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 HOLT'Z ., KOVACS • SIHEAHAN
-

A.n,Introduction, ·to
GEOTECHNICAL
ENGINEERING
 AN INTRODUCTION TO
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Third Edition

Robert D. Holtz, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE

University of Washington

William D. Kovacs, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE

University of Rhode Island

Thomas C. Sheahan, Sc.D., P.E.

Northeastern University

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Names: Holtz, R. D. (Robert D.), author. I Kovacs, William D., author. I

Sheahan, Thomas C., author.
Title: An introduction to geotechnical engineering/ Robert D. Holtz,
Ph.D., P.E., D.GE, University of Washington, William D. Kovacs, Ph.D.,
P.E., D.GE, University of Rhode Island, Thomas C. Sheahan, Sc.D., P.E.,
Northeastern University.
Description: Third edition. I Hoboken, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc., [2023]
I Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2022011439 I ISBN 9780137604388
Subjects: LCSH: Soil mechanics-Textbooks. I Rock mechanics-Textbooks. I
Geotechnical engineering-Textbooks.
Classification: LCC TA710 .H564 2023 I DDC 624.1/5136-dc23/eng/20220316
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Contents

Preface xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering 1
1.1 Geotechnical Engineering 1
1.2 The Unique Nature of Soil and Rock Materials 3
1.3 Scope of This Book 4
1.4 Historical Development of Geotechnical Engineering 5
1.5 Suggested Approach to the Study of Geotechnical ENgineering 6
1.6 Notes on Symbols, Units, and Standards 6
1.7 Some Comments on How to Study in General 7
Suggested Activities 8 • References 8
Chapter 2 Index and Classification Properties of Soils 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Basic Definitions and Phase Relations for Soils 9
2.2.1 Solution of Phase Problems 14
2.2.2 Submerged or Buoyant Density and Unit Weight 22
2.2.3 Specific Gravity 25
2.3 Soil Texture 27
2.4 Grain Size and Grain Size Distribution 28
2.5 Particle Shape 34
2.6 Atterberg Limits 35
2.6.1 One-Point Liquid Limit Test 40
2.6.2 Additional Comments on the Atterberg Limits 41
2.7 Introduction to Soil Classification 43
2.8 Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) 44
2.8.1 Visual-Manual Classification of Soils 51
2.8.2 Limitations of the USCS 54
2.9 AASHTO Soil Classification System 55
Problems 55 • References 62
Chapter 3 Geology, Landforms, and the Evolution of Geomaterials 64
3.1 Importance of Geology to Geotechnical Engineering 64
3.1.1 Geology 64
3.1.2 Geomorphology 65
3.1.3 Engineering Geology 65
3.2 The Earth, Minerals, Rocks, and Rock Structure 66
3.2.1 The Earth 66
3.2.2 Minerals 66
3.2.3 Rocks 67
3.2.4 Rock Structure 68

V
vi Contents

3.3 Geologic Processes and Landforms 71

3.3.1 Geologic Processes and the Origin of Earthen Materials 71
3.3.2 Weathering 71
3.3.3 Gravity Processes 77
3.3.4 Surface-Water Processes 80
3.3.5 Ice Processes and Glaciation 93
3.3.6 Wind Processes 104
3.3.7 Volcanic Processes 106
3.3.8 Grounc.lwaler Processes 108
3.3.9 Tectonic Processes 109
3.3.10 Plutonic Processes 111
3.4 Anthropogenic Geology 112
3.5 Properties, Macrostructure, and Classification of Rock Masses 113
3.5.1 Properties of Rock Masses 113
3.5.2 Discontinuities in Rock 113
3.5.3 Rock Mass Classification Systems 115
3.6 Products of Weathering 120
3.7 Clay Minerals 120
3.7.1 The 1:1 Clay Minerals 122
3.7.2 The 2:1 Clay Minerals 124
3.7.3 Other Clay Minerals 127
3.8 Specific Surface 128
3.9 Interaction Between Water and Clay Minerals 128
3.9.1 Hydration of Clay Minerals and the Diffuse Double Layer 129
3.9.2 Exchangeable Cations and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) 131
3.10 Soil Structure and Fabric of Fine-Grained Soils 132
3.11 Granular Soil Fabrics 135
Problems 140 • References 142
Chapter 4 Compaction and Stabilization of Soils 146
4.1 Introduction 146
4.2 Compaction and Densification 147
4.3 Theory of Compaction 147
4.3.1 Process of Compaction 150
4.3.2 Typical Values; Degree of Saturation 152
4.3.3 Effect of Soil Type and Method of Compaction 153
4.4 Structure of Compacted Fine-Grained Soils 155
4.5 Compaction of Granular Soils 156
4.5.1 Relative or Index Density 156
4.5.2 Densification of Granular Deposits 157
4.5.3 Rock Fills 160
4.6 Field Compaction Equipment and Procedures 161
4.6.1 Compaction of Fine-Grained Soils 161
4.6.2 Compaction of Granular Materials 165
4.6.3 Compaction Equipment Summary 168
4.6.4 Compaction of Rockfill 168
 Contents vii

