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 40th Anniversary Edition

D ATA B A S E P R O C E S S I N G
FUNDAMENTALS, DESIGN, AND IMPLEMENTATION

David M. Kroenke David J. Auer Scott L. Vandenberg Robert C. Yoder

FIFTEENTH EDITION
 OTHER MIS TITLES OF INTEREST

Introductory MIS Decision Support Systems

Experiencing MIS, 8/e Business Intelligence, Analytics, and Data
Kroenke & Boyle ©2019 Science, 4/e
Sharda, Delen & Turban ©2018
Using MIS, 10/e
Kroenke & Boyle ©2018 Business Intelligence and Analytics: Systems
for Decision Support, 10/e
Management Information Systems, 15/e Sharda, Delen & Turban ©2014
Laudon & Laudon ©2018
Essentials of MIS, 13/e Data Communications & Networking
Laudon & Laudon ©2019 Applied Networking Labs, 2/e
Processes, Systems, and Information: An Boyle ©2014
Introduction to MIS, 3/e Digital Business Networks
McKinney & Kroenke ©2019 Dooley ©2014
Information Systems Today, 8/e Business Data Networks and Security, 11/e
Valacich & Schneider ©2018 Panko & Panko ©2019
Introduction to Information Systems, 3/e
Wallace ©2018 Electronic Commerce
E-commerce 2018: Business. Technology.
Database Society, 14/e
Hands-on Database, 2/e Laudon & Traver ©2019
Conger ©2014
Enterprise Resource Planning
Modern Database Management, 13/e
Hoffer, Ramesh & Topi ©2019 Enterprise Systems for Management, 2/e
Motiwalla & Thompson ©2012
Database Concepts, 8/e
Kroenke, Auer, Vandenberg & Yoder ©2018 Project Management

Database Processing, 15/e Project Management: Process, Technology

Kroenke, Auer, Vandenberg & Yoder ©2019 and Practice
Vaidyanathan ©2013
Systems Analysis and Design
Modern Systems Analysis and Design, 8/e
Hoffer, George & Valacich ©2017
Systems Analysis and Design, 10/e
Kendall & Kendall ©2019
 40th Anniversary Edition

FIFTEENTH EDITION

D ATA B A S E P R O C E S S I N G
FUNDAMENTALS, DESIGN, AND IMPLEMENTATION

David M. Kroenke

David J. Auer
Western Washington University

Scott L. Vandenberg
Siena College

Robert C. Yoder
Siena College
Vice President, IT & Careers: Andrew Gilfillan Vice President, Product Model Management: Jason Fournier
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Kroenke, David M., 1948- author. | Auer, David J., author. |
Vandenberg, Scott L., author. | Yoder, Robert C., author.
Title: Database processing : fundamentals, design, and implementation /David
M. Kroenke, David J. Auer, Western Washington University, Scott L.
Vandenberg, Siena College, Robert C. Yoder, Siena College.
Description: 15th edition, 40th anniversary edition. | Boston : Pearson,
[2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017041164| ISBN 9780134802749 | ISBN 0134802748
Subjects: LCSH: Database management.
Classification: LCC QA76.9.D3 K7365 2018 | DDC 005.74—dc23 LC record available
at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017041164

ISBN 10:   0-13-480274-8

ISBN 13: 978-0-13-480274-9
 Brief Contents
PART 1 ■ Getting Started 1

Chapter 1 Introduction 2
Chapter 2 Introduction to Structured Query Language 38

PART 2 ■ Database Design 145

Chapter 3 The Relational Model and Normalization 146

Chapter 4 Database Design Using Normalization 191
Chapter 5 Data Modeling with the Entity-Relationship Model 212
Chapter 6 Transforming Data Models into Database Designs 267

PART 3 ■ Database Implementation 323

Chapter 7 SQL for Database Construction and Application Processing 324

Chapter 8 Database Redesign 424

PART 4 ■ Multiuser Database Processing 453

Chapter 9 Managing Multiuser Databases 454

Chapter 10 Managing Databases with Microsoft SQL Server 2017, Oracle Database,
and MySQL 5.7 490
Online Chapter: See page 495 for Instructions
Chapter 10A Managing Databases with Microsoft SQL Server 2017
Online Chapter: See page 495 for Instructions
Chapter 10B Managing Databases with Oracle Database
Online Chapter: See page 495 for Instructions
Chapter 10C Managing Databases with MySQL 5.7

PART 5 ■ Database Access Standards 497

Chapter 11 The Web Server Environment 498

Chapter 12 Data Warehouses, Business Intelligence Systems, and Big Data 569
Online Appendices: See page 620 for Instructions
Appendix A Getting Started with Microsoft Access 2016
Appendix B Getting Started with Systems Analysis and Design
Appendix C E-R Diagrams and the IDEF1X and UML Standards
Appendix D Getting Started with Microsoft Visio 2016
Appendix E Getting Started with the MySQL Workbench Data Modeling Tools
Appendix F The Semantic Object Model
Appendix G Physical Database Design and Data Structures for Database Processing
Appendix H Getting Started with Web Servers, PHP, and the NetBeans IDE
Appendix I XML
Appendix J Business Intelligence Systems
Appendix K Big Data
Appendix L JSON and Document Databases
iii
This page intentionally left blank
 Contents

Foreword to the 40th Anniversary Edition xvii

Preface xxv

PART 1 ■ Getting Started 1

Chapter 1: Introduction 2
Chapter Objectives 2
The Importance of Databases in the Internet and Smartphone World 3
The Characteristics of Databases 5
A Note on Naming Conventions 7 • A Database Has Data and Relationships 7
• Databases Create Information 9
Database Examples 10
Single-User Database Applications 10 • Multiuser Database Applications 10 • E-Commerce
Database Applications 11 • Reporting and Data Mining Database Applications 11
The Components of a Database System 11
Database Applications and SQL 12 • The DBMS 15 • The Database 16
Personal Versus Enterprise-Class Database Systems 18
What Is Microsoft Access? 18 • What Is an Enterprise-Class Database System? 19
Database Design 21
Database Design from Existing Data 21 • Database Design for New Systems Development 23
• Database Redesign 23
What You Need to Learn 24
A Brief History of Database Processing 25
The Early Years 25 • The Emergence and Dominance of the Relational Model 27
• Postrelational Developments 28
Summary 30 • Key Terms 31 • Review Questions 32 • Exercises 34

Chapter 2: Introduction to Structured Query Language 38

Chapter Objectives 38
Cape Codd Outdoor Sports 39
Business Intelligence Systems and Data Warehouses 40
The Cape Codd Outdoor Sports Extracted Retail Sales Data Database 41 • The RETAIL_
ORDER Table 44 • The ORDER_ITEM Table 44 • The SKU_DATA Table 45
• The BUYER Table 45 • The CATALOG_SKU_20## Tables 46 • The Complete Cape
Codd Data Extract Schema 46 • Data Extracts Are Common 47
SQL Background 47
The SQL SELECT/FROM/WHERE Framework 49
Reading Specified Columns from a Single Table 49 • Specifying Column Order in SQL Queries
from a Single Table 51
Submitting SQL Statements to the DBMS 52
Using SQL in Microsoft Access 2016 52 • Using SQL in Microsoft SQL Server 2017 58
• Using SQL in Oracle Database 61 • Using SQL in Oracle MySQL 5.7 63

v
vi Contents

SQL Enhancements for Querying a Single Table 66

Reading Specified Rows from a Single Table 66 • Reading Specified Columns and Rows from a
Single Table 70 • Sorting the SQL Query Results 70 • SQL WHERE Clause Options 73
Performing Calculations in SQL Queries 80
Using SQL Built-in Aggregate Functions 81 • SQL Expressions in SQL SELECT Statements 85
Grouping Rows in SQL SELECT Statements 88
Querying Two or More Tables with SQL 93
Querying Multiple Tables with Subqueries 93 • Querying Multiple Tables with Joins 96
• Comparing Subqueries and Joins 102 • The SQL JOIN ON Syntax 102 • SQL Queries
on Recursive Relationships 106 • Outer Joins 107 • Using SQL Set Operators 111
Summary 115 • Key Terms 116 • Review Questions 117 • Exercises 124
• Case Questions 129 • The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions 133
• Morgan Importing Project Questions 140

