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Machine Learning for Oracle Database Professionals 1st Edition Heli Helskyaho instant download

The document is a promotional text for the book 'Machine Learning for Oracle Database Professionals' by Heli Helskyaho, Jean Yu, and Kai Yu, which focuses on deploying model-driven applications and automation pipelines. It includes links to download the book and other related eBooks on Oracle and machine learning. The content covers various aspects of machine learning, Oracle's machine learning tools, and practical applications within the Oracle ecosystem.

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18 views

Machine Learning for Oracle Database Professionals 1st Edition Heli Helskyaho instant download

The document is a promotional text for the book 'Machine Learning for Oracle Database Professionals' by Heli Helskyaho, Jean Yu, and Kai Yu, which focuses on deploying model-driven applications and automation pipelines. It includes links to download the book and other related eBooks on Oracle and machine learning. The content covers various aspects of machine learning, Oracle's machine learning tools, and practical applications within the Oracle ecosystem.

Uploaded by

kygersdaniedk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Machine Learning
for Oracle Database
Professionals
Deploying Model-Driven Applications
and Automation Pipelines

Heli Helskyaho
Jean Yu
Kai Yu
Machine Learning for
Oracle Database
Professionals
Deploying Model-Driven Applications
and Automation Pipelines

Heli Helskyaho
Jean Yu
Kai Yu
Machine Learning for Oracle Database Professionals: Deploying Model-Driven
Applications and Automation Pipelines
Heli Helskyaho Jean Yu
Helsinki, Finland Austin, TX, USA

Kai Yu
Austin, TX, USA

ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-7031-8 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-7032-5


https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7032-5

Copyright © 2021 by Heli Helskyaho, Jean Yu, Kai Yu


This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the
material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
Trademarked names, logos, and images may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with
every occurrence of a trademarked name, logo, or image we use the names, logos, and images only in an
editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the
trademark.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not
identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to
proprietary rights.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,
neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or
omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein.
Managing Director, Apress Media LLC: Welmoed Spahr
Acquisitions Editor: Jonathan Gennick
Development Editor: Laura Berendson
Coordinating Editor: Jill Balzano
Cover image designed by Freepik (www.freepik.com)
Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Springer Science+Business Media LLC, 1 New York Plaza, Suite
4600, New York, NY 10004. Phone 1-800-SPRINGER, fax (201) 348-4505, e-mail orders-ny@springer-sbm.
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Printed on acid-free paper
Table of Contents
About the Authors���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ix

About the Technical Reviewer��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xi


Acknowledgments������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xiii

Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xv

Chapter 1: Introduction to Machine Learning����������������������������������������������������������� 1


Why Machine Learning?���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1
What Is Machine Learning?���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2
Supervised Learning���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3
Unsupervised Learning������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 9
Semi-Supervised Learning���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13
The Machine Learning Process��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 16
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 22

Chapter 2: Oracle and Machine Learning��������������������������������������������������������������� 23


Oracle Machine Learning for SQL (OML4SQL)����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 23
Oracle and Other Programming Languages for Machine Learning��������������������������������������������� 24
R�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 24
Python����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 25
Java��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 27
OCI Data Science������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 27
Oracle Analytics Cloud���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 32
AutoML���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 32
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 37

iii
Table of Contents

Chapter 3: Oracle Machine Learning for SQL���������������������������������������������������������� 39


PL/SQL Packages for OML4SQL�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 40
Privileges������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 40
Data Dictionary Views������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 41
Predictive Analytics��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 43
Data Preparation and Transformations��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 48
Understanding the Data��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 48
Preparing the Data����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 51
PL/SQL API for OML4SQL������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 63
The Settings Table����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 64
Model Management��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 66
Model Evaluation������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 69
Model Scoring and Deployment�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 78
Partitioned Model������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 86
Extensions to OML4SQL�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 89
Oracle Data Miner and Oracle SQL Developer����������������������������������������������������������������������� 89
OML Notebooks��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 95
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 95

Chapter 4: Oracle Autonomous Database for Machine Learning���������������������������� 97


