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Software Architecture in
Practice
Fourth Edition
 Software Architecture in
Practice
Fourth Edition

Len Bass
Paul Clements
Rick Kazman

Boston • Columbus • New York • San Francisco •

Amsterdam • Cape Town
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 Software Engineering Institute | Carnegie Mellon

The SEI Series in Software Engineering

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Contents

Preface
Acknowledgments

PART I INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1 What Is Software Architecture?
1.1 What Software Architecture Is and What It
Isn’t
1.2 Architectural Structures and Views
1.3 What Makes a “Good” Architecture?
1.4 Summary
1.5 For Further Reading
1.6 Discussion Questions

CHAPTER 2 Why Is Software Architecture

Important?
2.1 Inhibiting or Enabling a System’s Quality
Attributes
2.2 Reasoning about and Managing Change
2.3 Predicting System Qualities
2.4 Communication among Stakeholders
2.5 Early Design Decisions
2.6 Constraints on Implementation
 2.7 Influences on Organizational Structure
2.8 Enabling Incremental Development
2.9 Cost and Schedule Estimates
2.10 Transferable, Reusable Model
2.11 Architecture Allows Incorporation of
Independently Developed Elements
2.12 Restricting the Vocabulary of Design
Alternatives
2.13 A Basis for Training
2.14 Summary
2.15 For Further Reading
2.16 Discussion Questions

PART II QUALITY ATTRIBUTES

CHAPTER 3 Understanding Quality Attributes
3.1 Functionality
3.2 Quality Attribute Considerations
3.3 Specifying Quality Attribute Requirements:
Quality Attribute Scenarios
3.4 Achieving Quality Attributes through
Architectural Patterns and Tactics
3.5 Designing with Tactics
3.6 Analyzing Quality Attribute Design Decisions:
Tactics-Based Questionnaires
3.7 Summary
3.8 For Further Reading
3.9 Discussion Questions

CHAPTER 4 Availability
 4.1 Availability General Scenario
4.2 Tactics for Availability
4.3 Tactics-Based Questionnaire for Availability
4.4 Patterns for Availability
4.5 For Further Reading
4.6 Discussion Questions

CHAPTER 5 Deployability
5.1 Continuous Deployment
5.2 Deployability
5.3 Deployability General Scenario
5.4 Tactics for Deployability
5.5 Tactics-Based Questionnaire for Deployability
5.6 Patterns for Deployability
5.7 For Further Reading
5.8 Discussion Questions

CHAPTER 6 Energy Efficiency

6.1 Energy Efficiency General Scenario
6.2 Tactics for Energy Efficiency
6.3 Tactics-Based Questionnaire for Energy
Efficiency
6.4 Patterns
6.5 For Further Reading
6.6 Discussion Questions

CHAPTER 7 Integrability
7.1 Evaluating the Integrability of an Architecture
7.2 General Scenario for Integrability
7.3 Integrability Tactics
 7.4 Tactics-Based Questionnaire for Integrability
7.5 Patterns
7.6 For Further Reading
7.7 Discussion Questions

CHAPTER 8 Modifiability
8.1 Modifiability General Scenario
8.2 Tactics for Modifiability
8.3 Tactics-Based Questionnaire for Modifiability
8.4 Patterns
8.5 For Further Reading
8.6 Discussion Questions

CHAPTER 9 Performance
9.1 Performance General Scenario
9.2 Tactics for Performance
9.3 Tactics-Based Questionnaire for Performance
9.4 Patterns for Performance
9.5 For Further Reading
9.6 Discussion Questions

CHAPTER 10 Safety
10.1 Safety General Scenario
10.2 Tactics for Safety
10.3 Tactics-Based Questionnaire for Safety
10.4 Patterns for Safety
10.5 For Further Reading
10.6 Discussion Questions

CHAPTER 11 Security
 11.1 Security General Scenario
11.2 Tactics for Security
11.3 Tactics-Based Questionnaire for Security
11.4 Patterns for Security
11.5 For Further Reading
11.6 Discussion Questions

CHAPTER 12 Testability
12.1 Testability General Scenario
12.2 Tactics for Testability
12.3 Tactics-Based Questionnaire for Testability
12.4 Patterns for Testability
12.5 For Further Reading
12.6 Discussion Questions

CHAPTER 13 Usability
13.1 Usability General Scenario
13.2 Tactics for Usability
13.3 Tactics-Based Questionnaire for Usability
13.4 Patterns for Usability
13.5 For Further Reading
13.6 Discussion Questions

