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Other documents randomly have
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which I have previously referred to. That one portion of the missile
and judging by the size of the defect thus produced, the major
portion of the missile, made its exit through this large defect.
A second portion of the missile or multiple second portions were
deflected, and traversed a distance as enumerated by this
interrupted line, with the major portion of that fragment coming to
lodge in the position indicated.
Perhaps some of these minor fragments were dislodged from the
major one as it traversed this course.
To better examine the situation with regard to the skull, at this
time, Dr. Boswell and I extended the lacerations of the scalp which
were at the margins of this wound, down in the direction of both of
the President's ears. At that point, we had even a better appreciation
of the extensive damage which had been done to the skull by this
injury.
We had to do virtually no work with a saw to remove these
portions of the skull, they came apart in our hands very easily, and
we attempted to further examine the brain, and seek specifically this
fragment which was the one we felt to be of a size which would
permit us to recover it.
Mr. Specter. When you refer to this fragment, and you are
pointing there, are you referring to the fragment depicted right
above the President's right eye?
Commander Humes. Yes, sir; above and somewhat behind the
President's eye.
Mr. Specter. Will you proceed, then, to tell us what you did then?
Commander Humes. Yes, sir. We dissected carefully in this region
and in fact located this small fragment, which was in a defect in the
brain tissue in just precisely this location.
Mr. Specter. How large was that fragment, Dr. Humes?
 Commander Humes. I refer to my notes for the measurements of
that fragment.
I find in going back to my report, sir, that we found, in fact, two
small fragments in this approximate location. The larger of these
measured 7 by 2 mm., the smaller 3 by 1 mm.
To make my presentation of this wound of the skull more logical
to the Commission, I would like to go forward in time that evening
to at a later hour. I apologize—time and what happened exactly at
what moment escapes me at this time.
I mentioned previously that there was a large bony defect. Some
time later on that evening or very early the next morning while we
were all still engaged in continuing our examination, I was presented
with three portions of bone which had been brought to Washington
from Dallas by the agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
These were——
Mr. Specter. Might that have been by a Secret Service agent?
Commander Humes. It could be, sir; these things——
Mr. Specter. At any rate, someone presented these three pieces
of bone to you?
Commander Humes. Someone presented these three pieces of
bone to me, I do not recall specifically their statement as to where
they had been recovered.
It seems to me they felt it had been recovered either in the
street or in the automobile, I don't recall specifically.
We were most interested in these fragments of bone, and found
that the three pieces could be roughly put together to account for a
portion of this defect.
Mr. Specter. How much remained unaccounted for, Dr. Humes?
Commander Humes. I would estimate that approximately one-
quarter of that defect was unaccounted for by adding these three
fragments together and seeing what was left.
This is somewhat difficult, because as back to when we were
actually looking for the fragments of metal, as we moved the scalp
about, fragments of various sizes would fall to the table, and so
forth, so it was difficult to put that exact figure into words.
However, the thing which we considered of importance about
these three fragments of bone was that at the margins of one of
them which was roughly pyramidal in shape, there was a portion of
the circumference of what we interpreted as a missile wound. We
thus interpreted it this because there was, the size was, sufficiently
large for us, for it to have the curve of the skull still evident. At the
point of this defect, and I will draw both tables of the bone in this
defect, at the area which we interpreted as the margin of a missile
wound, there was a shelving of the margin.
This would, to us, mean that a missile had made this wound
from within the skull to the exterior. To confirm that this was a
missile wound, X-rays were made of that fragment of bone, which
showed radio-opaque material consistent and similar in character to
the particles seen within the skull to be deposited in the margins of
this defect, in this portion of the bone.
Mr. Specter. Then what conclusion did you reach as to what
caused that hole reconstructed from the three portions of the late
President's scalp?
Commander Humes. We reached the conclusion a missile entered
the left—the right posterior inferior portion——
Mr. Specter. Doctor, perhaps it would be helpful if you would refer
to that as letter "A" and the exit as letter "B", so that the record is
clear on those two points and perhaps it will be helpful to your
description as well.
And would you mark them as well, with a pencil?
Commander Humes. That is not entry for the second.
Mr. Specter. Exit for the second?
 Commander Humes. I will label 388 with the letter "A" to indicate
our opinion as to the wound of entrance into the skull.
I will label as Point "B" the area of exit of a portion of the missile
that entered posteriorly. I say a portion because a small fragment
was seen in the position previously noted which was recovered.
However, we concluded that a very significant portion, perhaps
the largest portion, made its exit and accounted for this very large
defect for the multiple fractures of the skull and for the loss of brain
and scalp tissue at this point.
Mr. Specter. Will you describe at this juncture the damage which
was inflicted upon the brain, please?
Commander Humes. May I refer at this point to the gross
description of the brain prepared separately?