Oracle Cloud Infrastructure and Autonomous Database������������������������������������������������������������� 98
Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Services������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 99
Sign-up and Access Oracle Cloud Infrastructure������������������������������������������������������������������� 99
Oracle Autonomous Database Architecture and Components��������������������������������������������������� 102
Oracle Autonomous Database Attributes����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 104
Autonomous Database in Free Trier and Always Free��������������������������������������������������������� 105
Working with Oracle Autonomous Data Warehouse������������������������������������������������������������������ 105
Provisioning Oracle Autonomous Data Warehouse�������������������������������������������������������������� 106
Connect to Oracle Autonomous Data Warehouse���������������������������������������������������������������� 109

iv
Table of Contents

Loading Data to Oracle Autonomous Data Warehouse�������������������������������������������������������� 115


Import Tables/Schema to Oracle Autonomous Database����������������������������������������������������� 123
Oracle Machine Learning with ADW������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 128
Accessing Oracle Machine Learning Through Oracle Autonomous Database��������������������� 129
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 133

Chapter 5: Running Oracle Machine Learning with Autonomous Database��������� 135


Oracle Machine Learning Collaborative Environment��������������������������������������������������������������� 136
Starting with Oracle Machine Learning������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 136
Sharing Workspaces with Other Users�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 140
Creating a Machine Learning Notebook������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 142
Specifying Interpreter Bindings and Connection Groups����������������������������������������������������� 143
Running SQL Scripts and Statements��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 147
Create and Execute SQL Scripts in a Notebook������������������������������������������������������������������� 147
Run SQL Statements in a Notebook������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 148
Work with Notebooks to Analyze and Visualize Data���������������������������������������������������������������� 150
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 154

Chapter 6: Building Machine Learning Models with OML Notebooks������������������� 155


Oracle Machine Learning Overview������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 156
Supervised Learning and Unsupervised Learning��������������������������������������������������������������� 157
Machine Learning Process Flow������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 160
Oracle Machine Learning for SQL��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 161
OML4SQL PL/SQL API and SQL Functions���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 161
Data Preparation and Data Transformation������������������������������������������������������������������������� 162
Model Creation�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 165
Model Evaluation����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 167
Model Scoring and Model Deployment�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 171
An Example of Machine Learning Project��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 173
Classification Prediction Example��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 174
Data Preparation and Data Transformation������������������������������������������������������������������������� 175

v
Table of Contents

Predicting Attribute Importance������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 178


Model Creation�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 179
Model Testing and Evaluation���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 181
Model Application���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 183
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 186

Chapter 7: Oracle Analytics Cloud������������������������������������������������������������������������ 187


Data Preparation����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 189
Data Visualization and Narrate�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 194
Machine Learning in Oracle Analytics Cloud����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 200
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 203

Chapter 8: Delivery and Automation Pipeline in Machine Learning��������������������� 205


ML Development Challenges���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 206
Classical Software Engineering vs. Machine Learning�������������������������������������������������������� 206
Model Drift��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 206
ML Deployment Challenges������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 207
ML Life Cycle����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 208
Scaling Challenges�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 209
Key Requirements��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 210
Design Considerations and Solutions��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 210
Automating Data Science Steps������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 211
Automated ML Pipeline: MLOps������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 212
Model Registry for Tracking������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 214
Data Validation��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 217
Pipeline Abstraction������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 218
Automatic Machine Learning (AutoML)������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 219
Model Monitoring���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 219
Model Monitoring Implementation�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 220
Scaling Solutions���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 221
ML Accelerators for Large Scale Model Training and Inference������������������������������������������ 221
Distributed Machine Learning for Model Training���������������������������������������������������������������� 221

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Table of Contents

Model Inference Options����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 222


Input Data Pipeline�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 222
ML Tooling Ecosystem��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 224
ML Platforms����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 225
ML Development Tools��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 226
ML Deployment Tools���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 227
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 227

Chapter 9: ML Deployment Pipeline Using Oracle Machine Learning������������������� 229


