Information and Communication Technologies in Healthcare 1st Edition Stephan Jones (Ed.) pdf download
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Cybersecurity: Public Sector Threats Making Your Data Center Energy Efficient
Gilbert Held
and Responses
ISBN 978-1-4398-5553-9
Kim J. Andreasson, Editor
ISBN 978-1-4398-4663-6
Maximizing Benefits from IT Project
Management: From Requirements to
Cybersecurity for Industrial Control Systems:
Value Delivery
SCADA, DCS, PLC, HMI, and SIS
Jose Lopez Soriano
Tyson Macaulay and Bryan Singer
ISBN 978-1-4398-4156-3
ISBN 978-1-4398-0196-3
Near Field Communications Handbook
Data Warehouse Designs: Achieving Syed A. Ahson and Mohammad Ilyas, Editors
ROI with Market Basket Analysis and ISBN 978-1-4200-8814-4
Time Variance
Fon Silvers
Security De-engineering: Solving the
ISBN 978-1-4398-7076-1 Problems in Information Risk Management
Ian Tibble
Defense against the Black Arts: ISBN 978-1-4398-6834-8
How Hackers Do What They Do and
How to Protect against It Software Maintenance Success Recipes
Jesse Varsalone and Matthew McFadden Donald J. Reifer
ISBN 978-1-4398-2119-0 ISBN 978-1-4398-5166-1
Edited by
Stephan Jones and Frank M. Groom
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Contents
Contributors vii
C h a p t e r 1 H e a lt h c a r e S y s t e m s : I n t r o d u c t i o n 1
F R A N K M . GRO OM , PH . D.
C h a p t e r 2 Te c h n o l o gy a s a C ata ly s t for H e a lt h
Enhancement 9
JA N E E L L ERY, PH . D. A N D PE T ER J. E L L ERY, PH . D.
C h a p t e r 3 H e a lt h I n f o r m at i o n E x c h a n g e 25
DAV E YODER
C h a p t e r 4 U n i v e r s a l D ata S ta n d a r d s 39
C OL L EEN W I L L I S
C h a p t e r 5 H e a lt h c a r e I n f o r m at i o n E x c h a n g e 61
K EN T S U PA NC I K
C h a p t e r 6 H e a lt h I n f o r m at i o n Te c h n o l o gy i n t h e
U n i t e d S tat e s : A c h i e v i n g L e g a l a n d
R e g u l at o r y R e s u lt s t h at E n h a n c e
I n n o vat i o n a n d A d o p t i o n 87
S T UA RT N. BRO T M A N, J. D., GA BR I EL G. BRO T M A N,
A N D J EN N I F ER E . PAU L
v
vi C o n t en t s
C h a p t e r 7 H e a lt h c a r e R e g u l at i o n s , P r i va cy,
S e c u r i t y, a n d I n f o r m at i o n A g e
C o n s i d e r at i o n s 103
S Y DN E Y MOR R I S
C h a p t e r 8 U s a b i l i t y : Pat i e n t – P h y s i c i a n I n t e r a c t i o n s
and the Electronic Medical Record 123
CA ROLY N K . SH U E , PH . D. A N D
L AU R A L . S . O ’ H A R A , PH . D.
C h a p t e r 9 R e m e m b e r i n g H u m a n Fa c t o r s w h e n
I m p l e m e n t i n g Te c h n o l o gy U s e : A C a s e
S t u dy i n H o m e H e a lt h c a r e U s a b i l i t y 145
L OR I A . BY ER S , PH . D.
C h a p t e r 10 S e c u r i t y a n d P r i va cy : I m pa c t s of E v o lv i n g
Te c h n o l o g i e s a n d L e g i s l at i o n 157
ROBER T FA I X , CH A D CAGNOL AT T I , A N D
DAV I D F LY N N
C h a p t e r 11 N e w Fac i li t y P l a n n i n g : A H e a lt h ca r e F o c u s 173
T ODD HOL L OW E L L A N D CA R L F L E M I NG
C h a p t e r 12 D e v e l o p i n g I n n o vat i v e H e a lt h I n f o r m at i o n
f o r Yo u t h : C o m m u n i c at i o n Th e o r y f o r
P r a c t i c a l E m e r g i n g M e d i a A p p l i c at i o n s 195
L OU A N N S T ROU P, CH E L SE Y SIGL ER , A N D
JAY E . GI L L E T T E , PH . D.