PART 2 ■ Database Design 145

Chapter 3: The Relational Model and Normalization 146

Chapter Objectives 146
Relational Model Terminology 148
Relations 148 • Characteristics of Relations 149 • Alternative Terminology 151
• To Key, or Not to Key—That Is the Question! 152 • Functional Dependencies 152
• Finding Functional Dependencies 154 • Keys 157
Normal Forms 161
Modification Anomalies 161 • A Short History of Normal Forms 162 • Normalization
Categories 163 • From First Normal Form to Boyce-Codd Normal Form Step by Step 164
• Eliminating Anomalies from Functional Dependencies with BCNF 167 • Eliminating
Anomalies from Multivalued Dependencies 177 • Fifth Normal Form 181 • Domain/Key
Normal Form 181
Summary 181 • Key Terms 182 • Review Questions 183 • Exercises 185
• Case Questions 186 • The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions 187
• Morgan Importing Project Questions 189

Chapter 4: Database Design Using Normalization 191

Chapter Objectives 191
Assess Table Structure 192
Designing Updatable Databases 193
Advantages and Disadvantages of Normalization 193 • Functional Dependencies 194
• Normalizing with SQL 194 • Choosing Not to Use BCNF 196 • Multivalued
Dependencies 196
Designing Read-Only Databases 197
Denormalization 197 • Customized Duplicated Tables 198
Common Design Problems 200
The Multivalue, Multicolumn Problem 200 • Inconsistent Values 202 • Missing
Values 203 • The General-Purpose Remarks Column 204
Summary 205 • Key Terms 206 • Review Questions 206 • Exercises 208
• Case Questions 209 • The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions 209
• Morgan Importing Project Questions 210

Chapter 5: Data Modeling with the Entity-Relationship Model 212

Chapter Objectives 212
The Purpose of a Data Model 213
 Contents vii

The Entity-Relationship Model 213

Entities 214 • Attributes 214 • Identifiers 214 • Relationships 215 • Maximum
Cardinality 217 • Minimum Cardinality 218 • Entity-Relationship Diagrams and Their
Versions 219 • Variations of the E-R Model 219 • E-R Diagrams Using the IE Crow’s Foot
Model 220 • Strong Entities and Weak Entities 222 • ID-Dependent Entities 222
• Non–ID-Dependent Weak Entities 223 • The Ambiguity of the Weak Entity 224
• Subtype Entities 225
Patterns in Forms, Reports, and E-R Models 227
Strong Entity Relationship Patterns 228 • ID-Dependent Relationship Patterns 231
• Mixed Identifying and Nonidentifying Relationship Patterns 238 • The For-Use-By Subtype
Pattern 241 • Recursive Relationship Patterns 242
The Data Modeling Process 245
The College Report 246 • The Department Report 247 • The Department/Major
Report 249 • The Student Acceptance Letter 249
Summary 252 • Key Terms 253 • Review Questions 253 • Exercises 256
• Case Questions 262 • The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions 265
• Morgan Importing Project Questions 265

Chapter 6: Transforming Data Models into Database Designs 267

Chapter Objectives 267
The Purpose of a Database Design 268
Create a Table for Each Entity 268
Selecting the Primary Key 268 • Specifying Alternate Keys 271 • Specifying Column
Properties 271 • Verify Normalization 278
Create Relationships 279
Relationships Between Strong Entities 279 • Relationships Using ID-Dependent
Entities 283 • Relationships with a Weak Non–ID-Dependent Entity 287 • Relationships in
Mixed Entity Designs 288 • Relationships Between Supertype and Subtype Entities 289
• Recursive Relationships 290 • Representing Ternary and Higher-Order Relationships 292
• Relational Representation of the Highline University Data Model 295
Design for Minimum Cardinality 296
Actions when the Parent Is Required 297 • Actions when the Child Is
Required 299 • Implementing Actions for M-O Relationships 300 • Implementing Actions
for O-M Relationships 301 • Implementing Actions for M-M Relationships 301 • Designing
Special Case M-M Relationships 302 • Documenting the Minimum Cardinality Design 302
• An Additional Complication 304 • Summary of Minimum Cardinality Design 304
The View Ridge Gallery Database 305
View Ridge Gallery Database Summary of Requirements 305 • The View Ridge
Data Model 306 • Database Design with Data Keys 307 • Minimum Cardinality
Enforcement for Required Parents 308 • Minimum Cardinality Enforcement for the Required
Child 310 • Column Properties for the View Ridge Database Design Tables 311
Summary 313 • Key Terms 316 • Review Questions 316 • Exercises 318
• Case Questions 319 • The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions 321
• Morgan Importing Project Questions 321

PART 3 ■ Database Implementation 323

Chapter 7: SQL for Database Construction and Application

Processing 324
Chapter Objectives 324
The Importance of Working with an Installed DBMS Product 325
The View Ridge Gallery Database 325
SQL DDL and DML 325
viii Contents

Managing Table Structure with SQL DDL 327

Creating the VRG Database 327 • Using SQL Scripts 327 • Using the SQL CREATE
TABLE Statement 328 • Variations in SQL Data Types and SQL/PSM 329 • Creating the
VRG Database ARTIST Table 329 • Creating the VRG Database WORK Table and the 1: N
ARTIST-to-WORK Relationship 332 • Implementing Required Parent Rows 333
• Implementing 1:1 Relationships 334 • Casual Relationships 334 • Creating Default
Values and Data Constraints with SQL 335 • Creating the VRG Database Tables 336
• The SQL ALTER TABLE Statement 340 • The SQL DROP TABLE Statement 340
• The SQL TRUNCATE TABLE Statement 341 • The SQL CREATE INDEX
Statement 341
SQL DML Statements 342
The SQL INSERT Statement 342 • Populating the VRG Database Tables 343 • The
SQL UPDATE Statement 349 • The SQL MERGE Statement 350 • The SQL DELETE
Statement 351
Using SQL Views 352
Using SQL Views to Hide Columns and Rows 355 • Using SQL Views to Display Results of
Computed Columns 356 • Using SQL Views to Hide Complicated SQL Syntax 357
• Layering Built-in Functions 358 • Using SQL Views for Isolation, Multiple Permissions, and
Multiple Triggers 360 • Updating SQL Views 361
Embedding SQL in Program Code 362
SQL/Persistent Stored Modules (SQL/PSM) 364 • Using SQL User-Defined
Functions 364 • Using SQL Triggers 367 • Using Stored Procedures 373 • Comparing
User-Defined Functions, Triggers, and Stored Procedures 376
Summary 378 • Key Terms 380 • Review Questions 381 • Exercises 391
• Case Questions 395 • The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions 409
• Morgan Importing Project Questions 416

