Proceedings of the Future Technologies

Conference FTC 2020 Volume 2 Kohei Arai pdf

download

https://ebookmeta.com/product/proceedings-of-the-future-
technologies-conference-ftc-2020-volume-2-kohei-arai/

Download more ebook from https://ebookmeta.com

We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit ebookmeta.com
to discover even more!

Proceedings of the Future Technologies Conference FTC

2020 Volume 3 Kohei Arai

https://ebookmeta.com/product/proceedings-of-the-future-
technologies-conference-ftc-2020-volume-3-kohei-arai/

Intelligent Computing: Proceedings of the 2021

Computing Conference, Volume 1 1st Edition Kohei Arai

https://ebookmeta.com/product/intelligent-computing-proceedings-
of-the-2021-computing-conference-volume-1-1st-edition-kohei-arai/

Intelligent Computing Proceedings of the 2021 Computing

Conference Volume 2 Lecture Notes in Networks and
Systems 284 Kohei Arai (Editor)

https://ebookmeta.com/product/intelligent-computing-proceedings-
of-the-2021-computing-conference-volume-2-lecture-notes-in-
networks-and-systems-284-kohei-arai-editor/

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Second Edition

Benjamin Franklin

https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-autobiography-of-benjamin-
franklin-second-edition-benjamin-franklin/
Cultural Property and Contested Ownership The
Trafficking of Artefacts and the Quest for Restitution
1st Edition Brigitta Hauser Schäublin Editor Lyndel V
Prott Editor
https://ebookmeta.com/product/cultural-property-and-contested-
ownership-the-trafficking-of-artefacts-and-the-quest-for-
restitution-1st-edition-brigitta-hauser-schaublin-editor-lyndel-
v-prott-editor/

Betty at St Benedick s 1st Edition Ethel Talbot

https://ebookmeta.com/product/betty-at-st-benedick-s-1st-edition-
ethel-talbot/

Isekai Izakaya Nobu WN Chapter 033 044 1st Edition

Semikawa Natsukana

https://ebookmeta.com/product/isekai-izakaya-nobu-wn-
chapter-033-044-1st-edition-semikawa-natsukana/

Wastewater Treatment Operations Math Concepts and

Calculations 3rd Edition Frank R. Spellman

https://ebookmeta.com/product/wastewater-treatment-operations-
math-concepts-and-calculations-3rd-edition-frank-r-spellman/

Value Based Fees How to Charge What You re Worth and

Get What You Charge 3rd Edition Weiss

https://ebookmeta.com/product/value-based-fees-how-to-charge-
what-you-re-worth-and-get-what-you-charge-3rd-edition-weiss/
Drug Design using Machine Learning 1st Edition
Inamuddin

https://ebookmeta.com/product/drug-design-using-machine-
learning-1st-edition-inamuddin/
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 1289

Kohei Arai
Supriya Kapoor
Rahul Bhatia Editors

Proceedings
of the Future
Technologies
Conference
(FTC) 2020,
Volume 2
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

Volume 1289

Series Editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Warsaw, Poland

Advisory Editors
Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
Rafael Bello Perez, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computing,
Universidad Central de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
Emilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Hani Hagras, School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering,
University of Essex, Colchester, UK
László T. Kóczy, Department of Automation, Széchenyi István University,
Gyor, Hungary
Vladik Kreinovich, Department of Computer Science, University of Texas
at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
Chin-Teng Lin, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chiao
Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
Jie Lu, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology,
University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Patricia Melin, Graduate Program of Computer Science, Tijuana Institute
of Technology, Tijuana, Mexico
Nadia Nedjah, Department of Electronics Engineering, University of Rio de Janeiro,
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Ngoc Thanh Nguyen , Faculty of Computer Science and Management,
Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
Jun Wang, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering,
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
The series “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” contains publications
on theory, applications, and design methods of Intelligent Systems and Intelligent
Computing. Virtually all disciplines such as engineering, natural sciences, computer
and information science, ICT, economics, business, e-commerce, environment,
healthcare, life science are covered. The list of topics spans all the areas of modern
intelligent systems and computing such as: computational intelligence, soft comput-
ing including neural networks, fuzzy systems, evolutionary computing and the fusion
of these paradigms, social intelligence, ambient intelligence, computational neuro-
science, artificial life, virtual worlds and society, cognitive science and systems,
Perception and Vision, DNA and immune based systems, self-organizing and
adaptive systems, e-Learning and teaching, human-centered and human-centric
computing, recommender systems, intelligent control, robotics and mechatronics
including human-machine teaming, knowledge-based paradigms, learning para-
digms, machine ethics, intelligent data analysis, knowledge management, intelligent
agents, intelligent decision making and support, intelligent network security, trust
management, interactive entertainment, Web intelligence and multimedia.
The publications within “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” are
primarily proceedings of important conferences, symposia and congresses. They
cover significant recent developments in the field, both of a foundational and
applicable character. An important characteristic feature of the series is the short
publication time and world-wide distribution. This permits a rapid and broad
dissemination of research results.
** Indexing: The books of this series are submitted to ISI Proceedings,
EI-Compendex, DBLP, SCOPUS, Google Scholar and Springerlink **

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11156

Kohei Arai Supriya Kapoor
• •

Rahul Bhatia
Editors

Proceedings of the Future

Technologies Conference
(FTC) 2020, Volume 2

123
Editors
Kohei Arai Supriya Kapoor
Faculty of Science and Engineering The Science and Information
Saga University (SAI) Organization
Saga, Japan Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK

Rahul Bhatia
The Science and Information
(SAI) Organization
Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK

ISSN 2194-5357 ISSN 2194-5365 (electronic)

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
ISBN 978-3-030-63088-1 ISBN 978-3-030-63089-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63089-8
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard
to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Editor’s Preface

With the aim of providing a worldwide forum, where the international participants
can share their research knowledge and ideas, the 2020 Future Technologies
Conference (FTC) was held virtually on November 5–6, 2020. FTC 2020 focuses
on recent and latest technological breakthroughs in the areas of computing, elec-
tronics, AI, robotics, security and communications and map out the directions for
future researchers and collaborations.
The anarchic spirit and energy of inquiry found in our community always help
researchers to produce brilliant technological advances which continue to restruc-
ture entire computing community. FTC see participation from such researchers,
academics and technologists from leading universities, research firms, government
agencies and companies to submit their latest research at the forefront of technology
and computing.
We are pleased to review and select a volume of high-qualified papers from all
submissions during the conference. We hope these papers which have been gone
through the double-blind review process can provide helpful reference for all
readers and scholars. In these proceedings, we finally selected 210 full papers
including six poster papers to publish.
We would like to express our gratitude and appreciation to all of the reviewers
who helped us maintaining the high quality of manuscripts included in this con-
ference proceedings. We would also like to extend our thanks to the members of the
organizing team for their hard work. We are tremendously grateful for the contri-
butions and support received from authors, participants, keynote speakers, program
committee members, session chairs, steering committee members and others in their
various roles. Their valuable support, suggestions, dedicated commitment and hard
work have made FTC 2020 a success.
We hope that all the participants of FTC 2020 had a wonderful and fruitful time
at the conference!
Kind Regards,
Kohei Arai

