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Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 1230
Kohei Arai
Supriya Kapoor
Rahul Bhatia Editors
Intelligent
Computing
Proceedings of the 2020 Computing
Conference, Volume 3
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
Volume 1230
Series Editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Warsaw, Poland
Advisory Editors
Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
Rafael Bello Perez, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computing,
Universidad Central de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
Emilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Hani Hagras, School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering,
University of Essex, Colchester, UK
László T. Kóczy, Department of Automation, Széchenyi István University,
Gyor, Hungary
Vladik Kreinovich, Department of Computer Science, University of Texas
at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
Chin-Teng Lin, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chiao
Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
Jie Lu, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology,
University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Patricia Melin, Graduate Program of Computer Science, Tijuana Institute
of Technology, Tijuana, Mexico
Nadia Nedjah, Department of Electronics Engineering, University of Rio de Janeiro,
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Ngoc Thanh Nguyen , Faculty of Computer Science and Management,
Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
Jun Wang, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering,
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
The series “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” contains publications
on theory, applications, and design methods of Intelligent Systems and Intelligent
Computing. Virtually all disciplines such as engineering, natural sciences, computer
and information science, ICT, economics, business, e-commerce, environment,
healthcare, life science are covered. The list of topics spans all the areas of modern
intelligent systems and computing such as: computational intelligence, soft comput-
ing including neural networks, fuzzy systems, evolutionary computing and the fusion
of these paradigms, social intelligence, ambient intelligence, computational neuro-
science, artificial life, virtual worlds and society, cognitive science and systems,
Perception and Vision, DNA and immune based systems, self-organizing and
adaptive systems, e-Learning and teaching, human-centered and human-centric
computing, recommender systems, intelligent control, robotics and mechatronics
including human-machine teaming, knowledge-based paradigms, learning para-
digms, machine ethics, intelligent data analysis, knowledge management, intelligent
agents, intelligent decision making and support, intelligent network security, trust
management, interactive entertainment, Web intelligence and multimedia.
The publications within “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” are
primarily proceedings of important conferences, symposia and congresses. They
cover significant recent developments in the field, both of a foundational and
applicable character. An important characteristic feature of the series is the short
publication time and world-wide distribution. This permits a rapid and broad
dissemination of research results.
** Indexing: The books of this series are submitted to ISI Proceedings,
EI-Compendex, DBLP, SCOPUS, Google Scholar and Springerlink **
Rahul Bhatia
Editors
Intelligent Computing
Proceedings of the 2020 Computing
Conference, Volume 3
123
Editors
Kohei Arai Supriya Kapoor
Faculty of Science and Engineering The Science and Information
Saga University (SAI) Organization
Saga, Japan Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
Rahul Bhatia
The Science and Information
(SAI) Organization
Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Editor’s Preface
v
vi Editor’s Preface
Hope to see you in 2021, in our next Computing Conference, with the same
amplitude, focus and determination.
Kohei Arai
Contents
vii
viii Contents
1 Introduction
Deep neural networks are employed in an emerging number of tasks, many of
which were not solvable before with traditional machine learning approaches. In
these structures, expert knowledge which is represented in annotated datasets is
transformed into learned network parameters known as network weights during
training.
Methods, approaches and network architectures are distributed openly in
this community, but most companies protect their data and trained networks
obtained from tremendous amount of working hours annotating datasets and
fine-tuning training parameters.
Model stealing and detection of unauthorized use via stolen weights is a key
challenge of the field as there are techniques (scaling, noising, fine-tuning, distil-
lation) to modify the weights to hide the abuse, while preserving the functionality
and accuracy of the original network. Since networks are trained by stochastic
optimization methods and are initialized with random weights, training on a
dataset might result various different networks with similar accuracy.
There are several existing methods to measure distances between network
weights after these modifications and independent trainings: [1–3] Obfuscation of
c Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
K. Arai et al. (Eds.): SAI 2020, AISC 1230, pp. 1–11, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52243-8_1
2 K. Szentannai et al.
neural networks was introduced in [4], which showed the viability and importance
of these approaches. In this paper the authors present a method to obfuscate
the architecture, but not the learned network functionality. We would argue that
most ownership concerns are not raised because of network architectures, since
most industrial applications use previously published structures, but because of
network functionality and the learned weights of the network.
Other approaches try to embed additional, hidden information in the network
such as hidden functionalities or non-plausible, predefined answers for previously
selected images (usually referred as watermarks) [5,6]. In case of a stolen network
one can claim ownership of the network by unraveling the hidden functionality,
which can not just be formed randomly in the structure. A good summary com-
paring different watermarking methods and their possible evasions can be found
in [7].