4.7 Specifications and Compaction Control 169

4.7.1 Specifications 170
4.7.2 Compaction Control Tests 171
4.7.3 Problems with Compaction Control Tests 176
4.7.4 Most Efficient Compaction 180
4.7.5 Overcompaction 181
4.7.6 Rock Fill QA/QC 182
4.8 Estimating Performance of Compacted Soils 183
Problems 186 • References 190
Chapter 5 Hydrostatic Water in Soils and Rocks 193
5.1 Introduction 193
5.2 Capillarity 193
5.2.1 Capillary Rise and Capillary Pressures in Soils 198
5.2.2 Measurement of Capillarity; Soil-Water Characteristic Curve 202
5.2.3 Other Capillary Phenomena 202
5.3 Groundwater Table and the Vadose Zone 205
5.3.1 Definition 205
5.3.2 Field Determination 205
5.4 Shrinkage Phenomena in Soils 208
5.4.1 Capillary Tube Analogy 208
5.4.2 Shrinkage Limit Test 209
5.4.3 Shrinkage Properties of Compacted Clays 211
5.5 Expansive Soils and Rocks 213
5.5.1 Physical-Chemical Aspects 215
5.5.2 Identification and Prediction 215
5.5.3 Expansive Properties of Compacted Clays 218
5.5.4 Swelling Rocks 218
5.6 Engineering Significance of Shrinkage and Swelling 222
5.7 Collapsible Soils and Subsidence 223
5.8 Frost Action 225
5.8.1 Terminology, Conditions, and Mechanisms of Frost Action 226
5.8.2 Prediction and Identification of Frost-Susceptible Soils 230
5.9 Intergranular or Effective Stress 233
5.10 Vertical Stress Profiles 238
5.11 Relationship Between Horizontal and Vertical Stresses 241
Problems 242 • References 246
Chapter 6 Fluid Flow in Soils and Rock 249
6.1 Introduction 249
6.2 Fundamentals of Fluid Flow 249
6.3 Darcy's Law for Flow Through Porous Media 251
6.4 Measurement of Permeability or Hydraulic Conductivity 254
6.4.1 Laboratory and Field Hydraulic Conductivity Tests 257
6.4.2 Factors Affecting Laboratory and Field Determination of k 257
6.4.3 Empirical Relationships and Typical Values of k 258
6.5 Heads and One-Dimensional Flow 262
viii Contents