Mainstream ML Platforms��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 229
Oracle Machine Learning Environment������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 232
Data Extraction in Big Data Environment���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 232
In-Cluster Parallel Data Processing������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 233
Automated Data Preparation and Feature Engineering������������������������������������������������������������� 234
General Data Processing Automation���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 234
Text Processing Automation������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 235
AutoML�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 235
Scalable In-Database Model Training and Scoring������������������������������������������������������������������� 236
In-Database Parallel Execution via Embedded Algorithms�������������������������������������������������� 236
In-Cluster Parallel Execution����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 240
Model Management������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 241
Saving Models Using R Datastores in Database����������������������������������������������������������������������� 241
Leveraging Open Source Packages������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 244
TensorFlow Extended (TFX) for Data Validation������������������������������������������������������������������� 244
scikit-multiflow for Model Monitoring��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 245
Kubeflow: Cloud-Native ML Pipeline Deployment��������������������������������������������������������������� 245
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 248

vii
Table of Contents

Chapter 10: Building Reproducible ML Pipelines Using Oracle


Machine Learning����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 249
The Environment����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 250
Setting up Oracle Machine Learning for R��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 251
Verifying the Oracle Machine Learning for R Installation���������������������������������������������������� 252
Setting up Open Source Components���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 254
The Data������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 260
Data Validation and Model Monitoring Implementation������������������������������������������������������������ 261
TensorFlow Data Validation (TFDV)�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 261
Data Validation��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 262
Model Monitoring���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 264
Tracking and Reproducing ML Pipeline������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 264
Data Version Control (DVC)�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 265
Versioning Code, Data, and Model Files������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 265
Demo with Actual ML Pipeline��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 266
OML4R Troubleshooting Tips����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 278
Error When Connecting to Oracle Database (as oml_user)������������������������������������������������� 278
Error Due to Missing Packages When Building Models������������������������������������������������������� 279
Error When Creating or Dropping R Scripts for Embedded R Execution������������������������������ 281
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 282

Index��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 283

viii
About the Authors
Heli Helskyaho is the CEO of Miracle Finland Oy. She holds
a master’s degree in computer science from the University
of Helsinki and specializes in databases. She is currently
working on her doctoral studies, researching and teaching at
the University of Helsinki. Her research areas cover big data,
multi-model databases, schema discovery, and methods and
tools for utilizing semi-structured data for decision making.
Heli has been working in IT since 1990. She has held
several positions, but every role has included databases and
database designing. She believes that understanding your
data makes using the data much easier. She is an Oracle
ACE Director, an Oracle Groundbreaker Ambassador, and a
frequent speaker at many conferences. She is the author of several books and has been
listed as one of the top 100 influencers in the IT sector in Finland for each year from
2015 to 2020.
Heli can be reached at www.linkedin.com/in/helihelskyaho/,
https://helifromfinland.blog, and https://twitter.com/HeliFromFinland.

Jean Yu is a Senior Staff MLOps Engineer at Habana Labs,


an Intel company. Prior to that, she was a Senior Data
Engineer on the IBM Hybrid Cloud Management Data
Science Team. Her current interests include deep learning,
model productization, and distributed training of massive
transformer-based language models. She holds a master’s
degree in computer science from the University of Texas at
San Antonio. She has more than 25 years of experience in
developing, deploying, and managing software applications,

ix
About the Authors

as well as in leading development teams. Her recent awards include an Outstanding


Technical Achievement Award for significant innovation in Cloud Brokerage Cost and
Asset Management products in 2019 as well as an Outstanding Technical Achievement
Award for Innovation in the Delivery of Remote Maintenance Upgrade for Tivoli Storage
Manager in 2011.
Jean is a master inventor with 14 patents granted. She has been a voting member
of the IBM Invention Review Board from 2006 to 2020. She has been a speaker at
conferences such as North Central Oracle Apps User Group Training Day 2019 and
Collaborate 2020.
Jean can be reached at www.linkedin.com/in/jean-­yu/.