Instead of creating evidence, based on which relation between the original
and the stolen, modified model could be proven, we have developed a method
which generates a completely sensitive and fragile network, which can be freely
shared, since even minor modification of the network weights would drastically
alter the networks response.
In this paper, we present a method which can transform a previously trained
network into a fragile one, by extending the number of neurons in the selected
layers, without changing the response of the network. These transformations can
be applied in an iterative manner on any layer of the network, except the first and
the last layers (since their size is determined by the problem representation). In
Sect. 2 we will first introduce our method and the possible modifications on stolen
networks and in Sect. 3 we will describe our simulations and results. Finally in
Sect. 4 we will conclude our results and describe our planned future work.
architecture, without the loss of generality, we will focus here only on three con-
secutive layers in the network (i − 1, i and i + 1). We will show how neurons
in layer i can be changed, increasing the number of neurons in this layer and
making the network fragile, meanwhile keeping the functionality of the three
layers intact. We have to emphasize that this method can be applied on any
three layers, including the first and last three layers of the network and also that
it can be applied repeatedly on each layer, still without changing the overall
functionality of the network.
The input of the layer i, the activations of the previous layer (i − 1) can be
noted by the vector xi−1 containing N elements. The weights of the network
are noted by the weight matrix Wi and the bias bi where W is a matrix of
N × K elements, creating a mapping RN → RK and bi is a vector containing K
elements. The output of layer i, also the input of layer i + 1 can be written as:
Creating a mapping RN → RL .
One way of identifying a fully connected neural network is to represent it as a
sequence of synaptic weights. Our assumption was that in case of model stealing
certain application of additive noise on the weights would prevent others to reveal
the attacker and conceal thievery. Since fully connected networks are known to be
robust against such modifications, the attacker could use the modified network
with approximately the same classification accuracy. Thus, our goal was to find
a transformation that preserves the loss and accuracy rates of the network, but
introduces a significant decrease in terms of the robustness against parameter
tuning. In case of a three-layered structure one has to preserve the mapping
between the first and third layers (Eq. 2) to keep the functionality of this three
consecutive layers, but the mapping in Eq. 1 (the mapping between the first and
second, or second and third layers), can be changed freely.
Also, our model must rely on an identification mechanism based on a repre-
sentation of the synaptic weights. Therefore, the owner of a network should be
able to verify the ownership based on the representation of the neural network,
examining the average distance between the weights [7].
Considering the linear case when φ(x) = x we obtain the following form:
xWi−1N ×K WiK×L + bi−1 WiK×L + bi
(4)
= xWi−1 N ×M
WiM ×L + bi−1 WiM ×L + bi
The equation above holds only for the special case of φ(x) = x, however in
most cases nonlinear activation functions are used. We have selected the rectified
linear unit (ReLU) for our investigation (φ(x) = max(0, x)). This non-linearity
consist of two linear parts, which means that a variable could be in a linear
domain of Eq. 3 resulting selected lines of 4 (if x ≥ 0), or the equation system
is independent from the variable if the activation function results a constant
zero (if x ≤ 0). This way ReLU gives a selection of given variables (lines) of 4.
However, applying the ReLU activation function has certain constraints.
Assume, that a neuron with the ReLU activation function should be replaced
by two other neurons. This can be achieved by using an α ∈ (0, 1) multiplier:
n
l
φ( Wji xi + blj ) = Njl (5)
i=1
can be set arbitrarily, meanwhile the other half of the weights will be determined
by Eq. 8. For each real neuron one can generate a number (F ) of fake neurons
forming groups of R number of real and F number of fake neurons. These groups
can be easily identified in the network since all of them will have the same bias,
but the identification of fake and real neurons in a group is non-polynomial.
The efficiency of this method should be measured in the computational com-
plexity of successfully finding two or more corresponding fake neurons having
a total activation of zero in a group. Assuming Lthat
only one pair of fake neu-
rons was added to the network, it requires i=0 Ri +F 2
i
steps to successfully
identify the fake neurons, where Ri + Fi denotes the number of neurons in the
corresponding hidden layer, and L is the number of hidden layers. This can be
further increased by decomposing L thei +F
fake neurons using Eq. 8: in that case the
required number of steps is i=0 Rd+2 i
, d being the number of extra decom-
posed neurons. This can be maximized if d + 2 = Ri + Fi /2, where i denotes
the layer, where the fake neurons are located. However, this is true only if the
attacker has information about the number of deceptive neurons. Without any
prior knowledge, the attacker has to guess the number of deceptive neurons
as well (0, 1, 2 . . . Ri + Fi − 1) which leads to exponentially increasing computa-
tional time.
