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 Chapter 6 Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the corrected input if the line

yww<dshr<<wd<e
is typed on a keyboard, where < represents the backspace character?
a. ywdswe
b. ywwdwde
c. ywdshwe
d. ywdswd
Answer: a.

2. If the array
6, 2, 7, 13, 5, 4
is added to a stack, in the order given, which number will be the first number to be removed from the stack?
a. 6
b. 2
c. 5
d. 4
Answer: d.

3. The item that is removed first from a stack is called the ______ of the stack.
a. front
b. top
c. base
d. prime
Answer: b.

4. If the array
6, 21, 35, 3, 6, 2, 13
is added to a stack, in the order given, which of the following is the top of the stack?
a. 2
b. 6
c. 3
d. 13
e. 35
Answer: d.

5. What behavior does the ADT stack exhibit?

a. first in, first out
b. first in, never out
c. last-in, first-out
d. last in, last out
Answer: c.

6. The ______ operation of the ADT stack adds an item to the top of the stack.
a. isEmpty
b. push
c. pop
d. peek
Answer: b.

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

 Chapter 6 Questions

7. The ______ operation of the ADT stack retrieves and then removes the top of the stack.
a. isEmpty
b. push
c. pop
d. peek
Answer: c.

8. The ______ operation of the ADT stack retrieves the top of the stack, but does not change the stack.
a. isEmpty
b. push
c. pop
d. peek
Answer: d.

9. Which of the following operations of the ADT stack accepts a parameter?

a. push
b. isEmpty
c. peek
d. destroyStack
Answer: a.

10. Which of the following strings contains balanced braces?

a. ab{cde{fg}hi{jkl}
b. ab{cde{fghi}j}kl}
c. {abc{de}{fg}hij}kl
d. {ab{cde{fgh}ijkl}
Answer: c.

11. If a stack is used by an algorithm to check for balanced braces, which of the following is true of a balanced
braces string once the end of the string is reached?
a. the stack is empty
b. the stack has one “{”
c. the stack has one “}”
d. the stack has one “{” and one “}”
Answer: a.

12. Given the language L, where:

L = {w$w’ : w is a possibly empty string of characters other than $, w’ = reverse(w) }
which of the following strings is NOT in L?
a. XY$YX
b. Z$Z
c. $
d. XYZ$ZXY
Answer: d.

13. Which of the following is NOT true about converting infix expressions to postfix expressions?
a. the operands always stay in the same order with respect to one another
b. the operators always stay in the same order with respect to one another
c. an operator will move only “to the right” with respect to the operands
d. all parentheses are removed
Answer: b.

14. Which of the following is the postfix form of the infix expression: (a + b) * c / d
a. a b + c * d /

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

 Chapter 6 Questions

b. a b * c / d +
c. a + b * c / d
d. a b + c d * /
Answer: a.

15. What is the value of the following postfix expression: 5 2 – 8 4 + *?

a. -9
b. 28
c. 35
d. 36
Answer: d.

16. In a graph that represents the flight map for the HPAir problem, if a flight exists from city C1 to city C2, C2 is
said to be ______ C1.
a. adjacent to
b. similar to
c. related to
d. bordering
Answer: a.

17. In a graph that represents the flight map for the HPAir problem, if a flight exists from city C1 to city C2, the
path from C1 to C2 is called a _______.
a. relation
b. neighborhood
c. directed path
d. connecting path
Answer: c.

18. ______ are considered when choosing the next city to visit in a stack-based nonrecursive solution to the HPAir
problem.
a. All cities
b. All unvisited cities adjacent to the destination city
c. All cities adjacent to the city on the top of the stack
d. All unvisited cities adjacent to the city on the top of the stack
Answer: d.

19. An algorithm that uses a stack to implement a nonrecursive solution to the HPAir problem reaches the
conclusion that there is no path from an origin city to a destination city only after ______.
a. the algorithm has backtracked to the origin
b. the algorithm has backtracked to the origin and there remain no unvisited cities to fly to from the origin
c. the algorithm has reached a city and there remain no unvisited cities to fly to from that city
d. the algorithm has reached the destination and there remain no unvisited cities to fly to from the
destination
Answer: b.

20. Typically, ______ are used by a compiler to implement recursive methods.

a. linked-lists
b. arrays
c. stacks
d. queues
Answer: c.

21. When a recursive call to a function occurs, the compiler’s implementation must remember all of the following
information EXCEPT ______.
a. values of parameters
b. values of local variables

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

 Chapter 6 Questions

c. values of global variables

d. a reference to the point from which the recursive call was made
Answer: c.

22. The ______ operation of the ADT stack retrieves and then removes the top of the stack.
a. isEmpty
b. push
c. pop
d. peek
Answer: C

23. A stack is initially empty, then the following commands are performed:
push 5, push 7, pop, push 10, push 5, pop
which of the following is the correct stack after those commands (assume the top of the stack is on the
left)?
a. 5 10 7 5
b. 5 10
c. 7 5
d. 10 5
Answer: D

26. Consider the peek() operation for the ADT Stack as described by the author. What is its output?
a. true or false
a. there is no output
b. the object that is at the top of the stack
c. the number of items left on the stack
Answer: C.

