuttui harakaksi siinä istuessaan, rupesi räpyttämään
siipiään, leiskuttamaan pyrstöään ja nauraa räkätti kovasti.

Korski veli puolestaan päästeli paljasta latinaa:

— Ille ego qui quondam gracili modulatus…

Pulski lensi harakkana pirtin ovelle ja Korski marssi hänen

perässään, latinankieltä rompottaen. Hik hek hok! Hik hek hok!
Mutta kun Korski avasi pirtin oven jotta veli harakka pääsisi sisään,
niin voi hirveätä: höyryäviä perunoita vyöryi heitä vastaan, niitä oli
ainakin kolme nurkkaa täynnä ja yhä lisää näytti pyörivän padasta.
Sisko Leila istui leveänä pirtin pöydän ääressä ja ammensi perunoita
molemmilla käsillään, vieläpä varpaillaankin, ja söi, söi, söi… Mutta
neljännessä pirtin loukossa seisoi Heila tyttö ja latki suuresta
tynnyristä silkkaa siirappia. Vaan toisessa huoneessa oli pikku Keiju
kontallaan lattialla ja nuoleskeli lettuja, joita tippui laipiosta; toisessa
kädessä oli tytöllä pullaa, toisessa suolakalaa. Vaan salongissa,
ruusunkukkien keskellä istui komeana ja mahtavana pikku Viikko —
"Saksan keisari", joka poltteli hienoa sikaaria…
 Saksan keisari tietysti puhui paljasta saksaa:

Essen aass gegessen!

Trinken trank getrunken!

Johon veli Korski, päremiekkaansa heiluttaen, ylpeänä kuin vanha

roomalainen, vastasi latinaksi:

Ave Caesar, morituri te salutant!

Pulski poika, joka oli muuttunut harakaksi, ei ymmärtänyt

sanaakaan latinaa eikä saksaa, mutta hän nauroi suomeksi:

Ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-haa!

Rä-kä-kä-kä-kää!

Mutta kun äiti näki oman rakkaan poikansa harakkana

räkättämässä ja pyrstöään keikuttamassa, niin äidille tuli kyynelet
silmiin:

— Hyvä Jumala, miksikä sinä halusit harakaksi?

Mutta Pulski vastasi vain:

Hahahahahaa! Räkäkäkäkää! ja lensi kaikkien huoneitten läpi ja

pirtin ovesta ulos ja sitten suoraan korkeimman petäjän latvaan.

— Voi rakas Pulski, huusi äiti perään, elä vaan putoa! Mutta Pulski
keikutti pyrstöään ja nauraa räkätti vastaan.

— Tule syömään perunoita ja suolakalaa! huusi äiti harakka-

pojalleen, hopealusikka kädessä, ja harakka tulikin lentäen huimaa
vauhtia, vaan kun huomasi hopealusikan, niin sieppasi sen äidin
kädestä ja lensi sitä kyytiä järven toiselle puolelle.

— Eihän tästä nyt tule mitään! huokasi äiti ja katui että oli
tuskastunut lapsiin eilisiltana ja saanut Kummituksen kujeilemaan.

Mutta mikäs auttoikaan: Koko pirtti kuohui täynnänsä perunoita ja

siirappi juoksi sekaan pitkin lattioita ja siinä kihisi sohjussa
suunnaton määrä suolakaloja ja nisupullia ynnä lettuja, vaikka
koettivatkin ne lapsirukat syödä hotsia minkä kitoihin mahtui.

— Keisari! tule syömään! hätäili äiti, — ja Korski! syö sinäkin eläkä

rompota roomaasi, muuten tässä hukutaan koko talo!

Mutta Saksan keisari vain veteli hienoa sikaaria ruusunkukkien

keskellä ja aina vähänväliä ryyppäsi kauniista pullosta, joka kai oli
hapanta Reinin viiniä, ja vastasi ylimielisesti:

Ich weiss nicht was soll es bedeuten! johon Korski

päremiekkaansa mitellen säesti:

Quo usque tandem abutere patientia nostra?

Äidistä tämä oppineisuus oli jo liikaa! Mutta se perunain paljous ja

se siirapin sotku ja suolakalan katku häntä niin kauhistutti, että
hänen täytyi juosta ulos talosta piikatytöt perässään, jotteivät
uppoaisi ruoan sekaan. Lapset yksin jäivät taloon paitsi Pulski, joka
yhä harakkana lenteli edestakaisin järven yli.

— Kummitus! Kummitus! Tule pelastamaan! huusi äiti, vaan ei

Kummitusta vielä näkynyt. Mutta kun Saksan keisari älysi että äidillä
tosiaan oli hätä ja että lopulta kaikki hukkuvat, niin hän nousi ylös
ruusunkukkien keskeltä ja astui parvekkeelle ja huusi metsään
(tietysti saksaksi, mutta minä sen sanon suomeksi) että:

Armeijani tänne! Mars! Ein zwei drei! Silloin tulivat metsästä kaikki
hiiret ja myyrät ja kärpät ja oravat ja alkoivat siivota pirttiä
perunoista. Leila ja Heila ja Keiju läksivät pakoon, kun sellainen
elukkajoukko ryntäsi pirttiin. Mutta kun herra Kummitus näki että
talossa oli aikamoinen sekamelska, niin jo juoksi hänkin hätään ja
kohennusraudalla hätisteli koko Saksan keisarin sota-armeijan ulos
pirtistä, viskasi siirappitynnyrin alas mäestä, pisteli letut ja pullat ja
suolakalat omiin taskuihinsa, kiipesi sitten uuninpiipun päälle katolle,
paukutteli kämmeniään yhteen ja alkoi loitsia:

Hus hus Humulan lapset!

Järjestykseen! Järjestykseen!
Leila leilaksi! Heila heilaksi!
Harakka kotiin! Keiju pirttiin!
Kaikki yhteen joukkoon!
Korskilta latinat loukkoon!
Keisarilta virka pois!…

Ja samalla tuli koko talonväki ihan entiselleen, harakalta putosivat

siivet pirtin portaille, Keiju kävellä tepsutteli leperrellen
lastenhuoneessa, Korskilta unohtui latinan oppi, Leila ja Heila
alkoivat leikkiä nukkiensa kanssa ja Keisari perähuoneessa — meni
lulluun.

Kun äiti vähänpäästä palvelustyttöjen kanssa palasi pirttiin, niin

hän hyvällä mielellä hymähti ja suuteli kaikkia lapsiaan.

— Oliko se hauskaa? kyseli äiti.

 Mutta lapset eivät enää muistaneet hölynpölyä. Vasta sitten kun
isä illalla saapui kotiin kylältä ja pitkässä yöpaidassa, tuohipollot
jaloissa ja piippu suussa tuli kertomaan lapsille, minkälaista unta hän
oli nähnyt viime yönä Kummituksesta, vasta silloin lapset rupesivat
muistelemaan aivankuin he tosiaankin olisivat olleet herra
Kummituksen kanssa tekemisissä. Mutta isä puhalsi lauhkeita savuja
pitkästä piipustaan ja tuumiskeli:

— Kummitus on kultainen herra!

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