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BeginNew-Tight5.5 / Java: A Beginner’s Guide, Ninth Edition / Herbert Schildt / 355-9 / Front Matter
Blind Folio: i
Java ™
A Beginner’s Guide
Ninth Edition
Java ™
A Beginner’s Guide
Ninth Edition
Herbert Schildt
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BeginNew-Tight5.5 / Java: A Beginner’s Guide, Ninth Edition / Herbert Schildt / 355-9 / Front Matter
Contents
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Contents vii
Expressions ...................................................................................................................... 60
Type Conversion in Expressions ............................................................................ 60
Spacing and Parentheses ........................................................................................ 62
Chapter 2 Self Test .......................................................................................................... 62
3 Program Control Statements .......................................................................... 65
Input Characters from the Keyboard ............................................................................... 66
The if Statement .............................................................................................................. 67
Nested ifs ......................................................................................................................... 69
The if-else-if Ladder ........................................................................................................ 70
The Traditional switch Statement .................................................................................... 71
Nested switch Statements ................................................................................................ 75
Try This 3-1: Start Building a Java Help System ............................................................ 75
The for Loop .................................................................................................................... 77
Some Variations on the for Loop ..................................................................................... 79
Missing Pieces ................................................................................................................. 80
The Infinite Loop ................................................................................................... 81
Loops with No Body ....................................................................................................... 81
Declaring Loop Control Variables Inside the for Loop ................................................... 82
The Enhanced for Loop ................................................................................................... 83
The while Loop ............................................................................................................... 83
The do-while Loop .......................................................................................................... 85
Try This 3-2: Improve the Java Help System .................................................................. 87
Use break to Exit a Loop ................................................................................................. 90
Use break as a Form of goto ............................................................................................ 91
Use continue .................................................................................................................... 96
Try This 3-3: Finish the Java Help System ..................................................................... 97
Nested Loops ................................................................................................................... 101
Chapter 3 Self Test .......................................................................................................... 102
4 Introducing Classes, Objects, and Methods ................................................... 105
Class Fundamentals ......................................................................................................... 106
The General Form of a Class ................................................................................. 107
Defining a Class ..................................................................................................... 108
How Objects Are Created ................................................................................................ 110
Reference Variables and Assignment .............................................................................. 111
Methods ........................................................................................................................... 112
Adding a Method to the Vehicle Class ................................................................... 112
Returning from a Method ................................................................................................ 114
Returning a Value ............................................................................................................ 115
Using Parameters ............................................................................................................. 117
Adding a Parameterized Method to Vehicle .......................................................... 119
Try This 4-1: Creating a Help Class ................................................................................ 121
Contents ix
Contents xi
Contents xiii
Contents xv
Index
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
Introduction
T he purpose of this book is to teach you the fundamentals of Java programming. It uses
a step-by-step approach complete with numerous examples, self tests, and projects. It
assumes no previous programming experience. The book starts with the basics, such as how
to compile and run a Java program. It then discusses the keywords, features, and constructs
that form the core of the Java language. You’ll also find coverage of some of Java’s most
advanced features, including multithreaded programming, generics, lambda expressions,
records, and modules. An introduction to the fundamentals of Swing concludes the book.
By the time you finish, you will have a firm grasp of the essentials of Java programming.
It is important to state at the outset that this book is just a starting point. Java is more than
just the elements that define the language. Java also includes extensive libraries and tools that
aid in the development of programs. To be a top-notch Java programmer implies mastery of
these areas, too. After completing this book, you will have the knowledge to pursue any and all
other aspects of Java.
xvii
Over the years, Java has continued to grow, evolve, and otherwise redefine itself. Unlike
many other languages, which are slow to incorporate new features, Java has often been at the
forefront of computer language development. One reason for this is the culture of innovation
and change that came to surround Java. As a result, Java has gone through several upgrades—
some relatively small, others more significant.
The first major update to Java was version 1.1. The features added by Java 1.1 were
more substantial than the increase in the minor revision number would have you think.
For example, Java 1.1 added many new library elements, redefined the way events are
handled, and reconfigured many features of the original 1.0 library.