v
Contents

A Generic Scalable Method for Scheduling Distributed Energy

Resources Using Parallelized Population-Based Metaheuristics . . . . . . . 1
Hatem Khalloof, Wilfried Jakob, Shadi Shahoud, Clemens Duepmeier,
and Veit Hagenmeyer
A Lightweight Association Rules Based Prediction Algorithm
(LWRCCAR) for Context-Aware Systems in IoT Ubiquitous, Fog,
and Edge Computing Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Asma Abdulghani Al-Shargabi and Francois Siewe
Analytical View on Non-Invasive Measurement of Moving Charge
by Position Dependent Semiconductor Qubit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Krzysztof Pomorski
Steganography Application Using Combination of Movements in a 2D
Video Game Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Ricardo Mandujano, Juan Gutierrez-Cardenas, and Marco Sotelo Monge
Implementation of Modified Talbi’s Quantum Inspired Genetic
Algorithm for Travelling Salesman Problem on an IBM Quantum
Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
A. C. Gammanpila and T. G. I. Fernando
Crowd Management of Honda Celebration of Light Using
Agent-based Modelling and Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Ryan Ficocelli, Andrew J. Park, Lee Patterson, Frank Doditch,
Valerie Spicer, Justin Song, and Herbert H. Tsang
Machine Learning Prediction of Gamer’s Private
Networks (GPN®S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Chris Mazur, Jesse Ayers, Jack Humphrey, Gaétan Hains,
and Youry Khmelevsky

vii
viii Contents

Estimating Home Heating and Cooling Energy Use from Monthly

Utility Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Sai Santosh Yakkali, Yanxiao Feng, Xi Chen, Zhaoji Chen,
and Julian Wang
Containers Runtimes War: A Comparative Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Ramzi Debab and Walid Khaled Hidouci
Performance of Test-and-Set Algorithms for Naming
Anonymous Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Layla S. Aldawsari and Tom Altman
Coded Access Architectures for Dense Memory Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Hardik Jain, Matthew Edwards, Ethan R. Elenberg, Ankit Singh Rawat,
and Sriram Vishwanath
Parallel Direct Regularized Solver for Power Circuit Applications . . . . 193
Yury A. Gryazin and Rick B. Spielman
Cartesian Genetic Programming for Synthesis of Optimal
Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Askhat Diveev
Reverse Engineering: The University Distributed Services . . . . . . . . . . . 223
M. Amin Yazdi and Marius Politze
Factors Affecting Students’ Motivation for Learning at the Industrial
University of Ho Chi Minh City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Nguyen Binh Phuong Duy, Liu Cam Binh, and Nguyen Thi Phuong Giang
Towards Traffic Saturation Detection Based on the Hough
Transform Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Abdoulaye Sere, Cheick Amed Diloma Gabriel Traore, Yaya Traore,
and Oumarou Sie
Performance Benchmarking of NewSQL Databases with Yahoo Cloud
Serving Benchmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Irina Astrova, Arne Koschel, Nils Wellermann, and Philip Klostermeyer
Internet of Art: Exploring Mobility, AR and Connectedness
in Geocaching Through a Collaborative Art Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Pirita Ihamäki and Katriina Heljakka
Preservers of XR Technologies and Transhumanism as Dynamical,
Ludic and Complex System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Sudhanshu Kumar Semwal, Ron Jackson, Chris Liang, Jemy Nguyen,
and Stephen Deetman
Interview with a Robot: How to Equip the Elderly Companion Robots
with Speech? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Pierre-André Buvet, Bertrand Fache, and Abdelhadi Rouam
Contents ix

Composite Versions of Implicit Search Algorithms

for Mobile Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Vitaly O. Groppen
Moore’s Law is Ending: What’s Next After FinFETs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Nishi Shah
Pervasive UX Journey: Creating Blended Spaces with Augmented
Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Adriano Bernardo Renzi, Paulo Bezerra, Matheus Correia, Kathryn Lanna,
Victor Duarte, and Hugo Reil
Fast Probabilistic Consensus with Weighted Votes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Sebastian Müller, Andreas Penzkofer, Bartosz Kuśmierz, Darcy Camargo,
and William J. Buchanan
A Process Mining Approach to the Analysis of the Structure
of Time Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Julio J. Valdés, Yaimara Céspedes-González, Kenneth Tapping,
and Guillermo Molero-Castillo
OptiShard: An Optimized and Secured Hierarchical Blockchain
Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Shyam Kantesariya and Dhrubajyoti Goswami
Qute: Query by Text Search for Time Series Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Shima Imani, Sara Alaee, and Eamonn Keogh
Establishing a Formal Benchmarking Process for Sentiment Analysis
for the Bangla Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
AKM Shahariar Azad Rabby, Aminul Islam, and Fuad Rahman
Detection of Malicious HTTP Requests Using Header
and URL Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Ashley Laughter, Safwan Omari, Piotr Szczurek, and Jason Perry
Comparison of Classifiers Models for Prediction of Intimate
Partner Violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Ashly Guerrero, Juan Gutiérrez Cárdenas, Vilma Romero,
and Víctor H. Ayma
Data Consortia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Eric Bax, John Donald, Melissa Gerber, Lisa Giaffo, Tanisha Sharma,
Nikki Thompson, and Kimberly Williams
StreamNet: A DAG System with Streaming Graph Computing . . . . . . . 499
Zhaoming Yin, Anbang Ruan, Ming Wei, Huafeng Li, Kai Yuan,
Junqing Wang, Yahui Wang, Ming Ni, and Andrew Martin
x Contents

A Disaster Management System on Mapping Health Risks from

Agents of Disasters and Extreme Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Christine Diane Ramos, Wilfred Luis Clamor, Carl David Aligaya,
Kristin Nicole Te, Magdiyel Reuel Espiritu, and John Paolo Gonzales
Graphing Website Relationships for Risk Prediction:
Identifying Derived Threats to Users Based on Known Indicators . . . . . 538
Philip H. Kulp and Nikki E. Robinson
FLIE: Form Labeling for Information Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
Ela Pustulka, Thomas Hanne, Phillip Gachnang, and Pasquale Biafora
Forecasting Time Series with Multiplicative Trend Exponential
Smoothing and LSTM: COVID-19 Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
M. A. Machaca Arceda, P. C. Laguna Laura, and V. E. Machaca Arceda
Quick Lists: Enriched Playlist Embeddings for Future Playlist
Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Brett Vintch
Data Security Management Implementation Measures for Intelligent
Connected Vehicles (ICVs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
Haijun Wang, Yanan Zhang, and Chao Ma
Modeling Dependence Between Air Transportation and Economic
Development of Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
Askar Boranbayev, Seilkhan Boranbayev, Tolendi Muratov,
and Askar Nurbekov
Sentiment Analysis to Support Marketing Decision Making Process:
A Hybrid Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
Alaa Marshan, Georgia Kansouzidou, and Athina Ioannou
Jupyter Lab Based System for Geospatial Environmental
Data Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
Nikita A. Terlych and Ramon Antonio Rodriges Zalipynis
Collaboration-Based Automatic Data Validation Framework
for Enterprise Asset Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Kennedy Oyoo
EEG Analysis for Predicting Early Autism Spectrum
Disorder Traits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
Parneet Kaur Saran and Matin Pirouz
Decision Support System for House Hunting: A Case Study
in Chittagong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676
Tanjim Mahmud, Juel Sikder, and Sultana Rokeya Naher
Contents xi