6.6 Seepage Forces, Quicksand, and Liquefaction 271

6.6.1 Seepage Forces, Critical Gradient, and Quicksand 271
6.6.2 Quicksand Tank 278
6.6.3 Liquefaction 281
6.7 Seepage and Flow Nets: Two-Dimensional Flow 281
6.7.1 Flow Nets 284
6.7.2 Quantity of Flow, Uplift Pressures, and Exit Gradients 289
6.7.3 Other Solutions to Seepage Problems 293
6.8 Seepage Toward Wells 294
6.9 Seepage Through Dams and Embankments 298
6.10 Control of Seepage and Filters 300
6.10.1 Basic Filtration Principles 301
6.10.2 Design of Graded Granular Filters 302
6.10.3 Geotextile Filter Design Concepts 304
6.10.4 FHWA Filter Design Procedure 305
Problems 310 • References 316
Chapter 7 Compressibility and Consolidation of Soils 318
7.1 Introduction 318
7.2 Components of Settlement 319
7.3 Compressibility of Soils 320
7.4 One-Dimensional Consolidation Testing 322
7.5 Preconsolidation Pressure and Stress History 325
7.5.1 Normal Consolidation, Overconsolidation, and Preconsolidation Pressure 325
7.5.2 Determining the Preconsolidation Pressure 326
7.5.3 Stress History and Preconsolidation Pressure 327
7.6 Consolidation Behavior of Natural and Compacted Soils 329
7.7 Settlement Calculations 329
7.7.1 Consolidation Settlement of Normally Consolidated Soils 338
7.7.2 Consolidation Settlement of Overconsolidated Soils 340
7.7.3 Determining C, and C, 0 342
7.8 Factors Affecting the Determination of O'~ 344
7.9 Prediction of Field Consolidation Curves 346
7.10 Approximate Methods and Typical Values of Compression Indices 351
7.11 Compressibility of Rock and Transitional Materials 353
7.12 Introduction to Consolidation 353
7.13 The Consolidation Process 354
7.14 Terzaghi's One-Dimensional Consolidation 1l1eory 355
7.15 Classic Solution for the Terzaghi Consolidation Equation 357
7.16 Determination of the Coefficient of Consolidation cv 368
7.16.1 Casagrande's Logarithm of Time Fitting Method 368
7.16.2 Taylor's Square Root of Time Fitting Method 372
7.17 Determination of the Coefficient of Permeability 374
7.18 Typical Values of the Coefficient of Consolidation cv 375
7.19 In Situ Determination of Consolidation Properties 376
7.20 Evaluation of Secondary Settlement 376
Problems 384 • References 393
 Contents ix

Chapter 8 Stresses, Failure, and Strength Testing of Soil and Rock 397
8.1 Introduction 397
8.2 Stress at a Point 397
8.3 Stress-Strain Relationships and Failure Criteria 405
8.4 The Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion 407
8.4.1 Mohr Failure Theory 407
8.4.2 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion 409
8.4.3 Obliquity Relationships 411
8.4.4 Failure Criteria for Rock 413
8.5 Stress Paths 414
8.6 Laboratory Tests for the Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks 420
8.6.1 Direct Shear Test 420
8.6.2 Triaxial Test 424
8.6.3 Special Laboratory Soils Tests 427
8.6.4 Laboratory Tests for Rock Strength 429
8.7 In Situ Tests for the Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks 430
8.7.1 In Situ Tests for Shear Strength of Soils 431
8.7.2 Field Tests for Modulus and Strength of Rocks 437
Problems 438 • References 442
Chapter 9 An Introduction to Shear Strength of Soils and Rock 445
9.1 Introduction 445
9.2 Angle of Repose of Sands 446
9.3 Behavior of Saturated Sands During Drained Shear 447
9.4 Effect of Void Ratio and Confining Pressure on Volume Change 449
9.5 Factors That Affect the Shear Strength of Sands 457
9.6 Shear Strength of Sands Using In Situ Tests 462
9.6.1 SPT 462
9.6.2 CPT 463
9.6.3 DMT 464
9.7 The Coefficient of Earth Pressure at Rest for Sands 464
9.8 Behavior of Saturated Cohesive Soils During Shear 467
9.9 Consolidated-Drained Stress-Deformation and Strength Characteristics 468
9.9.1 Consolidated-Drained (CD) Test Behavior 468
9.9.2 Typical Values of Drained Strength Parameters for Saturated Cohesive Soils 472
9.9.3 Use of CD Strength in Engineering Practice 472
9.10 Consolidated-Undrained Stress-Deformation and Strength Characteristics 474
9.10.1 Consolidated-Undrained (CU) Test Behavior 474
9.10.2 Typical Values of the Undrained Strength Parameters 479
9.10.3 Use of CU Strength in Engineering Practice 480
9.11 Unconsolidated-Undrained Stress-Deformation and Strength Characteristics 482
9.11.1 Unconsolidated-Undrained (UU) Test Behavior 482
9.11.2 Unconfined Compression Test 485
9.11.3 Typical Values of UU and UCC Strengths 488
9.11.4 Other Ways to Determine the Undrained Shear Strength 489
9.11.5 Use of UU Strength in Engineering Practice 491
x Contents