Chapter 8: Database Redesign 424

Chapter Objectives 424
The Need for Database Redesign 425
SQL Statements for Checking Functional Dependencies 425
What Is a Correlated Subquery? 426
How Do I Analyze an Existing Database? 431
Reverse Engineering 432 • Dependency Graphs 433 • Database Backup and Test
Databases 433
Changing Table Names and Table Columns 434
Changing Table Names 434 • Adding and Dropping Columns 436 • Changing a Column
Data Type or Column Constraints 437 • Adding and Dropping Constraints 438
Changing Relationship Cardinalities 438
Changing Minimum Cardinalities 438 • Changing Maximum Cardinalities 439
Adding and Deleting Tables and Relationships 442
Forward Engineering 443
Summary 443 • Key Terms 445 • Review Questions 445 • Exercises 447
• Case Questions 448 • The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions 449
• Morgan Importing Project Questions 450

PART 4 ■ Multiuser Database Processing 453

Chapter 9: Managing Multiuser Databases 454

Chapter Objectives 454
The Importance of Working with an Installed DBMS Product 455
Database Administration 455
Managing the Database Structure 456
Contents ix

Concurrency Control 457

The Need for Atomic Transactions 458 • Resource Locking 461 • Optimistic Versus
Pessimistic Locking 463 • SQL Transaction Control Language and Declaring Lock
Characteristics 464 • Implicit and Explicit COMMIT TRANSACTION 466 • Consistent
Transactions 466 • Transaction Isolation Level 467 • SQL Cursors 468
Database Security 470
Processing Rights and Responsibilities 470 • DBMS Security 471 • DBMS Security
Guidelines 472 • Application Security 474 • The SQL Injection Attack 475
Database Backup and Recovery 475
Recovery via Reprocessing 476 • Recovery via Rollback/Rollforward 476
Managing the DBMS 479
Maintaining the Data Repository 480
Summary 481 • Key Terms 482 • Review Questions 483 • Exercises 484
• Case Questions 485 • The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions 486
• Morgan Importing Project Questions 488

Chapter 10: Managing Databases with Microsoft SQL Server 2017,

Oracle Database, and MySQL 5.7 490
Chapter Objectives 490
Installing the DBMS 491
Using the DBMS Database Administration and Database Development Utilities 492
Creating a Database 492
Creating and Running SQL Scripts 492
Reviewing the Database Structure in the DBMS GUI Utility 493
Creating and Populating the View Ridge Gallery VRG Database Tables 493
Creating SQL Views for the View Ridge Gallery VRG Database 493
Importing Microsoft Excel Data into a Database Table 493
Database Application Logic and SQL/Persistent Stored Modules (SQL/PSM) 493
DBMS Concurrency Control 494
DBMS Security 494
DBMS Database Backup and Recovery 494
Other DBMS Topics Not Discussed 494
Choose Your DBMS Product(s)! 495
Summary 495 • Key Terms 496 • Exercises 496

ONLINE CHAPTER: SEE PAGE 495 FOR INSTRUCTIONS

Chapter 10A: Managing Databases with Microsoft SQL
Server 2017
Chapter Objectives
The Microsoft SQL Server 2017 DBMS
Installing Microsoft SQL Server 2017
Installing Microsoft SQL Server 2017 Required Software • Installing the Microsoft
SQL Server 2017 DBMS • Installing Microsoft SQL Server 2017 Reporting
Services
Microsoft SQL Server 2017 Utilities
SQL CMD and Microsoft PowerShell • Microsoft SQL CLR • The Microsoft SQL Server
Management Studio
Using Microsoft SQL Server 2017
Creating a Microsoft SQL Server 2017 Database
Microsoft SQL Server 2017 SQL Statements and SQL Scripts
Using Existing SQL Scripts • Using a Single SQL Script to Store Multiple SQL Commands
Implementing the View Ridge Gallery VRG Database in Microsoft SQL Server 2017
x Contents

Using SQL Scripts to Create and Populate Database Tables • Creating the View Ridge
Gallery VRG Database Table Structure • Reviewing Database Structures in the SQL
Server GUI Display • Indexes • Populating the VRG Database Tables with Data
• Creating SQL Views
Importing Microsoft Excel Data into a Microsoft SQL Server Database Table
Microsoft SQL Server 2017 Application Logic
Transact-SQL • User-Defined Functions • Stored Procedures • Triggers
Microsoft SQL Server 2017 Concurrency Control
Transaction Isolation Level • Cursor Concurrency • Locking Hints
Microsoft SQL Server 2017 Security
SQL Server 2017 Database Security Settings
Microsoft SQL Server 2017 Backup and Recovery
Backing Up a Database • SQL Server Recovery Models • Restoring a Database
• Database Maintenance Plans
Topics Not Discussed in This Chapter
Summary • Key Terms • Review Questions • Exercises • Case Questions
• The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions • Morgan Importing Project
Questions

ONLINE CHAPTER: SEE PAGE 495 FOR INSTRUCTIONS

Chapter 10B: Managing Databases with Oracle Database
Chapter Objectives
The Oracle Corporation Oracle Database DBMS
Installing Oracle Database
Installing a Loopback Adapter • Oracle Database, Java, JavaScript, and the Adobe
Flash Player • Oracle Database 12c Release 2 Documentation • Downloading Oracle
Database • Installing Oracle Database 12c Release 2 with the Oracle Universal
Installer (OUI) • Installing Oracle Database Express Edition 11g Release 2 (Oracle
Database XE)
Oracle Database Administration and Development Tools
The Oracle Database 12c Release 2 Configuration Assistant • The Oracle Enterprise Manager
Database Express 12c Database Administration Utility • The Oracle Database XE 11.2
Database Administration Utility
Oracle Database Tablespaces
Oracle Database Security
User Privileges • Creating a User Account • Creating a Role
Oracle Database Application Development Tools
Oracle SQL*Plus • Oracle SQL Developer • Creating a Workspace for the SQL Developer
Files • Oracle Database Schemas
Creating and Using an Oracle Database Database
Creating a Database in Oracle Database • Oracle Database SQL Statements and SQL
Scripts • Using Existing SQL Scripts • Using a Single SQL Script to Store Multiple SQL
Commands
Implementing the View Ridge Gallery VRG Database in Oracle Database
Using SQL Scripts to Create and Populate Database Tables • Creating the View Ridge
Gallery VRG Database Table Structure • Transaction COMMIT in Oracle Database
• Reviewing Database Structures in the SQL Developer GUI Display • Indexes
• Populating the VRG Tables • Creating SQL Views
Importing Microsoft Excel Data into an Oracle Database Table
Oracle Database Application Logic
Oracle Database PL/SQL • User-Defined Functions • Stored Procedures
• Triggers
 Contents xi

Oracle Database Concurrency Control

Read-Committed Transaction Isolation Level • Serializable Transaction Isolation Level
• Read-Only Transaction Isolation • Additional Locking Comments
Oracle Database Backup and Recovery
Oracle Database Recovery Facilities • Types of Failure
Topics Not Discussed in This Chapter
Summary • Key Terms • Review Questions • Exercises • Case Questions
• The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions • Morgan Importing
Project Questions