Mr. Specter. Certainly, Dr. Humes, if you prefer to do it in that
order.
Commander Humes. I believe you have that. It is the second
portion of the report.
Mr. Specter. Yes, sir. I can make that available to you here.
Commander Humes. While that is being provided, when we
reflected the scalp away from the badly damaged skull, and removed
some of these loosened portions of skull bone, we were able to see
this large defect in the right cerebral hemisphere. It corresponded
roughly in size with the greatest diameter of the defect in the scalp
measuring some 13 cm.
Mr. Specter. May the record now show I am handing to you, Dr.
Humes, an exhibit marked Commission Exhibit 391, and will you
identify what that is, please, Doctor?
Commander Humes. Exhibit 391 is listed as a supplementary
report on the autopsy of the late President Kennedy, and was
prepared some days after the examination.
 This delay necessitated by, primarily, our desire to have the brain
better fixed with formaldehyde before we proceeded further with the
examination of the brain which is a standard means of approach to
study of the brain.
The brain in its fresh state does not lend itself well to
examination.
From my notes of the examination, at the time of the post-
mortem examination, we noted that clearly visible in the large skull
defect and exuding from it was lacerated brain tissue which, on close
inspection proved to represent the major portion of the right
cerebral hemisphere.
We also noted at this point that the flocculus cerebri was
extensively lacerated and that the superior sagittal sinus which is a
venous blood containing channel in the top of the meninges was
also lacerated.
To continue to answer your question with regard to the damage
of the brain, following the formal infixation, Dr. Boswell, Dr. Finck
and I convened to examine the brain in this state.
We also prepared photographs of the brain from several aspects
to depict the extent of these injuries.
We found that the right cerebral hemisphere was markedly
disrupted. There was a longitudinal laceration of the right
hemisphere which was parasagittal in position. By the saggital plane,
as you may know, is a plane in the midline which would divide the
brain into right and left halves.
This laceration was parasagittal. It was situated approximately
2.5 cm. to the right of the midline, and extended from the tip of
occipital lobe, which is the posterior portion of the brain, to the tip of
the frontal lobe which is the most anterior portion of the brain, and
it extended from the top down to the substance of the brain a
distance of approximately 5 or 6 cm.
 The base of the laceration was situated approximately 4.5 cm.
below the vertex in the white matter. By the vertex we mean—the
highest point on the skull is referred to as the vertex.
The area in which the greatest loss of brain substance was
particularly in the parietal lobe, which is the major portion of the
right cerebral hemisphere.
The margins of this laceration at all points were jagged and
irregular, with additional lacerations extending in varying directions
and for varying distances from the main laceration.
In addition, there was a laceration of the corpus callosum which
is a body of fibers which connects the two hemispheres of the brain
to each other, which extended from the posterior to the anterior
portion of this structure, that is the corpus callosum. Exposed in this
laceration were portions of the ventricular system in which the spinal
fluid normally is disposed within the brain.
When viewed from above the left cerebral hemisphere was
intact. There was engorgement of blood vessels in the meninges
covering the brain. We note that the gyri and sulci, which are the
convolutions of the brain over the left hemisphere were of normal
size and distribution.
Those on the right were too fragmented and distorted for
satisfactory description.
When the brain was turned over and viewed from its basular or
inferior aspect, there was found a longitudinal laceration of the mid-
brain through the floor of the third ventricle, just behind the optic
chiasma and the mammillary bodies.
This laceration partially communicates with an oblique 1.5 cm.
tear through the left cerebral peduncle. This is a portion of the brain
which connects the higher centers of the brain with the spinal cord
which is more concerned with reflex actions.
There were irregular superficial lacerations over the basular or
inferior aspects of the left temporal and frontal lobes. We interpret
that these later contusions were brought about when the disruptive
force of the injury pushed that portion of the brain against the
relative intact skull.
This has been described as contre-coup injury in that location.
This, then, I believe, Mr. Specter, are the major points with
regard to the President's head wound.
Mr. Specter. Do you have an opinion, Dr. Humes, as to whether
there were dumdum bullets used specifically on this wound which
struck point "A" of the head, on 388?
Commander Humes. I believe these were not dumdum bullets, Mr.
Specter. A dumdum bullet is a term that has been used to describe
various missiles which have a common characteristic of fragmenting
extensively upon striking.
Mr. Specter. Would you characterize the resultant effect on this
bullet as not extensive fragmenting?
Commander Humes. Yes. Had this wound on point "A" on Exhibit
388 been inflicted by a dumdum bullet, I would anticipate that it
would not have anything near the regular contour and outline which
it had. I also would anticipate that the skull would have been much
more extensively disrupted, and not have, as was evident in this
case, a defect which quite closely corresponded to the overlying skin
defect because that type of a missile would fragment on contact and
be much more disruptive at this point.