9.12 Sensitivity 494

9.13 The Coefficient of Earth Pressure at Rest for Clays 495
9.14 Strength of Compacted Clays 499
9.15 Strength of Rocks and Transitional Materials 503
Problems 505 • References 508
Chapter 10 Shallow Foundations 512
10.1 Introduction to Foundations 512
10.2 Methodologies for Foundation Design 513
10.3 Introduction to Bearing Capacity 514
10.3.1 Bearing Capacity Failure Types 515
10.3.2 Terzaghi's General Bearing Capacity Theory 516
10.3.3 Modifications to the Basic Bearing Capacity Equation 517
10.4 Calculating Bearing Capacity for Different Loading Conditions 521
10.5 Bearing Capacity in Sands-The Drained Case 522
10.5.1 Determination of Input Parameters for Foundations on Sands 523
10.5.2 Effect of Water Table on Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations on Sand 525
10.6 Bearing Capacity in Clays 532
10.6.1 Bearing Capacity in Clays-The Drained Case 532
10.6.2 Bearing Capacity in Clays-The Undrained Case 535
10.7 Bearing Capacity in Layered Soils 536
10.7.1 Stiff Clay Layer over Soft Clay 537
10.7.2 Sand Layer over Clay 538
10.8 Determination of Allowing Bearing Capacity in Practice 539
10.9 Shallow Foundation Settlement 540
10.9.1 Introduction to Shallow Foundation Settlement 540
10.9.2 Components of Geotechnical Settlement 541
10.9.3 Stress Distribution Under Foundation 542
10.10 Immediate Settlement Based on Elastic Theory 551
10.11 Settlement of Shallow Foundations on Sand 554
10.11.1 Settlement in Sand Based on Standard Penetration Test 555
10.11.2 Settlements in Sand from Schmertmann Strain Influence Factor Method 557
10.11.3 Direct Estimate of Settlement Using CPT 560
10.12 Settlement of Shallow Foundations on Clay 560
10.13 Combined Foundations 564
10.13.1 Combined Footings 565
10.13.2 Mat Foundations 566
Problems 567 • References 580
Chapter 11 Lateral Earth Pressures and Earth Retaining Structures 583
11.1 Introduction to Lateral Earth Pressures 583
11.2 Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest and Idealized Retaining Wall 584
11.3 Rankine Active Earth Pressure 588
11.3.1 Rankine Active State for Sands 590
11.3.2 Rankine Active Earth Pressure for Inclined Backfill 593
11.3.3 Rankine Active Earth Pressure for Clays 596
11.4 Coulomb Active Earth Pressure 602
 Contents xi

11.5 Rankine Passive Earth Pressure 608

11.5.1 Rankine Passive Case for Sands 608
11.5.2 Rankine Passive Case for Clays-Drained Case 612
11.5.3 Rankine Passive Case for Clays-Undrained Case 613
11.5.4 Rankine Passive for Inclined Backfill 613
11.6 Retaining Wall Design 615
11.6.1 Introduction to Retaining Wall Design 615
11.6.2 Initial Proportioning of Retaining Walls 616
11.6.3 Provisions for Drainage Behind Retaining Walls 617
11.6.4 Applying Lateral Earth Pressure Theories to Wall Design and Analysis 619
11.6.5 Retaining Wall Stability Analysis Checks 620
Problems 628 • References 639
Chapter 12 Deep Foundations 640
12.1 Introduction to Deep Foundations 640
12.2 Types of Deep Foundations and Installation Methods 641
12.2.1 Driven Pile Foundations 642
12.2.2 Vibratory-Installed Pile Foundations 646
12.2.3 Jacked Pile Foundations 646
12.2.4 Rapid Impact Piles 647
12.2.5 Jetted Piles 647
12.2.6 Screw Piles 647
12.2.7 Bored Piles 647
12.3 Determination of Pile Load Capacity and Settlement 653
12.3.1 End Bearing Resistance of Deep Foundations 654
12.3.2 Side Resistance of Deep Foundations 658
12.3.3 Deep Foundation Group Behavior 671
12.3.4 Bearing Capacity of Piles in Rock 674
12.3.5 Settlement of Piles 675
12.4 Piles Loaded in Tension and Laterally 678
12.4.1 Bearing Capacity of Piles Loaded in Tension 678
12.4.2 Laterally Loaded Piles- Ultimate Load Analysis 682
12.4.3 Laterally Loaded Piles-Deflection Analysis 685
12.5 Additional Topics in Deep Foundations 691
12.5.1 Negative Pile Side Friction 691
12.5.2 Pile Capacity Verification 692
Problems 694 • References 702
Chapter 13 Advanced Topics in Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks 704
13.1 Introduction 704
13.2 Stress Paths for Shear Strength Testing 704
13.3 Pore Pressure Parameters 710
13.3.1 Introduction to Pore Pressure Parameters 710
13.3.2 Pore Pressure Parameters for Different Stress Paths 713
13.4 Stress Paths During Undrained Loading-Normally and Lightly Overconsolidated Clays 714
13.5 Stress Paths During Undrained Loading-Heavily Overconsolidated Clays 724
13.6 Applications of Stress Paths to Engineering Practice 727
xii Contents

