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Contents in Detail

Map of Europe xv
About the Authors xvii
About the Book xix
Acknowledgements xxi
Guided Tour of Textbook Features xxii
Guided Tour of the Online Resource Centre xxiv

Part One Theory 1

1 Theories of European Integration 5

Chapter Overview 5
European Integration and the First Attempts to Theorize It 5
The Intellectual Background 6
International Relations Theories of European Integration 10
Conclusion 20
Key Points 21
Further Reading 22

2 Theories of EU Governance 24
Chapter Overview 24
A Shift of Focus 24
New Institutionalism 25
Governance and Networks 30
Multi-Level Governance 36
Conclusion 39
Key Points 40
Further Reading 42

3 Theorizing Consequences 44
Chapter Overview 44
Europeanization 44
Democracy 52
Conclusion 60
Key Points 60
Further Reading 61
 4 Critical Perspectives 63
Contents in Detail
Chapter Overview 63
Critical of What? 63
Social Constructivism 64
Critical Political Economy 68
Critical Social Theory 72
Critical Feminism 74
Post-Structuralism 77
Conclusion 79
Key Points 80
Further Reading 81

Part Two History 83

5 From the End of the War to the Schuman Plan

(the Late 1940s to the Early 1950s) 85
Chapter Overview 85
Background: The Ideal of European Unity 85
The End of the War, Federalism and the Hague Congress 87
The Cold War 89
The German Problem 92
The Schuman Plan for Coal and Steel 93
National Positions and the Origins of the ECSC 94
From the Schuman Plan to the Treaty of Paris 98
Conclusion 100
Key Points 100
Further Reading 102

6 The ‘Other’ European Communities and the Origins of the

European Economic Community (the Early 1950s to the 1960s) 103
Chapter Overview 103
The Pleven Plan 103
The European Coal and Steel Community 107
Messina 111
The Road to the Rome Treaties 113
Euratom 114
Conclusion 116
Key Points 117
Further Reading 118

7 The First Years of the European Economic Community

(the 1960s and into the 1970s) 119
Chapter Overview 119
The Early Years: 1958–63 119
The 1963 Crisis 122
viii
 The 1965 Crisis 123

Contents in Detail
The Luxemburg Compromise 124
Into the 1970s 125
The Hague Summit 126
Conclusion 130
Key Points 131
Further Reading 132

8 The Revival of European Integration (the Mid-1970s to

the Late 1980s) 133
Chapter Overview 133
Leadership Changes: 1974 133
The European Council 134
Other Institutional Developments 134
The European Monetary System 135
The Southern Enlargements 136
The British Budget Rebate 136
Leadership Changes: 1981–82 138
Moves to Revive the EC 139
Fontainebleau 140
1985: A Watershed Year 141
The Single European Act 142
Conclusion 146
Key Points 147
Further Reading 149

9 Maastricht and Amsterdam (the Late 1980s to the Late 1990s) 150
Chapter Overview 150
Towards Maastricht 150
The Treaty on European Union 151
After Maastricht 154
The Commission after Maastricht 155
Political Change 156
Monetary Union 157
Enlargement 159
The 1996 IGC 161
The Treaty of Amsterdam 163
Conclusion 164
Key Points 165
Further Reading 166

10 From Amsterdam to Lisbon (2000–2009) 168

Chapter Overview 168
The Nice Treaty 168
The Lisbon Strategy 170
ix
 European Security and Defence Policy 171
Contents in Detail
The Constitutional Treaty 172
Enlargement 174
The European Parliament and the New Commission 175
The Lisbon Treaty 176
Conclusion 178
Key Points 179
Further Reading 181

11 The EU in Crisis (2009–) 182

Chapter Overview 182
The Unfolding Eurozone Crisis 182
Crisis Politics 186
Power in Crisis EU 188
Other Developments 190
Conclusion 193
Key Points 194
Further Reading 195

Part Three Institutions 197

12 The Institutional Architecture 199

Chapter Overview 199
The Treaties 199
The Decision-Making Institutions (the Union Method) 202
Decision-Making Procedures 210
Implementation 218
The Decision-Making Institutions (CFSP) 221
The Post-Lisbon Architecture of the EU 223
Conclusion 228
Key Points 229
Further Reading 230