Blockchain in Charity: Platform for Tracking Donations . . . . . . . . . . . 689

Sergey Avdoshin and Elena Pesotskaya
Data Analytics-Based Maintenance Function Performance
Measurement Framework and Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702
C. I. Okonta and R. O. Edokpia
Parallel Mapper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
Mustafa Hajij, Basem Assiri, and Paul Rosen
Dimensional Analysis of Dataflow Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732
William W. Wadge and Abdulmonem I. Shennat
EnPower: Haptic Interfaces for Deafblind Individuals to Interact,
Communicate, and Entertain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740
Nimesha Ranasinghe, Pravar Jain, David Tolley, Barry Chew,
Ankit Bansal, Shienny Karwita, Yen Ching-Chiuan,
and Ellen Yi-Luen Do
Adaptive Customized Forward Collision Warning System Through
Driver Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
Marco Stang, Martin Sommer, Daniel Baumann, Yuan Zijia, and Eric Sax
JettSen: A Mobile Sensor Fusion Platform for City Knowledge
Abstraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773
Andres Rico, Yasushi Sakai, and Kent Larson
No Jitter Please: Effects of Rotational and Positional Jitter
on 3D Mid-Air Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792
Anil Ufuk Batmaz, Mohammad Rajabi Seraji, Johanna Kneifel,
and Wolfgang Stuerzlinger
THED: A Wrist-Worn Thermal Display to Perceive Spatial Thermal
Sensations in Virtual Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809
Nicholas Soucy, Nimesha Ranasinghe, Avery Rossow,
Meetha Nesam James, and Roshan Peiris
Autonomous Landing of a Quadrotor with Wireless Charging . . . . . . . 830
Abdallah Aljasmi, Abdulrahman Yaghmour, Omar Almatrooshi,
Rached Dhaouadi, Shayok Mukhopadhyay, and Nasser Qaddoumi
Matching Algorithms in Ride Hailing Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847
Guantao Zhao, Yinan Sun, Ziqiu Zhu, and Amrinder Arora
LLWURP: LoRa/LoRaWAN Uniform Relay Protocol with a Single
Input, Single Output Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862
Olivier Flauzac, Joffrey Hérard, Florent Nolot, and Philippe Cola
State Space Modeling of Tie-Line Based Microgrid for
Implementation of Robust H∞ Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877
Hessam Keshtkar and Farideh Doost Mohammadi
xii Contents

cARd: Mixed Reality Approach for a Total Immersive Analog

Game Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889
Yuxuan Liu, Yuanchu Si, Ray Lc, and Casper Harteveld
Urban Air Pollution Monitoring by Neural Networks and Wireless
Sensor Networks Based on LoRa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907
Vanessa Alvear-Puertas, Paul D. Rosero-Montalvo,
Jaime R. Michilena-Calderón, Ricardo P. Arciniega-Rocha,
and Vanessa C. Erazo-Chamorro
Dreamscape: Using AI to Create Speculative VR Environments . . . . . . 920
Rishab Jain
A Gait Analysis of a Virtual Reality Inverse Treadmill . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938
Wil J. Norton, Jacob Sauer, and David Gerhard
Computer-Vision System for Supporting the Goniometry . . . . . . . . . . . 946
Oswaldo Morales Matamoros, Paola Angélica Ruiz Araiza,
Rubén Alejandro Sea Torres, Jesús Jaime Moreno Escobar,
and Ricardo Tejeida Padilla
An Integrated Low-Cost Monitoring Platform to Assess Air Quality
Over Large Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965
L. Brilli, F. Carotenuto, B. Gioli, A. Berton, S. Profeti, G. Gualtieri,
B. P. Andreini, M. Stefanelli, F. Martelli, C. Vagnoli, and A. Zaldei
Additive Manufacturing: Comparative Study of an IoT Integrated
Approach and a Conventional Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976
Harshit Shandilya, Matthias Kuchta, Ahmed Elkaseer, Tobias Müller,
and Steffen G. Scholz
An Integrated IoT-Blockchain Implementation for End-to-End
Supply Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987
Aamir Shahzad and Kaiwen Zhang
Intelligent Roadways: Learning-Based Battery Controller Design
for Smart Traffic Microgrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998
Farideh Doost Mohammadi, Hessam Keshtkar, and Benjamin Gendell

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013

 A Generic Scalable Method
for Scheduling Distributed Energy
Resources Using Parallelized
Population-Based Metaheuristics

Hatem Khalloof(B) , Wilfried Jakob, Shadi Shahoud, Clemens Duepmeier,

and Veit Hagenmeyer

Institute of Automation and Applied Informatics (IAI),

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
{hatem.khalloof,wilfried.jakob,shadi.shahoud,
clemens.duepmeier,veit.hagenmeyer}@kit.edu

Abstract. Recent years have seen an increasing integration of dis-

tributed renewable energy resources into existing electric power grids.
Due to the uncertain nature of renewable energy resources, network oper-
ators are faced with new challenges in balancing load and generation.
In order to meet the new requirements, intelligent distributed energy
resource plants can be used which provide as virtual power plants e.g.
demand side management or flexible generation. However, the calcula-
tion of an adequate schedule for the unit commitment of such distributed
energy resources is a complex optimization problem which is typically too
complex for standard optimization algorithms if large numbers of dis-
tributed energy resources are considered. For solving such complex opti-
mization tasks, population-based metaheuristics – as e.g. evolutionary
algorithms – represent powerful alternatives. Admittedly, evolutionary
algorithms do require lots of computational power for solving such prob-
lems in a timely manner. One promising solution for this performance
problem is the parallelization of the usually time-consuming evaluation of
alternative solutions. In the present paper, a new generic and highly scal-
able parallel method for unit commitment of distributed energy resources
using metaheuristic algorithms is presented. It is based on microservices,
container virtualization and the publish/subscribe messaging paradigm
for scheduling distributed energy resources. Scalability and applicabil-
ity of the proposed solution are evaluated by performing parallelized
optimizations in a big data environment for three distinct distributed
energy resource scheduling scenarios. Thereby, unlike all other optimiza-
tion methods in the literature – to the best knowledge of the authors,
the new method provides cluster or cloud parallelizability and is able to
deal with a comparably large number of distributed energy resources.
The application of the new proposed method results in very good per-
formance for scaling up optimization speed.

c Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021

K. Arai et al. (Eds.): FTC 2020, AISC 1289, pp. 1–21, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63089-8_1
2 H. Khalloof et al.

Keywords: Parallel evolutionary algorithms · Microservices ·

Container virtualization · Parallel computing · Scalability · Scheduling
distributed energy resources · Microgrid · Cluster computing

1 Introduction
Renewable Energy Resources (RERs) are recently widely integrated into the
grid paving the road for more clean and environment-friendly energy. To facil-
itate the adoption and management of such RERs, the transition from a tra-
ditional centralized grid (macrogrid) to more decentralized grids (microgrids)
is required [18,31]. Microgrids encompass respectively a localized group of Dis-
tributed Energy Resources (DERs) where each DER represents a small or larger
scale and self-autonomous sub-system connected to an electricity network. DERs
provide renewable energy generation and/or improve the overall power system
reliability by balancing the energy supply and demand in a specific part of a
power network by providing flexible load options or storage. Typically, a DER
encompasses a group of small generation units such as PVs, wind turbines and
diesel generators, electrical loads (demand-response) e.g. electric vehicles or flex-
ible heating systems, and maybe storage. DERs interconnect bidirectionally to
the grid through one or more Point(s) of Common Coupling (PCC) [14]. By
the time, the usage of DERs in smart grids will dramatically increase provid-
ing more clean energy generated from RERs and additionally also maintaining
and increasing power quality and system reliability. The flexibility of microgrids
provides a significant potential to promote and integrate more DERs for featur-
ing their beneficial traits. Despite being highly effective, microgrids have some
limitations such as lack of system protection and customer privacy. Moreover,
by increasing the number of DERs in the grid and due to the uncertainties of
RERs and load, the efficient control and optimal usage of DERs by finding the
proper schedule for using them represents a big challenge [46].
In general, scheduling problems e.g. scheduling DERs is an NP-hard opti-
mization problem and therefore is typically too complex to be solved by exact
optimization methods, especially if large size optimization problems are consid-
ered [7,40]. Metaheuristics such as Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) became one
of the most robust methods to solve such complex problems by finding good
local optima or even the global one. The central concept of EAs is a population
consisting of individuals representing tentative solutions. The individuals encode
possible solutions and they are used to explore many areas of the solution space
in parallel. Each individual is evaluated by a fitness function to identify its suit-
ability as a solution for the problem. Genetic operators, namely, recombination
and mutation, are iteratively applied to individuals to generate a new offspring
for each generation until a termination criterion has been reached [16,45]. This
approach of having a population of solutions and evaluating them over and over
again takes a lot of computational resources for large problem sizes. Therefore,
applying EAs for large scale optimization and NP-hard problems such as the
problem of scheduling a large number of DERs can be time-consuming and com-
putationally expensive. To speed up EAs, three different parallelization models,
 A Scalable Method for Scheduling Distributed Energy Resources using EAs 3