28. Which of the following is a good analogy of the ADT Stack?

a. people standing in a cafeteria line
b. a paper bag with colored poker chips
c. a group of people playing musical chairs
d. a pile of textbooks on your desk
Answer: D.

29. Consider the push(newEntry) operation of the ADT Stack. What is the output of the operation?
a. true or false
b. there is no output
c. the object that is at the top of the stack
d. the number of items left on the stack
Answer: A.

30. Why would axioms be specified for an ADT.

a. to determine the cost of development
b. specify the behavior of the ADT
c. to determine possible uses of the ADT
d. to determine which ADT should be used
Answer: B.

31. Which of the following is not a listed outcome of the exhaustive search strategy described in the text?
a. You go around in circles forever
b. It is impossible to reach a city because no flights go there
c. You eventually reach the destination city

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

 Chapter 6 Questions

d. You reach a city C from which there are no departing flights

Answer: B

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

 Chapter 6 Questions

True/False Questions

1. If 5 items are added to a stack, the first item to be removed from the stack is the first item that was added to the
stack.
Answer: False.

2. A stack has a first in, first out property.

Answer: False.

3. The peek operation of the ADT stack changes the stack.

Answer: False.

4. A program can use the operations of the ADT stack without knowing how the operations are implemented.
Answer: True.

5. If the characters in a string are added to a stack one at a time, characters removed from the stack will occur in
the order in which they appear in the original string.
Answer: False.

6. When infix expressions are converted to postfix expressions, the operands always stay in the same order with
respect to one another.
Answer: True.

7. According to the author, the LIFO property of stacks seems inherently unfair.
Answer: True

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

 Chapter 6 Questions

Short Answer Questions

1. What is meant by the last-in, first-out (LIFO) property?

Answer: The LIFO property is a property of a stack whereby the last item placed on the stack will be the first item
removed from it.

2. What is the difference between the stack pop and peek operations?
Answer: The pop operation removes the top of the stack. The peek operation retrieves the top of the stack, but
does not remove it.

3. In a program that uses a stack to check for balanced braces in an string, what condition indicates that the braces
are balanced when the end of the string is reached?
Answer: The braces in a string are balanced if the stack is empty when the end of the string is reached.

4. What restriction does the array-based implementation of a stack place on the push operation?
Answer: The array-based implementation of a stack prevents the push operation from adding an item to the stack
when the array is full.

5. What are the three facts about converting from infix expressions to postfix expressions?
Answer: The three facts are:
• The operands always stay in the same order with respect to one another.
• An operator will move only “to the right” with respect to the operands.
• All parentheses are removed.

6. What factors determine the placement of operators when an infix expression is converted to a postfix
expression?
Answer: The factors that determine the placement of operators are parentheses, operator precedence, and left-to-
right association.

7. What is a directed path?

Answer: A directed path is a sequence of directed edges that begins at one vertex and ends at another vertex in a
directed graph.

8. What is an exhaustive search?

Answer: An exhaustive search is a search strategy that must examine every item in a collection of items before it can
determine that the item sought does not exist.

9. If a stack is used in a nonrecursive solution to the HPAir problem, when is it necessary to backtrack from a city?
Answer: It is necessary to backtrack from a city whenever there are no more unvisited cities to fly to from that city.

10. What is an activation record?

Answer: An activation record is a record that contains a method’s local environment at the time of and as a result of
the call to the method.

15. What operations were identified for the ADT Stack?

Answer:
• See whether the stack is empty
• Add a new item
• Remove from the stack the item that was added most recently
• Get the item that was added to the stack most recently (without removing)

16. Following are the steps in the process to convert from infix to postfix form. Put them in the correct order by
writing the number of the step in the blank to the left.

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

 Chapter 6 Questions

_____ When you encounter a “)”, pop operators off the stack and append them to the end of postfixExp until you
encounter the matching “(“

_____ Push each “(“ onto the stack

_____ When you reach the end of the string, pop the remaining contents off the stack and append them to the end of
postfixExp.

_____ When you encounter an operand, append it to postfixExp

_____ When you encounter an operator, if the stack is empty, push the operator onto the stack. However, if the
stack is not empty, pop operators of greator or equal precedence from the stack and append them to postfixExp,
stopping when you encounter a “(“ or an operator of lower precedence or when the stack becomes empty. You then
push the current operator in the expression onto the stack.

