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Embedded mechatronic systems Volume 2 Analysis of
failures modeling simulation and optimization 1st Edition
El Hami Digital Instant Download
Author(s): El Hami, Abdelkhalak; Pougnet, Philippe
ISBN(s): 9781785480140, 1785480146
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 39.93 MB
Year: 2015
Language: english
Embedded Mechatronic Systems 2
 Embedded
Mechatronic Systems

Volume 2
Analysis of Failures, Modeling,
Simulation and Optimization

Edited by

Abdelkhalak El Hami
Philippe Pougnet
First published 2015 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Press Ltd and Elsevier Ltd

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as
permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced,
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 Preface

Electronics are increasingly used in controlled and embedded

mechanical systems. This leads to new mechatronics devices which
are lighter, smaller and use less energy. However, this mechatronics
approach which enables technological breakthroughs must take into
account sometimes contradictory constraints such as lead-time to
market and cost savings. Consequently, implementing a mechatronic
device and mastering its reliability are not always entirely
synchronized processes. For instance, this is the case of systems that
function in harsh environments or in operating conditions which cause
failures. Indeed, when the root causes of such defects are not
understood, they can be more difficult to control. This book answers
to these problems. It is intended for stakeholders in the field of
embedded mechatronics so that they can reduce the industrial and
financial risks linked to operational defects. This book presents a
method to develop mechatronics products where reliability is an
ongoing process starting in the initial product design stages. It is based
on understanding the failure mechanisms in mechatronic systems.
These failure mechanism are modeled to simulate the consequences,
and experiments are carried out to optimize the numerical approach.
The simulation helps to reduce the time required to anticipate the
causes of these failures. The experiments help to refine the models
which represent the systems studied.

This book is the result of collaborative research activities between

private (big, intermediate and small businesses) and public sector
xiv Embedded Mechatronic Systems 2

agents (universities and engineering schools). The orientations of

these research works were initiated by the Mechatronics Strategical
Branch of the Mov’eo competitive cluster (Domaine d’Action
Stratégique) to meet the need to have reliable mechatronics systems.

This book is directed at engineers and researchers working in the

mechatronics industry as well as at Masters or PhD students aiming to
specialize in experimental investigations, in experimental
characterization of physical or chemical stresses, in failure analysis,
and in failure mechanism modeling to simulate the consequences of
causes of failure and wanting to use statistics to assess reliability.
These subjects match the needs of the mechatronics industry.

It is organized into two volumes. Volume 1 looks at trials and

multi-physical modeling of defects which show weaknesses in design
and the creation of meta-models for optimizing designs. Volume 2
presents the statistical approach for optimizing designs for reliability
and the experimental approach for characterizing the evolution of
mechatronic systems in operation.

Chapter 1 of this volume discusses a methodology for carrying out

highly accelerated life tests (HALT) in a humid environment. The
principle is to subject the device under test (DUT) to humid air. The
ability of the HALT chamber to vary the temperature while applying
vibrations enhances the penetration of humidity into the DUT,
especially in the case of a failure of water-tightness. Depending on the
temperature, this humidity may be in the form of steam or frost on
electronic circuit boards and highlight the weaknesses in the assembly
or interconnections and failure of water-tightness. Electromagnetic
disturbances are also sources of failures. Weaknesses in the design of
circuits and components are checked by ensuring the electromagnetic
compatibility (EMC) through a characterization of the disturbances
produced and the emissions before and after the highly accelerated
tests.

Chapter 2 describes how to conduct life tests on high-frequency

power transistors under operational conditions. The originality of this
test is to follow the performance of the component in an automated
way over thousands of hours while applying electric and thermal
 Preface xv

stresses. The test examines high power components in pulsing mode

and tracks deviations by in-situ static and dynamic electric
characterizations. The lifecycle results obtained for high-power
laterally diffused metal oxide semiconductor (LDMOS) transistors are
presented.

Chapter 3 presents the methodology for analyzing failures of

mechatronic systems. The advantages and disadvantages of different
techniques of opening the resin and ceramic casings are described as
well as the precautions to be used to preserve the operational and
structural integrity of the component. The technique of detecting and
locating defects by photon emission microscopy (PEM) is combined
with the optical-beam-induced resistance change (OBIRCH)
technique to guide the analysis and determine the cause of the failure.
Four case studies of failure analysis are presented: a defective IGBT-
power component after the test, a metal oxide semiconductor field
effect transistor (MOSFET) damaged by the electrical overvoltage
stress test, a GaN technology transistor damaged during reliability
testing and a LDMOS component damaged during life test. The
results of these analyses are presented, helping to identify the cause of
the defects (X-ray analysis, electrical analysis, optical microscopy
analysis, thermal analysis, photon emission analysis, transmission
electron microscopy analysis).

