Electric Generators Handbook Two Volume Set 2nd

Edition Ion Boldea (Author) download

https://ebookultra.com/download/electric-generators-handbook-two-
volume-set-2nd-edition-ion-boldea-author/

Explore and download more ebooks or textbooks

at ebookultra.com
 We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit ebookultra.com
to discover even more!

Measurement Instrumentation and Sensors Handbook Two

Volume Set 2nd Edition John G. Webster (Editor)

https://ebookultra.com/download/measurement-instrumentation-and-
sensors-handbook-two-volume-set-2nd-edition-john-g-webster-editor/

Unsaturated Soils Two Volume Set Alonso

https://ebookultra.com/download/unsaturated-soils-two-volume-set-
alonso/

Food Engineering Handbook Two Volume Set Food Engineering

Handbook Food Engineering Fundamentals 1st Edition
Theodoros Varzakas
https://ebookultra.com/download/food-engineering-handbook-two-volume-
set-food-engineering-handbook-food-engineering-fundamentals-1st-
edition-theodoros-varzakas/

Handbook of Psychological Assessment Case

Conceptualization and Treatment Two Volume Set 1st Edition
Michel Hersen
https://ebookultra.com/download/handbook-of-psychological-assessment-
case-conceptualization-and-treatment-two-volume-set-1st-edition-
michel-hersen/
Biological and Biomedical Coatings Handbook Two Volume Set
Biological and Biomedical Coatings Handbook Applications
1st Edition Sam Zhang
https://ebookultra.com/download/biological-and-biomedical-coatings-
handbook-two-volume-set-biological-and-biomedical-coatings-handbook-
applications-1st-edition-sam-zhang/

Encyclopedia of Psychological Assessment Two Volume Set

Rocio Fernandez-Ballesteros

https://ebookultra.com/download/encyclopedia-of-psychological-
assessment-two-volume-set-rocio-fernandez-ballesteros/

CSI Cardiology Update 2022 Two Volume Set 1st Edition

Vijay Bang

https://ebookultra.com/download/csi-cardiology-update-2022-two-volume-
set-1st-edition-vijay-bang/

The Mechatronics Handbook 2 Volume Set 2nd Edition Robert

H. Bishop (Editor)

https://ebookultra.com/download/the-mechatronics-handbook-2-volume-
set-2nd-edition-robert-h-bishop-editor/

Drug Discovery and Development Two Volume Set 1st Edition

Mukund S. Chorghade

https://ebookultra.com/download/drug-discovery-and-development-two-
volume-set-1st-edition-mukund-s-chorghade/
Electric Generators Handbook Two Volume Set 2nd
Edition Ion Boldea (Author) Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Ion Boldea (Author)
ISBN(s): 9781498723510, 1498723411
Edition: 2
File Details: PDF, 77.31 MB
Year: 2016
Language: english
SYNCHRONOUS
GENERATORS
SYNCHRONOUS
GENERATORS
IEEE Life Fellow
University Politehnica Timisoara
Timisoara, Romania

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the
accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products
does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular
use of the MATLAB® software.

CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed on acid-free paper

Version Date: 20150817

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-2356-5 (Hardback)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been
made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid-
ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright
holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this
form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may
rectify in any future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti-
lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy-
ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the
publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://
www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,
978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For
organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
 Contents

Preface to the Second Edition................................................................................ xiii

Preface to the First Edition...................................................................................... xv
Author. . .................................................................................................................... xix

1 Electric Energy and Electric Generators

1.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Major Energy Sources....................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Limitations of Electric Power Generation..................................................................................... 4
1.4 Electric Power Generation............................................................................................................... 4
1.5 From Electric Generators to Electric Loads.................................................................................. 7
1.6 Summary............................................................................................................................................12
References�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������12