Answer: 4, 2, 5, 1, 3

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 Fig. 2.
BANGERTER’S PERPETUAL TIME CLOCK

and balance-levers a single spiral unit, throughout which the expansion and
contraction of the strips are transmitted.
Also keyed to the shaft J is a power transmisson lever L, and any rotary
motion imparted to said shaft is necessarily imparted to the lever L in the
form of reciprocating motion.
Referring now to the power storage device, one or a number of which
may be used in connection with my expansion coils.
Disposed approximately midway of the uprights C, C¹ and within casing
M, secured at its ends to said uprights, is rotatably mounted a power
transmission shaft M¹, keyed to which is a spur wheel M². Also mounted on
the shaft M¹ is a spur wheel M³, meshing with which at its upper and lower
sides are two spur wheels M4, M5, loosely mounted upon short supporting
shafts M6, M7, journaled in uprights M8, M8 secured to the casing M. To
each of the spur wheels M4, M5 is secured the outer end of a coil spring M9,
M10, respectively, the inner ends of said springs being secured to the
respective shafts M6, M7, the arrangement being such that when the springs
are placed under tension by the rotation of the shafts M6, M7, the force of
the springs rotates the spur wheels M4, M5, thereby rotating the spur wheel
M³, shaft M¹ and the spur wheel M².
Also mounted upon each of the respective short shafts M6, M7, and
keyed thereto, is a ratchet wheel M11, M12, and adjacent thereto and loosely
mounted upon each of said shafts M6, M7 is a pawl carrier plate M13, M14,
each carrying a pawl indicated at M15, M16, which is adapted to engage the
teeth of the ratchet wheels M11, M12, being held in engagement therewith by
springs, one of which is shown at M17, secured to said pawl carrier M13.
Suitably mounted upon the casing M, and adapted to engage the teeth of the
ratchet wheels M11, M12, is a detent M19, to prevent reverse movement of
said ratchet wheels.
The pawl carrier plate M13 is provided with a pin M21, and secured
thereby loosely to said carrier is one end of a connecting rod M21ª, the other
end of said connecting rod being connected to one end of a longitudinally
flexible coupling M22, the other end of said coupling being secured by
means of the connecting rod M23 to the power transmission lever L. The
function of the flexible coupling M22 will be hereinafter referred to.
The pawl carrier M13 also carries, at its lower end, a pin N, and loosely
mounted thereon is one end of a connecting rod N¹, the other end of said
rod being connected to a pin N² secured to the pawl carrier M14, whereby,
when motion is imparted to pawl carrier M13 and, through the pawl M15 to
the ratchet wheel M11, motion is imparted to the pawl carrier M14, and
through its pawl M16 to the ratchet wheel M12. From the pin N² is suspended
a weight N³ to return the pawl carriers to their lowermost positions when
they complete their upward travel.
The flexible coupling M22 comprises a tubular casing N4, which is
provided at one end with an opening N5, through which projects a rod N6
having a head N7, which is adapted to bear against a spiral spring N8
mounted within said casing, the other end of said rod N6 being connected to
the rod M23.
The operation of the apparatus, as thus far described, will be more
readily apparent from an inspection of Fig. 5.
 Assuming that the expansion coil there shown has been subject to a
normal temperature of say 75 degrees Fahrenheit, and at that temperature
the lever L is in the position shown in full lines on a decrease in
temperature of say 10 degrees, the contraction of the coil, which will
operate upon its entire length, will exert a pressure at the ends thereof in the
direction of the arrows, the result of which will be to rotate the shaft J and
raise the lever L against the force of the weighted lever K (carrying the
latter therewith) to the position shown in dotted lines, thereby actuating the
ratchet wheels M11, M12, and winding up the springs M9, M10, of the power-
storage device, the force there stored being afterwards taken off, as
required, through the medium of the power transmission shaft M¹ and spur
wheel M² and any suitable gearing or power transmission means.
The function of the flexible coupling indicated at M22 will now be quite
clear. It will be seen that the coil spring N8 will be sufficiently strong not to
give under the pull of the lever L except when the springs M9, M10 are
wound full. When that condition exists, the coil spring N8 will give, under
the force of the lever L, and
 Fig. 3.
BANGERTER’S PERPETUAL TIME CLOCK