namely the Global Model (Master-Slave Model), the Fine-Grained Model and
the Coarse-Grained Model have been introduced and investigated in [9]. In the
Global Model, the evaluation step is parallelized over several computing units
(called slaves). In the Fine and Coarse-Grained Models, the population is struc-
tured to apply the genetic operators in parallel.
Over the last decades, various approaches and frameworks e.g. [1,3,8,10–
13,17,21,23,27,28,36–39,42] have been introduced to enable the parallel process-
ing of EAs following the above three parallelization models. For most of these
frameworks e.g. [1,3,8,10,11,17,21,27,38,39,42], a monolithic software archi-
tecture was the classical approach for the implementation which decreases the
modularity, usability and maintainability of the application. Recently, Big Data
technologies such as Hadoop and Spark have been applied to speed up EAs
e.g. [5,10,17,21,37,39,42]. However, most of these approaches also have a mono-
lithic architecture which lacks hard boundaries and tends to become, with added
functionality, complex and tightly coupled. This, in fact, limits the ability to
provide simple and practical methods to plug in problem-specific functionality
e.g. simulators and even to integrate existing EAs. By emerging modern soft-
ware technologies, namely microservices, container virtualization and the pub-
lish/subscribe messaging paradigm, the parallelization of EAs in cluster and
cloud environments to speed up EAs has become even more relevant, see e.g.
[12,13,37,42]. Unlike monolithic applications, a microservices-based application
contains several small, autonomous, highly cohesive and decoupled services that
work together to perform a specific task. Since all services are independent from
each other, each microservice is able to utilize its own technology stack allowing
great flexibility. The independence of the services allows each service to scale on
demand. Microservice applications comprise two main features, namely modular-
ity and technology heterogeneity which allow the microservices to be developed
by different teams based on different technologies. These advantages combined
with container runtime automation unlock the full potential of a parallelized EA
by executing it on large scale computing clusters [23].
In the present work, a new highly scalable, generic and distributed approach
to schedule DERs is introduced. The microservice and container virtualization-
based framework presented in [23] is adapted to carry out the required tasks. As
the simulation based evaluation is by far the most time consuming part, the pro-
posed framework distributes EAs according to the Global Model (Master-Slave
model) [9] where the evaluation is distributed over several computing units. On-
demand deployment of services on a high performance distributed computing
infrastructure, namely a computing cluster, is supported. To validate the func-
tionality of the proposed parallel approach, the EA GLEAM (General Learning
Evolutionary Algorithm and Method) [6] is integrated into the framework. As
a test task, the creation of an hourly day-ahead schedule plan for a simulated
microgrid is chosen. In this microgrid, three use case scenarios are defined. In the
first and second scenario, 50 DERs are considered to cover the required power
for a simple load profile. In the third scenario 100 DERs are utilized to sup-
ply the requested power for a more complex load profile. For evaluation of the
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
arose about three centuries before Christ, numbered among its most
brilliant luminaries the celebrated doctors Herophilus and
Erasistratus, who were the initiators of the dissection of human
corpses,100 thus giving a great impulse to anatomical research. It is,
therefore, hardly admissible that these two great anatomists, who
studied with profound attention even the most complicated internal
organs, should have neglected the anatomy of the teeth.
Unfortunately, however, not all the results of their researches have
come down to us; nor is this to be wondered at, especially if we
reflect on the large number of precious works entirely lost by the
destruction of the celebrated library of Alexandria, a.d. 642.
When we come to speak of Archigenes, we shall see how he, in
certain cases, advised trepanning the teeth. This would lead to the
belief that in his times, viz., toward the end of the first century after
Christ, the existence of the central cavity of the tooth was not
ignored, and that, therefore, the structure of these organs had
already been the object of study.
As to diseases of the teeth and their treatment, there is no doubt
that Herophilus and Erasistratus must have occupied themselves
with these subjects; and the same may be asserted of Heraclides of
Tarentum, a celebrated doctor who lived in the third century before
the Christian era. Indeed, we read in Cœlius Aurelianus,101 that the
record had come down through the works of Herophilus and
Heraclides of Tarentum, of persons having died by the extraction of
a tooth.102 The same writer also alludes to a passage of
Erasistratus, relating to the odontagogon already mentioned, which
was exhibited in the temple of Apollo, and to the practical
signification to be attributed to the fact of this instrument being of
lead and not of hard metal. Now, if Herophilus, Heraclides of
Tarentum, and Erasistratus all spoke of the serious peril to which the
extraction of a tooth may give rise, and therefore recommended not
having recourse to it too lightly, it is evident that they had given
serious attention to this operation and consequently also to the
morbid conditions that may render it necessary.
 CHAPTER VI.

DENTAL ART AMONG THE ETRUSCANS.

Much earlier than the foundation of Rome (B.C. 753) there flourished
in that part of Middle Italy today called Tuscany the highly civilized
people known by the name of Etruscans or Toschi. Their political
organization had the form of a confederation of twelve principal
cities,103 the federal capital being Tarquinii. The Etruscan people
were industrious, intelligent, and artistic in the highest degree,
possessing special skill in the decorative arts, splendid monuments,
some of which still remain to us; they were fond of luxury in all its
manifestations, and took great care of their persons; at the same
time, however, they were a laborious and courageous race, not only
most active and enterprising in agriculture, in art and commerce, but
also brave warriors and hardy navigators.
In their long sea voyages the Etruscans frequently visited Egypt and
Phœnicia, trading especially in the more flourishing cities, which
were at that time Memphis in Egypt, and Tyre and Sidon in
Phœnicia. On the other hand, the Phœnicians, who were also active
merchants and navigators, not only visited Etruria and other regions
of Italy very frequently, but also established numerous colonies in
many islands of the Mediterranean, and especially in those nearer to
Italy.
This continual intercourse between Etruscans, on the one side, and
Egyptians and Phœnicians, on the other, accounts for the great
influence exercised by the Egyptian and Phœnician civilization upon
the later developed Etruscan culture—an influence manifesting itself
very distinctly in the works of art of the latter, which often have an
altogether Oriental character, and not seldom represent scenes
drawn from the domestic life of the Egyptians and Phœnicians.104
Fig. 10
 Fig. 11