2 Principles of Electric Generators

2.1 Three Types of Electric Generators................................................................................................13
2.2 Synchronous Generators.................................................................................................................15
2.3 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators............................................................................. 20
2.4 Homopolar Synchronous Generator............................................................................................ 23
2.5 Induction Generator........................................................................................................................ 25
2.6 Wound-Rotor Doubly Fed Induction Generator........................................................................ 28
2.7 Parametric Generators.................................................................................................................... 30
2.7.1 Flux Reversal Generators................................................................................................ 32
2.7.2 Transverse Flux Generators............................................................................................ 34
2.7.3 Linear Motion Alternators.............................................................................................. 34
2.8 Electric Generator Applications.................................................................................................... 39
2.9 High-Power Wind Generators....................................................................................................... 39
2.9.1 Introduction��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 39
2.9.2 DC-Excited Synchronous Generator Systems............................................................. 45
2.9.2.1 Brushless Excitation....................................................................................... 45
2.9.2.2 Lower Size (Weight) by Optimal Design....................................................46
2.9.2.3 DD Superconducting Synchronous Generators........................................ 47
2.9.2.4 Claw Pole 1G-dce.SG (3 MW, 75 rpm)......................................................... 48
2.9.2.5 Windformer.................................................................................................... 50
2.9.3 Less-PM PMSGs�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 50
2.9.3.1 Ferrite TF-PMSG with Axial Air Gap..........................................................51
2.9.3.2 High-Speed Modular PMSG (4 × 0.75 MW, 4000 rpm)........................... 52

v
vi Contents

2.9.3.3 Flux Reversal PMSGs..................................................................................... 53

2.9.3.4 The Vernier Machine..................................................................................... 54
2.9.4 Multiphase Reluctance Generators (BLDC-MRG)..................................................... 55
2.9.5 DFIG: Brushless?.............................................................................................................. 57
2.9.6 Brushless Doubly Fed Reluctance (or Induction) Generators................................... 59
2.9.7 Switched Reluctance Generator Systems.......................................................................61
2.9.7.1 DD-SRG............................................................................................................61
2.9.7.2 High-Speed Wind SRG.................................................................................. 62
2.9.8 Flux-Switch Ferrite PM Stator Generators................................................................... 63
2.10 Summary........................................................................................................................................... 66
References����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������66

3 Prime Movers
3.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................71
3.2 Steam Turbines................................................................................................................................. 73
3.3 Steam Turbine Modeling................................................................................................................ 75
3.4 Speed Governors for Steam Turbines........................................................................................... 79
3.5 Gas Turbines......................................................................................................................................81
3.6 Diesel Engines.................................................................................................................................. 83
3.6.1 Diesel Engine Operation................................................................................................. 83
3.6.2 Diesel Engine Modeling.................................................................................................. 85
3.7 Stirling Engines................................................................................................................................ 87
3.7.1 Summary of Thermodynamic Basic Cycles................................................................. 87
3.7.2 Stirling Cycle Engine....................................................................................................... 90
3.7.3 Free-Piston Linear-Motion Stirling Engine Modeling................................................91
3.8 Hydraulic Turbines.......................................................................................................................... 94
3.8.1 Basics of Hydraulic Turbines.......................................................................................... 95
3.8.2 First-Order Ideal Model for Hydraulic Turbines........................................................ 98
3.8.3 Second- and Higher-Order Models of Hydraulic Turbines...................................... 101
3.8.4 Hydraulic Turbine Governors.......................................................................................104
3.8.5 Reversible Hydraulic Machines.....................................................................................106
3.9 Wind Turbines................................................................................................................................109
3.9.1 Principles and Efficiency of Wind Turbines.................................................................111
3.9.2 Steady-State Model of Wind Turbines......................................................................... 114
3.9.3 Wind Turbine Models for Control................................................................................ 118
3.9.3.1 Unsteady Inflow Phenomena in Wind Turbines...................................... 119
3.9.3.2 Pitch-Servo and Turbine Model.................................................................. 119
3.10 Summary.......................................................................................................................................... 121
References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������123