13.7 Critical State Soil Mechanics 732

13.8 Modulus and Constitutive Models for Soils 743
13.8.1 Modulus of Soils 743
13.8.2 Constitutive Relations 748
13.8.3 Soil Constitutive Modeling 749
13.8.4 Failure Criteria for Soils 750
13.8.5 Classes of Constitutive Models for Soils 752
13.8.6 The Hyperbolic (Duncan-Chang) Model 753
13.9 Fumlamenlal Basis of LheDrained Slrenglh of Sands 755
13.9.1 Basics of Frictional Shear Strength 755
13.9.2 Stress-Dilatancy and Energy Corrections 757
13.9.3 Curvature of the Mohr Failure Envelope 761
13.10 Behavior of Saturated Sands in Undrained Shear 762
13.10.1 Consolidated-Undrained Behavior 762
13.10.2 Using CD Tests to Predict CU Results 766
13.10.3 Unconsolidated-Undrained Behavior 770
13.10.4 Strain-Rate Effects in Sands 773
13.11 Plane Strain Behavior of Sands 773
13.12 Residual Strength of Soils 779
13.12.1 Drained Residual Shear Strength of Clays 779
13.12.2 Residual Shear Strength of Sands 781
13.13 Stress-Deformation and Shear Strength of Clays: Special Topics 782
13.13.1 Definition of Failure in CU Effective Stress Tests 782
13.13.2 Hvorslev Strength Parameters 783
13.13.3 The T 1!a~0 Ratio, Stress History, and Jlirgenson-Rutledge Hypothesis 788
13.13.4 Consolidation Methods to Overcome Sample Disturbance 799
13.13.5 Anisotropy 801
13.13.6 Plane Strain Strength of Clays 805
13.13.7 Strain Rate Effects 806
13.14 Strength of Unsaturated Soils 808
13.14.1 Matric Suction in Unsaturated Soils 808
13.14.2 The Soil-Water Characteristic Curve 810
13.14.3 The Mohr-Coulomb Failure Envelope for Unsaturated Soils 811
13.14.4 Shear Strength Measurement in Unsaturated Soils 812
13.15 Properties of Soils Under Dynamic Loading 814
13.15.1 Stress-Strain Response of Cyclically Loaded Soils 814
13.15.2 Measurement of Dynamic Soil Properties 817
13.15.3 Empirical Estimates of G max, Modulus Reduction, and Damping 820
13.15.4 Strength of Dynamically Loaded Soils 826
13.16 Failure Theories for Rock 827
Problems 831 • References 840