Fig. 12

Dentures in terra-cotta, such as the Etruscans used to present to their

divinities as votive offerings in order to be cured, or after having been
cured of dental maladies.
As to what concerns dental art, everything leads up to the belief that
it was practised by the Egyptians and Phœnicians earlier than by the
Etruscans, whose civilization, as already hinted, is certainly less
ancient. Nevertheless, in comparing the dental appliances found in
the Etruscan tombs with the sole authentic dental appliance of
Phœnician workmanship known at the present day,105 we cannot
but be struck with the great superiority of the Etruscan appliances. It
is therefore probable that the Etruscans, although they had learned
the dental art from the Egyptians and Phœnicians, had subsequently
carried it to a much higher degree of perfection than it had arrived
at in Egypt or in Phœnicia. An analogous fact has come to pass in
our own times. Dental art in America, which emanated from the
French and English schools, soon took on so vigorous a development
as indisputably to acquire first rank.
Before describing in detail the dental appliances found up to now in
Etruscan tombs, we will consider a question touching very closely
upon the argument which we are treating and which has already
been discussed in Professor Deneffe’s book, already cited.
How is it that the dental appliances of the Phœnicians, Greeks,
Etruscans, and Romans should have come down to us,
notwithstanding cremation?
In the first place, if one reflects that the teeth offer an altogether
special resistance to the action of fire, and if one also remembers
that gold was the substance employed for the construction of the
appliances in question, and that this metal does not melt save at a
very high temperature, it no longer appears marvellous if, in many
cases at least, the dental appliances should have been able to resist
the cremating process.
In the second place, the cremation may possibly sometimes have
been incomplete—that is to say, the skeleton may not have been
altogether reduced to ashes; therefore, among the residuum of this
incomplete combustion, a piece of a jaw may easily have remained,
and incidentally also its prosthetic appliance.
But besides all this, it must be considered that the custom of burning
corpses was not at all general among ancient people. Indeed,
cremation was not in use either among the Egyptians, the
Phœnicians, the Hebrews, or the Chinese; the Greeks only resorted
to it in exceptional cases. The most ancient tombs of the Etruscans
show that at the epoch of their settling in Italy, cremation was in
general use among them. But little by little, as they entered into
commercial relations with the Egyptian, the Phœnician, and the
Greek peoples, who did not burn their dead, the custom of burial
substituted that of cremation. Toward the end of the sixth century
before Christ there were to be found in southern Etruria, one beside
the other, tombs for the burial of corpses and others for cremation.
One sometimes finds in one and the same tomb a cinerarium (urn
for conserving ashes) and skeletons enclosed in sarcophagi or
resting on mortuary couches.
At Tarquinii and Orvieto burial generally prevails.
In the fifth century B.C., the epoch in which the Law of the Twelve
Tables was promulgated, burial and cremation were equally in use
among the Romans. In the second century of the Christian era burial
was already prevalent, and through the influence of Christianity
became general during the third and fourth centuries.106
Fig. 13 Fig. 14

Tooth crowns found in an Etruscan tomb The same tooth crowns of the
of the ancient Vitulonia (Archæological preceding figure, seen from the
Museum of Florence). The enamel- side of the concavity of the
capsules of these teeth (four molars and enamel capsules.
one canine) are perfectly well preserved,
whilst the ivory has entirely disappeared.
Notwithstanding cremation, which certainly must have destroyed a
great number of the dental appliances of that time, and in spite of
the many different destructive agents which successively did their
work on those human remains during so many centuries, not a few
prosthetic pieces of Etruscan workmanship have come down to us;
from which we may argue that dental prosthesis was not an
exceptional fact among this people, as some may perhaps suppose,
but, on the contrary, must have been a very usual practice.
The dental appliances discovered up to now among Etruscan
remains are preserved in different Italian museums, with the
exception of some few existing in private collections or of others that
have passed out of Italy into other countries.
In the museum of Pope Julius in Rome there is a dental appliance
found at Valsiarosa in one of the many Etruscan tombs excavated in
that locality near Civita Castellana, the ancient Falerii (Fig. 15). This
appliance is formed by a series of four gold rings meant to encircle
four teeth (canine, bicuspids, and first molar). The third ring is
traversed by a pivot riveted at the two extremities, which was meant
to hold fast an artificial tooth (the second bicuspid); this is wanting,
however. One naturally puts the question. How is the disappearance
of this tooth to be accounted for, it having been traversed by the
pivot, which is still found in its place? The suppositions are two:
Either the artificial tooth was made of some not very durable
material, which, in the course of time, became reduced to powder or
fell to pieces, or may have been destroyed in some other way; or
else the artificial tooth, instead of being simply perforated to allow
the pivot to pass through, was cleft longitudinally at its base and,
being introduced into the ring sat, so to speak, astride the pivot. In
the second case, which, however, seems to me the less probable of
the two, the tooth may merely have come off the pivot and gotten
lost.
In the Civic Museum of Corneto, the ancient Tarquinii, there are two
dental appliances, one of which (Figs. 16 and 17) is of the greatest
interest. It was found in one of the most ancient tombs in the
necropolis of Tarquinii. This specimen of prosthesis is formed of
three teeth; the two upper central incisors and the second bicuspid
on the left, which is no longer in existence.

Fig. 15

Etruscan appliance found at Valsiarosa, destined to support an artificial

bicuspid, now disappeared.

To afford support and maintain the three artificial teeth in position,

the Etruscan dentist of about three thousand years ago, ingeniously
made use of the canine and the lateral incisor on the right, the
canine, the first bicuspid, and the first molar on the left, connecting
them by a continuous series of pure gold rings soldered together.
The dentist had not employed human teeth to replace the incisors
which the individual had lost; according to the religious laws of the
time, the dead were held sacred, and it would probably have been
considered sacrilege to use their teeth; or it may also be that the
patient had declared his aversion to the idea of substituting his own
teeth by those of a dead man. However this may be, the Etruscan
dentist thought well to replace the missing incisors with a somewhat
large ox tooth; upon this he had made a groove, so as to give it the
appearance of two teeth. In reality this ox tooth occupies the place
not only of the two middle incisors, but also of the lateral incisor on
the left. Perhaps by a natural anomaly the individual may never have
had this tooth; or, more probably still, some length of time may have
elapsed between the loss of one of the three and the other two, so
that when he made up his mind to have recourse to a prosthetic
appliance, the space normally occupied by the three incisors was
already notably diminished, and the void could therefore be filled by
an ox tooth so adjusted as to represent only two teeth.
 Fig. 16

Etruscan appliance for supporting three artificial teeth, two of which were
made of one ox tooth. (Civic Museum of Corneto).

Fig. 17

The same appliance reversed.

When I was intrusted with the reproduction of all the ancient
prosthetic pieces existing in the Italian museums, I met with special
difficulty in the reproduction of the above-mentioned piece; and this
because I could not succeed in procuring an ox tooth that was not
worn away by the effects of mastication. The idea then occurred to
me of sectioning the upper jaw of a calf at about the age of the
second dentition, and taking out the teeth, which were already
strong and well formed, but not yet deteriorated by mastication. I
fancy my Etruscan colleague must have done the same three
thousand years ago, when he carried out the prosthesis in question,
for the large tooth employed by him does not show any signs of
being worn by mastication.
This large tooth is solidly fixed by means of two pivots to the gold
band that encircles it. Another pivot served to fix the second
bicuspid, also artificial. This tooth, as already stated, has now
disappeared, but the pivot that fixed it to its ring is still in its place.
In carrying out this prosthesis the dentist has contrived the series of
rings that support the teeth in such a manner that they remained
above the gum, and thus the harmful effects of contact and of the
pressure of an extraneous body was avoided. At the same time, this
arrangement, by distancing the rings from the dental neck that
narrows off conically, added to the firmness of the prosthesis.