no further power will be applied to the springs M9, M10. When, however,
those springs have become unwound to a sufficient extent the spring N8 of
the coupling M22 will be stronger than the springs of the power-storage
device and will transmit, from the expansion coil, the force necessary to
wind said springs as often as they become unwound; in other cases the force
will be expended in simply compressing the coil spring N8 without effect
upon the springs of the power-storage device.
Referring now to what I will term the force-increasing devices, which
are more clearly shown in Figs. 1, 2, 4, 8 and 9.
Near each end of the upper knife-bar E, and contacting therewith at its
under surface, is a support O, in the form of a flat-headed bolt (Fig. 8), the
shank of said bolt passing through one end of lever O¹, which is fulcrumed
at O² upon the upper surface of a cross-bar O³ securely fastened to the rear
portion of the uprights C, C¹. To the front of said uprights is rigidly secured
a second cross-bar O4, and at the lower portion of said uprights and rigidly
secured thereto is a third cross-bar O5, against the under surface of which
rests a lever O6 (Fig. 9) having its fulcrum point at O7.
As shown in Fig. 2, there are three sets of the levers O¹, at the upper end
of the expansion coils at the rear side thereof below the knife-bars E, one
lever at each end of said bar and one in the middle thereof. As these levers
act directly upon the under surface of the knife-bars E to raise the same I
will call them knife-bar lifting-levers. There are also the same number of
levers O6 at the lower end of the expansion coils below the cross-bar O5
projecting through to the forward side of the apparatus, as shown in Fig. 1.
Rigidly secured to the cross-bar O4 is one end of a relatively heavy
metallic expansion strip O8,—preferably formed of zinc—the lower end
being secured to one end of the lever O6; to the opposite end of the lever O6
is secured the lower end of a similar but longer zinc strip O9, the upper end
of the strip O9 being secured to the rear end of the lever O¹. As shown in
Figs. 1 and 2, there are two of these strips O8 at the front and two of the
strips O9 at the rear of the apparatus.
In addition to the heavy strips O8, O9, there is provided at the front of the
apparatus a heavy wide expansion sheet or strip O10, which, at its upper end,
is rigidly secured to the cross-bar O4, and at its lower end to the front end of
the middle one of the levers O6. A similar heavy wide expansion sheet or
strip O11 is secured, at its lower end, to the rear end of the middle lever O6,
and, at its upper end, to the middle one of the levers O¹.
These heavy strips O8, O9 and sheets O10, O11 are preferably formed of
zinc, and are not only capable of great expansion and contraction, but will
be capable by their contraction of lifting the entire weight of the knife-bars
E, with the carried balance-levers and expansion strips of expansion coils,
the operation thereof being as follows:
The front strips O8 and rear strips O9 and the front sheets O10 and the rear
sheets O11 are connected to the levers O6, so as to form, in effect, single
expansion strips and sheets of relatively great length. They are fastened,
however, at their front upper ends to the cross-bars O4, so that the expansion
cannot extend beyond that point and takes place in a direction towards the
opposite end, and, of course, the contraction takes place in the opposite
direction. Assuming now that at a temperature of say 75 degrees Fahr. these
heavy strips and sheets lie in the position shown in Figs. 4 and 9 (the heavy
strips O8, O9 being shown in Fig. 9, and the heavy wide sheets O10, O11 in
Fig. 4), on a decrease in temperature of say five degrees Fahr., the heavy
strips O8, O9 and sheets O11, O12 will contract in the direction of the arrows,
depressing the rear ends of the levers O¹, O6, and thereby through the levers
O¹ lifting the knife-bars E, and the balance-levers suspended thereon, with
the result that the force normally exerted at the ends of each expansion coil
is increased to the extent of the lifting power of the contraction of the metal
strips and sheets.
I have found by experiment as well as observation that the average daily
change of temperature in residence and office buildings is about five
degrees. Sometimes the changes will be much greater, and sometimes less.
On even a low average of temperature change, my apparatus will be able to
generate force in larger amounts than required, and the surplus will be
stored in a power-storage device such as above described, or by means
hereinafter referred to, which surplus will

Fig. 4. Fig. 5.