Chapter 4 examines the phenomenon of thermal transfer linked to

the dissipation of heat in a power module and its effects. During the
assembly of a mechatronic module, defects can appear in the form of
voids in the interconnection material (ICM). By trapping thermal
energy, these defects are transformed into potential sources of failure
in the module. The goal of this study is to determine the influence of
such imperfections on reliability by using the maximum temperature
parameters of the chip and the thermo-mechanical constraints at the
interfaces as indicators.

Chapter 5 describes modeling using the finite element method of

the behavior of electronic circuit boards which are stressed by
temperature cycles, vibrations and electric loads. The electric, thermal
and mechanical behavior of a mechatronic structure is presented.
Details of two types of coupling of physical phenomena are given.
xvi Embedded Mechatronic Systems 2

The first is strong coupling: it uses finite elements with all degrees of
freedom necessary for an electro-thermo-mechanical study. The
second is weak coupling: it consists of decoupling the three physical
phenomena, with a sequential calculation. This method is applied to
the electronic circuit board of an engine control unit and to a radar
power amplifier. Understanding the mechanical behavior of electric
circuit boards requires the modeling of several physical phenomena. A
multi-physical model is presented which takes into account the
interdependencies and interactions between various physical
phenomena: electric, thermal and vibratory.

In Chapter 6, several methods are proposed to optimize the

structure of mechatronic systems from a reliability point of view.
These methods use know-how and skills in deterministic and
stochastic modeling. The goal is to associate numerical modeling by
the finite element method describing the physical behavior of the
mechatronic system with a stochastic behavior model. The results of
numerical modeling are used to build a meta-model by surface
response. By using this meta-model, the level of control factors is
adjusted, the sensitivity of the mechatronic system to sources of
variability is reduced (noise factors) and the system’s response to its
target (objective) is determined.

Chapter 7 presents a method based on probabilistic approaches

allowing the optimization of the design of embedded mechatronic
systems taking into account uncertainties. These uncertainties are due
to unknown properties of the materials, the geometric dimensions and
the fluctuations of load. The deterministic optimization does not take
uncertainties into account and does not ensure a reliable design. The
rational process for optimizing embedded systems consists of
considering the spread of uncertainties in multi-physical behavior
(electrical, thermal, mechanical, etc.) by using a probabilistic model of
the variables of input parameters. The reliability optimization is an
approach which attempts to find the best design using a compromise
between reducing the objective function (cost, weight, etc.) and
ensuring reliability.

Chapter 8 presents a study of the reliability of a powerful

radiofrequency amplifier made of gallium nitride components for
 Preface xvii

RADAR applications. The technology of the AlGaN/GaN high-

electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) is studied. In order to determine
the parameters which influence reliability, electric characterizations,
ageing tests and physical analysis are combined. The results show that
temperature is the most significant parameter determining ageing and
that the gate contact is the most sensitive element. A component
model integrating reliability from the design phase of the amplifiers is
presented.

The authors would like to thank DGCIS, CR Haute-Normandie,

CG 95, CG91, CG78, CRBN, CRIF, CA Cergy Pontoise, MOV’EO
and NAE for supporting the project AUDACE.
 1

Highly Accelerated Testing

“Highly accelerated life testing” (HALT) was invented in the USA in the 1980s. In
Europe, this method is called both HALT and “highly accelerated testing” (HAT). HALT
and HAT are experimental tests which reveal design weaknesses of electronic devices
by subjecting them to vibration, temperature and ramp temperature stresses. These
tests are best used at technology readiness level 4 or 5 in product development as
specified in the international norm ISO 16290. HAT tests take place in a dry
environment. Humidity is an important factor of stress which may lead to failures in
embedded mechatronic systems [ZVE 13]. This chapter will present an HAT method in
a humid environment. The principle is to apply humid air to the device under test (DUT).
The HAT chamber makes it possible to vary the temperature rapidly at the same time as
vibrations resulting in the humidity penetrating the DUT, especially when the sealing is
defective. Depending on the temperature, this humidity takes the form of vapor or ice on
the electronic boards and exposes the weaknesses of assemblies, interconnects or
tightness defects. The design defects of the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) circuits
are revealed by performing conducted and emitted radiation tests before and after HAT.

1.1. Introduction

Recently, there has been a huge increase in mechatronic product

developments in spite of the trend to reduce the time to market lead
time. Mechatronic products offer more functions and are expected not
to fail during the product life time. In order to meet these market

Chapter written by Philippe POUGNET, Pierre Richard DAHOO and Jean-Loup ALVAREZ.
2 Embedded Mechatronic Systems 2

requirements, it is necessary to identify the maximum number of

design flaws, reduce test durations significantly and apply and validate
corrective actions.