13 The European Commission 231

Chapter Overview 231
Functions 231
Composition and Appointment 232
The Commission in the Policy-Making Process 237
The Commission and Managing Implementation 242
Financial Management 245
Conclusion 246
Key Points 246
Further Reading 247

x
14 The European Council and the Council of Ministers 249

Contents in Detail
Chapter Overview 249
Definitions and Distinctions 249
Intergovernmental and Supranational Interpretations 251
The European Council 252
The Council of Ministers 257
COREPER and other Preparatory Bodies 260
The Council Presidency 263
Conclusion 266
Key Points 267
Further Reading 269

15 The European Parliament 270

Chapter Overview 270
Composition and Functions 270
The Struggle for Power 273
Debates and Research 280
Conclusion 287
Key Points 287
Further Reading 288

16 The European Court of Justice 290

Chapter Overview 290
Context 290
Structure and Functions 291
ECJ Rulings on the Power of the Institutions 293
ECJ Rulings on the Nature of EU Law 296
ECJ Rulings and Policy Impact 299
Post-Maastricht Trends in the ECJ and EU Law 300
Is the ECJ out of the Control of the Member States? 301
Conclusion 304
Key Points 305
Further Reading 306

17 Organized Interests 308

Chapter Overview 308
The Growth of Interest-Group Activity at the EU Level 308
Types of Interest Group 311
Forms of Interest Representation 312
Resources 315
Organized Interests and the Institutional Actors 317
Strategies and Tactics 320
Regulating Lobbying 322
Conclusion 323

xi
 Key Points 324
Contents in Detail
Further Reading 325

Part Four Policies 327

18 Policies and Policy Making in the European Union 331

Chapter Overview 331
The European Policy Agenda 331
The EU Policy Process 334
Minor Policy Area 336
Major Policy Areas 339
Conclusion 348
Key Points 348
Further Reading 349

19 Agriculture 351
Chapter Overview 351
History 351
Agriculture in the 1980s and 1990s 353
Agenda 2000 and the 2003 Reform 356
The 2013 Reform 359
The Effect of Reform 360
Explaining the CAP 361
Conclusion 364
Key Points 364
Further Reading 366

20 The Single Market 367

Chapter Overview 367
History 367
Project 1992: Freeing the Internal Market 369
Beyond 1992 369
Explaining the Single Market 377
Evaluating the Single Market 381
Conclusion 383
Key Points 383
Further Reading 384

21 Economic and Monetary Union 385

Chapter Overview 385
History 385
Origins of EMU 386
Putting Maastricht into Operation (1992-2002) 388
The Single Currency in Operation 390
The Eurozone Crisis 393
xii
 Explaining and Critiquing EMU 396

Contents in Detail
Conclusion 400
Key Points 401
Further Reading 403

22 Cohesion Policy 405

Chapter Overview 405
History 405
The 1988 Reform 408
The 1993 Reform 410
The 1999 Reform 414
The 2006 Reform 418
The 2013 Reform 424
Explaining Cohesion Policy 425
Conclusion 429
Key Points 429
Further Reading 430

23 Environmental Policy 432

Chapter Overview 432
History 432
Recent Developments 437
Explaining EU Environmental Policy 444
Conclusion 449
Key Points 449
Further Reading 450

24 Freedom, Security, and Justice 451

Chapter Overview 451
Context 451
History 452
The Lisbon Treaty 457
The Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice 459
Explaining the AFSJ 469
Critiquing the AFSJ 471
Conclusion 471
Key Points 472
Further Reading 473

25 Trade and Development Aid 475

Chapter Overview 475
History 475
External Trade Policy 478
Relations with the African, Caribbean, and Pacific States 482
The European Neighbourhood Policy 484
xiii
 Explaining Trade and Development Aid Policies 485

Critiquing Trade and Development Aid Policies 489
Conclusion 490
Key Points 491
Further Reading 492

26 Common Foreign and Security Policy 494

Chapter Overview 494
History 494
The Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and European
Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) 497
CFSP and ESDP in Action 500
Explaining CFSP and ESDP 505
EU Power in World Politics 509
Conclusion 511
Key Points 511
Further Reading 513

27 Enlargement 514
Chapter Overview 514
History 514
The Enlargement Procedure 519
Explaining Enlargement 521
Turkey 529
Enlargement Fatigue? 532
Conclusion 533
Key Points 534
Further Reading 535
References 537
Glossary 561
Abbreviations and Acronyms 567
Chronology 574
General Index 587
Name Index 602