CHAPTER 14 Working with Other Quality

Attributes
14.1 Other Kinds of Quality Attributes
14.2 Using Standard Lists of Quality Attributes—
Or Not
14.3 Dealing with “X-Ability”: Bringing a New QA
into the Fold
 14.4 For Further Reading
14.5 Discussion Questions

PART III ARCHITECTURAL

SOLUTIONS
CHAPTER 15 Software Interfaces
15.1 Interface Concepts
15.2 Designing an Interface
15.3 Documenting the Interface
15.4 Summary
15.5 For Further Reading
15.6 Discussion Questions

CHAPTER 16 Virtualization
16.1 Shared Resources
16.2 Virtual Machines
16.3 VM Images
16.4 Containers
16.5 Containers and VMs
16.6 Container Portability
16.7 Pods
16.8 Serverless Architecture
16.9 Summary
16.10 For Further Reading
16.11 Discussion Questions

CHAPTER 17 The Cloud and Distributed

Computing
 17.1 Cloud Basics
17.2 Failure in the Cloud
17.3 Using Multiple Instances to Improve
Performance and Availability
17.4 Summary
17.5 For Further Reading
17.6 Discussion Questions

CHAPTER 18 Mobile Systems

18.1 Energy
18.2 Network Connectivity
18.3 Sensors and Actuators
18.4 Resources
18.5 Life Cycle
18.6 Summary
18.7 For Further Reading
18.8 Discussion Questions

PART IV SCALABLE
ARCHITECTURE PRACTICES
CHAPTER 19 Architecturally Significant
Requirements
19.1 Gathering ASRs from Requirements
Documents
19.2 Gathering ASRs by Interviewing
Stakeholders
19.3 Gathering ASRs by Understanding the
Business Goals
19.4 Capturing ASRs in a Utility Tree
Other documents randomly have
different content
More Road Work.—In June, 1912, the State of Massachusetts
decided to start a camp and employ the inmates in road construction
and reforestation work, and, accordingly, forty model prisoners were
selected from the Worcester House of Correction and sent to the
State reservation at Mt. Wachusett.
These men erected five buildings and cleared the land for a garden
patch on which, by the way, enormous quantities of vegetables were
raised this year, enough in fact to supply the camp and to some
extent, the Worcester institution, for the past winter.
There were many who at first were strongly against the
establishment of a camp on the side of the mountain, being of the
opinion that the reservation would be spoiled for the State, and
particularly for the town of Westminster, but this objection soon
wore away. The measure of success is both in work accomplished
and benefit to the prisoners, physically and mentally.
What first impresses the visitor to the camp is the total absence of
anything suggestive of confinement and of a corrective institution.
The inmates are free to wander within certain limits from the cluster
of buildings and while they are garbed in the customary gray suits
worn by other county prisoners, there is little to suggest the prisoner
to the passerby in their actions and general demeanor.
So far, twenty-two miles of road have been constructed through the
forest, at a small expense to the county, by the prisoners. A stone
crusher and a compression drill are parts of the equipment of the
road building gang, which is under the charge of the master of the
camp.
Flanked on three sides by mountain slopes and by a large meadow
on the other, the camp is situated in an ideal spot. Thankful are the
prisoners for the change from indoor confinement, and in token of
appreciation they work as hard if not harder than men on the
outside who enjoy their full liberty.
Supplies are brought from the Worcester jail twice a week by auto
truck which generally takes back a load of potatoes or turnips and
an occasional term-expired prisoner. Only men who are sentenced
for short terms are sent to Westminster and therefore the camps
population is constantly changing.
Mr. Coombs, in charge of the camp, said that only three prisoners
had ever made their escape, which was an extremely simple matter,
and that this trio all returned and pleaded to be taken back into the
fold. There are no locks or bars on the dormitory shed and it is an
easy matter for a man to take “French leave” if he so desires.
Next year it is thought the State will add to the camp property by
purchasing the Bolton farm across the road, and in this way fifty
more prisoners will be accommodated.—Boston Herald.