C h a p t e r 13 R e - E n v i s i o n i n g t h e I n d i a n a M e d i c a i d . c o m
W e b s i t e a s a M e m b e r - F o c u s e d P o r ta l : A
C a s e S t u dy o n U s a b i l i t y a n d Te c h n o l o gy
f o r Tr a n s f o r m i n g H e a lt h c a r e
C o m m u n i c at i o n 213
JA R E D B . L I N DER , M S , P M P
vii
viii C o n t ribu t o rs
Sydney Morris
Jay E. Gillette, Ph.D. Center for Information &
Center for Information and Communication Sciences
Communication Sciences Ball State University
Ball State University Muncie, Indiana
Muncie, Indiana
Carolyn K. Shue, Ph.D.
Frank M. Groom, Ph.D. Department of Communication
Center for Information and Studies
Communication Sciences Ball State University
Ball State University Muncie, Indiana
Muncie, Indiana Chelsey Sigler
Ball State University
Todd Hollowell, Vice President Muncie, Indiana
Impact Advisors LLC
Naperville, Illinois Lou Ann Stroup
Ball State University
Muncie, Indiana
Jared B. Linder, MS, PMP
Indiana University School of Kent Supancik
Informatics Ball State University
Indianapolis, Indiana Muncie, Indiana
and
Center for Information and Colleen Willis
Communication Sciences Center for Information &
Ball State University Communication Sciences
Muncie, Indiana Ball State University
Muncie, Indiana
F R A N K M . G RO O M , P H . D.
Contents
1
2 Fr ank M. Gro om
Case Patient
Physician Registration Lab Info
Account
Specialist Nursing and Financial
Billing and
Physicians Monitoring Info
Payment
Pharmacy
Extract
Information
CDA
Report
Health Care Creation
Data
Repository
University of Hospital
Washington
UC Davis
Regional Health
Data Repository
UC San Francisco
Physicians
Researchers
Labs
Open Systems
Compliance
Conclusion
• Healthcare technology
• Healthcare data standards
• Healthcare information exchange
• Legal and regulatory issues
• Electronic medical records
• Usability by patients and physicians
• Security and privacy
• Healthcare facility planning
• Emerging media and healthcare
• Case study
Bibliography
3M Clinical Data Repository/3M™ Clinical Data Repository, 3M Health
Information Systems.
Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and Department of Defense (DoD),
Clinical Data Repository/Health Data Repository (CHDR).
Foly, Mary Jo, Microsoft to Offer Health Care Software, ZDNet, February 26,
2007.
IBM, Health Care Definitions.
Lohr, Steve, Microsoft to offer health care software, New York Times, July 26,
2006.
Wikipedia, List of open source healthcare software.
2
Techno lo gy as a C atalyst
fo r H e alth E nhan cement
J A N E E L L E RY, P H . D. A N D
P E T E R J . E L L E RY, P H . D.
Contents
Introduction 9
Techno-Centric, User-Centric, and Everything Between 10
Salutogenesis and Sense of Coherence 11
Application of GRRs and GRDs to Healthcare Technology 13
Addressing GRDs through Technology Design 14
A New Health System for the Twenty-First Century 15
Conclusions 20
References 23
Introduction
9
10 Jane Ellery and Pe ter J. Ellery
The framework was built in terms of systems theory and its core idea,
information processing. In brief, the individual is seen (1) as a system
linked to/isolated from suprasystems, (2) from which information/noise
is received, (3) whose messages are internally integrated/undeciphered
12 Jane Ellery and Pe ter J. Ellery
Using a salutogenic approach allows those who create and design tech-
nology to better understand the individual who will be using it and
becomes a first step in the development of a technology that addresses
the individual user’s needs. As such, evaluating the potential user audi-
ence to determine the GRRs and GRDs they currently possess is
essential if the technology is to be accepted and adopted by the user. It
should be noted that the presence of GRDs does not necessarily make
the introduction of a new technology destined for failure. It simply
increases the likelihood that using the new technology will not provide
a strong SOC for the user and result in a reluctance to continue using it.
In many cases however, GRDs can be compensated for by pro-
viding personalized resources to the user. For example, consider the
local government health information website discussed in the section
above. One approach might be to give the individuals within the com-
munity the computers or Internet access they need if they do not have
them. Another option that has been utilized is to provide the libraries
and health centers within the community with these tools, especially
if these are places the community readily recognizes as being health
information resource sites.
GRDs can also be minimized through the technology interface.