HAT is an experimental approach based on the vibration and

thermal stresses which reveal design and technology weaknesses, and
operational and destruct limits [HOB 05, BNA 05, MCL 09, IEC 13].
HAT is not used to qualify products but rather to optimize design.
These tests are best used at technology readiness level 4 or 5 in
product development as specified in the international norm ISO
16290.2013 [ISO 13]. The prototypes are tested at the beginning of
product development to reveal defects or flaws when it is still
easy and not expensive to modify the design. Correcting these
flaws improves product strength to operational and environmental
loads and optimizes the design, reducing potential failures in
service. As validation testing time is shortened, development cost is
reduced, which makes the product more competitive. The reduction in
the rate of returned parts during the warranty period improves brand
image.

Temperature, vibrations and humidity are sources of stress for

mechatronic systems [ZVE 13]. These stresses act separately or
interact, leading to complex physical chemical electrical mechanisms
of degradation or failure. To improve design, these factors need to be
analyzed and effective counter measures taken. The principle of HAT
is to reproduce these external causes of failure in extreme conditions
(maximum stress, reduced test time) in order to understand the
physical or chemical causes of failure and assess their respective
impact. In this approach, stress is increased step by step to a far higher
degree than the levels which are specified in the contract that defines
operational functioning. Mechatronic systems are often equipped with
protection that prevents these extreme conditions. In this case, this
protection should be disabled so that intrinsic functioning limits can
be reached.
 Highly Accelerated Testing 3

Discovering the design weaknesses requires a test that can detect

whether the mechatronic system has failed to function either partially
or totally. At each step, this test characterizes the ability of the system
to perform its expected functions. It also measures the critical
parameters and diagnoses potential failures. The stresses applied
(temperature, vibration) to the areas at risk in the DUT are measured
and recorded.

The HALT and HAT approaches are designed to find the

functioning and destruction limits in a dry atmosphere. The Super
HAT method goes a step further since it includes humidity. The DUT
is subjected to increased humidity levels and this combined with
stresses creating vibrations and rapid temperature ramps reveals
significant additional weaknesses. These defects would not have been
detected otherwise and would have led to failures in operation. It is
possible to acquire equipment to test a combination of two of these
three factors (e.g. vibration and temperature or temperature and
humidity). However, no other highly accelerated test equipment exists
that combines all three (vibration, temperature and humidity) except
for the “Super HAT”.

1.2. Load characteristics of the Super HAT equipment

Combining a thermal, vibration and humid environment, the

“Super HAT” system produces highly accelerated loads.

The temperature range is −100 to 200°C and the maximum ramp

used to increase or decrease the temperature is 60°C/min. Random
vibrations have 6 degrees of freedom (3 degrees for translation
movement and 3 degrees for rotating). The root mean square (RMS)
vibration amplitude can be varied from 0 to 50 Grms. The frequency
bandwidth of the applied vibrations is 10–10,000 Hz. Maximum
relative humidity is 95% at 95°C.

The “Super HAT” system can handle devices up to 60 cm × 60 cm

with a height of 40 cm and a maximum weight of 50 kg. DUTs are
attached to the vibration table by specifically designed fixtures. The
pilot system can be used to establish test profiles.
4 Embedded Mechatronic Systems 2

1.3. Description of the Super HAT system

1.3.1. System configuration

A HAT chamber and a large volume humidity chamber are used to

reproduce the stresses caused by humidity, vibrations and temperature.
The chambers are connected by two ducts. To avoid the condensation
of humid air, the two ducts are thermally insulated (Figure 1.2). A
four-way electrovalve regulates the flow of moisture on the DUT. A
fan helps humid air flow between the two chambers.

The DUT is placed in a sealed casing (Figure 1.3) which limits the
volume of humid air to ensure an initial humidity ratio of 85% and
maintain a humidity rate between 65% and 85% during the test cycles.
This insulated casing is fixed to the side walls of the HAT chamber.
Airtightness is achieved by using a flexible material which allows
random vibrations to be applied in a humid atmosphere. An additional
generator is available to maintain the humidity ratio of the test profiles
especially when the cycles are repeating.

Figure 1.1. Schematics of the Super HAT system

 Highly Accelerated Testing 5

Figure 1.2. Thermally insulated connection between the two chambers

Figure 1.3. Airtight casing to reduce the volume of moisture

In order to control any rapid increase and decrease in temperature,

the casing is connected to the dry nitrogen supply of the HAT
chamber. Valves are used to control the dry nitrogen flow.