ONLINE CHAPTER: SEE PAGE 495 FOR INSTRUCTIONS

Chapter 10C: Managing Databases with MySQL 5.7
Chapter Objectives
The MySQL 5.7 DBMS
Installing MySQL Community Server 5.7
The MySQL Installer • MySQL Storage Engines
The MySQL Utilities
The MySQL Command-Line Client • The MySQL Workbench GUI Utility • Creating a
Workspace for the MySQL Workbench Files
Creating and Using a MySQL Database
Creating a Database in MySQL • Setting the Active Database in MySQL • MySQL SQL
Statements and SQL Scripts • Using Existing SQL Scripts • Using a Single SQL Script to
Store Multiple SQL Commands
Implementing the View Ridge Gallery VRG Database in MySQL 5.7
Creating the VRG Database • Using SQL Scripts to Create and Populate Database Tables
• Creating the View Ridge Database Table Structure • Reviewing Database Structures in the
MySQL GUI Display • Indexes • Populating the VRG Tables with Data • Transaction
COMMIT in MySQL • Creating SQL Views
Importing Microsoft Excel Data into a MySQL 5.7 Database Table
MySQL Application Logic
MySQL SQL/PSM Procedural Statements • User-Defined Functions • Stored
Procedures • Triggers • A Last Word on MySQL Stored Procedures and Triggers
Concurrency Control
MySQL 5.7 Security
Creating a New User • MySQL Database Security Settings
MySQL 5.7 DBMS Backup and Recovery
Backing Up a MySQL Database • Restoring a MySQL Database
Topics Not Discussed in This Chapter
Summary • Key Terms • Review Questions • Exercises • Case Questions
• The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions • Morgan Importing
Project Questions

PART 5 ■ Database Access Standards 497

Chapter 11: The Web Server Environment 498

Chapter Objectives 498
A Web Database Application for the View Ridge Gallery 500
The Web Database Processing Environment 501
Database Server Access Standards 502
The ODBC Standard 503
ODBC Architecture 504 • Conformance Levels 505 • Creating an ODBC Data Source
Name 506
xii Contents

The Microsoft .NET Framework and ADO.NET 512

OLE DB 514 • ADO and ADO.NET 518 • The ADO.NET Object Model 518
The Java Platform 523
JDBC 523 • Java Server Pages (JSP) and Servlets 525 • Apache Tomcat 525
Web Database Processing with PHP 527
Web Database Processing with PHP and the NetBeans IDE 527 • Getting Started with
HTML Web Pages 530 • The index.html Web Page 530 • Creating the index.html Web
Page 530 • Using PHP 533
Web Page Examples with PHP 540
Example 1: Updating a Table 541 • Example 2: Using PHP Data Objects (PDO) 545
• Example 3: Invoking a Stored Procedure 546 • Challenges for Web Database
Processing 553 • SQL Injection Attacks 554
Extensible Markup Language (XML) 555
The Importance of XML 555 • XML as a Markup Language 556
Creating XML Documents from Database Data 557
Using the SQL SELECT … FOR XML Statement 557
Summary 559 • Key Terms 561 • Review Questions 562 • Exercises 565
• Case Questions 567 • The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions 567
• Morgan Importing Project Questions 568

Chapter 12: Data Warehouses, Business Intelligence Systems,

and Big Data 569
Chapter Objectives 569
Business Intelligence Systems 571
The Relationship Between Operational and BI Systems 571
Reporting Systems and Data Mining Applications 571
Reporting Systems 572 • Data Mining Applications 573
Data Warehouses and Data Marts 573
Components of a Data Warehouse 573 • Data Warehouses Versus Data Marts 577
• Dimensional Databases 578
Reporting Systems 586
RFM Analysis 586 • OLAP 588
Data Mining 597
Distributed Database Processing 599
Types of Distributed Databases 599 • Challenges of Distributed Databases 600
Object-Relational Databases 601
Virtualization 602
Cloud Computing 603
Big Data and the Not Only SQL Movement 607
Column Family Databases 608 • MapReduce 610 • Hadoop 610
Summary 611 • Key Terms 613 • Review Questions 614 • Exercises 616
• Case Questions 617 • The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project
Questions 618 • Morgan Importing Project Questions 619

Appendices

ONLINE APPENDICES: SEE PAGE 620 FOR INSTRUCTIONS

Appendix A: Getting Started with Microsoft Access 2016
Chapter Objectives
What Is the Purpose of This Appendix?
Why Should I Learn to Use Microsoft Access 2016?
What Will This Appendix Teach Me?
What Is a Table Key?
What are Relationships?
Contents xiii

How Do I Create a New Microsoft Access 2016 Database?

What is the Microsoft Office Fluent User Interface?
The Ribbon and Command Tabs • Contextual Command Tabs • Modifying the Quick Access
Toolbar • Database Objects and the Navigation Pane
How Do I Close a Database and Exit Microsoft Access 2016?
How Do I Open an Existing Microsoft Access 2016 Database?
How Do I Create Microsoft Access 2016 Database Tables?
How Do I Insert Data into Tables Using the Datasheet View?
Modifying and Deleting Data in Tables in the Datasheet View
How Do I Create Relationships Between Tables?
How Do I Create and Run Microsoft Access 2016 Queries?
How Do I Create Microsoft Access 2016 Forms and Reports?
How Do I Close a Newly-Created Database and Exit Microsoft Access 2016?
Key Terms • Review Questions • Exercises

Appendix B: Getting Started with Systems Analysis and Design

Chapter Objectives
What Is the Purpose of This Appendix?
What Is Information?
What Is an Information System?
What Is a Competitive Strategy?
How Does a Company Organize Itself Based on Its Competitive Strategy?
What Is a Business Process?
How Do Information Systems Support Business Processes?
Do Information Systems Include Processes?
Do We Have to Understand Business Processes in Order to Create Information Systems?
What Is Systems Analysis and Design?
What Are the Steps in the SDLC?
The System Definition Step • The Requirements Analysis Step • The Component Design Step
• The Implementation Step • The System Maintenance Step
What SDLC Details Do We Need to Know?
What Is Business Process Modeling Notation?
What Is Project Scope?
How Do I Gather Data and Information About System Requirements?
How Do Use Cases Provide Data and Information About System Requirements?
The Highline University Database
The College Report • The Department Report • The Department/Major Report
• The Student Acceptance Letter
What Are Business Rules?
What Is a User Requirements Document (URD)?
What Is a Statement of Work (SOW)?
Key Terms • Review Questions • Exercises

Appendix C: E-R Diagrams and the IDEF1X and UML Standards

Chapter Objectives
What Is the Purpose of This Appendix?
Why Should I Learn to Use IDEF1X or UML?
What Will This Appendix Teach Me?
What are IDEF1X Entities?
What are IDEF1X Relationships?
Nonidentifying Connection Relationships • Identifying Connection Relationships • Nonspecific
Relationships • Categorization Relationships
What are Domains?
Domains Reduce Ambiguity • Domains Are Useful • Base Domains and Typed Domains
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 The Great Temple is better preserved; its potent walls, and
twenty-three of its Corinthian columns, still stand. There is no wood
about the building. Even its vaulted roof, one hundred feet above
you, is marble. The under side of this marble roof is beautifully
chiseled. As one views it with the natural eye, it look like delicate
lace work; but by the aid of field glasses one can trace the designs
of the artist, and see that “there is method in his madness.” One can
see men, animals, leaves, flowers and fruits delicately carved in the
high lifted stone. One sees, or fancies he sees, oaks and acorns,
moons and mares, men, mice and monkeys, doves, dogs and
donkeys, bulls, boars and bears, pigs, ‘possums and puppies, boys
and bonnets, ladies and lizards, all beautifully carved and sweetly
blended one with the other. “‘Tis a vision, ‘tis an anthem sung in
stone, a poem writ in marble.”
 RUINS OF BAALBEK.