Fig. 18

Etruscan appliance for supporting two inserted human teeth, one of which
is now wanting. (Civic Museum of Corneto.)

Another dental appliance (Fig. 18) which is in the custody of the

Civic Museum of Corneto, was also found in a very old Etruscan
tomb. It is formed by two bands of rolled gold; one of these is labial,
the other lingual, and they are soldered together at their extremities,
forming by the help of four partitions, also of gold, five square
spaces. Three of these served for the reception of the natural teeth
supporting the prosthesis; the other two maintained, by means of
pivots, two inserted human teeth; one of these is lost; the other is
still in its place, solidly fixed by its pivot. These inserted human
teeth, by the religious laws we have before mentioned, could not
have been taken from corpses; probably they belonged to the
person himself, and having fallen out through alveolitis, had been
reapplied in the manner described above.
 Fig. 19

Etruscan appliance supporting one inserted tooth (upper middle incisor on

the right) which is now disappeared. (Museum of the Conte Bruschi at
Corneto.)
Two Etruscan dental appliances are to be found in the Museum of
the Conte Bruschi at Corneto: one is similar to those already
described, and the other, instead, is of a special kind. The first (Fig.
19) is formed by a series of four rings, embracing the upper canine
on the right and the three neighboring incisors. It was destined to
support a single inserted tooth, the middle incisor on the right; this
has disappeared, while the pivot by which it was fixed to the ring is
still there, as well as the three natural teeth that afforded support to
the appliance.

Fig. 20

Etruscan appliance intended to avoid the bad effects of convergence, or,

perhaps, to support a purely ornamental artificial substitute. (Museum of
Conte Bruschi at Corneto.)
The other appliance (Fig. 20) is formed by two rings; the one
surrounds the left upper canine, the other the left middle incisor.
Between these two rings there is not the usual ring crossed by a
pivot, but simply a small horizontal bar of gold soldered to the two
rings. I suppose that the person not liking to wear false teeth (one
meets with this repugnance also at the present day), the dentist has
limited himself to putting a horizontal bar of gold between the two
teeth on either side of the missing one, in order to maintain them in
their normal position and so avoid the bad effects of convergence.

Fig. 21

Dental appliance still adhering to the jaw, discovered in an Etruscan

necropolis near Orvieto, and now in the possession of the Ghent
University.

Another ancient dental appliance discovered in an Etruscan

necropolis near Orvieto is now in the possession of the Ghent
University, to which it was sold.107 It still adheres to a piece of upper
jaw (Fig. 21), in which there are four teeth on each side, that is, on
the right, the canine, the two bicuspids, and the first molar; on the
left, the canine, the second bicuspid, and the two first molars. The
alveoli of the four incisors are of normal width and depth, this
signifying that these teeth remained in their places until the end of
life. The dental appliance, still supported by this fragment of a jaw,
is made of the purest gold. It is composed of a small band curved
back upon itself, the ends being soldered together, and, by the aid of
two partitions, also of pure gold, it forms three compartments, two
small lateral ones, and one centre one of double the size. The lateral
compartment on the right contains the canine of the same side; that
on the left must have contained the left central incisor, that has now
disappeared, while the large central compartment must evidently
have contained the two incisors on the right side. As there is no
pivot in the whole appliance, and as the alveoli are not obliterated,
there can be no doubt that the appliance was simply destined to
prevent the loss of the two right incisors by keeping them steady.

Fig. 22

The same piece as in the preceding figure, seen from the palatal side.

It is to be noted, with regard to the Etruscan dental appliances

above described, that the gold bands of which they were
constructed covered a considerable part of the dental crown, so that
these prosthetic appliances certainly could not have had the
pretension of escaping the notice of others, they being, on the
contrary, most visible. It is in consequence to be surmised that in
those times the wearing of false teeth and other kinds of dental
appliance was not a thing to be ashamed of; indeed, that it rather
constituted a luxury, a sort of refinement only accessible to persons
of means. Besides this, as the gold in which these works were
carried out was of the purest quality and in consequence very soft,
the appliances would not have possessed sufficient solidity if the
softness of the pure gold had not been counteracted by the width
and thickness of the bands or strips.
 Fig. 23

Etruscan appliance (found in 1865 in a tomb by Cervetri), destined

perhaps to support a purely ornamental artificial substitute. (Belonging to
Castellani’s collection, Rome.)

Fig. 24

A reproduction of the gold piece forming the appliance seen in Fig. 23.
In those of the Etruscan appliances destined for the application of
inserted teeth, the gum was not made to support the prosthesis, and
did not, therefore, suffer any compression from the extraneous body,
this resting entirely, like a bridge, upon the neighboring teeth. From
which it may be seen that twenty-five centuries and more before our
time the Etruscans dentists already practised a system of bridge
work, and, relatively to the age, carried it out with sufficient ability.
 CHAPTER VII.

THE ROMANS.
For many centuries the Romans, according to the saying of Pliny,
lived entirely “without doctors, although not without medicine;”108
that is, there existed without doubt a popular medicine and also a
sacerdotal medicine, but still there were no persons whose exclusive
occupation it was to cure disease.
The medical art, properly so called, was introduced into Rome by the
Greeks. The first Greek doctor who went to Rome was Archagathus
(in the year 535 after the foundation of the city, that is, 218 years
before Christ). His arrival was at first welcomed, so much so that he
was made a Roman citizen and a shop bought for him in the Acilian
square, at the expense of the State. However, his popularity was of
brief duration. Being an intrepid operator, the use and abuse he
made of steel and fire gained for him the not very honorable
qualification of the butcher, and he soon became the horror of all the
population.
But it appears that dentistry had begun to be practised in Rome prior
to the coming of Archagathus, that is, long before the medical
profession existed. We have the clear proof of this in the Law of the
Twelve Tables, wherein we find mention made of teeth bound with
gold. The Law of the Twelve Tables was written in Rome 450 years
before Christ, by a body of ten magistrates (decemviri) expressly
named for that purpose, as up to that time no written law had
existed.
As gold was at that time somewhat scarce, and fears were
entertained that it would become still scarcer (to the great damage
of the State) by reason of the custom that prevailed among the
wealthy of burning or burying gold articles with the corpses to honor
the memory of the deceased, or, rather, to satisfy the pride of the
survivors, it was thought necessary to prohibit this abuse by a
special disposition of the law referring to funeral pomps. This
disposition was thus formulated: “Neve aurum addito, ast quoi auro
dentes iuncti escunt (sunt) im cum illo sepelirei vrive sine fraude
esto;”109 that is, “Neither shall gold be added thereto (to the
corpse); but it shall not be unlawful to bury or to burn it with the
gold with which the teeth may perchance be bound together.”
From this it results that at the time when the Law of the Twelve
Tables was written, that is, four centuries and a half before the
Christian era, there were already individuals in Rome who practised
dental operations. And these individuals cannot have been medical
men, as at that epoch (corresponding pretty nearly with the date of
Hippocrates’ birth) Rome had as yet no doctors.
The inquiry naturally suggests itself whether the gold mentioned in
the legal dispositions above cited was used for fixing artificial teeth
or simply for strengthening unsteady natural teeth. Some authors,
Serre among them,110 have pronounced in favor of the first
hypothesis, others, as, for example, Geist-Jacobi,111 are rather
disposed to accept the second. In truth, however, we do not possess
sufficient historical data to definitely resolve this problem. I myself
am rather of opinion that artificial teeth were already in use in
Rome, as they were, even before this time, among the Etruscans.
Indeed, if we take into consideration the priority of the Etruscan
civilization to the Roman and the relations of vicinity existing
between Etruria and the Roman State, of which it afterward became
a part, it is even possible that dental prosthesis was first practised in
Rome by Etruscans.
In a Greek-Roman necropolis near Teano (Province of Caserta, Italy)
there was found in February, 1907, a prosthetic piece of a very
peculiar construction, and which may be considered as quite unique
in its kind. It is an appliance destined to support three inserted
human teeth (the two lower central incisors and the lateral incisor on
the right). These teeth—lost perhaps by the patient himself, in
consequence of alveolar pyorrhea—were fixed by means of a system
of rings, made of laminated gold wire, turned around the teeth and
then soldered.
By the examination of the piece it is easy to argue that the author of
this prosthesis made at first three separate rings by tightly turning
the laminated gold wire around each of the three teeth to be
applied, and by soldering together the ends of the wire forming each
ring, after having taken away the tooth, in order not to spoil it in
making the soldering. Then, with another laminated gold wire of
sufficient length, he soldered the three rings together in due
position, put the appliance in the mouth and turned the two ends of
the wire around the sound teeth, serving as a support for the lateral
incisor on the left and the two canines. After this, he took the
apparatus delicately out of the mouth, made the soldering necessary
for finishing the skeleton of the apparatus, forcibly put the three
teeth in their respective rings again, and applied the prosthesis.
This ingenious appliance was found still adherent to the mandible of
a skeleton, in a tomb which, according to the eminent archæologist
Dalli Osso, belongs to a period comprised between the third and the
fourth century before Christ.
From the nature of the objects found in the tomb near the skeleton
(a necklace, perfume vessels, etc.) it was quite evident that the
skeleton bearing the above-described prosthesis was that of a
woman.
As the said appliance was found in South Italy (the ancient “Magna
Græcia”) it is quite probable that it was made by some dentist of the
Greek colonies.
The above apparatus belongs to the archæological collection of
Signor Luigi Nobile, in Teano, in whose possession it was found.
Fig. 25 Fig. 26
 Seen from behind. Seen from above.
A prosthetic piece of very peculiar construction (see description), found in 1907
near Teano, Italy.