1.3.2. Control and monitoring system

The control system initiates and controls the functioning of the two
chambers. It synchronizes the optimal conditions for the transfer of
humid air from the humidity chamber to the casing in the HAT
chamber. It records the progressive change of physical test parameters
(temperature, humidity and vibration).
6 Embedded Mechatronic Systems 2

Figure 1.4. Relative humidity sensor in the casing

Low thermal inertia thermocouples, low mass accelerometers and a

precise relative humidity sensor (Figure 1.4) are positioned in the two
chambers and on the DUT to measure the characteristics of the
applied loads (temperature, vibration and humidity).

Figure 1.5. Three axis accelerometer and thermocouple positioned on the DUT

The monitoring system allows us not only to record the signals

given by the temperature, vibration and humidity sensors positioned in
the chambers, but also the signals from the sensors positioned on the
critical elements on each DUT (Figure 1.5). Thus, the stresses applied
on the DUT are monitored directly. A multichannel data acquisition
 Highly Accelerated Testing 7

system records the effective applied stress levels measured by the

sensors. The control system detects the resulting failures and
malfunction levels that are correlated to the data.

1.3.3. Test profiles

Different test profiles can be set by the control system. An example

of such a cycling test profile is given in Figure 1.6.

aaa c
b
100

90

80

70

60
Relative humidity (%)

50
Temperature (°C)

40

30

20

10

0
Time
15:43:12

15:46:05

15:48:58

15:51:50

15:54:43

15:57:36

16:00:29

16:03:22

16:06:14

16:09:07

16:12:00

16:14:53

16:17:46

16:20:38

16:23:31

16:26:24

16:29:17

16:32:10

16:35:02

16:37:55

16:40:48

16:43:41

16:46:34

16:49:26

16:52:19

16:55:12

16:58:05

17:00:58

-10

-20

-30

-40

Temperature
Temperature Relative
humidité humidity
relative Temp Setpoint
Temp Setpoint °C ºC
-50

Figure 1.6. Applied test profile: a) temperature setting (°C), b) DUT

temperature (°C) and c) relative humidity (%). For a color version
of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/elhami/mechatronic2.zip

The initial DUT temperature is fixed at room temperature in the

casing. This temperature is then decreased to −20°C at a rate of
50°C/min by blowing cold dry nitrogen gas inside. After a 10 min
dwell time at this temperature, the DUT is heated to 90°C (setting
temperature) at a rate of 50°C/min by this time blowing hot dry
nitrogen gas inside. Once the temperature has stabilized, the valves of
the nitrogen gas ducts are closed. Moisture is introduced from the
second apparatus by activating the four-way valve. Relative humidity
reaches a peak value of 80% to finally stabilize at 70%. The moisture
8 Embedded Mechatronic Systems 2

dwell time is approximately 8 min. Then, the four-way electrovalve is

closed and the electrovalves of the nitrogen gas ducts are opened to
obtain condensation of humidity on the electronics. Cold nitrogen is
then blown on the DUT to reduce its temperature over more than 3–5
min down to −40°C. The electronics are covered by ice for 10 min.
Then, the DUT is heated to 90°C at a rate of 50°C/min by blowing hot
dry nitrogen gas. This turbulent hot nitrogen flow decreases the
humidity level. After a 7 min dwell time, moisture is reintroduced and
a new cycle begins.
This test profile is designed to precipitate defects due to humidity.
Moisture can seep into the DUT housing due to defects in the sealing
joints or connectors, or through the microporous membrane which
balances the pressure inside and out of the DUT and which
is permeable to water vapor because of its function. The climate
inside the DUT results from leakages of the moisture absorbed by the
polymer materials used in assembly or potting or from the temperature
cycles of the electronics. The preceding test profile is designed to
increase the defects due to humidity inside the DUT casing because it
is colder and therefore at a lower pressure than the surrounding
atmosphere. Reducing the temperature to a very low −40°C ensures
that moisture is condensed on the electronic components and on the
walls of the casing. At a high temperature, this condensed moisture
melts and water interacts with potting and sealing materials to reveal
their weaknesses.

1.3.4. Utility operating conditions

The Super HAT system functions if the following conditions

[HOB 05] are met:
– a liquid nitrogen tank equipped with a heating element to
produce gas, vents and manual and automatic safety valves;
– trucks carrying liquid nitrogen must be able to access an outside
refueling line equipped with a valve;
– a vacuum-jacketed line to the HAT chamber and a nitrogen gas
line;
 Highly Accelerated Testing 9

– specific liquid nitrogen pipes (equipped with a manual safety

valve), nitrogen gas pipes (equipped with a safety valve and pressure
regulator), thermally insulated pipes to extract the nitrogen gas out of
the building, a degassing valve between the safety valve and the HAT
chamber bayonet and the evacuation pipe for the degassing pot of the
liquid nitrogen line;
– a set of sensors and alarm systems warning if nitrogen leaks may
cause a risk of lack of oxygen for the personnel;
– an automatic command system for closing down the liquid and
nitrogen gas valves;
– an oil-free air compressor equipped with filters and a storage
tank;
– an electric power supply line (3 phases 400 V, 80 A).