But probably the thing that most impresses one about the ruins
of Baalbek is the enormous size of the stones used in its buildings. I
have never seen or read of such stones as were used in building
these temples. Many of them are as large as one of our ordinary
freight cars. Three of these stones, lying end to end in the walls of
the temple, measure two hundred and ten feet. I go to the quarry,
half a mile away, from which these colossal stones were taken.
There I find a companion stone to those in the buildings. It is
fourteen feet high, seventeen feet broad and seventy-one feet long.
Who ever heard of such stones being handled! Two six mule teams
might be driven side by side on the stone, and there would be room
for a foot path on either side the wagons. No pigmies they—those
builders of Baalbek. A race of giants or of gods must have handled
these stones! No one knows when, how, or by whom these temples
were built. We know this, however, they were built, not for an age,
but for all time.
 CHAPTER XXVII.

DAMASCUS.

A Beautiful Valley—Flowing Rivers—Mohammed at Damascus—Garden of

God—Paul at Damascus—Mohammedan at Prayer—Valley More
Beautiful—Damascus Exclusively Oriental—Quaint Architecture—”Often
in Wooden Houses Golden Rooms we Find”—Narrow Streets—
Industrious People—Shoe Bazaars—Manufacturing Silk by hand—
Fanatical Merchants—“Christian Dogs”—Cabinet-Making—Furniture
Inlaid with Pearl—Camel Markets—A Progenitor of the Mule—Machinery
Unknown—Ignorance Stalks Abroad—Fanatical Arabs—A Massacre—
The Governor Gives the Signal—Christians Killed—French Army—
Abraham Our Guide—Brained before Reaching the Post-Office—Warned
not to Look at the Women—Johnson’s Regret—Vailed Women—
Johnson’s Explanation.

A T four o’clock, on the second day after leaving Baalbek, I spy

one of the prettiest objects that ever greeted human vision. It
is Damascus, the oldest city in the world—Damascus, laid out
by Uz, the great-grandson of Noah. For days I have been riding over
a ruined and desolate country, and now my eyes fall and feast on a
broad, rich valley, through which flow Abana and Pharpar, two rivers
of pure water. The whole valley is one great garden, or orchard, in
which flourishes almost every tropical plant. Here are the orange,
olive and oleander, the peach, pear, palm and pome-granate, the
banana, the apple, apricot and myrtle. Amid the rich green foliage of
these trees, their golden fruit is seen. Autumn, which is only summer
meeting death with a smile, has seared the leaves of some of the
more delicate plants of the valley. Red leaves are beautifully
interwoven with the green, and they gleam in the rays of the setting
sun like sheets of purest gold. Here and there tall and slender silver
poplars rise high, and are gracefully swaying to and fro in the
evening breezes.
Damascus is situated in the midst of this luxuriant garden.
Looking down from the hilltop I see the taller houses, the mosques
and minarets, rising from amidst the luxuriant foliage of the trees.
Ah, what a picture! According to tradition, when Mohammed reached
this point and looked down upon Damascus for the first time, he
said: “Man can enter only one paradise, and I prefer to enter the
one above.” So he sat down here and feasted his eyes upon the
earthly paradise of Damascus and went away without entering its
gates, that hereafter he might be permitted to enter the portals of
the paradise of God. A stone tower marks the spot where the
prophet stood. From that early period Damascus has been regarded
by all Arabs as an earthly reflection of paradise, where a foretaste of
all the joys of heaven are obtainable. In accordance with the
description given in the Koran, the Mohammedan Bible, Arabs
picture to themselves paradise as a limitless orchard, traversed by
streams of water, where the most delicious fruits are ever ready to
drop into the mouth.
 DAMASCUS.