Kai Yu is a Distinguished Engineer in the Dell Technical


Leadership Community. He is responsible for providing
technical leadership to Dell Oracle Solutions Engineering.
He has more than 27 years of experience in architecting and
implementing various IT solutions, specializing in Oracle
databases, IT infrastructure, the cloud, business analytics,
and machine learning.
Kai has been a frequent speaker at various IT/Oracle
conferences, with over 200 presentations in more than 20
countries. He has authored 36 articles in technical journals
such as IEEE Transactions on Big Data and co-authored the
book Expert Oracle RAC 12c (Apress, 2013). He has been an Oracle ACE Director since
2010. He has served on the IOUG/Quest Conference committee, as the IOUG RAC SIG
president, and as the IOUG CLOUG SIG co-founder and vice president. He received
the 2011 OAUG Innovator of Year award and the 2012 Oracle Excellence Award for
Technologist of the Year: Cloud Architect by Oracle Magazine. He holds master’s degrees
in computer science and engineering from the Huazhong University of Science and
Technology and the University of Wyoming.
Kai can be reached at https://kyuoracleblog.wordpress.com, www.linkedin.com/
in/kaiyu1, and ­https://twitter.com/ky_austin1.

x
About the Technical Reviewer
Adrian Png is a seasoned solutions architect with more than 20 years of experience
working with clients to design and implement state-of-the-art infrastructure and
applications. He earned a Master of Technology (Knowledge Engineering) degree from
the National University of Singapore and has applied his knowledge and skills in artificial
intelligence and machine learning in practice, notably in his paper “Primer design for
Whole Genome Amplification using genetic algorithms” (In Silico Biology, 2006; 6(6):
505–14). Adrian is also trained and certified in several Oracle technologies, including
Oracle Cloud Infrastructure, Oracle Autonomous Database, Oracle cloud-­native services,
Oracle Database, and Oracle Application Express. He is an Oracle ACE and is a recognized
contributor to the Oracle community. Most recently, he co-authored the book Getting
Started with the Oracle Cloud Free Tier (Apress, 2020), an indispensable reference for
anyone just starting Oracle Cloud and wishing to get the most out of Oracle’s cloud
offerings.

xi
Acknowledgments
I want to thank my family, Marko, Patrik, and Matias, for their continuous support during
this project, and my parents for their encouragement throughout my life. You gave me
the confidence to write this book.
Thank you, Jean and Kai, for writing this book with me! It was a great pleasure to
work with you. You are great friends and extremely talented.
Special thank you to Charlie Berger and Adrian Png for the extremely valuable
comments, guidance, and support during this project. We could not have been able to
write this book without your help!
And thank you, Jonathan, Jill, and the rest of the Apress team!
—Heli Helskyaho

I want to thank my parents, my grandfather, and my middle school math teacher for
encouraging me to pursue an engineering career. Special thank you to my husband
Kai, and to my graduate advisors Dr. Steve Robbins and Dr. Kay Robbins of UTSA for
introducing me to the software industry in 1995.
Thank you Heli and Kai for working with me on this amazing project. I greatly admire
your dedication and passion for the Oracle Machine Learning community.
I’d like to extend a special thanks to our reviewer Adrian Png and Apress editors
Jonathan Gennick and Jill Balzano. I appreciate your extremely valuable review
comments. Your guidance and support made this project possible for a novice writer like
myself. I learned so much. Thank you!

—Jean Yu

xiii
Acknowledgments

I dedicate this book to the readers of this book. I want to thank all the people who have
assisted with this book, especially the technical reviewer, Andrew Peng, Apress editors
Jonathan Gennick and Jill Balzano, and the rest of the Apress team, for their great efforts
and patience in transforming the technical content into a finished book.
I thank Heli and Jean for their great talents, dedication, and amazing teamwork. It
has been my great honor to be part of this great team with them.
I also thank my wife, Jean, and my daughter, Jessica, for their continuous support
during this project. I want to dedicate this book to my parents, who encouraged me to
pursue my education and career in computer technology.
I thank my mentor, Dell Senior Fellow Jimmy Pike, and the Dell Technical
Leadership Community, who have inspired me to pursue technical excellence and
expand my expertise in AI and machine learning. I also want to thank my manager,
Ibrahim Fashho, for his great inspiration and longtime support.
—Kai Yu