‘Brexit’ Supplement to Politics in the European Union

xiv
Map of Europe

Azores (P)
Iceland

Madeira (P)
Guadeloupe
Canary (F)
Islands (S)
Martinique
Finland (F)
Norway Guyane Reunion
(F) (F)
Sweden Estonia

Denmark Latvia Russia

Ireland Lithuania
United kingdom
Belarus
The Netherlands
Poland
Belgium Germany
Luxembourg
Czech Republic Ukraine
Slovakia
France Austria Moldova
Switzerland
Slovenia Hungary
Croatia Romania

Portugal Bosnia and Serbia Georgia

Italy Herzegovina
Spain Montenegro Kosovo Bulgaria
FYROM Iran
Albania
Turkey
Greece

Morocco Tunisia Lebanon Syria Iraq

Algeria Malta
Cyprus

Key:
EU member state (P) : Portuguese territory
EU candidate country (S): Spanish territory
Non-EU country (F): French territory

Adapted from the original published on http://europa/eu © European Union. Responsibility for the
adaptation lies entirely with Oxford University Press.
About the Authors

Ian Bache is Professor of Politics at the University of Sheffield. He has published

widely on the European Union and related issues, including: The Politics of European
Union Regional Policy, UACES/Sheffield Academic Press, 1998; Politics in the European
Union (co-authored), Oxford University Press, 1st edition 2001, 2nd edition 2006;
3rd edition 2011; 4th edition 2015; Multi-Level Governance (co-edited), Oxford
University Press, 2004; The Europeanization of British Politics (co-edited), Palgrave
Macmillan, 2006; Europeanization and Multilevel Governance, Rowman and Littlefield,
2008; Cohesion Policy and Multi-level Governance in South East Europe (co-edited),
Routledge, 2011; Multi-Level Governance, Carbon Management and Climate Change
(co-authored), Rowman and Littlefield, forthcoming; The Politics and Policy of
­
Wellbeing (co-authored), Edward Elgar, forthcoming: Multi-level Governance ­(co-edited)
Edward Elgar, forthcoming.
He has published in a range of academic journals, including: the British Journal of
Politics and International Relations; Current Politics and Economics of Europe; Governance;
Journal of Common Market Studies; Journal of European Public Policy; Journal of Public Policy;
Journal of Southeast European and Black Sea Studies; Local Government Studies; Political
Studies; Public Administration; Public Policy and Administration; Regional and Federal Studies;
Scandinavian Political Studies; and West European Politics. Between 2003 and 2005, he
convened the UACES Study Group and ESRC Seminar Series on The Europeanization
of British Politics and Policy Making and he is currently convenor of the ESRC
Seminar Series on The Politics of Wellbeing.
Ian is an experienced teacher, having taught numerous undergraduate and post-
graduate courses, and has supervised thirteen PhD students to completion. In 2008, he
received a University of Sheffield Senate Award for Sustained Excellence in Teaching
and Learning.

Simon Bulmer has been Professor of European Politics at the University of Sheffield
since September 2007. Having held prior lectureships at Heriot-Watt University and
the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), he
moved to the University of Manchester in 1989, was appointed Professor of
Government from 1995, and served as Head of Department 2001–04. He has held a
Jean Monnet ad personam chair since 1999 and has been an Academician of the Social
Sciences since 2001. He has been a Visiting Professor at the College of Europe Bruges,
the Autonomous University of Barcelona, and the Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik
(the German Institute for International and Security Affairs), Berlin. From 1991 to
1998 he co-edited the Journal of Common Market Studies.
Simon has written or edited fourteen books on European politics, working with a
range of co-authors. His most recent monograph (with Martin Burch) is The
Europeanisation of Whitehall: UK Central Government and the European Union, Manchester
 University Press, 2009. His most recent edited book (with Charlie Jeffery and Stephen
About the Authors
Padgett) is Rethinking Germany and Europe: Democracy and Diplomacy in a Semi-Sovereign
State, Palgrave, 2010. With Christian Lequesne he co-edited the textbook The Member
States of the European Union, Oxford University Press, 2nd edition, 2013. He has pub-
lished on European politics in leading academic journals, has taught on the EU in the
United Kingdom, Spain, Belgium, Germany, and the USA, and has supervised twelve
PhD students to completion.