BANGERTER’S PERPETUAL TIME CLOCK

be drawn upon when it should happen that the average temperature is
approximately uniform.
For clearness of illustration, I have shown, as above stated, but two sets
of expansion coils, but there is no limit to the number that may be used.
Assuming that we have an apparatus with four expansion coils, each knife-
bar holding 50 balance levers, giving a total of 200 levers, with expansion
strips of the same number, in 5-foot lengths, we would have a total of 1,000
linear feet of zinc strips, which entire length of strips will, on the slightest
change of temperature, get longer or shorter. The expansion and contracting
of this 1,000 feet of zinc strips for every temperature change of 5 degrees
Fahr. will be 1 inch. Now, assuming that the knife-bars are pulled upward
by heavy strips O8, O9, and sheets O10, O11 of five feet length (making ten
feet for the front and rear strips and sheets), on a decrease in temperature of
5 degrees Fahr. the upward movement of those bars will be 10-1000 of one
inch; this contraction (10-1000) will now be multiplied as many times as
there are levers and strips in the expansion coils, viz., 200 times, which
would be 2 inches, and this, together with 1 inch from the contraction of the
expansion coils alone, will give a total movement of 3 inches. If the strips
are of a capacity to pull or lift 100 pounds, we obtain a lift of 100 pounds 3
inches. As thirty-three per cent approximately must be deducted for loss by
stress (it being necessary to place the coils under strain, as shown in the
drawings and described above), the final result will be a power to lift 100
pounds 2 inches, or 10 pounds 20 inches, and this force will be sufficient to
run a large sized time clock with powerful striking force.
As illustrated in Figs. 4, 5, 6 and 7, the power applied by the springs M9,
M10 to the power transmission shaft M¹ is taken, through the spur wheel M²
by means of any suitable gearing, to run a clock or any other machine
adapted to the purpose. As there illustrated, I show the spur wheel M²
meshing with a pinion P, through which is driven the spur wheel P¹, which
latter meshes with a pinion P², through which is driven a sprocket wheel P³
carried by the bracket P4, which latter, as well as the shafts carrying said
spur wheels and pinions, are supported by an upright P5 mounted upon the
casing M. The sprocket wheel P³ carries a sprocket chain P6, which, through
any suitable gearing, is adapted to wind the main spring of a clock indicated
at Q, carried by suitable supports on the cross-bar Q¹ secured to the uprights
C, C¹. As this clock may be of any well known form, it will not be
necessary to describe the same in detail, except to state that as soon as the
main spring of the clock becomes weaker than the springs of the power-
storage device illustrated in Fig. 7, the latter will wind the clock main
spring, and as in this manner it is wound frequently, it is always kept at a
uniform high tension, which is desirable and results in good time-keeping.
In Fig. 12 I show a modification of my invention, wherein, instead of
having the balance-levers F, F¹ arranged side by side, they are superposed
one above the other, in this case a plurality of knife-bars E, E¹ also being
superposed one above the other, the expansion strips G, G¹, etc. (in this case
shown as formed of wires or rods), and balance-levers being arranged in the
same plane, somewhat in the nature of a coiled spring, the coil shaft being
indicated at J and the coil lever at I, to which are connected the end
expansion strips G, Gx, and the weight K¹ for placing the coil under tension.
By this arrangement of balance-levers and expansion strips, in the same
plane, much economy of space is effected, and when desired, a great
number of such coils may be suspended upon the series of knife-bars.
In Fig. 12ª I show two such coils connected in series, the terminal
expansion strip Gx of the front coil being connected to one end of the lever
I, and the opposite terminal G of that coil being connected to the shortest
one of the rear set of levers F1ª, the terminal Gy of the rear set being
connected to the other end of the lever I. Thus two or more such coils may
be connected, and the force of expansion and contraction of the combined
coils transmitted to the lever I. When a number of such combined coils are
suspended from the knife-bars E, E¹, the levers connecting their respective
terminals may be themselves connected by a system of compound levers
such, for example, as shown in Fig. 13, to be hereinafter referred to.
Referring now to Figs. 13 to 20 inclusive. These figures illustrate
another form of the invention whereby not only the power-storage device of
the preceding
 Fig. 6. Fig. 7.
BANGERTER’S PERPETUAL TIME CLOCK

figures may be dispensed with, but also the main spring of the clock there
shown, both of these elements being supplanted by apparatus effecting the
raising and lowering of weights (in this instance shown in the form of
balls), the force of expansion and contraction of the coils being utilized to
operate a rotary member which elevates a series of weights and discharges
the same into a storage receiver, the clock (or other machine) being
operated through the energy so stored and given up by the falling of said
weights.
As illustrated in said figures, this feature of the invention consists of a
frame, indicated in whole at 10, located about midway the length of the
expansion coils shown in Fig. 1, and it may be supported by securing it to
the uprights C, C¹, or in any other suitable manner.
Said frame comprises two horizontally disposed longitudinal framing
members, 10ª, 10b, which are connected at each end by cross-bars (not
shown).
 Mounted on the supports 10ª, 10b, are four uprights, 12ª, 12b, 13ª, 13b.
The uprights 12ª 12b are connected at their upper ends by a longitudinal
framing member 14ª, and the uprights 13ª 13b are connected by longitudinal
framing member 14b, said framing members 14ª 14b being also in turn
connected at their ends by transverse bars (not shown), said members
constituting an open frame for the working parts of the apparatus.
Mounted respectively upon the longitudinal framing members 10ª 10b,
approximately midway thereof, are two standards, 16ª 16b, which are rigidly
secured together by a cross-bar 17, said standards and cross-bar constituting
a rigid support for the gearing now to be described.
Rotatably mounted upon the standards 16ª, 16b is a driving shaft 18, one
end of which is journaled in the standard 16ª, and the other end in a
bearing-bolt 19 passing through the standard 16b, which, being threaded, is
capable of fine adjustment.
Mounted upon and keyed to the shaft 18 is a wheel 19, the spokes 20 of
which support a rim 21, within which are set a series of pockets 22, the
inner surfaces of which are so shaped as to permit their receiving
successively, at the bottom of the wheel, a series of balls 23 and holding the
same during a travel of 180 degrees, or one-half revolution of the wheel,
when they are discharged as hereinafter described. This wheel I will term an
energy-storing wheel, since it acts through the force taken from the
expansion coils to raise the balls, the lowering of which is to drive the
wheel now to be described.
Loosely mounted on the shaft 18 is a wheel 24, smaller in diameter than
the wheel 19, the spokes 25 of which, secured to the hub 26, support a rim
27, within which are set a series of pockets 28, which are adapted to receive
successively, at the top of the wheel, the balls 23, and discharge the same
when they have been lowered through 180 degrees or, in other words, at the
bottom of the wheel. The inner wall of the pockets 28 is formed, for the
most part, with a pronounced rounded groove (indicated at 28ª), as shown
above the ball in Fig. 18, which groove lies under the ball when the pocket
is in its uppermost position, as shown in Fig. 17, said groove becoming less
pronounced at one edge towards the opposite portion of the pocket, at
which point it has an approximately level surface at one side, as shown in
Fig. 18, and indicated at 28b; the subject of this arrangement being that the
ball may be readily discharged in this position, and securely held within the
pocket when the ball and pocket are in other positions. The wheel 24—
which I will designate as the power-transmission wheel—is supported upon
ball bearings indicated at 28c, 28d, which are held in position by collars 28e,
28f, both keyed to shaft 18.
Mounted upon a collar 29, which is keyed to the driving shaft 18, is a
ratchet wheel 30, engaging the teeth of which are two pawls 31, 32, secured
to one arm of a double-arm pawl-carrier 33, the other arm of which is
connected by a rod 34 to a lever 35, one end of which lever is pivotally
connected to a standard 36, secured to the frame, and the other end of which
is provided with a weight 36ª.
Near the inner end of the lever 35 connection is made by means of the
connecting rods 37 and 38, link 39 and rods 40, 41, with two levers
indicated at L, L, which are adapted to take power from the expansion coils
heretofore described, through the coil shafts J, J, to which shafts are also
connected the coil levers I, I, the ends of the latter being connected to the
strips G, Gx of the expansion coil by the wires H, H¹, as already set forth
and clearly illustrated in Figs. 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7.
As illustrated in Fig. 13, upon contraction of the
 Fig. 8. Fig. 10.
Fig. 9. Fig. 11.