When we remember that Damascus is situated on the edge of

the great Syrian desert, that it is surrounded on three sides by hills,
high and lifted up, and that the whole country for miles and scores
of miles around is bleak, parched and desolate, we can not for a
moment be surprised at the pleasing effect the sight of this smiling
garden produces in the heart of the Arab. Probably these swarthy
sons of the desert have been traveling for ten days or a fortnight,
coming from Palmyra or Bagdad, coming from central Arabia or
Persia, coming across the arid plain where naught but broad oceans
of sand stretch out before them, with not a blade of green grass to
enliven the scene or to “rest the dazzled sight.” Finally the fortnight
has past; the journey has ended; and the Arabs stand at last upon
this hilltop and look down upon yonder green garden of God. In
contemplating such a scene, after such a journey, these sons of
Ishmael are moved by emotions strong and deep. They have found
trees in the wilderness, springs in the desert; and they can but say:
“Though old as history itself, thou art fresh as the breath of spring,
blooming as thine own rosebud, and fragrant as thine own orange-
blossom, O Damascus, pearl of the East.”
This is the scene that Paul was looking upon when suddenly a
great light shone round about him from heaven, and he fell to the
earth as dead. Only a few feet from where I stand, tradition points
out the place where he fell. Paul, you remember, was taken up and
carried into the city. Desiring to follow him, I leave the mountain top
and approach the valley. Damascus is surrounded now, as in Paul’s
day, by a stone wall twenty-five or thirty feet high. Entering the city
through the Jerusalem gate, I am at once attracted by a man
prostrate on the river bank. Placing his palms on the ground, and
lifting himself the length of his long arms, he looks down upon the
glassy surface of the river as though he were gazing at his image
reflected in the water. Then, bending his elbows, he once more lets
his breast to the earth. This is repeated over and over again. While
going through this strange performance, the man is constantly
mumbling and muttering in some unknown Eastern tongue. Rising to
his feet, and lifting his face to the sky, the Arab repeatedly smites
himself upon the brow, breast and mouth. Then waving his hand
towards Heaven, he cries aloud: “Suah baha, yalla Mohammed,
Mohammed, Mohammed!” I ask, “Tolhammy, what means this?”
“Why, sir, that is a sacred river. The man was worshipping the river,
and then, rising, he called upon Mahomet, his god, to accept his
worship. He says ‘O Mahomet, accept my worship, and (placing his
hand on his brow) I will think of thee with this mind; (on his breast)
I will love thee with this heart; (with hand upon his mouth) and with
these lips I will speak thy praises abroad. Hear me, O Mohammed,
Mohammed, Mohammed!’” Who could see a sight like this without
thinking of Him who said: “Pray not upon the street corners, to be
seen of men; but pray secretly, and your Father who seeth in secret,
will reward you openly.”
The valley was charming, even when viewed from the hilltop; but
the laughing water, the green foliage and the golden fruit have
grown more and more beautiful as we have approached nearer to
them. “Abana and Pharpar, rivers of Damascus,” are each divided
into eight artificial channels, so there are sixteen small rivers flowing
through the city, bringing fresh and sparkling water into almost
every yard. The luxuriant vegetation of this well-watered valley is
never scorched by summer’s fierce heat, nor chilled by winter’s
frosty breath. It is a perpetual growth. Flowers and fruits are always
on the trees, fragrance and music always in the air.
Damascus is the capital of Syria. It has one hundred and eighty
thousand inhabitants, and a large manufacturing interest. As a
commercial and distributing centre, it has no equal in the Orient.
Great camel caravans are constantly arriving from, and departing for,
Palmyra and Bagdad, and all the other more important cities of
Persia and central Arabia. Being an inland city, hence unaffected by
European thought and civilization, Damascus is exclusively Eastern;
and is, therefore, the best place on earth to get correct conceptions
of Oriental life and ideas.
Coming into the midst of the city, we find the houses are quaint
and characteristically Eastern. From their appearance, one would
suppose that they were built 1,500 or 2,000 years ago. Most of them
are one story high, and are built of stone, and large sun-dried brick
made half and half of straw and white clay. Sometimes a dozen or
twenty houses are covered by the same roof. On going into some of
these miserable-looking huts, we are reminded that “often in
wooden houses golden rooms we find.” Some of these wealthy
Damascene merchants live in style—not in American or European
style, but in style after the Eastern idea. Their houses, though small,
and rough of exterior are richly furnished. Frequently they are lined
with marble. The walls and ceilings are beautifully frescoed, while
the floor is laid with rich Persian carpets. And yet in these houses we
find no chairs, tables or bedsteads. The merchants, though dressed
in silks, sit flat on the carpet or on small mats. Their beds consist,
usually, of pallets made of soft and beautiful Persian rugs. “A strange
way for wealthy people to live,” you say. Well, yes, it is decidedly
strange to you; but you must remember that your way of living
would be just as strange to these Damascene folk.
The streets are exceedingly narrow, being not more than from
nine to twelve feet wide. The stores or shops on either side of the
street are little more than holes in the wall, usually about six feet
wide and eight feet deep. The floor of this stall is twelve to eighteen
inches above the ground. The end facing the street is open, while on
the two sides and the back end, shelf rises above shelf. Goods are
arranged on these, and also suspended from the ceiling. The
customer, should one chance to come along, stands in the street and
bargains with the merchant, who sits flat on the floor in the centre
of the stall. With a hook in his hand, he, without rising, reaches to
one shelf or another, and drags down such goods as may please the
purchaser’s fancy. These people eat no idle bread. As soon as the
customer is gone, the merchant continues to manufacture saddles,
shoes, silks, or such goods as he may deal in.
I was never before so impressed with industry. Damascus is a
great manufacturing centre. The people have no machinery—all
work is done by hand, and nothing is done within walls or behind
curtains. Caps and carpets, saddles and sabres, shoes and shawls,
silks and safes, beds and baskets, and a hundred other things, are
manufactured on the streets in the open air before our eyes. One
entire street is given up to a single industry. For instance the street
here to my right is called the shoe bazaar. It is probably a quarter of
a mile long; and on either side of the street, from one end to the
other, are men, women and children, seated on mats or flat down on
the ground with their limbs folded under them. All are as busy as
bees, sewing and stitching leather, making shoes. If one wants to
buy a pair of shoes, he trades with the man who makes them. The
merchant does not stop work, but talks without looking up.
Most of the manufacturers are eager to trade with Europeans and
Americans, but some of them are so fanatical that they will not
receive money from “Christian dogs.” Numerous poles are thrown
across the streets, twelve or fourteen feet from the ground, from
which strings are hanging. When the shoes are finished, they are
tied to these strings and left suspended. Looking down the street,
one sees hundreds and hundreds of shoes dangling in the air, about
four feet from the ground.
Silk bazaars are numerous. Looking down these several streets,
one sees many weavers seated on the ground, plying their shuttles.
Above their uncombed heads is silk of every grade and color,
suspended in the air and trembling in the wind. As with shoes and
silks, so also with carpets, saddles, and other departments of
industry.
The leading industry of Damascus is cabinet-making. The
furniture made here is of the finest woods, and is inlaid with mother-
of-pearl; hence it is perfectly exquisite and quite costly. Skilled
artisans are to be found in these different departments of work. The
best of them receive only from sixty to eighty cents per day, while
craftsmen of equal skill, in our country, command four to five dollars
per day.
Thursday of each week presents a busy scene at the donkey and
camel markets. Hundreds of half-dressed and hard-looking camel
raisers from the desert drive their patient beasts, old and young, into
an open square in the midst of the city. Sellers, buyers and traders,
wearing different costumes, representing different tribes and
countries, meet. Going in among the camels, they catch, ride and
drive them. The animals are priced, and trouble begins. The
purchaser offers the seller one-third, or one-fourth of his price. This
is taken as an insult. They quarrel, curse each other, and sometimes
fight, the friends on either side taking part. Finally the difficulty is
settled by an agreement to “split the difference;” so the camel is
sold at half of the first price—frequently for less. Late in the evening
they adjourn in much disorder. Turbaned Arabs now lead long trains
of camels down different streets to the several gates of the city. To-
morrow morning, at an early hour, these much abused “ships of the
desert” will be loaded and started out on a long voyage across an
ocean of sand.
The donkey-markets create less confusion. Donkeys, however,
have no unimportant part to play in the daily life of Damascus. They
are indispensable. They take the place of our drays, carts and
market-wagons. One may look up the street at almost any moment,
and see a pair of ears coming. This is regarded as a sure sign that a
progenitor of the mule will be along after a while.
I repeat that all goods manufactured in Damascus are made by
hand, machinery being unknown. Probably three-fourths of the
people here never saw or heard of a daily newspaper. They know
nothing of the outside world. They never learn anything, never
invent anything. They repudiate and scorn anything that is new.
They regard an invention as an offspring of the devil. A Christian
they hate as they do a serpent. Ignorance is the most prevalent
thing in Damascus. It walks the streets; it sits in the shops; it drives
camels; it stares the traveler in the face, go where he will. Here, too,
as elsewhere, ignorance has borne her legitimate fruit—superstition
and fanaticism. The people are, I believe, as fanatical as the devil
wants them to be. Only a few years ago, their fanaticism arose to
such a pitch that they, without the slightest provocation, pounced
upon, and killed, five thousand Christians in the streets of
Damascus! Men, women and children were butchered
indiscriminately like sheep. Their mangled bodies were piled up in
the streets, and scattered through the city, for days and days. The
Mohammedans would not defile their pure (?) hands by putting
them on “Christian dogs”—they had killed them—that was enough.
From Damascus the thirst for blood spread throughout all Syria, and
no less than 14,000 Christians perished.
One would naturally suppose that the government would protect
life better than that. But the Pasha, or governor, of Syria was the
man who gave the signal for the massacre to begin. And it continued
until the French government interfered. Napoleon III, whom the
world is so fond of condemning, dispatched a body of ten thousand
well-armed troops here to stop that human butchery. The Pasha and
other officials were arrested and beheaded in the city. The French
soldiers, following the custom of the old Romans, constructed a
military road from Beyrout to Damascus. This road, which is still in
good repair, is the only guarantee of safety Christians now have
among these heathen people.
My guide in Damascus is named Abraham. I have not met Isaac
and Jacob, but have become somewhat intimate with Abraham. He
tells me that his father and mother were victims of that horrible
massacre; that when killed, their blood and brains spattered upon
him; that his escape was little less than miraculous; that he, with a
number of other Christians, was shut up in the citadel for three
days; that for three days and nights the Mohammedans stood there
with their battering rams, thundering against the walls and gates of
the citadel, which were just ready to totter and fall when the French
army came up and put a stop to the whole inhuman business.
Several persons who were eye-witnesses to the whole scene
have given me a full and detailed account of the massacre.
Mohammedans from their beginning may be tracked through history
by a trail of blood. They seem to have a thirst that nothing but
human gore will satiate. This massacre of Damascus is their last and
crowning act. It is worthy of their bloody history. They destroyed
“even till destruction sickened.” I have just read a history of this
fearful slaughter which closes with this sentence: “Unfortunately,
since the massacre matters have improved but little.” I dare not walk
the streets of Damascus to-day with a Bible in hand, and let the
people know what book it is. I would be in danger of being brained
before reaching the post-office.
The guide-book warns us not to look at the women. This goes
hard with Johnson. I regret it on his account. There is a custom in
this country, which practically amounts to a law, that the women
shall keep their faces vailed. Yesterday, while walking up a narrow
and gloomy-looking alley, we saw a woman coming towards us.
Touching me in the side with his elbow, Johnson said: “Whittle, I am
going to look at her a little, anyhow.” When we met the woman, she
piteously cried: “Howazhu, howazhu, bachsheesh, bachsheesh,”
which being interpreted means, “O, gentlemen, gentlemen, money,
money.” Johnson responded: “Lift your vail, then.” When the ill-
favored female drew her vail aside, Johnson gave her three piasters
(about nine cents) and immediately said: “Put down your vail
quickly, and I will give you three more.” I was sorry for my traveling
companion. He looked disappointed. He said that the reason the
women had to keep their faces covered was, that they were so ugly
that to expose them would subject men to sore eyes—if not to
blindness.
The early religious history of Damascus is of peculiar interest to
all Christians. A great persecution arose against the Christians in
Jerusalem. Saul of Tarsus made havoc of the church; entering into
every house, and, haling men and women, committed them to
prison, breathing out threatenings and slaughter against the
disciples of the Lord. He obtained letters from the Jewish authorities,
authorizing him to arrest and carry to Jerusalem all Christians whom
he might find in Damascus.
As he journeyed, he came near Damascus, and suddenly there
shined round about him a light from Heaven, and he fell to the
earth. When Saul asked of the Lord, “What wilt thou have me to
do?” the Lord said unto him, “Arise, and go into the city, and it shall
be told thee what thou must do.” Saul rose from the earth and they
brought him into Damascus, and he stopped with Judas, who lived
on the street that is called Straight. The Lord directed Ananias to go
to Saul, and instruct him what to do. The scales fell from Saul’s eyes,
and he arose and was baptized; and straightway he preached Christ,
that he was the Son of God. This created a great disturbance in
Damascus, and the Jews held a mass meeting and decided to kill
Saul. For this purpose the Jews watched the gates of the city day
and night. In order to save his life, the disciples took Saul by night
and let him down by the wall in a basket.