4 Large- and Medium-Power Synchronous Generators: Topologies

and Steady State
4.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................125
4.2 Construction Elements..................................................................................................................125
4.2.1 Stator Windings��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������127
4.3 Excitation Magnetic Field..............................................................................................................132
4.4 Two-Reaction Principle of Synchronous Generators................................................................136
4.5 Armature Reaction Field and Synchronous Reactances..........................................................138
Contents vii

4.6 Equations for Steady State with Balanced Load.........................................................................142

4.7 Phasor Diagram..............................................................................................................................144
4.8 Inclusion of Core Losses in the Steady-State Model.................................................................145
4.9 Autonomous Operation of Synchronous Generators...............................................................150
4.9.1 No-Load Saturation Curve: E1(If); n = ct, I1 = 0...........................................................150
4.9.2 Short-Circuit Saturation Curve I1 = f(If); V1 = 0, n1 = nr = ct.....................................156
4.9.3 Zero Power Factor Saturation Curve V1(IF); I1 = ct, cos φ1 = 0, n1 = nr....................158
4.9.4 V1–I1 Characteristic, IF = ct, cos φ1 = ct, n1 = nr...........................................................159
4.10 SG Operation at Power Grid (in Parallel)...................................................................................160
4.10.1 Power/Angle Characteristic: Pe (δV).............................................................................. 161
4.10.2 V-Shaped Curves: I1(IF), P 1 = ct, V1 = ct, n = ct............................................................163
4.10.3 Reactive Power Capability Curves................................................................................164
4.10.4 Defining Static and Dynamic Stability of SGs............................................................165
4.11 Unbalanced Load Steady-State Operation..................................................................................168
4.12 Measuring Xd, Xq, Z−, Z0................................................................................................................170
4.13 Phase-to-Phase Short Circuit........................................................................................................172
4.14 Synchronous Condenser................................................................................................................177
4.15 PM-Assisted DC-Excited Salient Pole Synchronous Generators............................................178
4.16 Multiphase Synchronous Machine Inductances via Winding Function Method................ 181
4.17 Summary..........................................................................................................................................183
References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������185

5 Synchronous Generators: Modeling for Transients

5.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................187
5.2 Phase-Variable Model....................................................................................................................188
5.3 dq Model..........................................................................................................................................193
5.4 Per Unit (P.U.) dq Model................................................................................................................201
5.5 Steady State via the dq Model...................................................................................................... 203
5.6 General Equivalent Circuits......................................................................................................... 207
5.7 Magnetic Saturation Inclusion in the dq Model.......................................................................209
5.7.1 The Single dq Magnetization Curve Model................................................................209
5.7.2 Multiple dq Magnetization Curve Model....................................................................213
5.8 Operational Parameters.................................................................................................................214
5.8.1 Electromagnetic Transients...........................................................................................216
5.8.2 Sudden Three-Phase Short Circuit from No Load.....................................................218
5.9 Standstill Time-Domain Response Provoked Transients....................................................... 222
5.10 Standstill Frequency Response.................................................................................................... 226
5.10.1 Asynchronous Running................................................................................................ 227
5.11 Simplified Models for Power System Studies............................................................................ 233
5.11.1 Neglecting the Stator Flux Transients......................................................................... 233
5.11.2 Neglecting the Stator Transients and the Rotor Damper-Winding Effects.......... 234
5.11.3 Neglecting All Electrical Transients........................................................................... 234
5.12 Mechanical Transients.................................................................................................................. 235
5.12.1 Response to Step Shaft Torque Input........................................................................... 236
5.12.2 Forced Oscillations......................................................................................................... 236
5.13 Small Disturbance Electromechanical Transients................................................................... 239
5.14 Large Disturbance Transients Modeling................................................................................... 242
5.14.1 Line-to-Line Fault.......................................................................................................... 245
5.14.2 Line-to-Neutral Fault..................................................................................................... 246
viii Contents

5.15 Finite-Element SG Modeling....................................................................................................... 246