BANGERTER’S PERPETUAL TIME CLOCK

expansion coils, the wires H, H¹ will be pulled in the direction indicated by

the arrows, the ends of the long arms of the levers L, L—through the
movement of the shafts J, J—will rise, thereby, through the rods 40, 41, link
39 and rods 38, 37, raising the lever 35, and through the rod 34 actuating
the pawl carrier 33, and through the pawls 31, 32, imparting rotary motion
to the ratchet wheel 30, and, through it, to the shaft 18 and the power-
storing wheel 19, said pawl carrier being returned to its normal position by
the weight 36ª. Motion of said wheel and shaft in the reverse direction is
prevented by means of a ratchet wheel 42, keyed to the collar 29, engaging
the teeth of which wheel is a detent 43, carried by a plate 44, secured to the
supports 45, affixed to the standard 16ª.
 The hub member 26 of the power transmission wheel 24 is provided
with a sprocket wheel 46, which is adapted to engage and drive a sprocket
chain 47, and thereby drive the great wheel of a clock mechanism or
gearing of any other machine adapted to the purpose.
Having shown the mechanism for driving the energy-storing wheel 19,
which, as already stated, is keyed to the shaft 18, I will now describe the
mechanism for driving the power transmission wheel 24, which runs loose
on the shaft 18.
It will be seen from an inspection of Fig. 16 that the wheel 19 is of
greater diameter than the wheel 24.
Suitably mounted between said wheels, on cross-bars 48, 49, I provide a
series of ball-storage runways designated in whole at 50 (see Fig. 14), and,
as shown in Fig. 16, these runways are laterally inclined downwardly from
the wheel 19 to the wheel 24.
Similar ball runways designated in whole at 51 are provided at the lower
portion of said wheels and between the same (Fig. 20), being mounted upon
cross-bars 52, 53, but the last named runways are laterally inclined in the
reverse direction to that of the runways 50.
The ball-storage runways 50 comprise inclined floor members 54, 54ª,
b
54 , each having longitudinally a slight downward inclination in the
direction of the arrows. These runways also comprise longitudinally
extending walls 55, 56, 57, 58, one end of the wall 55 being curved to meet
one end of the wall 57, leaving a passageway 59 between it and one end of
the wall 56. One end of the wall 58 is similarly curved to meet one end of
the wall 56, leaving a passageway 60 between it and one end of the wall 57.
Thus are provided parallel runways 61, 62 and 63, with passageways from
one to the other, whereby a ball deposited in runway 61 will move
continuously from that end of the series of runways to the other end. The
runway 61 is provided with an end wall 61ª, and adjacent thereto the
longitudinal wall 55 is provided with an opening 61b to permit the passage
therethrough successively of balls from the energy-storing wheel 19 to the
runway 61.
Projecting through the standard 16b is a threaded bolt 63ª, the end of the
shank of which is beveled, as clearly shown in Figs. 14 and 16, the function
of which is to eject from the uppermost pocket 22 of the wheel 19, as the
same revolves, the balls 23, and thrust them successively into the runway
61.
At the lower end of the runway 63 is provided a laterally movable
receptacle 64, which has a receiving capacity of one ball only. Said
receptacle comprises a base 65 and perpendicular stop 66. The base 65 is
connected to the floor member 54b of the runway 63 by a horizontally
disposed hinge 67, and to it is also affixed a plate 68, carrying a
downwardly extending lever arm 69, which is formed at its lower extremity
with an outwardly curving portion 70, which is adapted to engage with the
spokes 25 of the wheel 24 and be thereby pressed inwardly, the result of
which is to depress the outer end of the base 65 of the ball receptacle 64,
inclining the same in such position that the ball therein will fall into the
adjacent pocket of the wheel 24, the ball being prevented from falling
therefrom on the opposite side by the stop 71 secured to the standard 16ª.
The center of gravity of the lever arm 69 is such that when the curved lower
portion is in its normal forwardly extended position the rear side of the base
65 of the receptacle 64 will be depressed and the forward side elevated, so
that the forward side will normally project above the floor level of the
runway 63 and serve as a stop to prevent more than one ball occupying any
of the space within said receptacle at one time.
The ball-storage runways 51 comprise inclined floor members 72, 72ª,
b
72 , each having a slight downward inclination longitudinally in the
direction of the arrows. They also comprise longitudinally extending walls
73,
 Fig. 12.
BANGERTER’S PERPETUAL TIME CLOCK