The Romans, as well as the Hebrews, and other peoples of antiquity,

attributed great importance to the integrity of the dental system.
This may be deduced with certainty from another article in the Law
of the Twelve Tables (Table VII, at the rubric De delictis), which
says: “Qui dentem ex gingiva excusserit libero homini, trecentis
assibus multator, qui servo C L.” (Whoever shall cause the tooth of a
free man to fall shall pay a fine of three hundred as, and for that of
a slave one hundred and fifty.) The as was worth about ten cents
American money, so that the first fine amounted to about thirty
dollars and the second to about fifteen dollars. These sums, because
of the difference in the monetary value in those times, were
considered heavy fines.
After the Romans had conquered Greece (146 B.C.) a very great
number of Greek doctors went to Rome. The wealth, luxury, and
ever-increasing corruption of the metropolis caused the practice of
the medical art (which was almost entirely in the hands of the
Greeks) to become a great source of lucre. But an art practised with
the sole purpose of making money soon degenerates to the level of
a trade; it is, therefore, hardly to be wondered at if very few doctors
of that epoch have merited being recorded in history.
Among these few, the name Asclepiades (born at Prusa, in Asia
Minor; died in Rome ninety-six years B.C.) shines with particular
lustre. He was the founder of the “methodic school,” whose curative
precepts, largely based upon hygiene, come nearer to those of
modern scientific medicine. Unfortunately, all the writings of this
great physician, whose name is almost as glorious as that of
Hippocrates, have been lost; we do not know, therefore, whether
and in how far he contributed to the development of our specialty.
But one of the first places in the history of dental art is due without
doubt to Cornelius Celsus, of whom we will now speak.
Cornelius Celsus. The historical researches in regard to the life of this
celebrated author have given but meagre results. It is uncertain
whether his birthplace was Rome or Verona. The precise dates of his
birth and death are also unknown; but it is very probable that he
was born about thirty years before Christ, and that he died during
the fifth decade of the first century.
Aulus Cornelius Celsus belonged to the illustrious patrician family of
the Cornelii. He was a man of great erudition, and wrote on the
most varied subjects, and among others, on agriculture, on rhetoric,
on the art of warfare, on medicine, etc. All these writings, however,
are lost to us excepting his excellent treatise on medicine.
Some historians consider that Celsus was a true doctor by
profession; others, instead, hold that he never undertook the cure of
the sick. Neither the one nor the other of these opinions is quite
acceptable; and it is much more likely, as Daremberg observes in his
valuable Histoire des Sciences Médicales, that Celsus was one of
those philiatri mentioned by Galen, who had studied medicine rather
from books than at the bedside of the sick, but who, although not
doctors by profession, in case of necessity, put their knowledge and
skill into practice on behalf of their relations and friends.112
The work of Celsus, gathered in great part from Greek authors, has
an especial value, because it sums up, in an admirable manner, the
whole of the medical and surgical science of the ancients, from the
earliest times up to the days of Augustus.
The first book of the work De Medicina113 does not contain anything
of great importance in regard to dentistry. The following hygienic
precept is, however, worthy of note: “After rising, if it be not winter,
the mouth should be rinsed with a quantity of fresh water.” In regard
to the hygiene of the mouth, nothing more is found in the work of
Celsus; and it is also necessary to note that the aforesaid precept
forms part of a chapter, in which he speaks of the rules of life, which
must be observed by weak people, to which class—the author
remarks—belong a greater part of the inhabitants of cities and
almost all literary men. According to Celsus, therefore, perfectly
healthy and strong people would not even need to wash their
mouths with fresh water, and perhaps the keen-witted Roman doctor
was not wrong; for it is very probable that the saliva and mucous
secretion of the mouth, in perfectly healthy individuals with normal
constitutions, have the power of combating the pathogenic germs
that produce caries and other diseases of the teeth and mouth. In
this way the fact can be explained of many peasants and the greater
part of the individuals of the negro race having such good teeth,
without possessing even the remotest idea of what hygiene of the
mouth may be. And here I venture to refer to a passage in which
Celsus alludes to the relation between diseases and civilization with
its vices: “It is probable that in ancient times, although there was
but little knowledge of medicine, health was for the most part well
preserved; this being due to good habits, not yet spoiled by
intemperance and idleness. These two vices, first in Greece and then
among us, have brought upon us a very host of evils; whence it is
that in our days, in spite of the intricate art of medicine—once not
necessary to us, as it is not necessary to other peoples—few among
us attain the beginning of old age.”114
In the second book, speaking of the various kinds of disease to
which the different periods of life are subject, he writes: “Children
are especially subject to serpiginous ulcers of the mouth, called by
the Greeks aphthæ.... There are also infirmities due to dentition,
such as ulceration of the gums, convulsions, fever, looseness of the
bowels; and it is especially the eruption of the canine teeth which
produces these disturbances. To these, however, very fat children
are more particularly liable, and those, also, who have costive
bowels.”
In Chapter XXV of the fifth book we find the receipt for a narcotic
drug, recommended by the author for producing sleep in persons
tormented with odontalgic and other pains. This receipt is very
complicated, being composed of ten ingredients, among which are
acorns, castoreum, cinnamon, poppy, mandrake, and pepper.
Most important for our subject is Chapter IX, of the sixth book,
where the author treats of odontalgia. “In toothache, which may be
numbered among the worst of tortures, the patient,” says Celsus,
“must abstain entirely from wine, and at first, even from food;
afterward, he may partake of soft food, but very sparingly, so as not
to irritate the teeth by mastication. Meanwhile by means of a sponge
he must let the steam of hot water reach the affected part, and
apply externally, on the side corresponding with the pain, a cerate of
cypress or of iris, upon which he must then place some wool and
keep the head well covered up. But when the pain is violent, the use
of purgatives is very beneficial, the application of hot cataplasms on
the cheek, and the keeping in the mouth of some hot liquid,
prepared with fitting medicine, changing this liquid, however, very
frequently. For this purpose the root of cinquefoil may be boiled in
wine, or that of hyoscyamus (henbane), or a poppy-head, seedless
and not too dry, or the root of the mandrake. But in regard to the
last three remedies, one must be careful not to swallow the
decoction whilst it is kept in the mouth. For the same purpose one