Standard performance includes:

– a 5,000 l tank for liquid nitrogen;
– a non-continuous liquid nitrogen flow rate of 50 l/min at
3.45 bars;
– a nitrogen gas flow rate of 8,488 l/h at 1 bar (maximum pressure
4.8 bars, nominal pressure 0.3–0.5 bar);
– a compressed air flow rate of 2.27 m3/min at 5.5 bar (this air
should be dry − dew point between 1.6 and 3.9°C − filtered at 1–5 µm,
oil free, and a 500 l minimum storage tank).

The moisture chamber requires a 3 phase 400 V 32 A power supply

and 10–30 l of distilled water per test.

1.4. Application

The Super HAT tests consist of applying step stresses according to

the HAT protocol before introducing moisture and experimental
combinations of temperature and humidity and variations in
temperature, random vibrations and humidity.
10 Embedded Mechatronic Systems 2

1.4.1. Device under test

The DUT is a device that controls the compressor of an electric

automotive air conditioner (Figure 1.7). Its main functions are to
regulate the inside temperature and to control the battery temperature
when it is charged at low or high speed. This device must function
without failure for a 25,000 h lifetime. The temperature operation
specification that needs to be met is from −10 to 100°C. Nominal
operation temperature is 85°C. The torque supplying the heat-
retaining fluid compressor varies from 1.5 to 5 Nm.

Figure 1.7. The DUT equipped with two thermocouples

The DUT is composed of two electronic boards (a power board and

a control board) which are enclosed in an aluminum alloy casing. The
power board is coated in resin and is attached to the casing. The
casing contains a 350 V High Voltage (HV) direct current connector
(positive and negative terminals are labeled HV+ and HV–), a 13.5 V
Low Voltage (LV) connector (positive and negative terminals are
labeled LV+ and LV–), a Controlled Area Network (CAN) bus and a
ball bearing. The casing is designed to be waterproof. To avoid
stresses on the casing lid and on the sealing joints, a microporous
membrane has been added. This membrane is waterproofed against
water but not against steam. In operation, the bottom of the casing is
in contact with the cooling fluid which can lead to water condensing
on the electronics.
 Highly Accelerated Testing 11

The following prototypes are tested:

− N°114 (uncoated power board equipped with thermocouples and
without lid);
− N°112 (resin-coated power board, sealed lid and microporous
membrane);
− N°120 (uncoated power board, equipped with thermocouples,
sealed lid and microporous membrane).

3/8
threaded
rod

Top
Aluminum
bar

DUT

Bottom Set of nut and

Aluminum bar locknut
with washer tightened at
inside 10 Nm

Figure 1.8. Mounting of the DUT and the nitrogen pipes

1.4.2. Mounting of the DUT on the HAT vibration table

The HAT vibration table is set to vibrate by repetitive shocks from

numerous pneumatic actuators which are positioned under the table in
specific places. The spectral content is multiaxial and random on a
wide frequency bandwidth (from 10 Hz to 10 kHz). However, to avoid
damping, the DUT should be attached with flexible fixtures.

The DUT is thus mounted on the vibration table with light

alloy fixtures and with threaded rods blocked by nuts and locknuts
(Figure 1.8).
12 Embedded Mechatronic Systems 2

1.4.3. Testing for operating temperature limits

To discover the operating temperature limits, it is recommended to

remove the protective casing lid to optimize thermal exchanges
between the electronics and the nitrogen gas flow. The temperature
levels and the thermal ramps activate defects.

Prototype N°114 is tested for operating limits. The casing is open

and power components are not coated in resin. The test protocol is as
follows: at each temperature step change, once the DUT temperature
is stabilized, power cycles are activated and functioning is checked.

1.4.3.1. Testing for low-temperature operating limit

The DUT functioning is checked at a temperature of 20°C. The
temperature is lowered to 0°C and the functioning is rechecked. The
temperature is lowered progressively to 20°C at a time. Dwell time at
each step is 15 min. Figure 1.9 shows the evolution of the DUT
temperature over time.