74, 75 and 76, one end of the wall 73 being curved to meet one end of
the wall 75, leaving a passageway 77 between it and one end of the wall 74.
One end of the wall 76 is similarly curved to meet one end of the wall 74,
leaving a passageway 78 between it and the other end of the wall 75. There
are thus formed parallel runways 79, 80 and 81, with passageways from one
to the other, whereby a ball deposited at the other end of the runway 79 will
move continuously from that end of the series of runways to the other end.
The runway 79 is provided with an end wall 82, and adjacent thereto the
longitudinal wall 76 is provided with an opening 76ª to permit the passage
therethrough, at intervals, of balls from the power-transmission wheel 24 to
the runway 79. Adjacent the wall 82 is perpendicularly disposed pin 82ª
whereby the balls, as they pass through the opening in the wall 76 are
deflected to pass through the runway 79 in the direction of the arrow.
At the lower end of the runway 81 is provided a laterally movable
receptacle 83, which has a receiving capacity for one ball only. Said
receptacle comprises a base 84 and end stop 85. Said receptacle is
horizontally hinged at 86 to the floor member 72 of the runway 81, and is
provided with an outward extension 87, which is adapted to be engaged by
a shoulder 88 on the ball pockets 22, and thereby depress the outer edge of
the base of the receptacle in such a way as to eject the ball therefrom, and
place the same in the pocket of the wheel 19.
It will be seen that the hinge 86 (Fig. 19) is off center and when the base
84 of the receptacle 83 is depressed at the rear the upper end of a pin 89,
projecting upwardly from the base 84 contacts with the upper portion of the
wall 74, thereby preventing the rear portion of the base being depressed too
low. When a ball is in said receptacle, the forward end will be elevated so
that a portion of the side edge of the base will be projected above the floor
member of the runway 81, serving as a stop to prevent more than one ball
occupying any of the space within said receptacle. When one ball moves
into a pocket 22, another ball quickly moves into the receptacle, taking its
position at the rear thereof. This operation takes place when the base 84 is
level with the floor member of the runway 81, the outer end of the base
rising as soon as the pocket and its ball have passed by the projection 87.
It will be seen that the energy-storing wheel 19, which takes its motive
power through the shaft 18 from the expansion coils, acts to raise the balls
or weights from the lower ball runways 51 to the ball storage runways 50.
The wheel 19 may act at more or less irregular intervals, while the power
transmission wheel 24 acts—and must act—continuously and regularly.
This wheel takes and transmits power from the lowering of the balls, which
are delivered to it when the pockets are in the position of the one shown
uppermost in Fig. 15, and are discharged from the pockets when in the
position of the one shown lowermost in said figure, in which position of the
wheel the approximately flat surface of the pocket (Fig. 18) is lowermost,
or under the ball, permitting ready discharge of same. From the delivery
side of the power transmission wheel 24 the balls are discharged into the
runway 79, being deflected into proper direction by the pin 83ª, thence
passing through the passageway 78 through the runway 80 in the direction
of the arrow, thence through the opening 77 into the runway 81, thence into
receptacle 83, and when the shoulder 88 of the energy-storing wheel 19
reaches a point opposite said receptacle the base of the latter is depressed,
which results in passing a ball into the wheel pocket; as the wheel turns and
the next pocket arrives in position another ball is taken on, and so on, as
long as there are any balls in the lower runway. When a ball on the wheel
19 reaches the uppermost position, as shown in Fig. 16, it contacts with the
ejector 63ª and is thereby passed into the runway 61 and thence to the lower
end of that series of runways, and in the same way the balls following will
take position in the upper series of runways.
It will be understood that when my invention is applied to the operation
of a clock the power taken from the power transmission wheel 24 will be
given up gradually, being controlled by the pendulum or balance wheel
governed escapement in the usual way.
In the application of my invention as last above described the apparatus
will be designed and built to furnish energy sufficient not only to run the
clock, but provide a surplus for storage. On some days the variation in
temperature may be but two or three degrees, and on