Stephen George taught in the Department of Politics at the University of Sheffield

for thirty years, the last ten as Professor. During that time he authored or co-authored
four major books on the European Community/European Union, two of which—
Politics and Policy in the European Union and An Awkward Partner: Britain in the European
Union—went into multiple editions. He also edited books on Europe, and contributed
some two dozen chapters to edited books and articles to several academic journals,
including The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, The British
Journal of International Studies, Contemporary Record, Current Politics and Economics of
Europe, European Access, International Affairs, Journal of European Integration, Journal of
European Public Policy, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Modern History Review,
West European Politics, and The World Today. He has given innumerable talks, guest lec-
tures, and conference papers throughout the world, mostly on aspects of the European
Union. Between 1997 and 2000, he was Chair of the University Association for
Contemporary European Studies (UACES). As a teacher he successfully supervised
eight PhD students, and devised innovative teaching materials on the European Union
for undergraduate students, including a simulation exercise in European decision mak-
ing. Since 2003, he has been Emeritus Professor of Politics, retired from active ­teaching
and administration, but still involved in research and writing.

Owen Parker has been Lecturer in European Politics at the University of Sheffield
since April 2012. Previously he was a Research Fellow in the Centre for the Study of
Globalisation and Regionalisation (CSGR) at the University of Warwick. Before
becoming an academic, Owen worked for the European Commission in the
Enlargement Directorate General (2003–06) on Turkey’s bid for EU membership.
Owen is the author of Cosmopolitan Government in Europe: Citizens and Entrepreneurs
in Postnational Politics, Routledge, 2013. His work on European and international poli-
tics has been published in a range of journals, including: Journal of Common Market
Studies, Journal of European Public Policy, International Theory, International Studies
Quarterly, Constellations, New Political Economy, and Co-operation and Conflict. He is
supervising a number of PhD projects on topics related to the EU and has taught a
variety of EU politics courses at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. As a
teacher he seeks to emphasize the sometimes unacknowledged political and normative
debates at the heart of European integration.

xviii
About the Book

This is a textbook on the study of the European Union (EU) within the cognate disci-
plines of political science and international relations. It reflects both the most signifi-
cant contributions to the study of the EU within these disciplines and the gaps in
existing research. It is designed to be used by students as part of a university course or
module, although we hope it works well for the independent reader also.
While we would argue that there is no easy separation between economics and poli-
tics, or between law and politics, this book is explicitly concerned with politics in the
EU. Thus, we address some of the standard issues of the disciplines of political science
and international relations. Is the EU developing into a super-state of some sort? If so,
of what sort? Have national governments voluntarily surrendered sovereignty to
European institutions, or have there been forces at work dragging member states
towards ever closer union against the will of the governments? Is the process driven by
vested interests that stand to benefit from it, or by ideas that place a positive value on
international integration? Does the process have legitimacy in the eyes of the people
who are being brought into an ever closer union? If so, why? If not, why not?
These questions are relevant not because of their practical importance—although
they do have a great deal of practical importance—nor because they figure in the cov-
erage of the EU in the media—although because of their practical importance they do
so figure—rather, they are relevant because they are questions generated by the theo-
ries of political scientists and students of international relations about the nature of
European integration and of the EU. Academic disciplines are formed when scholars
are brought together by shared concerns, and they are forged by academic debates,
which are fiercest when they are between advocates of different theories. That is why
the textbook begins with theory. It is theory that provides our criteria of relevance.
Many eclectic textbooks do exist in politics and international relations, books that
never mention theory—and we are not thinking here exclusively of books on the EU.
Our view is that theory is very important. It shapes what is studied and what is not,
what is included and what is excluded. We see it as central to the study of the EU and
not as an optional extra. However, for those who wish to know something of the EU
before approaching theoretical issues, it is possible to read the ‘History’ section of the
book first without having read the ‘Theory’ section: it is primarily the conclusions to
the ‘History’ chapters that refer back to the theories in Part One.
This edition was written in the context of a sustained economic and financial crisis
that began in 2008 and whose effects were still being felt in the EU in 2014. Crisis for
the EU is not new, as we have observed in previous editions. However, the scale and
intensity of the eurozone crisis has presented the EU with arguably its greatest politi-
cal challenges to date. Euroscepticism is at a record high, the UK is having serious
debates about a referendum on withdrawal, and the nature of the EU that will finally
emerge from this crisis is still unclear.
 Change happens not only in the field of study, but also in the study of the field.
About the Book
Between the first and third editions of the book (2001–11), the study of the EU
expanded tremendously and it continues to do so. In the area of theory, the develop-
ments have continued to be rich and varied, and this section has expanded to include
approaches that have relatively recently been applied to the EU. The notion of ‘disin-
tegration’ has taken its place in the lexicon of the EU scholars alongside that of ‘inte-
gration’ and critical approaches have become more prominent. Our expanded theory
section reflects these developments in the field.
Obviously the output did not just stop when we finished writing, so there will be
more for the student to explore, but we think that this edition is as up to date on the
academic literature as it could be. The strong rooting of the text in the research litera-
ture is one of the distinctive features of this book.
As the task of producing a comprehensive and up-to-date textbook on the EU
expands, so has the authorship team expanded to meet this challenge. For this edition,
Ian, Simon, and Stephen welcome on board their Sheffield colleague, Owen Parker, as
a co-author for the fourth and subsequent editions of the book.