5.16 SG Transient Modeling for Control Design.............................................................................. 249
5.17 Summary..........................................................................................................................................251
References�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 255
6 Control of Synchronous Generators in Power Systems
6.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 257
6.2 Speed Governing Basics................................................................................................................ 259
6.3 Time Response of Speed Governors........................................................................................... 263
6.4 Automatic Generation Control................................................................................................... 265
6.5 Time Response of Speed (Frequency) and Power Angle......................................................... 267
6.6 Voltage and Reactive Power Control Basics.............................................................................. 270
6.7 Automatic Voltage Regulation Concept......................................................................................271
6.8 Exciters������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 272
6.8.1 AC Exciters��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 273
6.8.2 Static Exciters����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 274
6.9 Exciter’s Modeling......................................................................................................................... 275
6.9.1 New PU System�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 276
6.9.2 DC Exciter Model........................................................................................................... 277
6.9.3 AC Exciter����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 280
6.9.4 Static Exciter������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 282
6.10 Basic AVRs...................................................................................................................................... 283
6.11 Underexcitation Voltage............................................................................................................... 287
6.12 Power System Stabilizers.............................................................................................................. 288
6.13 Coordinated AVR-PSS and Speed Governor Control...............................................................291
6.14 FACTS-Added Control of SG...................................................................................................... 292
6.14.1 Series Compensators...................................................................................................... 296
6.14.2 Phase-Angle Regulation and Unit Power Flow Control........................................... 297
6.15 Subsynchronous Oscillations...................................................................................................... 298
6.15.1 Multimass Shaft Model.................................................................................................. 298
6.15.2 Torsional Natural Frequency........................................................................................300
6.16 Subsynchronous Resonance..........................................................................................................301
6.17 Note on Autonomous Synchronous Generators’ Control....................................................... 302
6.17.1 Variable Frequency/Speed SG with Brushless Exciter.............................................. 303
6.18 Summary......................................................................................................................................... 307
References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������310
7 Design of Synchronous Generators
7.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................313
7.2 Specifying Synchronous Generators for Power Systems.......................................................... 313
7.2.1 Short-Circuit Ratio..........................................................................................................314
7.2.2 SCR and x d¢ Impact on Transient Stability..................................................................314
7.2.3 Reactive Power Capability and Rated Power Factor..................................................315
7.2.4 Excitation Systems and Their Ceiling Voltage............................................................316
7.2.4.1 Voltage and Frequency Variation Control.................................................316
7.2.4.2 Negative Phase Sequence Voltage and Currents.......................................317
7.2.4.3 Harmonic Distribution................................................................................317
7.2.4.4 Temperature Basis for Rating......................................................................318
7.2.4.5 Ambient: Following Machines....................................................................318
7.2.4.6 Reactances and Unusual Requirements.....................................................318
Contents ix

