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Building Responsive Data Visualization for the Web
Building Responsive
Data Visualization
for the Web
Bill Hinderman
Building Responsive Data Visualization for the Web
Published by
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
10475 Crosspoint Boulevard
Indianapolis, IN 46256
www.wiley.com
ISBN: 978-1-119-06714-6
ISBN: 978-1-119-06713-9 (ebk)
ISBN: 978-1-119-06720-7 (ebk)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections
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Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should
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vendor mentioned in this book.
For my grandmother, Mary.
You showed me that the Internet is for people.
A
About
the Author
Bill is an avid runner and cocktail-maker, and he can wear the hell out of a suit.
When he was four, he penned My Book About Me, in which he stated that he was
glad he wasn’t a giraffe, and that his least favorite thing to do was sitting. Both of
those statements hold true to this day.
vii
A
About the Technical Editor
Randy Krum is an infographics and data visualization designer, author of the book
Cool Infographics: Effective Communication with Data Visualization and Design
(Wiley, 2014), and instructor of Infographics and Data Visualization Design at
Southern Methodist University’s Continuing and Professional Education program
(CAPE). Randy also runs the popular website Coolinfographics.com. Started in
2007, the site has grown into one of the most influential infographic sites online,
handling up to 50,000 unique visitors per day. He is the founder and president of
InfoNewt, a design company that creates infographics and visualizations for clients
used for both online marketing and internal communications. Randy speaks at con-
ferences, universities, corporate events, and government agencies about infographic
design, data visualization methods, visual content marketing, and the effective use
of visual information. Learn more at RandyKrum.com.
ix
C
Credits
xi
A
Acknowledgments
I want to thank Carol Long from John Wiley & Sons. After opening for the morn-
ing coffee break at the Data Visualization Summit in Boston, you walked up to me
with a coffee in one hand and a business card in the other, and asked if I would like
to write a book. Without your willingness to approach some ridiculous 24-year-old
kid, this whole thing never would have happened.
I also have to give my most heartfelt appreciation to my project editor, Adaobi Obi
Tulton. You were equal parts patient and stern regarding deadlines and deliverables,
in a way that made this long book-making process enjoyable.
I also owe a massive thanks to Randy Krum for not only acting as technical editor
on the book, but also giving me advice—as someone who has done this same thing
before—on pitfalls to avoid, and paths to take.
Finally, I want to offer apologies to any family members, friends, coworkers, and
strangers I was rude to, short with, or otherwise unpleasant to be around during
deadline weeks. I promise it wasn’t you.
xiii
C
Contents
00
Introduction xxv
01
The Mobile Web
How We Got Here
3
4
The Web’s History 5
The Rise of Mobile Devices 8
The Mobile Tipping Point 10
The Mobile Web Today 13
Mobile Web Considerations 13
Benefits of the Mobile Web 15
Building for the Most Users 17
Mobile Web Design 17
The Way To Build Today 18
A Taste of Progressive Enhancement 20
Summary 23
xv
02
Responsive Web Design Tenets 25
The Gist 26
Building for the Limited User 27
Building for Every User 28
Adaptive vs. Responsive 29
The Broad Adaptive 29
Limiting Your Adaptive Design Definition 33
Desktop-First vs. Mobile-First 36
Four Principles 38
Be Universal 39
Be Flexible 43
Be Economical 46
Be Specific 47
Seven Points of Focus 49
Measure 50
Flow 51
Nesting 54
Endpoints 57
Breakpoints 59
Typography 63
Images 66
Summary 69
03
Working with a Flexible Grid
The Gist
71
72
What Is a Grid System? 72
Flexible Units 75
The Meticulous Client 75
Moving to Relative Units 79
xvi Contents
Using a Grid System 81
Another Project 82
Branching Out 93
Creating a Reusable, Flexible Grid (in Five Easy Steps) 93
Unit 95
Gutter 95
X-Count 95
Columns 96
Rows 96
Putting It All Together 97
Summary 98
Try It 98
04
Designing Responsive
Layouts with CSS 101
The Gist 102
A Brief History of CSS 102
You’ve Come a Long Way, Baby 103
Responsive Layout Design 118
The Media Query 118
Starting from the Bottom 127
The Reusable Responsive Grid 144
Building a Reusable Grid 145
Building a Responsive Grid 147
Summary 148
Try It 149
Contents xvii
05
Enhancing with JavaScript
Using JavaScript
151
152
JavaScript Enables Rich Interactivity 153
Remember Progressive Enhancement 155
Sensible Defaults 157
Responsive JavaScript 163
Server-Side Feature Detection 164
Building from CSS 164
JavaScript’s matchMedia Object 166
Limber Up 168
AJAX 168
Perceived Performance 172
Summary 182
Try It 182
06
Data Design:
An Abridged History 187
Learning From Data 188
Data, Information, and Knowledge 189
Size Matters 191
Data’s Data 192
The Big Pile 193
Extracting Meaning 193
Communicating Meaning 195
xviii Contents
What You Get from the Web 210
Interactivity 211
A Taste of Responsive 212
Summary 214
07
Responsive Data
Visualization Tenets 217
Designing Content-First 218
Still Just the Web 219
Distilling Data 220
Revisiting Responsive Design Principles 229
Be Universal 230
Be Flexible 232
Be Economical 235
Be Specific 240
Seven Points of Focus 241
Measure 242
Flow 245
End points 247
Breakpoints 249
Grouping Points 252
Images 253
Layering 256
Responding to Data 258
Know Your Audience 259
Know Your Data 260
Summary 261
Contents xix
08
Thinking Small
Designing for the Smallest Canvas: No Canvas
263
264
Building for a Blind User 266
The Good API 269
The API-First Team 278
The Tiny Canvas 279
The Fitness App 279
Layering 283
Enhancing Efficiently 285
Growing Up 286
First, Change Everything 287
They’re Just Numbers 290
Summary 291
09
Asset Dependence
Dynamic Data
293
294
Dipping Your Toe In 294
Data versus Screen 298
Reacting to Data Changes 301
Tying Visualization to Screens 308
Grouping Again 309
Summary 312
Try It 313
xx Contents
10
Code-Driven Visualization
Unknown Inputs and Outputs
315
316
To the User 317
To the Data 317
Putting It Together 320
Using D3.js 320
Getting Started with D3.js 321
Data and the DOM 348
Building Responsive Data Visualization for the Web 354
Client Responsiveness 355
Data Responsiveness 361
The Bigger Picture 363
Rational Defaults 363
Driving Design with Data 371
Clear, Not Clever 372
Summary 372
Try It 373
11
Building the
Future-Friendly Web 375
The Future of Data Design 376
Growing Stockpiles of Data 377
Setting a Standard for Data Markup 378
Contents xxi
Embracing Uncertainty 379
Where Complexity Lies Today 380
The Future-Friendly Manifesto 381
Responsible Web Design 385
Building API-first 386
Respecting Progressive Enhancement 386
Innovating 388
Standardizing 388
Summary 389
A
Resources
Responsive Data Visualization
393
394
Grids 394
Infographic Design 394
Responsive Design 395
D3.js 395
More Resources Online 396
Index 397
xxii Contents
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p. 23:
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