Fig. 12ª.
BANGERTER’S PERPETUAL TIME CLOCK
other days it may be as high as twenty degrees. If the clock requires for its
operation the lowering of three balls each day the apparatus will be so
arranged that with an average daily temperature variation of, say, six
degrees, four balls will be raised, of which three will operate the power
transmission wheel and one will be held in storage. With a variation of
twelve degrees, eight balls will be raised, of which five balls will be left in
storage. If the ball storage runways each have a holding capacity for one
hundred balls, and the variation in temperature is greater than required, the
balls will soon be lifted from the lower to the upper runways. Assuming that
on certain days there will be no variation in temperature, and as a result the
energy-storing wheel should not revolve, the running of the clock will not
be interrupted, for the power transmission wheel will continue revolving,
taking its power from the balls in storage.
I wish it understood that I do not confine myself to the precise details of
construction and arrangement of parts as herein set forth and described or to
the materials specified, as modification and variation may be made without
departing from the spirit of the invention as defined by the appended
claims.
 Fig. 13.
BANGERTER’S PERPETUAL TIME CLOCK

Fig. 14.
Fig. 15.
BANGERTER’S PERPETUAL TIME CLOCK
 Fig. 16.
BANGERTER’S PERPETUAL TIME CLOCK
 Fig. 17.
Fig. 18.
Fig. 19.
Fig. 20.
BANGERTER’S PERPETUAL TIME CLOCK
BANGERTER’S NON-ELECTRIC REGULATOR TIME
CLOCK—ANNIVERSARY SELF-WINDING.
Patent Applied for, 1911.
 BANGERTER’S NON-ELECTRIC REGULATOR
TIME CLOCK
ANNIVERSARY SELF-WINDING
The Bangerter Anniversary Self-Winding Regulator deserves this title
because its construction embodies all the principles essential to a Regulator
to be the very best time-keeper. “Graham dead-beat escapement” and a
pendulum provided with means for keeping its gravity always the same
length, overcoming the variation which change in temperature invariably
brings about.
Another great improvement is the daily Self-Winding System, winding a
weight which is the only means of maintaining an even pull to the delicate
works of the clock. Wound by a force which requires attention one minute a
year only.
This invention relates to clocks, and particularly that class wherein a
pendulum escapement is employed and wherein the clock-train is weight
driven.
It is well known to those skilled in the art that the most accurate and
reliable clocks are those which are driven by a weight. Most of such clocks
are provided with a plurality of weights, one being used to supply the
energy necessary to strike the time, and the other the energy for operating
the clock-train, and in clocks of such construction they have to be wound
frequently, usually either daily or weekly.
Many attempts have been made to produce clocks which will run for a
relatively long time without requiring the attention of an attendant to wind
the same. In such clocks (other than electrical clocks) powerful springs
have been employed, one of such springs being used for time-striking and
the other for actuating the clock-train. Clocks of this class designed to run
for an extended length of time, such, for example, as period of, say, a year
or more, have been indifferent time-keepers, due to the fact that the power
of the springs becomes materially lessened during the latter part of the cycle
of operations. Therefore, spring-operated clocks, calculated to be run for
any great length of time, have been more or less unsatisfactory, and have
not gone into very extensive use.
 The object of my invention is to provide a clock which will not require
the attention of an attendant but once in a long period of time, and which
will also be an accurate time-keeper.
A further object is to provide a clock operated by a uniformly pulling
weight, the pull of which is not varied by the lifting of said weight.
A further object is to provide a power-storage device and power
transmission mechanism and automatic devices connected thereto, whereby
the power of said power-storage mechanism is utilized to wind up the clock
—that is to say, to lift the clock-train operating weight at certain definitely
recurring intervals of time.
A further object of my invention is to provide, in connection with such
power-storage mechanism, time-striking means operated by said power-
storage device, which being independent of the clock-train operating means
does not interfere therewith.
A further object of my invention is to provide a single power-storage
mechanism which will afford the power to strike the time and effect the
winding of the clock, doing away with two sets of mechanism (one for each
purpose), as heretofore used.
A further object of my invention is to provide such a power-storage
device that with one winding of the same the clock may be kept running,
and also striking the time, for a year or more in duration.
A further object of my invention is to provide means in connection with
said power-storage device whereby the winding of the clock-train does not
interfere with continuous running and perfect time-keeping of the clock,
and does not require any supplemental propelling mechanism for the clock-
train during the winding operation.
 Fig. 3.
DRAWING OF BANGERTER’S SELF-WINDING CLOCK.