Mr. Specter. At this point would you state for the record the size
and approximate dimension of the major wound on the top of the
head which you have marked wound "B"?
Commander Humes. This was so large, that localization of it in a
descriptive way is somewhat difficult.
However, we have mentioned that its major—its greatest
dimension was approximately 13 cm. The reason it was difficult to
measure is that various fracture lines extend out from it in a quite
irregular fashion, but it was approximately 13 cm.
 Mr. McCloy. This red that is marked on 388 on the base of the
skull, is that seepage or what?
Commander Humes. No, sir; that is to depict the musculature at
the base of the neck.
Mr. McCloy. I see.
Commander Humes. That is not taken to depict the blood, sir.
Mr. Specter. On the reconstruction of the three portions of the
scalp which you described——
Commander Humes. Skull, sir.
Mr. Specter. Skull, which enabled you to reconstruct a point of
exit of the bullet, will you state at this point of the record that size of
opening or exit path of the bullet?
Commander Humes. As I mentioned previously, at one angle of
this largest pyramidal shaped fragments of bone which came as a
separate specimen, we had the portion of the perimeter of a roughly
what we would judge to have been a roughly circular wound of exit.
Judging from that portion of the perimeter which was available to
us, we would have judged the diameter of that wound to be
between 2.5 and 3 cm.
Mr. Specter. Doctor Humes, have you now described the major
characteristics and features of the wounds to the late President's
head?
Commander Humes. I believe that I have, sir.
Mr. Specter. All right. Will you now turn your attention, please to
the wound which is noted on 385 and 386 being at the——
Mr. McCloy. Before we leave that, could I ask a question?
When you talk about dumdum bullets, do you include the
ordinary type of soft nose sporting bullets, maybe this is something
that Colonel Finck would be more expert on, but was that, was the
bullet, could it possibly have been a sporting type of hunting bullet
that has a soft nose but is still somewhat firm?
Commander Humes. From the characteristics of this wound, Mr.
McCloy, I would believe that it must have had a very firm head
rather than a soft head.
Mr. McCloy. Steel jacketed, would you say, copper jacketed
bullet?
Commander Humes. I believe more likely a jacketed bullet
because of the regular outline which was present.
Mr. McCloy. All right.
Mr. Dulles. Could I ask a question?
The Chairman. Mr. Dulles.
Mr. Dulles. Believing that we know the type of bullet that was
usable in this gun, would this be the type of wound that might result
from that kind of a bullet?
Commander Humes. I believe so, sir.
Mr. Dulles. If my question is clear——
Commander Humes. Yes, sir; it is.
Mr. Dulles. We think we know what the bullet is, we may be
wrong but we think we know what it was, is this wound consistent
with that type of bullet?
Commander Humes. Quite consistent, sir.
Mr. McCloy. There is no evidence of any keyholing of the bullet
before it hit, before the point of impact?
Commander Humes. I don't exactly follow your question.
Mr. McCloy. Was the bullet moving in a direct line or had it begun
to tumble?
Commander Humes. To tumble?
 That is a difficult question to answer. I have the opinion,
however, that it was more likely moving in a direct line. You will note
that the wound in the posterior portion of the occiput on Exhibit 388
is somewhat longer than the other missile wound which we have not
yet discussed in the low neck. We believe that rather than due to a
tumbling effect, this is explainable on the fact that this missile struck
the skin and skull at a more tangential angle than did the other
missile, and, therefore, produced a more elongated defect, sir.
Senator Cooper. May I ask a question there? Perhaps you have
done this, but if not, how would you explain the difference of the
courses of the fragments which you traced and described as, I think,
being discovered behind the right eye?
Commander Humes. Yes, sir.
Senator Cooper. And the course of the fragment which was
believed caused the large defect?
Commander Humes. Caused the large defect?
Senator Cooper. How do you explain——
Commander Humes. The discrepancy?
Senator Cooper. The difference in the courses.
Commander Humes. Yes, sir.
As this missile penetrated the scalp, it then came upon a very
firm substance, the hard skull, and I believe that this track depicted
by the dotted lines on Exhibit 388 was a portion of that missile which
was dislodged as it made its defect in the skull. And that—that
another portion, and, as I say, presumably, by the size of the defect,
a more major portion made its exit through the right lateral side of
the skull.
Mr. McCloy. Is this piece of pyramidal bone that was brought in
to you subsequently as I understand it——
Commander Humes. Yes, sir.
 Mr. McCloy. Was that part of the outer table or the inner table?
Commander Humes. It was both tables, sir.
Mr. McCloy. Both tables?
Commander Humes. Yes, sir; had it only been one it might have
been difficult to ascertain whether it was.
Mr. McCloy. Shelving or not?