New to this Edition

Owen Parker joins Ian Bache, Simon Bulmer, and Stephen George as a new
author for the fourth edition.
The theory chapters have been updated taking into account, in particular, a
broader range of ‘critical’ approaches to the study of the EU.
There is a revised and restructured history section with additional material on
the eurozone crisis.
Chapters on institutions and policy reflect the practice of the Lisbon Treaty
over the four years since its implementation.
The Online Resource Centre, which accompanies the text, has also been
updated with new materials for students and lecturers.
xx
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 It had been noted, however, with a good deal of concern, that
Mrs. Rebell did not wear proper widow's weeds; true, she made her
widowhood the excuse for living a life of even greater seclusion than
she had done before, and she wore black, but no one—so those
interested in the matter declared—would take her for a newly-made
widow.

Yet another thing which had certainly contributed to the dulness

of the neighbourhood had been the absence, the whole summer and
autumn through, of the new Lord Bosworth,—for this of course had
meant the shutting up of Chillingworth. After making an ineffectual,
and, so most of the people belonging to that part of the world
thought, a very ridiculous attempt to assert his right to go on sitting
in the House of Commons, he had started "in a huff" for a tour
round the world. But he wrote, so said report, very regularly to
Madame Sampiero, and to his old nurse, Mrs. Turke. He had also
sent to various humble folk in Chancton wonderful presents; no one
connected with Chillingworth had been forgotten, not even Dean's
new baby,—to whom, by the way, Dean's master had acted, being of
course represented by proxy, as god-father.

Now, however, the neighbourhood was waking up a little; for one

thing the wanderer was home again, having hurried back to be
present at the distribution of the Liberal loaves and fishes,—strange
though it seemed that a peer should continue to be a Radical,
especially such an immensely wealthy peer as was the new Lord
Bosworth.

With only one group of people might time be said to have stood
quite still. These were General and Mrs. Kemp and their daughter
Lucy. But Lucy was certainly less bright—perhaps one ought to say
duller—than she used to be. On the other hand, she had become
very intimate with Mrs. Rebell; they were constantly together, and
people could not help wondering what the latter saw in Lucy Kemp.
 It was the third of April. Miss Vipen prided herself upon
remembering dates; the anniversaries of birthdays, of weddings, of
deaths, lingered in her well-stored mind, and she also kept a little
book in which she noted such things. To-day was to be long
remembered by her, for, having most fortunately had occasion to go
across to the post office just after luncheon, she had seen, lying on
the counter, a telegram containing a most extraordinary and
unexpected piece of news.

Miss Vipen regarded telegrams as more or less public property,

and she had met the flustered postmaster's eye,—an eye she had
known absolutely from its infancy,—with a look of triumphant
confidence. Then, by amazing good luck, while on the way back to
her own house, she had come across Mrs. Sampson, the rector's
wife, and from her had won ample, overwhelming confirmation, of
the most interesting event which had happened in the
neighbourhood for years and years!

It was a delightful spring day and Miss Vipen decided that,

instead of waiting calmly at home until her usual circle gathered
about her at tea time, she would make a number of calls, ensuring a
warm welcome at each house by the amazing and secret tidings she
would be able to bring. Mrs. Sampson was still bound to silence, and
only the fact that Miss Vipen was already acquainted with the
morning's happenings had made the rector's wife reluctantly
complete, and as it were, round off, the story.