TOMBS OF THE CALIPHS, DAMASCUS.

 Damascus is now pretty much as it was eighteen hundred years
ago. The places mentioned in connection with Paul are still pointed
out—with what degree of certainty, I can not say. Of course I visited
the places where “he fell to the earth,” and where “he was let down
over the wall in a basket.” At this point the wall is some thirty feet
high, and is surmounted by a house which is occupied by a Christian
family. The reputed houses of Ananias and Judas are partly
underground, and are built of huge stones. These strongly built
houses are certainly very old; and it has been suggested that if
Ananias and Judas did not live in them at the time of Paul, some
other people did.
If I should to-day begin to proclaim the gospel of Christ with the
same zeal and earnestness that characterized the ministry of Paul, I
would have to be let down over the walls in a basket, or else be
butchered on the street.
 CHAPTER XXVIII.

THE NAAMAN HOSPITAL FOR THE LEPROSY.

Naaman, the Leper—His Visit to Elisha—The Prophet’s Command—

Naaman Cured—House Turned into a Leper Hospital—Off to the Lepers’
Den—Origin, History and Nature of Leprosy—Arrival at the Gloomy
Prison—Abraham, “I Didn’t Promise to Go into the Tomb with
You”—“Screw your Courage to the Sticking Point”—Johnson’s Reply—
Suspicious of the Arab Gate-Keepers—A Charge to Abraham—Life in
Johnson’s Hands—Mamie and the Currant-Bush—Among the Lepers—
Judgment Come—Graves Open—Living Corpses—Walking Skeletons—
Strewing out Coins—An Indescribable Scene—An Indelible Picture—
Horrible Dreams.