3 Experiments
3.1 Simulation of a Simple Network
As a case study we have created a simple fully connected neural network with
three layers, each containing two neurons to present the validity of our approach.
The functionality of the network can be considered as a mapping f : R2 → R2 .
6 −1 5 3
w1 = , b1 = 1 −5 w2 = , b2 = 7 1
−1 7 9 −1
We added two neurons to the hidden layer with decomposition, which does
not modify the input and output space and no deceptive neurons were used in
this experiment. After applying the methods described in Sect. 2.1, we obtained
a solution of:
0.0525 −0.4213 6.0058 −0.5744
w1 =
−0.0087 2.9688 −0.9991 4.0263
b1 = 0.0087 −2.1066 1.0009 −2.8722
⎡ ⎤
4.1924e + 03 −5.4065e + 03
⎢ −2.3914 7.3381 ⎥
w2 = ⎢
⎣ −3.2266
⎥
⎦
5.7622
6.9634 −7.0666
b2 = 7 1
Preventing Neural NetworkWeight Stealing via Network Obfuscation 7
Fig. 1. This figure depicts the response of a simple two-layered fully connected network
for a selected input (red dot) and the response of its variants with %1 noise (yellow
dots) added proportionally to the weights. The blue dots represent the responses of the
transformed MimosaNets under the same level of noise on their weights, meanwhile the
response of the transformed network (without noise) remained exactly the same.
In our hypothetical situations these networks (along with the original) could
be stolen by a malevolent attacker, who would try to conceal his thievery by
using the following three methods: adding additive noise proportionally to the
network weights, continuing network training on arbitrary data and network
knowledge distillation. All reported datapoints are an average of 25 independent
measurements.
Fig. 2. This figure depicts accuracy changes on the MNIST dataset under various level
of additive noise applied on the weights. The original network (purple) is not dependent
on these weight changes, meanwhile accuracies retrogress in the transformed networks,
even with the lowest level of noise.
steps in the network. Further training was examined using different step sizes
and optimizers (SGD,AdaGrad and ADAM) training the network with original
MNIST and randomly selected labels and the results were qualitatively the same
in all cases.
Fig. 3. A logarithmic plot depicting the same accuracy dependence as on Fig. 2, focus-
ing on low noise levels. As it can be seen from the plot, accuracy values do not change
significantly under 10−7 percent of noise, which means the most important values of
the weights would remain intact to proof connection between the original and modified
networks.
We have created three-layered neural networks containing 32, 48, 64, 128
neurons in the hidden layer (The number of neurons in the first and last layer
were determined by the original network) and tried to approximate the function-
ality of the hidden layers of the original structure. Since deceptive neurons have
activations in the same order of magnitude as the original responses, these values
disturb the manifold of the embedded representations learned by the network
and it is more difficult to be approximated by a neural network. Table 1 contains
the maximum accuracies which could be reached with knowledge distillation,
depending on the number of deceptive neurons and the neurons in the architec-
ture used for distillation. This demonstrates, that our method is also resilient
towards knowledge distillation.
10 K. Szentannai et al.
Fig. 4. The figure plots accuracy dependence of the networks in case of further training
(applying further optimization steps). As it can be seen from the plot weights had to
be kept in 10−7 average distance to keep the same level of accuracy.
Table 1. The table displays the maximum accuracies reached with knowledge distil-
lation. The different rows display the number of extra neurons which were added to
the investigated layer, and the different columns show the number of neurons in the
hidden layer of the fully connected architecture, which was used for distillation.
4 Conclusion
We have tested our method on simple toy problems and on the MNIST
dataset using fully-connected neural networks and demonstrated that our app-
roach results non-robust networks for the following perturbations: additive noise,
application of further training steps and knowledge distillation.