Probation Results in Massachusetts.—The Worcester Telegram states

that “the Massachusetts probation commission is approaching the
millionaire class. In 1909 it handled less than $50,000, and in 1913
almost $218,000. That is money collected from people under court
jurisdiction and paid to others for various reasons: For restitution of
property taken unlawfully, $24,250.63; for non-support, which is
turned into support of families of the delinquent, $140,773.96; for
court expenses, $3,335.34; for fines in the case of suspended
sentences, $49,304.09. The increase of such business throughout
the State has been so large in the five years, from half a hundred
thousand to nearly a quarter of a million dollars, that the chances
are good it will reach the million list in the next five years.
“The probation officials claim they have saved a great many, almost
the entire list falling into their hands, from the kind of shiftless if not
criminal lives they had been leading, and there is no doubt they
have reported correctly. But there is that tremendous increase in the
work and cash results of the Probation Commission and its officers,
and at the same time the jails and prisons remain full and get still
fuller. Then crime must be on the increase in Massachusetts, not
only in occasional lapses of the people, but as a regular condition
which grows with the years. The probation service of the State costs
over $20,000 a year, but the receipts the last year were, for the
benefit of the State, $80,000 more than that. The following from the
commission’s report is worth reading by all the people:
“While the large sum of money collected by the probation
officers of the state is not covered permanently into a public
treasury, it is not less an actual financial benefit. Consisting
very largely of enforced payments from other wise non-
supporting husbands and fathers, it goes to the same extent
and without diminution to the natural dependents. It relieves
the state and the municipalities of the cost of caring for these
neglected persons, and observation shows that this saving is
substantially equal to the amount collected. Meanwhile the
probationer who is made to contribute it is usefully employed,
as he must be to provide for the payments, and the public is
relieved of the expense of maintaining him in jail.”
“That shows a tremendous saving of money, as well as preventing
the waste of the same money in idling away time and getting into
closer touch with crime. What that means can be still more plainly
seen from the report that in 1909 non-supporting husbands to the
number of 617, contributed $25,218.13, but in 1913, non-supporting
husbands to the number of 1,240 gave up $140,773.96. That shows
a gain of 100 per cent. in the number of cases, but nearly 450 per
cent. in the amount collected. That leads the Commission on
Probation to ask for more money than it is allowed under the law,
and a bill goes before the house at Boston to give the Commission
more than the $5,000 it has now. The Commissioners do not draw
salaries, but they have an office, with a salaried deputy and
stenographer. They want a chance to enlarge their powers and work,
because many courts are calling for probation officers and what
business they do must come under the care of the Commission. But
the serious question is as to what the State is coming to while it
enlarges on the plans to make the delinquents pay their way as they
do in the cases cited and still have an increase of crime and
dependence on the public charity for support. The courts do no less,
the jails and prisons no more, and still there is the claim that the
people are being taught to do better.”

Scrapping Metal and Scrapping Men.—Governor Foss of

Massachusetts recently said: “Let me add in all seriousness that the
managers of my own shops and factories make a more efficient and
intelligent sorting and reclamation of scrap metal than the laws have
generally made of the living men and women that have been thrown
upon the scrap heap of our jails and prisons.”

Miss Margaret Elliott of Cleveland, Ohio, formerly connected with the

Training School for Girls at Geneva, Ill., has been appointed
superintendent of the Indiana prison. She will succeed Miss Emily E.
Rhoades, who resigned last December.

STATEMENT OF THE OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, ETC. of THE

DELINQUENT

Published monthly at New York, N. Y., required by the Act of August 24th,
1912.
NAME OF POST OFFICE ADDRESS
Editor, O. F. Lewis, 135 East 15th St., New York
City.
Managing Editor, O. F Lewis, “ “ “ “ “ “
Business Manager, O. F. Lewis, “ “ “ “ “ “
Publisher, The National Prisoners’ Aid “ “ “ “ “ “
Association,
Owners, “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “
There are no bondholders, mortgages, or other security holders.
O. F. Lewis, Editor and Business Manager.
Sworn to and subscribed before me this 30th day of September, 1913.
H. L. McCORMICK, Notary Public No. 6, Kings County.
My Commission expires March 31, 1914.
 Transcriber’s Notes:
Punctuation has been made consistent.
Variations in spelling and hyphenation were retained as they appear in the original
publication, except that obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
p. 8: Item 2 is as presented in the original text.
p. 12: 3 and 8 on the first two lines of the table are not completely legible in the original
text and could be either 3 or 8 in each case.
p. 26: Invalid date of September 31 is in the original text.
p. 26: A digit may be missing in a number in the original text, or a comma may be
misplaced (was $16,22.44, notwithstanding).
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DELINQUENT
(VOL. IV, NO. 4), APRIL, 1914 ***

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