Index 850
Preface

It has been over a decade since the publication of the second edition of An Introduction to Geotech-
nical Engineering. The impetus for this edition comes from a frequently heard need from faculty and
students for a textbook that covers both the fundamentals of soil mechanics and soil properties, and
also the basics of foundation engineering. As we noted in the preface to the second edition, technical
content in engineering degree programs continues to be reduced, and these three areas of geotechnical
engineering are often covered in a single undergraduate course. However, we continue to believe that
even in such a compressed course, a textbook that is sophisticated and carries appropriate rigor is an
ongoing necessity.
We still believe that there is a need for more detailed and modern coverage of the engineering
properties of geo-materials than is found in most undergraduate texts. This applies to students who
concentrate in geotechnical engineering as well as the general civil engineering undergraduate student.
Our students will be involved in increasingly more complex projects, especially those in transportation,
structural, construction, and environmental engineering. Those projects will increasingly involve envi-
ronmental, economic, and political constraints that will demand innovative solutions to civil engineering
problems. Modern analytical techniques using digital computers have had a revolutionary effect on en-
gineering design practice, allowing multiple what-if design scenarios to be produced and graphically de-
picted. However, the validity of the results from these computational procedures is highly dependent on
the quality of the geotechnical engineering design parameters as well as the geology and site conditions.
This edition is intended for use in either a stand-alone soil mechanics course or, as noted above,
a geotechnical engineering course that includes fundamental foundation engineering, both usually
taught to third- and fourth-year undergraduate civil engineering students. It might also be used in an
introductory graduate school soils mechanics class. We assume the students have a working knowledge
of undergraduate mechanics, especially statics and mechanics of materials, including fluids. In the first
part of the book, we introduce the "language" of geotechnical engineering-that is, the classification
and engineering properties of soils and rocks. Once the student has a working knowledge of the behav-
ior of geo-materials, he/she can begin to predict soil behavior, and then carry out the design of simple
foundations and earth structures.
We have tried to make the text easily readable by the average undergraduate. To this end, An
Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering is written at a rather elementary level, although the material
covered may at times be quite sophisticated and complex.
The emphasis throughout is on the practical, and admittedly empirical, knowledge of soil and
rock behavior required by geotechnical engineers for the design and construction of foundations, em-
bankments, earth retaining structures, and underground works. To strengthen this connection between
the fundamental and applied, we have tried to indicate wherever possible the engineering significance
of the property being discussed, why the property is needed, how it is determined or measured, and, to
some extent, how it is actually used in specific design applications. We illustrate some simple geotech-
nical designs-for example, determining the flow, uplift pressures, and exit gradients in 2-D seepage
problems, and estimating the settlement of shallow foundations on sands and saturated clays.
One thing that has not changed over the years is that units remain a problem with U.S. geo-
technical engineers. While this edition continues to use both the British and Systeme International
(SI) sets of units, we have chosen to abandon seldom used units in the SI system such as megagrams
(Mg), but continue to have examples and problems that use kilograms (kg) and kilonewtons (kN).
We continue to be careful to use the correct definitions of density (mass/unit volume) and unit weight