Miss Vipen's first call was at Chancton Grange. Since General

Kemp had behaved so strangely some two years before, turning on
his heel and leaving her drawing-room before he had even said how
do you do, she had scarcely ever crossed Mrs. Kemp's threshold. But
to-day an unwonted feeling of kindness made her aware that the
important piece of gossip she came to bring would make her
welcome to at least one of the Grange's inmates, and to the one
whom she liked best, for she had always been, so she assured
herself to-day, rather fond of Lucy. Poor Lucy, wasting her youth in
thinking of a man who would certainly never think of her, and yet
with whom, so Miss Vipen understood, her parents very wrongly
allowed her to correspond!

The old lady was naturally delighted to find the inmates of the
Grange all at home, and all three sitting together in the room into
which she was shown. Both the General and his wife made what
they flattered themselves was a perfectly successful attempt to
conceal their surprise at seeing Miss Vipen, but they were not long
left in doubt as to why she had come, for she plunged at once into
the matter, looking sharply from her host to her hostess, and from
Mrs. Kemp to Lucy, as she exclaimed, "I suppose that you have not
heard the great news? You have no idea of what took place this
morning? Here, in Chancton Church?"

But General and Mrs. Kemp shook their heads, but their daughter
began to look, or so Miss Vipen thought, rather guilty.

"Well, there was a wedding at our church this morning! But you
will never guess,—I defy any of you to guess,—who was the bride
and who the bridegroom!"

Then the speaker saw with satisfaction that General Kemp gave a
sudden anxious glance at Lucy. "The lady has not lost much time,"
continued Miss Vipen, "for her husband has only been dead four or
five months. Now can you guess who it is?"

But Lucy broke the awkward silence. "Just ten months, Miss Vipen
—Mrs. Rebell became a widow early in June——"

"Well, no matter, but can you guess the name of the happy man?
Of course one could give two guesses——"

But alas! Miss Vipen was denied her great wish to be the first to
tell the delightful piece of news, for, while she was enjoying Mrs.
Kemp's obvious discomfort, Lucy again spoke, and in a sharp voice
very unlike her own,
 "Why, Mr. Berwick—I mean Lord Bosworth, of course! Who else
could it be?" Then she looked rather deprecatingly at her parents: "I
could not say anything about it, because it was told me only
yesterday, as a great, a very great, secret."

"And do you know," continued Miss Vipen in a rather discomfited

tone, "who were the witnesses?"

"No," said Lucy, "that I do not."

"Doctor McKirdy for Lord Bosworth, and Daniel O'Flaherty, that

Home Ruling barrister who is mixed up in so many queer cases, for
Mrs. Rebell! I can tell you another most extraordinary thing. She was
actually married in a white dress—not a veil of course, but a white
gown and a hat. And who else do you think were there? Mrs. Turke
—it's the first time to my knowledge that she's been in that church
for years—the Scotchwoman, Jean, the French maid Léonie, and the
butler McGregor! Mrs. Turke wore a pale blue watered silk dress and
a pink bonnet; she cried, it seems, so loudly that Mr. Sampson
became quite confused——"

"And Miss Berwick?" said Lucy quietly, "was she not there too?"

"Yes, of course; I was forgetting Miss Berwick. Well, this must be

a sad day for her—after all her striving and scheming for her
brother! No wonder he kept Fletchings, for I suppose they will have
to live there now," Miss Vipen spoke with deep and sincere
commiseration. "What a change for him after Chillingworth! He
becomes a pauper—for a peer, for a Cabinet Minister, an absolute
pauper! They are going to France this afternoon for the honeymoon,
but they are to be back soon."
 When Miss Vipen had been seen safely out of the gate by General
Kemp, he came back to find his wife alone. Lucy had gone up to her
room.

"I suppose you expected this, Mary?"

"Yes—no"—Mrs. Kemp had an odd look on her face—"and yet I

always liked Mr. Berwick from the very little I saw of him. But I
confess I never thought this would happen. Indeed, I was afraid,
Tom,—there is no harm in saying so now,—I was afraid that in time
Oliver Boringdon would obtain what seemed to be the desire of his
heart——"

"Afraid?" cried the General, "Nothing could have pleased me

better, excepting that I should have been sorry for Mrs. Rebell! I
suppose that now you are quite delighted, Mary, at the thought that
Boringdon will again begin haunting Lucy. It is not by my good will
that you have allowed them to write to one another."

Poor Mrs. Kemp! She had no answer ready. During the last year
she had learnt what hatred was, for she had hated Oliver Boringdon
with all the strength of her strong nature; not only had he left
Chancton taking Lucy's heart with him, but he had made no effort to
free himself of the unwanted possession. Nay, more, almost at once
a regular correspondence had begun between the two, and though
Lucy was not unwilling that her mother should see his letters, Mrs.
Kemp did not find much to console her in them.