Commander Humes. Yes, sir; in or out, but it encompassed both
tables, sir.
Mr. Dulles. Is the angle of declination that you—one sees there
from in and out approximately the angle you think at which the
bullet was traveling at the time of impact and exit?
Commander Humes. That is our impression, sir.
Mr. Dulles. So then the shot would have been fired from some
point above the head of the person hit?
Commander Humes. Yes, sir.
Mr. Specter. Dr. Humes, would you elaborate a bit on the
differences in the paths, specifically why the bullet went in one
direction in part and in part in the second direction, terminating with
the fragment right over the right eye?
Commander Humes. Yes, sir.
I will make a drawing of the posterior portion of the skull
showing again this beveling which we observed at the inner table of
the skull.
Our impression is that as this projectile impinged upon the skull
in this fashion, a small portion of it was dislodged due to the energy
expended in that collision, if you will, and that it went off at an
angle, and left the track which is labeled 388, which is labeled on
Exhibit 388 from "A", point "A" to the point where the fragment was
found behind the eye.
 Why a fragment takes any particular direction like that is
something which is difficult of scientific explanation. Those of us
who have seen missiles strike bones, be it the skull or a bone in the
extremity, have long since learned that portions of these missiles
may go off in various directions and the precise physical laws
governing them are not clearly understood.
Mr. Specter. Would the angle be accentuated in any way if you
were to assume the President was in a moving automobile going in a
slight downhill direction?
Commander Humes. There are many variables under these
circumstances. The most—the crucial point, I believe, to be the
relative position of the President's head in relation to the flight of the
missile.
Now, this would be influenced by how far his head was bent, by
the situation with regard to the level of the seat in the vehicle, off of
the horizontal, and so forth.
Mr. Specter. How about a decline in the path of the road itself?
Commander Humes. I think that that would have a tendency to
accentuate this angle, yes, sir.
Mr. Specter. Mr. Chief Justice, I would like to move for the
admission in evidence now of Exhibit 391, which is the exhibit on the
brain report.
The Chairman. It may be admitted.
(The document heretofore marked for identification as
Commission Exhibit No. 391 was received in evidence.)
Mr. Specter. Dr. Humes, would you now move over to the wound
which appears on the lower part of the neck and upper part of the
back?
Mr. Dulles. Could I ask one more question before we get to that,
I am sorry.
Mr. Specter. Certainly.
 Mr. Dulles. Could one say as to what portion of the bullet was
found in all these fragments, I mean arrive at an estimate, was it a
tenth of the bullet, was it, how much was it, assuming the type of
bullet that we believe was used in this particular rifle.
Commander Humes. Sir, I have not had the opportunity to
personally examine the type of bullet which is believed to have been
represented by this injury.
However, I would estimate—if I understand you correctly the
total amount that was present in the President's skull and brain?
Mr. Dulles. Yes.
Commander Humes. Including the fragment?
Mr. Dulles. Including all the fragments.
Commander Humes. Including all these minute particles. I would
say there was something less than one-tenth of the total volume of
the missile.
Mr. Specter. Dr. Humes, do you make that calculation on the
assumption that the bullets used here were 6.5 mm. Mannlicher-
Carcano rifle bullet weighing 158.6 grams?
Commander Humes. Yes, I do; sir.
Mr. Specter. Had I brought that particular fact to your attention
prior to the time you started testifying here today?
Commander Humes. Yes, sir. One point I intended to make clear
these fragments which I recovered from this position were turned
over to the Secret Service.
I presume that they have made physical measurements including
the weight of them, and could give a much more intelligent estimate
of the proportion than I. I would say, however, that we did not
deliver these minute fragments because they were so small as to be
essentially unrecoverable.
 So, obviously they were of a very small portion of the major
missile.
Mr. Dulles. These minute fragments were part of the bullet,
emanations from the bullet?
Commander Humes. Yes, sir.
Mr. Dulles. They were not from the head?
Commander Humes. No, sir, they were small, dust, of the size of
dust particles, however.
Mr. Dulles. Is the posture of the head of that figure there, the
inclination of it, roughly the inclination that you think the President's
head had at the time from the other photographs?
Commander Humes. Yes, sir. From the photographs and based on
the physical examination of this wound, yes, sir.
Mr. Dulles. That is all I have.
Mr. McCloy. Perhaps this was something that Colonel Finck could
testify to exactly, but, he would be quite competent. Is there
anything to indicate that this was, might have been a larger than a
6.5 or smaller than a 6.5?
Commander Humes. The size of the defect in the scalp, caused by
a projectile could vary from missile to missile because of elastic
recoil and so forth of the tissues.
However, the size of the defect in the underlying bone is
certainly not likely to get smaller than that of the missile which
perforated it, and in this case, the smallest diameter of this was
approximately 6 to 7 mm., so I would feel that that would be the
absolute upper limit of the size of this missile, sir.