7.2.4.7 Start–Stop Cycles...........................................................................................319

7.2.4.8 Starting and Operation as a Motor.............................................................319
7.2.4.9 Faulty Synchronization............................................................................... 320
7.2.4.10 Forces������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 320
7.2.4.11 Armature Voltage......................................................................................... 320
7.2.4.12 Runaway Speed..............................................................................................321
7.2.4.13 Design Issues..................................................................................................321
7.3 Output Power Coefficient and Basic Stator Geometry.............................................................321
7.4 Number of Stator Slots.................................................................................................................. 325
7.5 Design of Stator Winding............................................................................................................. 328
7.6 Design of Stator Core.....................................................................................................................333
7.6.1 Stator Stack Geometry....................................................................................................335
7.7 Salient: Pole Rotor Design............................................................................................................ 339
7.8 Damper Cage Design.................................................................................................................... 343
7.9 Design of Cylindrical Rotors.......................................................................................................344
7.10 Open-Circuit Saturation Curve.................................................................................................. 348
7.11 On-Load Excitation mmf F1n....................................................................................................... 353
7.11.1 Potier Diagram Method................................................................................................ 354
7.11.2 Partial Magnetization Curve Method......................................................................... 355
7.12 Inductances and Resistances....................................................................................................... 359
7.12.1 Magnetization Inductances Lad, Laq............................................................................. 359
7.12.2 Stator Leakage Inductance Lsl.......................................................................................360
7.13 Excitation Winding Inductances................................................................................................ 362
7.14 Damper Winding Parameters.....................................................................................................364
7.15 Solid Rotor Parameters................................................................................................................. 365
7.16 SG Transient Parameters and Time Constants......................................................................... 367
7.16.1 Homopolar Reactance and Resistance........................................................................ 368
7.17 Electromagnetic Field Time Harmonics.................................................................................... 370
7.18 Slot Ripple Time Harmonics........................................................................................................ 372
7.19 Losses and Efficiency..................................................................................................................... 373
7.19.1 No-Load Core Losses of Excited SGs.......................................................................... 374
7.19.2 No-Load Losses in the Stator Core End Stacks......................................................... 376
7.19.3 Short-Circuit Losses....................................................................................................... 377
7.19.4 Third Flux Harmonic Stator Teeth Losses.................................................................. 379
7.19.5 No-Load and On-Load Solid Rotor Surface Losses.................................................. 380
7.19.6 Excitation Losses............................................................................................................ 383
7.19.7 Mechanical Losses.......................................................................................................... 383
7.19.8 SG Efficiency������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 385
7.20 Exciter Design Issues..................................................................................................................... 386
7.20.1 Excitation Rating............................................................................................................ 388
7.20.2 Sizing the Exciter............................................................................................................ 388
7.20.3 Note on Thermal and Mechanical Design.................................................................. 389
7.21 Optimization Design Issues......................................................................................................... 389
7.21.1 Optimal Design of a Large Wind Generator by Hooke–Jeeves Method................391
7.21.2 Magnetic Equivalent Circuit Population–Based Optimal Design of
Synchronous Generator�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������392
7.22 Generator/Motor Issues................................................................................................................ 394
7.23 Summary......................................................................................................................................... 398
References�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 402
x Contents

8 Testing of Synchronous Generators

8.1 Acceptance Testing........................................................................................................................ 405
8.1.1 A1. Insulation Resistance Testing................................................................................406
8.1.2 A2. Dielectric and Partial Discharge Tests.................................................................406
8.1.3 A3. Resistance Measurement........................................................................................406
8.1.4 A4–5. Tests for Short-Circuited Field Turns and Polarity
Test of Field Insulation..................................................................................................406
8.1.5 A6. Shaft Current and Bearing Insulation..................................................................407
8.1.6 A7. Phase Sequence.........................................................................................................407
8.1.7 A8. Telephone-Influence Factor...................................................................................408
8.1.8 A9. Balanced Telephone-Influence Factor..................................................................408
8.1.9 A10. Residual-Component Telephone-Influence Factor..........................................408
8.1.10 A11. Line-to-Neutral Telephone-Influence Factor.....................................................408
8.1.11 A12. Stator Terminal Voltage Waveform Deviation and Distortion Factors........409
8.1.12 A13. Overspeed Tests.......................................................................................................410
8.1.13 A14. Line Charging Capacity.........................................................................................410
8.1.14 A15. Acoustic Noise......................................................................................................... 411
8.2 Testing for Performance (Saturation Curves, Segregated Losses, and Efficiency)............... 411
8.2.1 Separate Driving for Saturation Curves and Losses.................................................. 411
8.2.2 Electric Input (Idle-Motoring) Method for Saturation Curves and Losses...........414
8.2.3 Retardation (Free Deceleration Tests)..........................................................................417
8.3 Excitation Current under Load and Voltage Regulation..........................................................418
8.3.1 The Armature Leakage Reactance................................................................................419
8.3.2 Potier Reactance������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������420
8.3.3 Excitation Current for Specified Load.........................................................................421
8.3.4 Excitation Current for Stability Studies...................................................................... 422
8.3.5 Temperature Tests.......................................................................................................... 423
8.3.5.1 Conventional Loading................................................................................. 423
8.3.5.2 Synchronous Feedback (Back-to-Back) Loading Testing...................... 423
8.3.5.3 Zero-Power-Factor-Load Test..................................................................... 424
8.4 Need for Determining Electrical Parameters........................................................................... 425
8.5 Per Unit Values...............................................................................................................................426
8.6 Tests for Parameters under Steady State.................................................................................... 428
8.6.1 Xdu, Xds Measurements................................................................................................... 429
8.6.2 Quadrature-Axis Magnetic Saturation Xq from Slip Tests...................................... 429
8.6.2.1 Slip Test��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 430
8.6.2.2 Quadrature Axis (Reactance) Xq from Maximum Lagging
Current Test................................................................................................... 430
8.6.3 Negative Sequence Impedance Z2.................................................................................431
8.6.4 Zero Sequence Impedance Zo....................................................................................... 433
8.6.5 Short-Circuit Ratio......................................................................................................... 434
8.6.6 Angle δ, Xds, Xqs Determination from Load Tests..................................................... 435
8.6.7 Saturated Steady-State Parameters from Standstill Flux Decay Tests................... 436
8.7 Tests to Estimate the Subtransient and Transient Parameters...............................................440
8.7.1 Three-Phase-Sudden Short-Circuit Tests...................................................................440
8.7.2 Field Sudden Short-Circuit Tests with Open Stator Circuit.................................... 441
8.7.3 The Short-Circuit Armature Time Constant Ta........................................................442
Contents xi