Figure 1.9. Operating limit at low temperature: DST

temperature (°C) and testing time (min)

When power cycles are activated, the temperature of the power

board increases from 10 to 35°C depending on the location of the
sensors. No defects are revealed until 60°C when testing is stopped.
Discovering Diverse Content Through
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Just went ahead and pruned—and let it drop.
The day before was sun—a blinding glare
On snow—it’s amber goggles then and they’re
Forever getting fogged. Of course a day
Gets sort of tucked in now and then that may
Not be so bad, although they’re pretty few,
But good or bad there’s little else to do
In winter-time, but prune. And it is plain,
A man who loves his trees won’t stop for rain
Or cold or driving snow or dazzling sun
Until the job he started on is done.

To any man like that a tree is bound

To mean more than a root shoved in the ground,
For they are his, his own, his pets—just like
His kids. They’re part of him and so they strike
Into his heart. He’s cuddled them, he’s stuck
With them through all the ups and downs of luck;
Instead of chicken-pox he’s had to fight
Anthracnos, winter-kill and scab and blight;
He knows his rows—what every tree’s been through,
The one’s who’ve done him proud and strugglers too.
And he remembers how, four years ago—
That day the big freeze came with all the snow,
He found the weighted limbs of some of them
All split and broken from the mother stem.

That’s why there’s something human enters in

To pruning trees—it almost seems a sin
Sometimes to lop off here and lop off there
The wood you’ve coaxed with such a heap of care;
Like punishment it seems, and though it’s wise,
Those fruit-spurred boughs are hard to sacrifice.
And when he takes a tree and prunes the wood
The way it should be done for that tree’s good,
He does not see the severed sticks that show
Black-twisted there upon the trampled snow—
 ac t sted t e e upo t e t a p ed s o
To him, each one’s a green-leafed bough that’s gone,
With all its scented crimson apples on.

His blouse is steaming now—hung on a chair

Before the kitchen-stove—she put it there.
She’s humming cheerful-like, tonight it’s toast
And coffee and potatoes and pot-roast;
He will forget his shoulder after while,
And when he’s filled and dry—he’ll smile.
SNOOTS
S
ay—haveyou ever given thought
To snoots—just snoots? Most likely not!
There’s so much else to think about
That snoots get crowded out.
An uncouth thing
And yet most interesting
Somehow, and so of snoots I sing
And of that strange, instinctive sense—
Mute marvel of God’s providence!

Now take a snoot that’s prowled around

Like old Pete’s there—along the ground
And through the brush from log to log—
The plain snoot of a common dog.
How often, knocking through the wood,
Deep in the maples I have stood
Stock still—and watched that canny brute.
Tense to the trail, by rock and root,
Zigzagging now, then onward straight!
Not once there would he hesitate.
Eyes to the earth, alert and quick,
By briar, branch and broken stick,
Till pausing short, with one glad bound
And switching tail—his quarry found,
He sprang to meet
His master, crouching at his feet,
At last content.
And this strange thing—you call it scent

The leaves are trodden by a boot,

A little later comes a snoot,
And quick as thought it sniffs the air,
The soil, and sifts the odors there.
A hundred kinds of smells we’ll say,
The mould, the moss, the worms, the clay
The drying leaves the twigs and stones
The drying leaves, the twigs and stones,
The fallen needles and the cones,
The little flowers, the growing plants.
The bugs, the chipmunks and the ants;
And yet that sniffing snoot could tell
Among all these, the one faint smell
That lingered vaguely in the wake
That two swift-striding boots might make.

You marvel at his skill when he,

The master of a symphony,
Detects one jarring note that comes
Up through the beat of many drums,
And tambourines and banging things,
And blaring brass and whining strings;
You cite some instance of the kind
To eulogize the human mind—
To show attainment absolute!
I point you to my Peter’s snoot—
Upon my lap he comes to lay
Its cold, damp tip, still smeared with clay.

Oh, all you hordes of furry brutes,

Be glad you’re blessed with telltale snoots,
So nicely tuned that with a sniff
Of earth or air, you catch the whiff
Of danger there. You mountain sheep,
Superb upon your rocky steep;
You splendid elk, far domiciled
In mountain fastness, coursing wild;
You bonny deer and monster moose,
Brandless, unfenced, will-free and loose;
You wolves couched in your rock-ribbed lairs;
You blubber-padded, big-pawed bears;
You foxes tunneled deep in roots,
Wise was the God Who gave you snoots!
 LITTLE BLACK BULL

B
ornin bobbing clover hay,
July sun at close of day—
Black and gleaming little bull
Appetite all masterful.
Scarcely dried—his glossy silk,
When he started in to milk,
Tongue a-smack and bulging tum,
Filled at last—his vacuum.
Soft blue hoofs and knobby pegs
Soon were prancing just like legs;
Got him weaned till bran he took
Like a codfish bolts a hook,
Till he danced in sheer delight,
Till he waxed in youthful might.
Dawn of day and forth he went
For adventure—jubilant;
Innocent and wondering eyes,
All the world a glad surprise,
Then they drove him down the hill
In a crate—and wondering still;
Wondering as the world went by,
Green of trees and blue of sky,
What adventure—joyous, new,
Little bull was going to.
 MOUNTAIN TOPS

O
crater-tops! Cloud-bumped! Snow-white!
ld
Our mountains these—all day and night
They show above the ridges. What?
You’ve never climbed? You’ve missed a lot!