Mr. McCloy. Seven would be the absolute upper limit?
Commander Humes. Yes, sir; and, of course, just a little tilt could
make it a little larger, you see.
Mr. Dulles. I have one other question, if I may.
 Is the incidence of clean entry as indicated there, and then great
fragmentation on exit, is that a normal consequence of this type of
wound?
Commander Humes. Sir, we feel that there are two potential
explanations for this.
One, having traversed the skull in entrance in the occiput as
depicted on 388, the missile begins to tumble, and in that fashion it
presents a greater proportion of its surface to the brain substance
and to the skull as it makes its egress.
The other and somewhat more difficult to measure and perhaps
Colonel Finck will be able to testify in greater detail on this, is that a
high velocity missile has tremendous kinetic energy, and this energy
is expanded against the structures which it strikes, and so that much
of this defect could be of the nature of blast, as this kinetic energy is
dissipated by traversing the skull.
Is that the sense of the question, sir?
Mr. Dulles. Yes.
Senator Cooper. I will ask a question, and perhaps this isn't in
your field.
But assuming that the shot which struck President Kennedy at
point A was fired by a gun from the window of the Texas School
Book Depository, and which has been testified to, and assuming that
you could locate the position of the President at the time he was
struck by a bullet, you could then, could you not, establish the
degree of the missile?
Commander Humes. The degree of angle?
Senator Cooper. The angle, yes, the degree of angle of the
missile from the building.
Commander Humes. Yes, sir; there is one difficulty, and that is the
defect of exit was so broad that one has to rely more on the
inclination of the entrance than they do connecting in this instance
entrance and exit because so much of the skull was carried away in
this fashion.
Senator Cooper. That was my second question.
My first question was would it be possible physically to establish
the degree of angle of the trajectory of the bullet?
Commander Humes. Within limited accuracy, sir.
Senator Cooper. Within limited accuracy.
That being true then my second question was whether the point
of entry of the bullet, point A, and the, what you call the exit——
Commander Humes. Exit.
Senator Cooper. Did you establish them so exactly that they
could be related to the degree of angle of the trajectory of the
bullet?
Commander Humes. Yes, sir; to our satisfaction we did ascertain
that fact.
Mr. Dulles. Just one other question.
Am I correct in assuming from what you have said that this
wound is entirely inconsistent with a wound that might have been
administered if the shot were fired from in front or the side of the
President: it had to be fired from behind the President?
Commander Humes. Scientifically, sir, it is impossible for it to have
been fired from other than behind. Or to have exited from other
than behind.
Mr. McCloy. This is so obvious that I rather hesitate to ask it.
There is no question in your mind that it was a lethal bullet?
Commander Humes. The President, sir, could not possibly have
survived the effect of that injury no matter what would have been
done for him.
The Chairman. Mr. Specter.
 Mr. Specter. What conclusions did you reach then as to the
trajectory or point of origin of the bullet, Dr. Humes, based on 388?
Commander Humes. We reached the conclusion that this missile
was fired toward the President from a point above and behind him,
sir.
Mr. Specter. Now, on one detail on your report, Dr. Humes, on
page 4, on the third line down, you note that there is a lacerated
wound measuring 15 by 6 mm. which on the smaller size is, of
course, less than 6.5 mm.?
Commander Humes. Yes, sir.
Mr. Specter. What would be the explanation for that variation?
Commander Humes. This is in the scalp, sir, and I believe that this
is explainable on the elastic recoil of the tissues of the skin, sir. It is
not infrequent in missile wounds of this type that the measured
wound is slightly smaller than the caliber of the missile that
traversed it.
Mr. Specter. Would you proceed, now then to the other major
wound of entry which you have already noted and described?
Commander Humes. Yes, sir.
Mr. Specter. Its point of origin, where it hit the President.
Commander Humes. I—our previously submitted report, which is
Commission No. 387, identified a wound in the low posterior neck of
the President.
The size of this wound was 4 by 7 mm., with the long axis being
in accordance with the long axis of the body, 44 mm. wide, in other
words, 7 mm. long.
We attempted to locate such wounds in soft tissue by making
reference to bony structures which do not move and are, therefore,
good reference points for this type of investigation.
 We then ascertained, we chose the two bony points of reference
—we chose to locate this wound, where the mastoid process, which
is just behind the ear, the top of the mastoid process, and the
acromion which is the tip of the shoulder joint. We ascertained
physical measurement at the time of autopsy that this wound was
14 cm. from the tip of the mastoid process and 14 cm. from the
acromion was its central point—
Mr. Specter. That is the right acromion?
Commander Humes. The tip of the right acromion, yes, sir, and
that is why we have depicted it in figure 385 in this location.