References
1. Koch, E., Zhao, J.: Towards robust and hidden image copyright labeling. In: IEEE
Workshop on Nonlinear Signal and Image Processing, vol. 1174, pp. 185–206,
Greece, Neos Marmaras (1995)
2. Wolfgang, R.B., Delp, E.J.: A watermark for digital images. In: Proceedings of the
International Conference on Image Processing, vol. 3, pp. 219–222. IEEE (1996)
3. Zarrabi, H., Hajabdollahi, M., Soroushmehr, S., Karimi, N., Samavi, S., Najarian,
K.: Reversible image watermarking for health informatics systems using distortion
compensation in wavelet domain (2018 ) arXiv preprintarXiv:1802.07786
4. Xu, H., Su, Y., Zhao, Z., Zhou, Y., Lyu, M.R., King, I.: Deepobfuscation: securing
the structure of convolutional neural networks via knowledge distillation (2018)
arXiv preprint arXiv:1806.10313
5. Namba, R., Sakuma, J.: Robust watermarking of neural network with exponential
weighting (2019) arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.06151
6. Gomez, L., Ibarrondo, A., Márquez, J., Duverger, P.: Intellectual property protec-
tion for distributed neural networks (2018)
7. Hitaj, D., Mancini, L.V.: Have you stolen my model? evasion attacks against deep
neural network watermarking techniques (2018) arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.00615
8. LeCun, Y., Cortes, C., Burges, C.: MNIST handwritten digit database. AT&T
Labs 2 (2010). http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist
9. Kingma, D.P., Ba, J.: Adam: a method for stochastic optimization (2014) arXiv
preprint arXiv:1412.6980
10. Hinton, G., Vinyals, O., Dean, J.: Distilling the knowledge in a neural network
(2015) arXiv preprint arXiv:1503.02531
Applications of Z-Numbers and Neural
Networks in Engineering
1 Introduction
Intelligent systems are composed of fuzzy systems and neural networks. They
have particular properties such as the capability of learning, modeling and resolv-
ing optimizing problems, suitable for specific kind of applications. The intelligent
system can be named hybrid system in case that it combines a minimum of two
intelligent systems. For example, the mixture of the fuzzy system and neural
network causes the hybrid system to be called a neuron-fuzzy system.
Neural networks are made of interrelated groups of artificial neurons that
have information which is obtainable by computations linked to them. Mostly,
neural networks can adapt themselves to structural alterations while the training
phase. Neural networks have been utilized in modeling complicated connections
among inputs and outputs or acquiring patterns for the data [1–12].
Fuzzy logic systems are broadly utilized to model the systems characterizing
vague and unreliable information [13–29]. During the years, investigators have
proposed extensions to the theory of fuzzy logic. Remarkable extension includes
Z-numbers [30]. The Z-number is defined as an ordered pair of fuzzy numbers
c Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
K. Arai et al. (Eds.): SAI 2020, AISC 1230, pp. 12–25, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52243-8_2
Applications of Z-Numbers and Neural Networks in Engineering 13
(C, D), such that C is a value of some variables and D is the reliability which
is a value of probability rate of C. Z-numbers are widely applied in various
implementations in different areas [31–36].
In this paper, the basic principles and explanations of Z-numbers and neu-
ral networks are given. The applications of Z-numbers and neural networks in
engineering are introduced. Also, the combined Z-number and neural network
techniques are studied. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. The the-
oretical background of Z-numbers and artificial neural networks are detailed in
Sect. 2. Comparison analysis of neural networks and Z-number systems is pre-
sented in Sect. 3. The combined Z-number and neural network techniques are
given in Sect. 4. The conclusion of this work is summarized in Sect. 5.
2 Theoretical Background
2.1 Z-Numbers
For the discrete probability distributions, the following relation is defined for all
p1 ∗ p2 operations
Fig. 1. Membership functions applied for (a) cereal yield, cereal production, economic
growth, (b) threat rate, and (c) reliability
Neural networks are constructed from neurons and synapses. They alter their
rates in reply from nearby neurons as well as synapses. Neural networks operate
similar to computer as they map inputs to outputs. Neurons, as well as synapses,
are silicon members, which mimic their treatment. A neuron gathers the total
incoming signals from other neurons, afterward simulate its reply represented
by a number. Signals move among the synapses, which contain numerical rates.
Neural networks learn once they vary the value of their synapsis. The structure
of a biological neuron or nerve cell is shown in Fig. 2. The processing steps inside
each neuron is demonstrated in Fig. 3.
i Adaptive Learning: capability in learning tasks on the basis of the data sup-
plied to train or initial experience.
ii Self-organization: neural networks are able to create their organization while
time learning.
iii Real-time execution: the calculations of neural networks may be executed in
parallel, also specific hardware devices are constructed, which can capture
the benefit of this feature.
Language: French
Droits de reproduction
réservés pour tous pays, y
compris la Suède, la
Norvège et le Danemark.
