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PHP and MySQL Web development fourth edition
Thomson Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Thomson, Laura; Welling, Luke
ISBN(s): 9780672330155, 0672329468
Edition: 5th printing
File Details: PDF, 2.77 MB
Year: 2009
Language: english
Linux Kernel
Development
Third Edition
Developer’s Library
ESSENTIAL REFERENCES FOR PROGRAMMING PROFESSIONALS
Key titles include some of the best, most widely acclaimed books within their
topic areas:
PHP & MySQL Web Development Python Essential Reference
Luke Welling & Laura Thomson David Beazley
ISBN 978-0-672-32916-6 ISBN-13: 978-0-672-32978-6
MySQL Programming in Objective-C 2.0
Paul DuBois Stephen G. Kochan
ISBN-13: 978-0-672-32938-8 ISBN-13: 978-0-321-56615-7
Linux Kernel Development PostgreSQL
Robert Love Korry Douglas
ISBN-13: 978-0-672-32946-3 ISBN-13: 978-0-672-33015-5
Developer’s Library books are available at most retail and online bookstores, as well
as by subscription from Safari Books Online at safari.informit.com
Developer’s
Library
informit.com/devlibrary
Linux Kernel
Development
Third Edition
Robert Love
❖
Contents at a Glance
1 Introduction to the Linux Kernel 1
3 Process Management 23
4 Process Scheduling 41
5 System Calls 69
18 Debugging 363
19 Portability 379
Bibliography 407
Index 411
Table of Contents
1 Introduction to the Linux Kernel 1
History of Unix 1
Along Came Linus: Introduction to Linux 3
Overview of Operating Systems and Kernels 4
Linux Versus Classic Unix Kernels 6
Linux Kernel Versions 8
The Linux Kernel Development Community 10
Before We Begin 10
3 Process Management 23
The Process 23
Process Descriptor and the Task Structure 24
Allocating the Process Descriptor 25
Storing the Process Descriptor 26
Process State 27
Manipulating the Current Process State 29
Process Context 29
The Process Family Tree 29
Process Creation 31
Copy-on-Write 31
Forking 32
vfork() 33
The Linux Implementation of Threads 33
Creating Threads 34
Kernel Threads 35
Process Termination 36
Removing the Process Descriptor 37
The Dilemma of the Parentless Task 38
Conclusion 40
4 Process Scheduling 41
Multitasking 41
Linux’s Process Scheduler 42
Policy 43
I/O-Bound Versus Processor-Bound Processes 43
Process Priority 44
Timeslice 45
The Scheduling Policy in Action 45
The Linux Scheduling Algorithm 46
Scheduler Classes 46
Process Scheduling in Unix Systems 47
Fair Scheduling 48
The Linux Scheduling Implementation 50
Time Accounting 50
The Scheduler Entity Structure 50
The Virtual Runtime 51
Contents ix
Process Selection 52
Picking the Next Task 53
Adding Processes to the Tree 54
Removing Processes from the Tree 56
The Scheduler Entry Point 57
Sleeping and Waking Up 58
Wait Queues 58
Waking Up 61
Preemption and Context Switching 62
User Preemption 62
Kernel Preemption 63
Real-Time Scheduling Policies 64
Scheduler-Related System Calls 65
Scheduling Policy and Priority-Related
System Calls 66
Processor Affinity System Calls 66
Yielding Processor Time 66
Conclusion 67
5 System Calls 69
Communicating with the Kernel 69
APIs, POSIX, and the C Library 70
Syscalls 71
System Call Numbers 72
System Call Performance 72
System Call Handler 73
Denoting the Correct System Call 73
Parameter Passing 74
System Call Implementation 74
Implementing System Calls 74
Verifying the Parameters 75
System Call Context 78
Final Steps in Binding a System Call 79
Accessing the System Call from User-Space 81
Why Not to Implement a System Call 82
Conclusion 83
x Contents
Softirqs 137
Implementing Softirqs 137
The Softirq Handler 138
Executing Softirqs 138
Using Softirqs 140
Assigning an Index 140
Registering Your Handler 141
Raising Your Softirq 141
Tasklets 142
Implementing Tasklets 142
The Tasklet Structure 142
Scheduling Tasklets 143
Using Tasklets 144
Declaring Your Tasklet 144
Writing Your Tasklet Handler 145
Scheduling Your Tasklet 145
ksoftirqd 146
The Old BH Mechanism 148
Work Queues 149
Implementing Work Queues 149
Data Structures Representing the Threads 149
Data Structures Representing the Work 150
Work Queue Implementation Summary 152
Using Work Queues 153
Creating Work 153
Your Work Queue Handler 153
Scheduling Work 153
Flushing Work 154
Creating New Work Queues 154
The Old Task Queue Mechanism 155
Which Bottom Half Should I Use? 156
Locking Between the Bottom Halves 157
Disabling Bottom Halves 157
Conclusion 159
Locking 165
Causes of Concurrency 167
Knowing What to Protect 168
Deadlocks 169
Contention and Scalability 171
Conclusion 172
Jiffies 212
Internal Representation of Jiffies 213
Jiffies Wraparound 214
User-Space and HZ 216
Hardware Clocks and Timers 216
Real-Time Clock 217
System Timer 217
The Timer Interrupt Handler 217
The Time of Day 220
Timers 222
Using Timers 222
Timer Race Conditions 224
Timer Implementation 224
Delaying Execution 225
Busy Looping 225
Small Delays 226
schedule_timeout() 227
schedule_timeout() Implementation 228
Sleeping on a Wait Queue, with a Timeout 229
Conclusion 230
18 Debugging 363
Getting Started 363
Bugs in the Kernel 364
Debugging by Printing 364
Robustness 365
Loglevels 365
The Log Buffer 366
syslogd and klogd 367
Transposing printf() and printk() 367
Oops 367
ksymoops 369
kallsyms 369
Kernel Debugging Options 370
Asserting Bugs and Dumping Information 370
Magic SysRq Key 371
The Saga of a Kernel Debugger 372
gdb 372
kgdb 373
Poking and Probing the System 373
Using UID as a Conditional 373
Using Condition Variables 374
Using Statistics 374
Rate and Occurrence Limiting Your Debugging 375
Contents xix
19 Portability 379
Portable Operating Systems 379
History of Portability in Linux 380
Word Size and Data Types 381
Opaque Types 384
Special Types 384
Explicitly Sized Types 385
Signedness of Chars 386
Data Alignment 386
Avoiding Alignment Issues 387
Alignment of Nonstandard Types 387
Structure Padding 387
Byte Order 389
Time 391
Page Size 391
Processor Ordering 392
SMP, Kernel Preemption, and High Memory 393
Conclusion 393
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