When you have known the grunts and chills,

The cold, the sweat, the gasps, the thrills;
And winced at dazzling snow reared high
Against a dye of cobalt sky;
And faced the blast that strives its best
To hurl you headlong off the crest;
Seen countless ranges fade into
The whole vast earth-encircling blue
That holds the rim of the sky’s bowl;
And sniffed the clouds and watched them roll
Close-packed beneath you in the sun and ride
Like foaming billows at flood-tide;
When you have done these things, you’ll speak
With reverence of a mountain-peak.

Such friendships last—they’re not

Remembered lightly nor forgot.
 THE RIVER

O
nceI gurgled with a hiss
In the glacier’s cold abyss.
Dull and muffled was my song
As I felt my way along
Through the mystic caves of glass
Far below the great crevasse.
Now I greet the blessed light,
Out of night and bursting white—
Baby-giant—keen to forge,
Loudly laughing, through the gorge;
Straddling rocks and riding bumps,
Brushing branches, hurdling stumps,
Peevish, boiling, sluggish, slack,
Lunging forward, swirling back;
Leaping from a bouldered dale,
Snaking through a clay-banked swale,
Draining streams from every draw
Down into my hungry maw,
Swelling with the tribute paid—
This is how a river’s made.
 THE JUGGLER

Y
ou’veseen him balanced with his staff,
Far up—and giving death the laugh?
The Juggler—confident and proud
Above the gaping, breathless crowd!
So in the gathering storm, he swayed—
The Forest Juggler—unafraid!
Schooled by the blasts of centuries,
Proudly he looked on lesser trees,
Rearing his mighty head on high
Against the red-streaked western sky.
Then broke the gale—the clouds unlocked,
And such a wind as never rocked
His stalwart trunk, now made him dance.
He swayed in ancient confidence
Till once he reached—too far! Then all
His shaft went toppling to the fall,
With grinding boughs and crunch and thud.
Upripped those gorgon-roots, the mud—
Wide-flung, left but a crater-hole
Where it had towered—that giant bole!
The wind has gone upon his way,
A patch of sky shows where he lay—
Who juggled long and fearlessly
Until a greater came than he.
 NATURE’S TOTEMS

W
ith tools rough-wrought the untaught scribe
Carved deep the glory of his tribe—
Amazing monsters—grotesque, stiff,
With curious, quaint hieroglyph.
Brave in barbaric dyes, his scroll—
So left the scribe his totem-pole.

Though rotted, broken, scattered far

These totems of the savage are,
Proud totems—vastly mightier,
The lineaments of Nature bear.

The mountain’s twisted ribs of rock

Laid bare, proclaim the earthquake shock,
And how it was through turmoil great
Exalted to its high estate;
An upturned fossil on the plain
Reverts to Dinosaurian reign,
Another shows his prowess gone—
The advent of the Mastodon;
The lopside fir is eloquent
Of battling winters nobly spent;
The shell upon the mountain side
Betrays an ancient ocean’s tide;
These are the totems, cryptic, terse,
We find in Nature’s universe.
MINSTRELS OF THE NIGHT

W
oodland voices I have heard—
Laughing waters, beast and bird;
Red-squirrels jabb’ring while they eat,
Cones a-dropping at your feet;
Pecker diving for a worm,
Ringing echoes with each squirm;
Squawking jays and the palaver
Of a pheasant breaking cover;
But the strangest sound to me
Comes when winds blow fitfully,
In the darkness, like a moan—
Chilling to the marrow-bone,
Dying now upon the gale
Like a far-off cougar’s wail.
Now it rises—peevish, wild,
Like the fretting of a child;
With an easing wind the thing
Squeaks like monkeys jibbering.
Thus a leaning, scraping tree
Sounds its spookish minstrelsy,
When the night-wind, teasing so,
Starts it rocking to and fro.
THE LONG BET
T
hemountain road will lead you past
The shack. It’s easily told, the last
Old tumbledown this side the ridge
Of snags; a little bridge
Is there that hasn’t yet dropped through.
I don’t know how it is with you,
But every time I see that shack
It gets me somehow—calls me back
And tries to speak. The caved-in shed
Where some poor nag was fed
His mighty little, and the rakes
Upstanding still—and scattered shakes,
Tell how they labored to deceive
The man with hope. In make-believe
They played a barn—and over there
The several-acre clearing where
A few anæmic blades of grain
Still volunteer; but oh
That Potter’s Field where grow
In broken rows of twos and threes
The little, weazened apple-trees.