may boil the bark of the root of the white poplar in wine, or the
scrapings off a stag’s horn in vinegar or figs in mulse115 or in
vinegar and honey. It is useful also to pass repeatedly around the
tooth the end of a probe which has first been wrapped around with
wool and then dipped in hot oil. It is customary also to apply around
the tooth certain remedies, after the manner of plasters. For this
purpose the inside of the peel of dried, bitter pomegranates may be
pounded with equal quantities of gall-nut and pine bark; to these
must be added a little minium116 and the whole mixed together with
the addition of rain water to form a paste; or else a similar paste
may be formed with equal parts of panax,117 poppy,
peucedanum,118 and taminia grape119 without stones; or with three
parts of galbanum to one of poppy. On the cheek, however, must be
applied at the same time the cerate spoken of above, covered over
with wool.”
Celsus then speaks of a revulsive adopted, in his times, against
odontalgia. It was composed of myrrh and cardamom, ana one part;
saffron, pyrethrum, figs, pepper, ana four parts; mustard seed, eight
parts. The plaster, spread on linen, was to be applied on the
shoulder corresponding to the side of the pain, and, according as
this was situated in a tooth of the upper or lower jaw, the revulsive
was applied on the back of the shoulder, or in front.
When a tooth is decayed, Celsus advises that there should be no
haste in drawing it; but that the pain be combated, if the above
medicines are not sufficient, with others more energetic. A mixture
may, for example be applied to the tooth, composed of one part of
poppy, two of pepper, and ten of sory,120 pounded and mixed to a
paste with galbanum; or else, especially in the case of a molar tooth,
the remedy of Menemacus, resulting from saffron, one part;
cardamom, soot from incense, figs, pepper, pyrethrum, ana four
parts; mustard seed, eight parts; or even a more complicated
remedy made with pyrethrum, pepper, and elaterium,121 ana one
part; scissile alum,122 poppy, taminia grape, crude sulphur, bitumen,
laurel berries, mustard seed, ana two parts.
“If, says Celsus, the pain renders necessary the removal of the
tooth, this may be made to fall to pieces, by introducing into the
cavity a pepper berry without its skin, or a berry of ivy, pared in the
same way. The same result may be obtained in the following
manner: The sharp bone (aculeus) of that flat fish called by the
Greeks trygon and by us pastinaca, must first be roasted and then
reduced to powder and mixed with resin, so as to form a paste;
which applied around the tooth will make it fall out. Likewise, scissile
alum induces the fall of the tooth, when introduced into its hollow.
This substance, however, is best introduced into the small cavity,
after being wrapped around with a tuft of wool, for thus the pain is
soothed and the tooth preserved.”
Somewhat curious is the following passage, in which Celsus speaks
of the superiority of a method of cure used by peasants, compared
to the remedies advised by the doctors. From his words we clearly
see that he, as we have already remarked, did not belong to the
class of doctors properly so called.
“These are the remedies accepted and held in account among the
doctors. But it is known through the experience of peasants, that
when a tooth aches one must pluck up wild mint by the roots, put it
into a large vessel, pour water on it, and make the patient sit near it,
covered all around with a blanket; and red hot stones should then be
thrown into the water, so that they be entirely immersed; and then
the patient, wrapped all around, as we have said before, and
keeping his mouth open, receives into it the steam evaporated from
the water. Thus profuse perspiration is induced, and a great quantity
of pituita flows from the mouth, and with this a cure is obtained for
a very long period, often for more than a year.”
In the six following chapters of the sixth book, Celsus treats of the
diseases which affect the soft parts of the mouth. Against tonsillitis,
he recommends, among other things, the application of a remedy
principally made of the juice of the sweet pomegranate, cooked, by
a slow fire, to the consistency of honey. The same remedy is also of
great value, according to the author, for the cure of ulcers of the
mouth, when they are accompanied by inflammation, and are
somewhat foul and of a reddish color. But under such circumstances
it will also be necessary to keep frequently in the mouth an
astringent decoction, to which a little honey has been added. The
exercise of walking is also profitable, as well as the taking of food
that is not acid. When, however, the ulcers begin to be clean, the
mouth should be frequently filled with a softening liquid or even with
simple pure water. It is also helpful to drink genuine wine and to eat
rather freely, avoiding, however, acid food. The ulcers must be
sprinkled with a powder composed of two parts of scissile alum to
three of unripe gall-nuts. If, however, the ulcers are already covered
with a scab similar to those produced on burns, some of those
compositions should be used which are called by the Greeks
antheræ; for example, a remedy may be formed of equal parts of
cyperus,123 myrrh, sandarac, and alum; or another which contains
saffron, myrrh, ana two parts; iris, scissile alum, sandarac, ana four
parts; cyperus, eight parts.
“Much more dangerous, says Celsus, are those ulcers of the mouth
which the Greeks call aphthæ; they oftentimes lead to death in
children; in adult men and women, however, there is not the same
danger. These ulcers begin in the gums; then they attack the palate
and the whole of the mouth, and finally extend to the uvula and to
the fauces; when these parts are attacked, it is not very likely that a
child will recover.”
As to the ulcers of the tongue, Celsus says that those which are
situated at the borders of this organ last a very long time, and he
adds: “It should be seen whether there may not be some sharp
tooth opposite, which hinders the ulcer from healing; in case such a
tooth exists, it should have its edge taken off with a file.”
He then passes on to speak of the diseases of the gums: “Often
small painful tumors, called by the Greeks parulides, are produced
on the gums. It is necessary at the very first to rub them softly with
powdered salt, or with a mixture of burnt mineral salt, cyperus, and
catmint, meanwhile keeping the mouth open until there flows from it
a good quantity of pituita; after which the mouth must be rinsed
with a decoction of lentils. But if the inflammation is great, the same
remedies must be used as are adopted for the ulcers in the mouth,
and between the tooth and the gum must be inserted a small tent of
soft lint, on which has been smeared some one of those
compositions which we have said are called antheræ. If this, owing
to the hardness of the tumor, is not possible, then by means of a
sponge the steam of hot water should be made to act upon the
diseased part, and, besides, an emollient cerate must be applied
upon it.
“Should suppuration show itself, it will be necessary to use the
above-mentioned steam for a longer period; to keep in the mouth
hot mulse, in which some figs have been cooked, and to lance the
tumor before it is perfectly ripe, so that the pus may not, by
remaining too long in the diseased part, injure the bone. But if the