xiii
xiv Preface

(force or weight/unit volume) in phase relationships as well as in geostatic and hydrostatic pressure
computations.
If you have a laboratory component with your course, we consider this to be an important part of
the student's experience with soils as a unique engineering material. This is where you begin to develop
a "feel" for soils and soil behavior, so essential for the successful practice of geotechnical engineering.
An emphasis on laboratory and field testing is found throughout the text. The organization and devel-
opment of the material in the text are traditional and generally follow the order of a typical laboratory
portion of many courses. The early chapters introduce the discipline of geotechnical engineering, phase
relationships, index, and classification properties of soils and rocks, geology, landforms, and the origin
of geo-materials, clay minerals, soil and rock structures, and rock classification. These chapters provide
the background and terminology for the remainder of the text.
Following a very practical discussion of compaction in Chapter 4, Chapters 5 and 6 describe how
water influences and affects soil behavior. Topics presented in Chapter 5 include groundwater and
vadose water, capillarity, shrinkage, swelling, and collapsing soils, frost action, and effective stress.
Chapter 6 discusses permeability, seepage, and seepage control.
Chapters 7 through 9 deal with the compressibility and shear strength of soils and rocks. Chap-
ter 7 covers both compressibility behavior of natural and compacted soils and rock masses and basic
time-rate consolidation of soils. Chapter 8 begins with the theoretical underpinnings of stresses in a
soil mass, followed by a description of laboratory and field tests that attempt to model those conditions
in order to measure stress-strain-strength properties. Chapter 9 is an introduction to shear strength of
soils and rock and is suitable for undergraduate students if the course schedule permits, and can be
covered more extensively in a first soil mechanics course in graduate school.
Chapters 10 through 12 are new chapters in this edition, covering three fundamental areas of
foundation engineering: shallow foundations, lateral earth pressures and earth retaining structures,
and deep foundations. Chapter 10 introduces bearing capacity theory, followed by its application to
bearing capacity in sands and clays, and approaches to determining settlement of shallow foundations.
Chapter 11 covers the two theories of lateral earth pressure, Rankine and Coulomb, and then how
these are used for the design of retaining structures. Chapter 12 describes the estimation methods for
deep foundation bearing capacity, how we compute the tensile and lateral load capacity of piles, and
advanced topics in deep foundations that are often the source of significant field performance issues.
Chapter 13 first covers advanced applications of stress paths, and also includes sections on crit-
ical-state soil mechanics and an introduction to constitutive models. We then discuss some advanced
topics on the shear strength of sands that start with the fundamental basis of their drained, undrained,
and plane-strain strengths. The residual shear strength of sands and clays provides a transition into the
stress-deformation and shear strength of clays, where we discuss failure definitions, Hvorslev strength
parameters, stress history, the Jurgenson-Rutledge hypothesis, consolidation methods to overcome
sample disturbance, anisotropy, plane-strain strength, and strain-rate effects. We end Chapter 13 with
sections on the strength of unsaturated soils, properties of soils under dynamic loading, and failure
theories for rock.
Even though it is primarily for the beginning student in geotechnical engineering, advanced
students in other disciplines and engineers desiring a refresher in engineering properties may find
the book helpful. Advanced students, researchers, and practitioners will also likely make use of the
advanced topical coverage in Chapter 13.
Because of the many fully worked example problems, students and others learning from this
book can follow the solution steps for various types of geotechnical engineering problems, and assess
their understanding of the material. From the previous two editions, we know that many practicing
geotechnical engineers will find this book useful as a refresher and for the typical values given for
classification and engineering properties for a wide variety of soils; we have found such a compendium
very useful in our own engineering practice. We hope that the new chapters on foundation engineering
will provide further value in this regard.
Another Random Scribd Document
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 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Die
Thurmuhr: eine Rechen-Fibel für kleine Kinder
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
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you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Die Thurmuhr: eine Rechen-Fibel für kleine Kinder

Author: F. G. Normann

Release date: December 4, 2017 [eBook #56127]

Most recently updated: October 23, 2024

Language: German

Credits: Produced by R.G.P.M. van Giesen

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DIE THURMUHR:

EINE RECHEN-FIBEL FÜR KLEINE KINDER ***
 DIE THURMUHR
eine
Rechen-Fibel
für
kleine Kinder
zur
Erkennung der Uhr, Erlernung der Zahlen u. practisch:
Entwickelung
der ersten Begriffe der Rechen - Kunst

in Bildern
und Reimen
von
F. G. Normann del.

BERLIN,
Plahn'sche Buchhandlung
(L. Nitze.)
 Deutsche Zahlen.

1,2,3,4,5 6,7,8,9,10.

1 und 2, fleissig sei! 3 und 4

merk' es dir!
6,7 dann dich lieb'n, 8,9,10,
die dich seh'n, und es wird dir wohl ergeh'n.
 Römische Zahlen

I, II, III,
(Ein-siedler.) (Zwei-ge.) (Drei-fuss. Drei-zack.)

IV, V, IV, keinen

Klecks,
doch dabei (Vier-Däuse) (Fünf Augen.) (Sechser.)

VII und VIII den du g'macht, IX

(Sieb.) (Achtung.) (Neun Kegel.)

X
(Zähne.)

I.II.III. darf man seh'n VI.VII.VIII.

IV.V. ja recht reinlich dich IX.X.
gewöhn'!
1.
Eins schlägt die Glock'!
Ein Tag fing an,
Ein neuer Tag.
Du denkst nicht d'ran;
Du schläfst im Licht des Mondenscheins
Die Glock' schlägt Eins!

I.
Ein Wesen ist's, das für uns
wacht,
Ein Gott beschützt uns Tag u.
Nacht;
Hältst du dich stets von
Sünden rein,
Wird er auch immer mit dir
sein;
Kein einzig Mal drum wende du
Dein junges Herz dem Bösen zu!
1 Birne kostet 1 Gr. wieviel kostet 1/2 B.?