This wound appeared physically quite similar to the wound which
we have described before in 388 "A," with the exception that its long
axis was shorter than the long axis of the wound described above.
When the tissues beneath this wound were inspected, there was a
defect corresponding with the skin defect in the fascia overlying the
musculature of the low neck and upper back.
I mentioned previously that X-rays were made of the entire body
of the late President. Of course, and here I must say that as I
describe something to you, I might have done it before or after in
the description but for the sake of understanding, we examined
carefully the bony structures in this vicinity as well as the X-rays, to
see if there was any evidence of fracture or of deposition of metallic
fragments in the depths of this wound, and we saw no such
evidence, that is no fracture of the bones of the shoulder girdle, or
of the vertical column, and no metallic fragments were detectable by
X-ray examination.
Attempts to probe in the vicinity of this wound were
unsuccessful without fear of making a false passage.
Mr. Specter. What do you mean by that, Doctor?
Commander Humes. Well, the defect in the fascia was quite
similar, which is the first firm tissue over the muscle beneath the
skin, was quite similar to this. We were unable, however, to take
probes and have them satisfactorily fall through any definite path at
this point.
Now, to explain the situation in the President's neck, I think it
will be necessary for me to refer back to Exhibit 385, I believe the
number is correct.
Mr. Specter. Yes; please do, that is 385.
Commander Humes. Now, as the President's body was viewed
from anteriorly in the autopsy room, and saying nothing for the
moment about the missile, there was a recent surgical defect in the
low anterior neck, which measured some 7 or 8 cm. in length or let's
say a recent wound was present in this area.
This wound was through the skin, through the subcutaneous
tissues and into the larynx. Or rather into the trachea of the
President.
Mr. Specter. To digress chronologically——
Commander Humes. Yes.
Mr. Specter. Did you have occasion to discuss that wound on the
front side of the President with Dr. Malcolm Perry of Parkland
Hospital in Dallas?
Commander Humes. Yes, sir; I did. I had the impression from
seeing the wound that it represented a surgical tracheotomy wound,
a wound frequently made by surgeons when people are in
respiratory distress to give them a free airway.
To ascertain that point, I called on the telephone Dr. Malcolm
Perry and discussed with him the situation of the President's neck
when he first examined the President, and asked him had he in fact
done a tracheotomy which was somewhat redundant because I was
somewhat certain he had.
He said, yes; he had done a tracheotomy and that as the point
to perform his tracheotomy he used a wound which he had
interpreted as a missile wound in the low neck, as the point through
which to make the tracheotomy incision.
Mr. Specter. When did you have that conversation with him, Dr.
Humes?
Commander Humes. I had that conversation early on Saturday
morning, sir.
Mr. Specter. On Saturday morning, November 23d?
Commander Humes. That is correct, sir.
Mr. Specter. And have you had occasion since to examine the
report of Parkland Hospital which I made available to you?
Commander Humes. Yes, sir; I have.
Mr. Specter. May it please the Commission, I would like to note
this as Commission Exhibit No. 392, and subject to later technical
proof, to have it admitted into evidence at this time for the purpose
of having the doctor comment about it.
The Chairman. It may be so marked.
(The document referred to was marked Commission Exhibit No.
392, for identification.)
Mr. Specter. What did your examination of the Parkland Hospital
records disclose with respect to this wound on the front side of the
President's body?
Commander Humes. The examination of this record from Parkland
Hospital revealed that Doctor Perry had observed this wound as had
other physicians in attendance upon the President, and actually
before a tracheotomy was performed surgically, an endotracheal
tube was placed through the President's mouth and down his larynx
and into his trachea which is the first step in giving satisfactory
airway to a person injured in such fashion and unconscious.
The President was unconscious and it is most difficult to pass
such a tube when the person is unconscious.
 The person who performed that procedure, that is instilled the
endotracheal tube noted that there was a wound of the trachea
below the larynx, which corresponded in essence with the wound of
the skin which they had observed from the exterior.
Mr. Specter. How is that wound described, while you are
mentioning the wound?
Commander Humes. Yes, sir.
Mr. Specter. I think you will find that on the first page of the
summary sheet, Dr. Humes.
Commander Humes. Yes, sir. Thank you.
This report was written by doctor—or of the activities of Dr.
James Carrico, Doctor Carrico in inserting the endotracheal tube
noted a ragged wound of trachea immediately below the larynx.
The report, as I recall it, and I have not studied it in minute
detail, would indicate to me that Doctor Perry realizing from Doctor
Carrico's observation that there was a wound of the trachea would
quite logically use the wound which he had observed as a point to
enter the trachea since the trachea was almost damaged, that would
be a logical place in which to put his incision.