And now? The mother realised that she must make haste to
transform her feeling towards Oliver Boringdon into something akin
to liking. As a beginning she now went up to Lucy's room, her heart
yearning over the girl, but with no words prepared. Perhaps now her
child would come back to her—the last year had been a long, sad
year to Mrs. Kemp.

Lucy was sitting idly by the rosewood davenport. There were

traces of tears on her face. "Mother!" she said, "Oh, mother!" Then
she took Mrs. Kemp's hand and laid her cheek against it. In a very
different tone she added, "I felt rather ashamed at not telling you
yesterday. Barbara would not have minded your knowing, but Lord
Bosworth was anxious that no one should be told."

"Is that why you are crying?" asked Mrs. Kemp in a low voice.

"No, no, of course not! I am afraid—Oh! mother! do you think it

will make him very unhappy?"

"For a little while," said Mrs. Kemp drily, "he will fancy himself so,
and then he will begin to wonder whether, after all, she was quite
worthy of him!"

"Don't say that—don't think so unkindly of him!" Lucy stood up,

she put her hand through her mother's arm, "Do you think people
ever leave off caring, when they have once cared—so much?"

"Lucy," said Mrs. Kemp, "have you ever wondered why your father
and I married so late? You know we were engaged—first—when I
was only nineteen——"

"Because you were too poor!" cried Lucy quickly, "because father
was in India!" and then, as her mother looked at her quite silently,
the girl added, with a kind of cry, "Oh! mother! what do you mean?"

"I mean,—I do not think that now he would be unwilling that you
should know, my darling,—that a woman came between us.
Someone not so good, not so innocent as Barbara Rebell,—for I do
think that in this matter she was quite innocent, Lucy."

"But father always liked you best, mother? How could he help it?"

"No," said Mrs. Kemp, "there was a time when he did not like me
best. There were years when he loved the other woman, and I was
—well, horribly unhappy. And yet, you see, he came back to me,—I
fought through,—and you, my dear one, will fight through, please
God, to be as happy a woman as your mother has been ever since
you have known her."

THE END.
 Transcriber Notes:
Throughout the dialogues, there were words used to mimic accents of the
speakers. Those words were retained as-is.

Errors in punctuation and inconsistent hyphenation were not corrected

unless otherwise noted.

On page 3, "beautifu" was replaced with "beautiful".

On page 37, the word after "the doctor" was unclear, but it is listed as
"repeated".

On page 38, "tnat" was replaced with "that".

On page 38, "t sight" was replaced with "the sight".

On page 38, "who nly" was replaced with "who only".

On page 58, a period was added after "wiped out".

On page 83, "why it is" was replaced with "Why it is".

On page 96, "rom" was replaced with "from".

On page 96, "hours o" was replaced with "hours of".

On page 97, " me," was replaced with "time,".

On page 99, "conimprehensible" was replaced with "incomprehensible".

On page 116, "ndoors" was replaced with "indoors".

On page 121, " elling" was replaced with "telling".

On page 144, a period was added after "herself".

On page 226, "back to Chanc" was replaced with "back to Chancton".

On page 226, "leave early, and" was replaced with "leave early, and it".
 On page 228, "woman s refinement" was replaced with "woman's
refinement".

On page 237, a period was placed after "prudent".

On page 239, "pirmeval" was replaced with "primeval".

On page 240, " ar from" was replaced with "far from".

On page 240, "he fel" was replaced with "he felt".

On page 243, "exemp" was replaced with "exempt".

On page 247, "nstinct" was replaced with "instinct".

On page 258, "onging" was replaced with "longing".

On page 279, "which he had been listening the last three hours.to" was
replaced with "to which he had been listening the last three hours.".

On page 300, "L'orgueil, reméde souverain, qui n'est pas à l'usage des âmes
endres." was replaced with "L'orgueil, remède souverain, qui n'est pas à l'usage
des âmes tendres."

Oh page 310, a comma was placed after "again repeated".

On page 321, a period was placed after "night". "to which he had been
listening the last three hours.".

On page 300, "L'orgueil, reméde souverain, qui n'est pas à l'usage des âmes
endres." was replaced with "L'orgueil, remède souverain, qui n'est pas à l'usage
des âmes tendres."

Oh page 310, a comma was placed after "again repeated".

On page 321, a period was placed after "night".

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