N AAMAN lived in Damascus. “Now Naaman, captain of the host of

Syria, was a great man” with his Master, and “honorable,
because by him the Lord had given deliverance unto Syria; he
was also a mighty man of valor, but he was a leper.” So Naaman left
Damascus, and went down to Samaria to see Elisha, that the
prophet might heal him of the leprosy. Elisha told Naaman to go and
dip himself seven times in the Jordan. The haughty Syrian became
indignant at the idea, and it was natural that he should. The people
of Damascus are now, and have always been, proud of their rivers.
They sing about Abana and Pharpar, as also about the shades, fruits
and flowers of the valley.
Old Naaman was a true Damascene. So, when told to bathe in
the Jordan, he said: “Abana and Pharpar, rivers of Damascus, are
they not better than all the waters of Israel?” He wanted to go back
to his own native city, and there bathe in the fountain of the gods,
whose pearly waters had rolled themselves through his heart and
cut their channels there. Finally Naaman was persuaded to follow
Elisha’s directions, and was healed of his leprosy. But, strangely
enough, his house in Damascus was turned into a leper hospital, and
remains one to this day.
Having heard so much of this loathsome disease, I am anxious to
see it. So I call out, “Abraham, Abraham.”
“Sir?”
“Bring out the horses, and let’s go to the hospital.”
“Yes, sir.”
He brings out three horses—ears about fifteen inches long—and
Johnson, Abraham and I are off for the “lepers’ den.” On the way,
Johnson says: “Whittle, how long has the leprosy existed?” My reply
is, “History traces the disease back to twelve or fifteen hundred
years before the Christian era.”
Johnson. “Where did it originate?”
I explain that the origin of the leprosy is, to some extent,
shrouded in mystery; that I was reading the other day from Strabo,
a Greek author, who says that leprosy was generated in Egypt
among the Jews, while they were in bondage under the Pharaohs.
He says the Jews were banished to rock-quarries, where they had
been getting stone to build pyramids and walled cities; that, having
double burdens to perform, and half rations to live upon, they killed
and ate diseased hogs which gave rise to a disease among the
people known as the leprosy. For this reason the Jews passed a law
that all Hebrews should ever after abstain from eating flesh of
swine. That law, we know, is still observed, but Strabo’s account of
the origin of the leprosy is probably a myth.
 Johnson asks: “Does the Bible throw no light upon this subject?”
“None at all. The Good Book has much to say about the disease,
and the ceremonial law concerning the treatment of lepers is strict
and explicit. As to its origin, however, not a word is said.”
Leprosy is the most fearful disease that was ever visited upon the
human family. Never yet has a case of it been cured without the
direct intervention of God. Man’s skill is powerless to stay its ravages
on the human frame and system. If there were no leprosy on earth
to-day, probably there never would be any. It is not now, so far as
can be ascertained, generated anew and afresh. It is inherited from
one’s parents, and in this way it is handed down from generation to
generation. It is absolutely impossible for leprous parents to give
birth to a child who will not die of leprosy, unless, perchance, the
babe die before the disease breaks out. The child may possibly
remain sound and healthy until he is six or even sixteen years old;
but the fearful disease is in his bones and blood and system, and it
is coming to the surface—it is coming to stay, to eat up the body and
“steal away the life o’ the building.”
Leprosy warns its victim of its approach by a cold and chilly
sensation, which alternates with fever. Then a purple fleck or blotch,
with a hard lump under it, comes on the face. The blotches now
come thick and fast. Blotch meets blotch, until the bloated face is
covered, and the cheeks look like purple clusters of grapes. The
blotches finally swell, itch, fester, burst and pour forth an immense
amount of pus and corruption. Then they heal up for a while, only,
however, to itch, swell and burst again.
About a mile and a half from the centre of the city, we see a
great rock wall, enclosing twenty or more acres of land, rising up like
the walls of a penitentiary, twenty-five or thirty feet high. Pointing to
this wall, Abraham says: “There is the hospital.”
I respond, “Yes, there it is, but I want to go in it.”
“Want to go in it?” said he.
“Yes, Abraham, and I want you to go with me.”
 With a strange look in his face, and a tremor in his voice, he
answers, “You don’t mean that, do you?”
“Most emphatically, I do. I want you to go in with me.”
“Well, sir,” he continues, “I can’t do it.”
“But,” said I, “look here, Abraham, I have paid you my money.
You are my guide. You have promised to show me through the city.”
“Yes, sir, but I didn’t promise to go into the tomb with you,” was
his response.
Turning to Johnson, I request him to accompany me. I show him
a book which says that it is questionable whether leprosy is at all
contagious; that it is possible for one to shake hands with a leper
without any ill effects. Besides, I tell him that we will arm ourselves
so as to keep them away from us—that we will fill our pockets with
coins, and, if the lepers come close to us, will strew them like seed
corn on the ground, and while they stop to gather them up, we will
get a good look at them. I explain further to my companion that
even if the lepers were disposed to come up to us, we could fight
them off with our heavy canes.
After placing these arguments before him, I make a final appeal;
“Johnson, don’t desert me. Nerve yourself and go in with me.”
Seeing that he is wavering and hesitating, I say: “Johnson, screw
your courage to the sticking point, and let’s go in.”
He responds: “It won’t stick.”
“Try it again!”
He repeats, “It won’t stick!”
By this time we are at the heavy, iron gate which is locked, and
guarded by two strong and stalwart Arabs. I say to one of them:
“Will you let me in?”
“Yes,” was the reply.
“Will you let me out?”
After a long pause, he responds in a deep, husky voice, “Y-e-s.”
I repeat the question, and receive the same significant frown and
gutteral sound as an answer. I hardly know what is meant. I do not
know but that the idea is to get me in, and then lock the gate and
exact so much money before letting me out. I have not “so much
money” to give.
Turning to my guide, I say, “Abraham, Abraham, I charge you by
the money I have paid you, by your sense of honor and manhood; I
charge you by him whose name you bear, let not this gate close until
I come out.”
With an honest emphasis, he responds, “I will guard the gate.”
Laying my hand upon my companion’s shoulder, I address him
thus: “Johnson, I, to some extent, commit my life into your keeping.
I charge you by the sacred memory of mother, home and Heaven,
by the golden ties of friendship, I charge you, Johnson, let not this
gate close until I come out.”
With tears in his eyes, and his great heart welling without him,
he replies: “Whittle, if necessary, I will block this gate open with my
dead body until you come out.”
My mind is now made up. I am determined to enter. You
naturally ask, “Why go into such a place?” I can hardly tell you why,
unless forsooth, I am something like Mamie. Mamie wanted to go
into the garden and see the flowers. Her mother said, “Well, my
child, you may go into the garden to see the flowers, but you must
not eat any of those berries on the currant-bush.”
“No, ma’am, I won’t.”
Twenty minutes later Mamie emerges from the garden, licking
out her tongue and smacking her lips, while her face is stained with
the berries.
“Did you eat any of those berries, Mamie?”
“No, ma’am.”
“Come, my child, don’t tell me a story.”
Crying and trembling with fear, Mamie says, “Well, mamma, I did
eat a few of ‘em.”
“Why did you disobey mother?”
“Because I couldn’t help it,” was Mamie’s response.
 “Why could you not help it?” said the mother.
“‘Cause the devil tempted me.”
Mother. “Why did you not say, ‘Get thee behind me, Satan’?”
Mamie. “I did say, ‘Get thee behind me, Satan,’ and he got
behind me and pushed me right into the bush.”
So I am tempted, not like Mamie, by one, but by a half dozen
devils. I say: “Get thee behind me, satans.” At this, some get behind,
while others get before me. The spirit of adventure, or something
else, catches hold of the lapels of my coat. Now they push and pull
and shove and drag me in, until finally I wake up on the inside of a
living tomb.
Going in some distance from the gate and around one or two
houses, I see a great number of lepers, lying on the ground, sunning
themselves. A few of the miserable creatures are sitting up. Seeing
me, they make a strange and hideous noise. This arouses the
others.
They rise—three here, four there, a half dozen, yea, a dozen,
yonder—still they rise. It looks almost as if judgment had come; as if
the tombs are opening and the graves are giving up their dead
skeletons. They form a semi-circle about me. Ah, what a ghastly
sight! Men, women and children in all stages of the leprosy. Some of
them look more like fiends than human beings. Skin and flesh gone
from their hands and arms, from their brows and cheeks! The
working of their jaw-bones can be seen, as they vainly attempt to
talk.
Here they are—gums swollen, teeth gone, palates fallen, one
eye, or one ear missing. One finger—two fingers—may be all the
fingers gone from one hand, or, perchance, the hand itself is off at
the wrist, or the arm at the elbow. What arms and limbs and fingers
they have, are frequently gnarled and twisted like grape-vines. They
are close enough. Rushing my right hand into my pocket, I strew the
coin far and wide like seed wheat. The poor diseased creatures, with
pewter plates in hand, hobble around here and there as best they
can, pushing and shoving each other right and left, each trying to
get all the coins and to keep his neighbor from getting any.
Stepping forward, I strew out more coin and then recede. On
come the victims of this loathsome disease. Oh, what a ghastly
sight! Flesh gone, bones exposed and all twisted out of shape, great
knots protruding from the face and body, joints decaying and
dropping away,—human beings coming unjointed and falling to
pieces! On they come, until I find myself half surrounded by
hideous, dreamlike spectres! horrible hobgoblins! living corpses!
walking skeletons! green-eyed monsters! fiery-eyed fiends! coming
up, crowding up around me, thrusting out their long arms and bony
fingers, apparently eager and anxious to hug me, like a phantom, to
their loathsome and rotting bosoms!
For the first time in life, I am rooted to the earth. My blood, like
Hamlet’s, is curdled in my veins. My knees, like the knees of
Belshazzar, smite one against the other. My hair, like the quills of the
fretted porcupine, stands on end. My mind wanders, my heart
sickens, my body reels, and I stand “like a ruin among ruins,
meditating on decay.” In gesture, as well as in words, I say: “Avaunt!
avaunt! and quit my sight! Let the earth hide you! Your bones are
marrowless; your blood is cold; and ye have no eyes in those
sightless sockets with which ye do glare at me!”
I feel that I would give all that I have, or hope to have, if I could,
once for all, blot this awful scene from my mind. But no; it is there.
It is indelibly stamped upon the landscape of memory. And often,
instead of sleeping soundly, I will dream about it. I will dream that I
am still in here; that the gate is locked and barred, and that I am a
doomed man; that these decaying folk have entirely surrounded me,
and are intertwining their arms and limbs with mine, almost like
hissing serpents in the hair!
O, my dying fellow mortal, do you know that leprosy is typical of
sin? How, oh! how, would a man feel, if, while sitting in his parlor, a
half dozen lepers should come in, reeling and staggering—falling to
pieces? He would shrink back and call upon the earth to swallow