PETRVS ARRETINVS ACERRIMVS VIRTVTVM AC VITIORVM
DEMOSTRATOR
NON MANVS ARTIFICIS MAGE DIGNVM OS PINGERE NON
OS
HOC PINGI POTERAT NOBILIORE MANV
PELLÆVS IVVENIS SI VIVERET HAC VOLO DESTRA
PINGIER HOC TANTVM DICERET ORE CANI
L'Œuvre
DU
DIVIN ARÉTIN
Première Partie
Les Ragionamenti
Sonnets Luxurieux
INTRODUCTION ET NOTES
PAR
Guillaume APOLLINAIRE
PARIS
4, RUE DE FURSTENBERG, 4
MCMIX
INTRODUCTION
Un singulier cours d'eau à double pente coule dans le val que
domine Arezzo: c'est la Chiana. Elle peut être donnée comme une
image de ce Pierre dit l'Arétin, qui, à cause de sa gloire et de son
déshonneur, est devenu l'une des figures les plus attachantes du xvie
siècle. Elle est, en même temps, une des plus mal connues. A vrai
dire, si de son vivant même la renommée de l'Arétin n'alla pas sans
infamie, après sa mort on chargea sa mémoire de tous les péchés de
son époque. On ne comprenait pas comment l'auteur des
Ragionamenti pouvait avoir écrit Les Trois Livres de l'Humanité du
Christ, l'on se demandait comment ce débauché avait pu être l'ami
des souverains, des papes et des artistes de son temps. Ce qui
devait le justifier aux yeux de la postérité a été cause de sa
condamnation. En fait de génie, on ne lui a laissé que celui de
l'intrigue. Je m'étonne même qu'on ne l'ait pas accusé d'avoir acquis
ses biens et son crédit par la magie.
Ce Janus bifronts a déconcerté la plupart de ses biographes et de
ses commentateurs. Son nom seul, depuis plus de trois siècles,
effraye les plus bénévoles. Il demeure l'homme des postures, non
pas à cause de ses Sonnets, mais par la faute d'un dialogue en prose
qu'il n'a point écrit et où on en indique 35. Cependant, le populaire
n'en met que 32 sur le compte de l'imagination luxurieuse du Divin.
En Italie, les lettrés le voient d'un mauvais œil; les érudits
n'abordent des recherches sur cet homme qu'avec beaucoup de
répugnance et ne prononcent son nom que du bout des lèvres,
osant à peine feuilleter ses livres du bout des doigts. Chez nous, les
gens du monde accouplent sa mémoire à celle du marquis de Sade;
les collégiens, à celle d'Alfred de Musset; pour le peuple et la petite
bourgeoisie, son nom évoque encore, avec ceux de Boccace et de
Béranger, la grivoiserie qui est toute la santé et la sauvegarde du
mariage. C'est que la variété est bien la seule arme que l'on possède
contre la satiété. Et l'homme qui, directement ou indirectement, a
fourni à l'amour un prétexte pour ne point lasser devrait être honoré
par tous les amants et surtout par les gens mariés. Sans doute, on
connaîtrait les postures, même si le dialogue attribué à l'Arétin
n'avait pas été écrit, mais on n'en connaîtrait pas autant, et ni
Forberg, ni les livres hindous, ni les autres manuels d'érotologie qui
en indiquent un nombre beaucoup plus considérable ne seront
jamais assez populaires pour donner à l'époux et à l'épouse une
occasion naturelle, provenant d'une locution quasi proverbiale, de
repousser l'ennui en variant les plaisirs. L'Arétin, qui utilisa le premier
cette arme moderne, la Presse, qui, le premier, sut modifier l'opinion
publique, qui exerça une influence sur le génie de Rabelais et peut-
être sur celui de Molière[1], est aussi, par aventure, le maître de
l'Amour occidental[2]. Il est devenu une sorte de demi-dieu fescennin
qui a remplacé Priape dans le Panthéon populaire d'aujourd'hui. On
l'invoque ou on l'évoque au moment de l'amour, car pour ce qui
regarde ses ouvrages, on ne les connaît pas. Les exemplaires en
sont devenus rares. En Italie même, on ne connaît guère que son
théâtre. Les Ragionamenti n'avaient jamais été traduits en français
avant que Liseux en publiât le texte accompagné de la traduction
d'Alcide Bonneau[3] d'après laquelle fut faite la tradition anglaise
publiée par le même éditeur. Elle dut servir de modèle au Dr Heinrich
Conrad pour la première et toute récente édition allemande:
Gespräche des Göttlichen Aretino, éditée par l'Insel Verlag de
Leipzig.
Ajoutons qu'une partie de l'œuvre arétinesque est aujourd'hui
perdue; une autre demeure inédite dans les recueils manuscrits
dispersés dans les Bibliothèques européennes; une autre enfin lui
appartient sans doute aussi qui ne lui est pas attribuée.
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