8.8 Transient and Subtransient Parameters from d and q Axis Flux Decay Test
at Standstill������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������444
8.9 Subtransient Reactances from Standstill Single-Frequency AC Tests..................................445
8.10 Standstill Frequency Response Tests..........................................................................................446
8.10.1 Background��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������446
8.10.2 From SSFR Measurements to Time Constants.......................................................... 452
8.10.3 The SSFR Phase Method................................................................................................ 452
8.11 Online Identification of SG Parameters..................................................................................... 454
8.11.1 A Small-Signal Injection on Line Technique............................................................. 455
8.11.2 Line Switching (On or Off) Parameter Identification for Isolated Grids.............. 457
8.11.3 Synthetic Back-to-Back Load Testing with Inverter Supply.................................... 458
8.12 Summary......................................................................................................................................... 459
References�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 462
Index���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 465
 Preface to the Second Edition

The first edition of this single-author, two-book set was published in 2006. Since then, electric energy,
“produced” mostly via electric generators, has become one of the foremost activities in our global econ-
omy world. The subject of Electric Generators (Synchronous Generators and Variable Speed Generators
as two books) attracted special attention worldwide both from industry and academia in the last decade.
Electric generators’ design and control may constitute a new graduate course in universities with electric
power programs.
Also, in the design and control of electric generators for applications ranging from energy conversion
to electric vehicles (transportation) and auxiliary power sources, new knowledge and developments
have been published in the last ten years. In the last ten years, in wind generators alone, the installed
power has increased from some 40,000 MW to 300,000 MW (in 2014).
In view of these developments, we decided to come up with a new edition that
• Keeps the structure of the first edition to avoid confusion for users
• Keeps the style with many numerical worked-out examples of practical interest, together with
more complete case studies
• Includes text and number corrections
• Adds quite a few new paragraphs in both books, totaling around 100 pages, to illustrate syntheti-
cally the progress in the field in the last decade
The new additions in the second edition are
Synchronous Generators
• Chapter 2 (Section 2.9): High Power Wind Generators, with less or no PM—an overview
• Chapter 4 (Section 4.15): PM-Assisted DC-Excited Salient Pole Synchronous Generators
(Section 4.16): Multiphase Synchronous Machine Inductances via Winding Function
Method
• Chapter 6 (Section 6.17): Note on Autonomous Synchronous Generators’ Control
• Chapter 7 (Section 7.21): Optimization Design Issues
(Section 7.21.1): Optimal Design of a Large Wind Generator by Hooke–Jeeves Method
(Section 7.21.2): Magnetic Equivalent Circuit Population-Based Optimal Design of
Synchronous Generators
• Chapter 8 (Section 8.10): Online Identification of SG Parameters
(Section 8.10.1): Small-Signal Injection online Technique
(Section 8.10.2): Line Switching (On or Off) Parameter Identification for Isolated Grids
(Section 8.10.3): Synthetic Back-to-Back Load Testing with Inverter Supply