Eine Birne in der Mitte durchschnitten

giebt 2 halbe. Nehme ich von einer Birne
die Hälfte fort, so bleibt noch? *

(2 halbe sind eine ganze.)

* Anmerkung: Um den Kindern das Subtrahiren be-

greiflich zu machen, decke man mit der Hand die eine
Hälfte zu.

1
Einspänner
2.
Zwei schlägt die Glock'!
Schlaf' ungetrübt,
Wenn zweierlei
Dir Gott nur giebt:
Gesundheit, frommen Sinn dabei!
Die Glock' schlägt Zwei!

II.
Bewahr die beiden dir
getreu:
Gesundheit in dem Lebens-
Mai,
Ein unverletzt' Gewissen
dann;
So reifest du beglückt
heran;
Ohn' sie jedoch sind, glaub'
es mir,
Vergebens alle Schätze dir.

1 u. 1 = 2. 2 trinken 1 Flasche
wieviel bekommt jeder?
(wenn Einer so viel trinkt
als der Andere.)

Von 2 Leuten trinkt jeder 1 Flasche

Wein, wieviel trinken beide

Zu einer Portion Wenn von 2 Schmetterlingen

Warmbier nimmt man 1 wegfliegt, wieviel
bleiben?
2 Eier, wieviel zu 1/2 P.
 Zweige.
2
Zwei-kampf.

3.
Drei schlägt die Glock'!
Der Hahn kräht schon,
Zur Abreis' bläst
Der Postillon;
Da wärst du auch wohl gern' dabei.
Die Glock' schlägt Drei!

III.
Drei Tageszeiten zählet man.
Erst Morgen Mittag, Abend
dann.
An deinem Lebens-Morgen üb'
 Was dich als Mann macht
werth und lieb,
Dann sieht am Abend einst
dein Blick
Froh auf die Lebensreis'
zurück.

2 und 1 = 3.
1 von 3 bleibt 2.
2 '' 3 '' 1.

Von 3 Vögeln fliegt einer 1 Vogel kostet 1

Dreier,
fort, wie viel bleiben sitzen? wieviel kosten 3
Vögel?
 3
Drei-spänner.

4.
Vier schlägt die Glock'!
Der Gaul der scharrt,
Es graut der Tag,
Die Stallthür' knarrt,
Mein Pferdchen, man bringt Futter dir.
Die Glock' schlägt Vier!

IV.
Vier Elemente schuf uns
Gott,
Sie folgen seinem
Machtgebot;
Das Wasser, Feuer, Erd' u.
Luft,
Dies Alles zur Anbetung
ruft.
Nichts kann ohn' diese Vier
geschehn,
Nichts in der Welt ohn' sie
besteh'n.

2 u. 2 = 4.
3 u. 1 = 4.
----
2 v. 4 bl. 2.
1 v. 4 '' 3.
3 v. 4 '' 1.

Ein Apfel Diese 4 Stücke

in 4 Theile ge- will ich an
meine
theilt, hat 4/4. Mutter und
meine bei-
nehme ich 1/4 weg, den
Geschwister so
so bleiben? verschenken,
dass Mut-
nehme ich 2/4 oder 1/2 ter noch mal
so viel
weg, so bleiben? bekommt, als
jeder der
nehme ich 3/4 fort, Geschwister.
Wie mache
so bleibt? ich das?

Wieviel kostet 1/4 Q. Essig, wenn das Quart 4 Dreier

kostet?

4
Vierspänner.
5.
Fünf schlägt die Glock'!
Das Vöglein singt,
Die Morgensonn'
Hervor jetzt dringt;
Der Wandrer greift zum Wanderstock.
Fünf ist die Glock'!

V.
Fünf Sinne dir gegeben sind,
Damit nim Alles wahr, mein
Kind;
Gesicht, Geschmack, Geruch,
Gehör,
Gefühl zählt fünftens auch
hierher.
Bewundere der Schöpfung
Pracht,
Wie weise Alles ist gemacht.
 1 u. 4 = 5.
3 u. 2 = 5. 4
u. 1 = 5.
2 v. 5 bl. 3. 1
v. 5 bl. 4.

3 v. 5 bl. 2.

1 v. 5 bl. 4. 4
v. 5 bl. 1.

5
Fünf-eck.