In speaking of that wound in the neck, Doctor Perry told me that
before he enlarged it to make the tracheotomy wound it was a "few
millimeters in diameter."
Of course by the time we saw it, as my associates and as you
have heard, it was considerably larger and no longer at all obvious
as a missile wound.
The report states, and Doctor Perry told me in telephone
conversation that there was bubbling of air and blood in the vicinity
of this wound when he made the tracheotomy. This caused him to
believe that perhaps there had been a violation of one of the—one
or other of the pleural cavities by a missile. He, therefore, asked one
of his associates, and the record is to me somewhat confused as to
which of his associates, he asked one of his associates to put in a
chest tube. This is a maneuver which is, was quite logical under the
circumstances, and which would, if a tube that were placed through
all layers of the wall of the chest, and the chest cavity had been
violated one could remove air that had gotten in there and greatly
assist respiration.
So when we examined the President in addition to the large
wound which we found in conversation with Doctor Perry was the
tracheotomy wound, there were two smaller wounds on the upper
anterior chest.
Mr. Dulles. These are apparently exit wounds?
Commander Humes. Sir, these were knife wounds, these were
incised wounds on either side of the chest, and I will give them in
somewhat greater detail.
These wounds were bilateral, they were situated on the anterior
chest wall in the nipple line, and each were 2 cm. long in the
transverse axis. The one on the right was situated 11 cm. above the
nipple—the one on the left was situated 11 cm. on the nipple, and
the one on the right was 8 cm. above the nipple. Their intention was
to incise through the President's chest to place tubes into his chest.
We examined those wounds very carefully, and found that they,
however, did not enter the chest cavity. They only went through the
skin.
I presume that as they were performing that procedure it was
obvious that the President had died, and they didn't pursue this.
To complete the examination of the area of the neck and the
chest, I will do that together, we made the customary incision which
we use in a routine postmortem examination which is a Y-shaped
incision from the shoulders over the lower portion of the breastbone
and over to the opposite shoulder and reflected the skin and tissues
from the anterior portion of the chest.
We examined in the region of this incised surgical wound which
was the tracheotomy wound and we saw that there was some
bruising of the muscles of the neck in the depths of this wound as
well as laceration or defect in the trachea.
At this point, of course, I am unable to say how much of the
defect in the trachea was made by the knife of the surgeon, and
how much of the defect was made by the missile wound. That would
have to be ascertained from the surgeon who actually did the
tracheotomy.
There was, however, some ecchymosis or contusion, of the
muscles of the right anterior neck inferiorly, without, however, any
disruption of the muscles or any significant tearing of the muscles.
The muscles in this area of the body run roughly, as you see as
he depicted them here. We have removed some of them for a point I
will make in a moment, but it is our opinion that the missile
traversed the neck and slid between these muscles and other vital
structures with a course in the neck such as the carotid artery, the
jugular vein and other structures because there was no massive
hemorrhage or other massive injury in this portion of the neck.
In attempting to relate findings within the President's body to
this wound which we had observed low in his neck, we then opened
his chest cavity, and we very carefully examined the lining of his
chest cavity and both of his lungs. We found that there was, in fact,
no defect in the pleural lining of the President's chest.
It was completely intact.
However, over the apex of the right pleural cavity, and the pleura
now has two layers. It has a parietal or a layer which lines the chest
cavity and it has a visceral layer which is intimately in association
with the lung.
As depicted in figure 385, in the apex of the right pleural cavity
there was a bruise or contusion or ecchmymosis of the parietal
pleura as well as a bruise of the upper portion, the most apical
portion of the right lung.
 It, therefore, was our opinion that the missile while not
penetrating physically the pleural cavity, as it passed that point
bruised either the missile itself, or the force of its passage through
the tissues, bruised both the parietal and the visceral pleura.
The area of discoloration on the apical portion of the right upper
lung measured five centimeters in greatest diameter, and was wedge
shaped in configuration, with its base toward the top of the chest
and its apex down towards the substance of the lung.
Once again Kodachrome photographs were made of this area in
the interior of the President's chest.
Mr. Specter. Would you mark the point on Exhibit 385, the one on
the rear of the President as point "C" and the one on the front of the
President as point "D" so we can discuss those, Dr. Humes?
Now, what conclusion did you reach, if any, as to whether point
"C" was the point of entry or exit?
Commander Humes. We reached the conclusion that point "C"
was a point of entry.
Mr. Specter. What characteristics of that wound led you to that
conclusion?
Commander Humes. The characteristics here were basically
similar to the characteristics above, lacking one very valuable clue or
piece of evidence rather than clue, because it is more truly a piece
of evidence in the skull. The skull as I mentioned before had the
bone with the characteristic defect made as a missile traverses bone.