xiii
xiv Preface to the Second Edition

Variable Speed Generators

• Chapter 2 (Section 2.14): Ride-Through Control of DFIG under Unbalanced Voltage Sags
(Section 2.15): Stand-Alone DFIG Control under Unbalanced Nonlinear Loads
• Chapter 5 (Section 5.8): Stand-Alone SCIG with AC Output and Low Rating PWM Converter
(Section 5.10): Twin Stator Winding SCIG with 50% Rating Inverter and Diode Rectifier
(Section 5.11): Dual Stator Winding IG with Nested Cage Rotor
• Chapter 6 (Section 6.8): IPM Claw-Pole Alternator System for More Vehicle Braking Energy
Recuperation: A Case Study
• Chapter 8 (Section 8.12): 50/100 kW, 1350 –7000 rpm (600 N m Peak Torque, 40 kg) PM-Assisted
Reluctance Synchronous Motor/Generator for HEV: A Case Study
• Chapter 9 (Section 9.11): Double Stator SRG with Segmented Rotor
• Chapter 10 (Section 10.16): 
Grid to Stand-Alone Transition Motion-Sensorless Dual-Inverter
Control of PMSG with Asymmetrical Grid Voltage Sags and Harmonics
Filtering: A Case Study
• Chapter 11 (Section 11.5): High Power Factor Vernier PM Generators
We hope that the second edition will be of good use to graduate students, to faculty, and, especially,
to R&D engineers in industry that deal with electric generators, design control, fabrication, testing,
commissioning, and maintenance. We look forward to the readers’ comments for their confirmation
and validation and for further improvement of the second edition of these two books: Synchronous
Generators and Variable Speed Generators.

Professor Ion Boldea

IEEE Life Fellow
Romanian Academy
University Politehnica Timisoara
Timisoara, Romania

MATLAB® is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. For p

­ roduct information, please contact:

The MathWorks, Inc.

3 Apple Hill Drive
Natick, MA 01760-2098 USA
Tel: 508-647-7000
Fax: 508-647-7001
E-mail: info@mathworks.com
Web: www.mathworks.com
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law
in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do
not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing,
performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the
work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of
course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™
mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely
sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated
with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this
agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached
full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge
with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the
United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the
terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying,
performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this
work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes
no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in
any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™
work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears,
or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is
accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived

from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a
notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright
holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the
United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must
comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted
with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning
of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a
part of this work or any other work associated with Project
Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1
with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you
provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work
in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in
the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or
expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or
a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original
“Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must
include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in
paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive
from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
 about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt
that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project
Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe
and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating
the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may
be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to,
incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a
copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer
codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for

the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3,
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the
Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim
all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR
NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR
BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH
1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK
OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL
NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT,
CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF
YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving
it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by
sending a written explanation to the person you received the work
from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must
return the medium with your written explanation. The person or
entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide
a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work
electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to
give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in
lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may
demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted
by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation,

the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation,
anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with
the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the
following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or
any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission

of Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.
It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and
donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a
secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help,
see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,

Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can
be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the
widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many
small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to
maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and
keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in
locations where we have not received written confirmation of
compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of
compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where

we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no
prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in
such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make

any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of
other ways including checks, online payments and credit card
donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About

Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how
to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookultra.com