Users wishing to read, or download and print copies of health infor-
mation documents they access on the local government health website
may need to also have software on their computer such as Adobe
Acrobat Reader•. Selecting the most appropriate file format for
Technolo gy as a Catalyst for He alth Enhancement 15
Conclusions
References
Antonovsky, A. (1987). Unraveling the mystery of health. San Francisco, CA:
Josey-Bass.
Antonovsky, A. (1994). The salutogenic model as a theory to guide health pro-
motion. Health Promotion International, 11–18.
Antonovsky, A. (1994). A Sociological Critique of the ‘well-being’ movement.
The Journal of Mind Body Health, 10, 6–12.
Dabbs, A.D., Myers, B.A., McCurry, K.R., Dunbar-Jacob, J., Hawkins, R.P.,
Begey, A., & Dew, M.A. (2009). User-centered design and interactive
health technologies for patients. Computers, Informatics, Nursing, 27(3),
175–183.
IOM, Institute of Medicine, Committee on Quality of Health Care in America
(2001). Crossing the quality chasm: A new health system for the 21st century.
Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press.
Johnson, C.M., Johnson, T.R., and Zhang, J. (2005). A user-centered frame-
work for redesigning healthcare interfaces. Journal of Biomedical
Informatics, 38, 75–87.
Mayhew, D.J. and Mantei, M. M. (1994). A basic framework for cost justi-
fying usability engineering. R.G. Bias and D.J. Mayhew (Eds.) Cost-
justifying usability. (9-48) New York: Harcourt Brace.
Olson, D.P., & Windish, D.M. (2010). Communication discrepancies between
physicians and hospitalized patients. Archives of Internal Medicine,
170(15), 1302–1307.
3
Health Information E xchange
DAV E YO D E R
Contents
25
26 Dav e Yo d er
History of HIEs
National Health Da
ta ta
Da Information Network
Data
a Da
at ta ta
D RHIO–A Da RHIO–B
Figure 3.1 Diagram showing a very simple Health Information Exchange. Data flows to and from
each entity in the diagram. The process begins with the healthcare providers (e.g., hospitals, pri-
mary care physicians, laboratories, or any other entity that gathers medical information). The data
flows securely from the healthcare providers to the RHIOs (which are connected so that they are able
to share data with one another). Finally, the data flows to the national network.
sixty-two such centers throughout the country that have received var-
ied amounts of funding. The purpose of the RECs is to do the follow-
ing (ONCb, n.d.):
• Provide training and support services to assist doctors and
other providers in adopting EHRs
• Offer information and guidance to help with EHR
implementation
• Give technical assistance as needed
The creation and funding of the RECs is an important first step in
facilitating HIE between all healthcare entities. Currently, hospitals
and large health systems are the primary adopters of EHR systems,
while small providers and primary care clinicians have been much
slower to adopt EHR systems due to cost and staffing constraints.
HIE cannot exist without widespread adoption of EHR systems, so it
is vital to the long-term success of HIE that every healthcare provider
adopt an EHR system.
28 Dav e Yo d er
Current Usage
There are many practical applications for HIE that are currently being
utilized. The federal government has delved into the HIE by starting
a program with the Department of Veterans Affairs. The Department
of Veterans Affairs announced the development of a pilot program
that would allow both public and private healthcare providers access
to veterans’ health records through HIE. The project would be vol-
untary for veterans and they would have to authorize any HIE that
occurs (Lee, 2010). This pilot program is slated to run through 2012
and could serve as a template for the development of a nationwide
program with the entire Veterans Affairs healthcare system.
Another widespread use for HIE is through delivering lab results,
radiology reports, and other clinical information. This allows for emer-
gency departments, outpatient centers, and other entities to have near-
real-time access to results through a web portal. This model of the
RHIO, acting as an intermediary between health organizations, seems
to be most prevalent and has provided a quick entry for HIE into real-
world applications. In Michigan, an organization called Medicity is
providing a service like this that is linking providers to move data from
disparate EHRs (Anonymous, 2009). Medicity’s approach has been to
link healthcare providers and bypass third-party governance, and is
referred to as the “organic HIE model” (Lassetter, 2010).
Software vendors that have developed EHR systems are also start-
ing to realize the benefits of health information exchange. The EHR
vendor Epic has a system that allows for this exchange of information;
it is called Care Everywhere (Epic Systems Corporation, n.d.). Some
vendors are enabling customers on the same platform to exchange
information across their systems with the software vendor acting as
the health information exchange. This is an interesting approach and
certainly is beneficial in the short term, as most states are nowhere
near being able to transfer data between healthcare providers. This
also allows data to be transmitted across the country if healthcare
providers authorize the exchange of data and participate in their
EHR vendor’s information-sharing program. The obvious shortcom-
ing of this type of interchange is that one healthcare provider must
be on the same vendor platform as the other healthcare provider. This
use of vendor-based HIE could be a catalyst to implementing HIE
He a lt h In f o rm ati o n E xch a n g e 29
Business Model
Lack of Standards
Security and privacy are two major concerns people have with HIE.