This missile, to the best of our ability to ascertain, struck no
bone protuberances, no bony prominences, no bones as it traversed
the President's body. But it was a sharply delineated wound. It was
quite regular in its outline. It measured, as I mentioned, 7 by 4 mm.
Its margins were similar in all respects when viewed with the naked
eye to the wound in the skull, which we feel incontrovertibly was a
wound of entrance.
 The defect in the fascia which is that layer of connective tissue
over the muscle just beneath the wound corresponded virtually
exactly to the defect in the skin.
And for these reasons we felt that this was a wound of entrance.
Mr. Specter. Did you search the body to determine if there was
any bullet inside the body?
Commander Humes. Before the arrival of Colonel Finck we had
made X-rays of the head, neck and torso of the President, and the
upper portions of his major extremities, or both his upper and lower
extremities. At Colonel Finck's suggestion, we then completed the X-
ray examination by X-raying the President's body in toto, and those
X-rays are available.
Mr. Specter. What did those X-rays disclose with respect to the
possible presence of a missile in the President's body?
Commander Humes. They showed no evidence of a missile in the
President's body at any point. And these were examined by
ourselves and by the radiologist, who assisted us in this endeavor.
Mr. Specter. What conclusion, if any, did you reach as to whether
point "D" on 385 was the point of entrance or exit?
Commander Humes. We concluded that this missile depicted in
385 "C" which entered the President's body traversed the President's
body and made its exit through the wound observed by the
physicians at Parkland Hospital and later extended as a tracheotomy
wound.
Mr. Specter. Does the description "ragged wound" which is found
in the Parkland report shed any light in and of itself as to whether
point "D" is an exit or entry wound?
Commander Humes. I believe, sir, that that statement goes on,
ragged wound in the trachea. I don't believe that refers to the skin.
And you might say that it is a ragged wound is more likely to be a
wound of exit.
 However, the trachea has little cartilaginous rings which have a
tendency, which would be disrupted by this, and most wounds of the
trachea unless very cleverly incised would perhaps appear slightly
ragged.
Mr. Specter. Now, what was the angle, if any, that you observed
on the path of the bullet, as you outlined it?
Commander Humes. The angle which we observed in measuring,
in comparing the point of entrance, our point of entrance labeled "C"
on 385 and "D" point of exit is one that the point of exit is below the
point of entrance compared with the vertical.
Mr. Specter. Have you had an opportunity to examine the clothing
which has been identified for you as being that worn by the
President on the day of the assassination?
Commander Humes. Yes; yesterday, just shortly before the
Commission hearing today was begun, Mr. Chief Justice, we had
opportunity for the first time to examine the clothing worn by the
late President.
In private conversation among ourselves before this opportunity,
we predicted we would find defects in the clothing corresponding
with the defects which were found, of course, on the body of the
late President.
Mr. Specter. Mr. Chief Justice, may it please the Commission, I
would like to have identified for the record three articles on which I
have placed Commission Exhibits Nos. 393 being the coat worn by
the President, 394 being the shirt, and 395 being the President's tie,
and at this time move for their admission into evidence.
The Chairman. It may be admitted.
(The articles of clothing referred to were marked Commission
Exhibits Nos. 393, 394 and 395 for identification, and received in
evidence.)
Mr. Specter. Taking 393 at the start, Doctor Humes, will you
describe for the record what hole, if any, is observable in the back of
that garment which would be at or about the spot you have
described as being the point of entry on the President's back or
lower neck.
Commander Humes. Yes, sir. This exhibit is a grey suit coat stated
to have been worn by the President on the day of his death.
Situated to the right of the midline high in the back portion of the
coat is a defect, one margin of which is semicircular.
Situated above it just below the collar is an additional defect. It
is our opinion that the lower of these defects corresponds essentially
with the point of entrance of the missile at Point C on Exhibit 385.
Mr. Specter. Would it be accurate to state that the hole which you
have identified as being the point of entry is approximately 6 inches
below the top of the collar, and 2 inches to the right of the middle
seam of the coat?
Commander Humes. That is approximately correct, sir. This
defect, I might say, continues on through the material.
Attached to this garment is the memorandum which states that
one half of the area around the hole which was presented had been
removed by experts, I believe, at the Federal Bureau of
Investigation, and also that a control area was taken from under the
collar, so it is my interpretation that this defect at the top of this
garment is the control area taken by the Bureau, and that the
reason the lower defect is not more circle or oval in outline is
because a portion of that defect has been removed apparently for
physical examinations.
Mr. Specter. Now, does the one which you have described as the
entry of the bullet go all the way through?
Commander Humes. Yes, sir; it goes through both layers.
Mr. Specter. How about the upper one of the collar you have
described, does that go all the way through?
Commander Humes. Yes, sir; it goes all the way through. It is not
—wait a minute, excuse me—it is not so clearly a puncture wound as
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