The next major release of Java was Java 2, where the 2 indicates “second generation.”
The creation of Java 2 was a watershed event, marking the beginning of Java’s “modern
age.” The first release of Java 2 carried the version number 1.2. It may seem odd that the first
release of Java 2 used the 1.2 version number. The reason is that it originally referred to the
internal version number of the Java libraries but then was generalized to refer to the entire
release itself. With Java 2, Sun repackaged the Java product as J2SE (Java 2 Platform Standard
Edition), and the version numbers began to be applied to that product.
The next upgrade of Java was J2SE 1.3. This version of Java was the first major upgrade to
the original Java 2 release. For the most part, it added to existing functionality and “tightened
up” the development environment. The release of J2SE 1.4 further enhanced Java. This release
contained several important new features, including chained exceptions, channel-based I/O,
and the assert keyword.
The release of J2SE 5 created nothing short of a second Java revolution. Unlike most of
the previous Java upgrades, which offered important but incremental improvements, J2SE 5
fundamentally expanded the scope, power, and range of the language. To give you an idea of
the magnitude of the changes caused by J2SE 5, here is a list of its major new features:
● Generics
● Autoboxing/unboxing
● Enumerations
● The enhanced “for-each” style for loop
● Variable-length arguments (varargs)
● Static import
● Annotations
This is not a list of minor tweaks or incremental upgrades. Each item in the list represents a
significant addition to the Java language. Some, such as generics, the enhanced for loop, and
varargs, introduced new syntax elements. Others, such as autoboxing and auto-unboxing, altered
the semantics of the language. Annotations added an entirely new dimension to programming.
The importance of these new features is reflected in the use of the version number “5.”
The next version number for Java would normally have been 1.5. However, the new features
were so significant that a shift from 1.4 to 1.5 just didn’t seem to express the magnitude of the
change. Instead, Sun elected to increase the version number to 5 as a way of emphasizing that
Introduction xix
a major event was taking place. Thus, it was named J2SE 5, and the Java Development Kit
(JDK) was called JDK 5. In order to maintain consistency, however, Sun decided to use 1.5 as
its internal version number, which is also referred to as the developer version number. The “5”
in J2SE 5 is called the product version number.
The next release of Java was called Java SE 6, and Sun once again decided to change the
name of the Java platform. First, notice that the “2” has been dropped. Thus, the platform now
had the name Java SE, and the official product name was Java Platform, Standard Edition 6,
with the development kit being called JDK 6. As with J2SE 5, the 6 in Java SE 6 is the product
version number. The internal, developer version number is 1.6.
Java SE 6 built on the base of J2SE 5, adding incremental improvements. Java SE 6 added
no major features to the Java language proper, but it did enhance the API libraries, added several
new packages, and offered improvements to the run time. It also went through several updates
during its long (in Java terms) life cycle, with several upgrades added along the way. In general,
Java SE 6 served to further solidify the advances made by J2SE 5.
The next release of Java was called Java SE 7, with the development kit being called JDK 7.
It has an internal version number of 1.7. Java SE 7 was the first major release of Java after Sun
Microsystems was acquired by Oracle. Java SE 7 added several new features, including significant
additions to the language and the API libraries. Some of the most important features added by Java
SE 7 were those developed as part of Project Coin. The purpose of Project Coin was to identify a
number of small changes to the Java language that would be incorporated into JDK 7, including
As you can see, even though the Project Coin features were considered to be small changes
to the language, their benefits were much larger than the qualifier “small” would suggest.
In particular, the try-with-resources statement profoundly affects the way that a substantial
amount of code is written.
The next release of Java was Java SE 8, with the development kit being called JDK 8.
It has an internal version number of 1.8. JDK 8 represented a very significant upgrade to
the Java language because of the inclusion of a far-reaching new language feature: the lambda
expression. The impact of lambda expressions was, and continues to be, quite profound,
changing both the way that programming solutions are conceptualized and how Java code
is written. In the process, lambda expressions can simplify and reduce the amount of source
code needed to create certain constructs. The addition of lambda expressions also caused a
new operator (the –>) and a new syntax element to be added to the language. In addition to
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