Mere stalks are some, that died

Beside the stakes where they were tied,
While others held tenaciously
Their stunted semblance to a tree—
Their dangling leaves are sparse
And bloodless—so the farce
Goes on. I know he stood that day
He planted them and looked away
Across his claim—beyond that draw
Where all the ghost-trees are, and saw
Them fade away and in their stead
A smiling orchard with its red
Fruit-laden boughs. At any rate
H lik l t k d ith f t
He likely staked with fate
What all he had—all he could get,
And made his one long bet.

He staked the woman too—

That calico of faded blue
Still waving by the kitchen door,
The shreds of curtains on the four
Wee windows on the front, proclaim
There was a woman in the game.
Lord, how he must have strung
Her on—to drag her up among
Those snags! And what it must have been
In winter! Think of living in
That tumbly hut—eight feet of snow
Outside—and ten below.
Suppose the woman took her bed,
Caved in, just like the shed
Is now—upon her back laid flat,
(The work alone would tend to that).
The mountain road will lead you past
The shack. It’s easily told, the last
Old tumbledown this side the ridge
Of snags.
Of course they had a kid.
The broken go-cart shows they did,
It’s shy a wheel and tongue—
You’ll find it there among
The weeds just by the front door stoop.
It’s ten to one he’d have the croup
And scarcely likely he’d get off
Without the whooping-cough.
Good God! It’s fiendish anywhere,
But think of whooping-cough up there
In winter! All that gloom—
A little room
With stuffy stove and candle-light,
And whooping, whooping through the night.

And when the man gave in

At last and found he couldn’t win,
Found apples couldn’t keep alive
Or thrive
Or come to any good
One bit more than a human could
Up there, and when the day
Came that they went away—
Packed up their leavings in a load
And joggled down the mountain road,
I’ll bet they both looked back
And cursed that shack.
And it is hard to think
That even that rose-pink
Of early sunrise on the top
Of that old mountain had one drop
Of beauty left for them. It might
Be that the white
Ghost-trees bespoke their mood
Of helplessness and solitude
Th t d It’ il t ld
That day. It’s easily told,
The old
Ramshackle place this side the ridge
Of snags—the little bridge
That hasn’t yet dropped through,
Will point it out to you.
THE CAVES OF JOSEPHINE
I’
sure if one could probe
m
But deep enough, he’d find this globe
Just tunneled through with catacombs
And resonant with hollow domes
And yawning gulfs, abysmal spaces
And divers dark, unfathomed places
Where echoes die through mere excess
Of nothingness.

There’s mystery in holes—a solid thing

Is never half so interesting;
It’s fun to poke around in them—to draw the screen
Away from things long hidden and unseen,
Like those in Josephine.
Ten miles of thickest Douglas green
The little trail winds through,
That leads you to
Old Gray Back with his half-closed,
Crooked eye. How long he’s dosed
That way—without a blink,
Who knows? Until Elijah found the chink
That day he shot the bear—
Just crippled her enough to tear
Down through the rocks—a bloody track
Into the big, black crack;
And that was back
Along there in the seventies.
Dick Rawly tells the story—he’s
The guide,
And how he beams with pride
To see outsiders rave
About the marvels of his cave,
As proud of every chamber, niche and shelf
As if he’d chiseled it himself.

And Lord! The more you snoop

And Lord! The more you snoop
Around down there, and scrape and stoop
To see the things you see,
The more you think he has a right to be.
Dick’s different too—he says his say
As if he’d learned it yesterday
Instead of when he did.
With all the ardor of a kid
He rambles on—it’s always new
To him, just as it is to you.

He tells you how the place was formed

In glacial days, when waters stormed
And roared and cut their channels through
The very spot where you
Stand marveling. Then comes the change.
The glaciers pass, along the range
They ride no more, the streams are dried,
The conflict stops. On every side
Lime-laden drops begin
To percolate and filter in—
The long, cold sweat appears.
For several hundred thousand years,
Away from light, away from time,
Those little drops have oozed their lime.

Relentless patience must have played

Its part when all this underworld was made,
And infinite variety took hand
When it was planned—
Or was it planned? Was it intent—
Or some sublimely perfect accident
That caused to be
That marble-fluted canopy
Above the many-pillowed throne
That’s shown
In brilliant, bold relief against our light
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