Healthcare providers are very concerned with these issues and in a sur-
vey conducted in 2007, nearly 71 percent expressed concern about the
privacy and security of HIE (Wright et al., 2010). The general areas of
concern focus on the interpretation of federal and state health privacy
laws, which influence how individual providers develop their own
internal policies regarding privacy and security (Dimitropoulos and
Rizk, 2009). This difference in interpretation and variations in state
laws could create a major obstacle to implementing HIE. The Office of
the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC)
has started a program called the Health Information Security and
Privacy Collaboration (HISPC) to address some of these concerns.
The HISPC, through an environmental scan, has found several areas
of concern, which include the following:
• Consent and permission:
• There is general confusion among those involved in HIE
as to whether HIPAA or state laws required consent to
transfer data to a third party.
• Privacy and security:
• Variations among HIE participants in security and pri-
vacy policies has impeded HIE adoption, particularly
when one organization felt its security program was supe-
rior to another party that may be receiving the data.
• Authentication and authorization:
• Variations among HIE participants in authentication and
authorization standards has slowed HIE adoption and
third-party access to health information.
• Linking data to one person:
• There is currently no standard method for matching
records to guarantee that the data you are viewing should
be included in that patient’s health record.
Consumers are also getting more involved in managing their own
health records; this has driven several large information technology
companies into the personal health record (PHR) market. PHR pro-
viders like this are exempt from HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability
He a lt h In f o rm ati o n E xch a n g e 33
and Accountability Act) and only fall under applicable state health
privacy laws (McGraw et al., 2009). Employers are also beginning to
take an interest in PHRs and some have begun offering these to their
employees. Large U.S. employers Walmart, AT&T, and BP America
all offer their employees the option to participate in an employer-
sponsored PHR program. Data collected from the PHR of employees
are used to develop preventative health programs that will hopefully
reduce healthcare costs to the organization (Wynia & Dunn, 2010).
Operating within the state of Indiana are five separate RHIOs that
serve different healthcare providers throughout the state. Indiana
Health Information Technology (IHIT) is the state-designated entity
responsible for overseeing HIE in the state. IHIT has developed a
strategic plan and allocated funds to ensure that certain objectives are
met. IHIT guides RHIO’s general direction through grant funding
34 Dav e Yo d er
to ensure that essential services are provided and that Indiana is meet-
ing any federal mandates required.
The model Indiana has adopted for implementing HIE is a decen-
tralized model, which means that IHIT guides the RHIOs but the
RHIOs maintain their own infrastructure. This model was best suited
for Indiana due to the existence of established RHIOs prior to fund-
ing provided by the ARRA of 2009. Services provided by the RHIOs
are primarily market driven and the services provide a revenue source.
Indiana received $10.3 million in funding through ARRA to fur-
ther health information exchange. Below is a listing and description
of projects the IHIT has selected to pursue with the $10.3 million in
federal funding (IHIT, 2010):
• Connectivity Matching Grant Program ($2.65M):
• The purpose of this program is to allocate funds to health-
care providers in rural or underserved areas. The goal of
this program is to allow access to HIE infrastructure by
helping offset the cost of creating an interface with an
RHIO. Funding ranges from $10,000 to $40,000 based
on healthcare provider classifications.
• Data Mapping and Normalization ($750K):
• The goal of this program to develop a common set of
standards in accordance with national guidelines on data
exchanged between RHIOs as well as data exchanged
with stakeholders. This program would also put a change
process in place for all future data additions and standards.
• Privacy and Security Policy Development ($200K):
• This project will allow the IHIT to do a gap analysis
between state and federal privacy and security regulations
to ensure there are no barriers to intrastate and inter-
state HIE.
• HIO Connectivity ($5M):
• Of the $10.3 million, approximately $2.2 million is
planned to be spent on connecting the five different
RHIOs in the state (IHIT, 2010). The IHIT also plans
to allocate $2.8 million to fund interstate connectivity,
which will be an important element for the ultimate goal
of national connectivity.
He a lt h In f o rm ati o n E xch a n g e 35
Applications of NHIN
Conclusion
There are still many unknowns at this point in the evolution of HIE
and they include the following, just to name a few:
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