xiv
Introduction
This book helps database developers and DBAs gain a conceptual understanding of
machine learning, including the methods, algorithms, the process, and deployment. The
book covers Oracle Machine Learning (OML) technologies that enable machine learning
with Oracle Database, including OML4SQL, OML Notebooks, OML4R, and OML4Py.
Machine Learning for Oracle Database Professionals focuses on Oracle machine learning
in Oracle autonomous databases, such as the Autonomous Data Warehouse (ADW)
database as part of the ADW collaborative environment. This book also covers some
advanced topics, such as delivery and automation pipelines in machine learning.
This book also provides practical implementation details through hands-on
examples to show how to implement machine learning with OML with ADW and how
to automate the deployment of machine learning. The primary goal is to bridge the
gap between database development/management and machine learning by gaining
practical knowledge of machine learning. As a seasoned database professional skilled
in managing data, you can apply this knowledge by analyzing data in the same data
management system. Through this book, three authors with rich experience in machine
learning and database development and management take you on a journey from being
a database developer or DBA to a data scientist.

Readers and Audiences


This book is written for

• Database developers and administrators who want to learn about


machine learning

• Developers wanting to build models and applications using Oracle


Database’s built-in machine learning feature set

• Administrators tasked with supporting applications in Oracle


Database and ADW that use the machine learning feature set

xv
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
Bar´ba, n. Beard. Lengthened or otherwise distinguished feathers of
chin or throat.
Barbat´us, a. Bearded.
Bar´bicel, n. Barb of a barbule, not hooked. Compare Hamulus.
Bar´bule, n. Barb of a barb. (148.)
Ba´sal, a. Pertaining to the base; situate at the base.
Base, Ba´sis, n. Bottom; root; origin.
Basihy´oid, n. Central tongue-bone.
Basioccip´ital, n. Basal element of the occipital bone; centrum of
hindermost cranial vertebra.
Basipter´ygoid, n. A boss or protuberance of the base of the sphenoid
bone, often movably abutting against the pterygoid bone.
Basisphe´noid, n. Basal element of sphenoid bone; centrum of second
cranial vertebra.
Beak, n. Bill. See Rostrum. (9.)
Bel´ly, n. See Abdomen. (65.)
Belt, n. Bar or band of color more or less completely encircling the
body.
Bend of Wing. Angle or prominence formed at carpus in the folded
wing.
Bev´elled, a. Having two plane surfaces meeting obliquely.
Bev´y, n. Flock of quail.
Bi- (in composition). Twice; double.
Bibliog´raphy, n. History or other account of the literature of the
subject.
Bi´ceps, n. Principal flexor muscle of forearm.
Bi´nary, a. Double, in sense of compounded of two.
Bino´mial, a. Of two terms. Also, noting a system of nomenclature in
which each object has two names, generic and specific. This is the
generally adopted system at present.
Biol´ogy, n. The study of living beings, as to the laws and results of
organization. It is more comprehensive than physiology.
Biotax´y, n. Equivalent to taxonomy.
Biven´ter, n. Name of a double-bellied muscle of the neck.
Blas´toderm, n. Superficies of the early embryo.
Boat-shaped (tail), a. Having plane of each side of tail meeting the
other obliquely, making a re-entrance above and keel below.
Boot, n. The tarsal envelope when entire.
Boot´ed (tarsus), a. Having the tarsal envelope entire, i.e. undivided
in most or all of its extent, by fusion of the usual scales or plates.
(111.)
Bo´real, a. Northern.
Boss, n. Stud; knob; protuberance; short stout process.
Brach´ial, a. Pertaining to the wing.
Brachyp´terous, a. Short-winged.
Brachyu´rous, a. Short-tailed.
Breast, n. (62.) See Pectus.
Bris´tle, n. Small stiff hair-like feather, especially about the mouth or
eyes. Compare Vibrissa.
Bron´chial, a. Pertaining to the bronchi.
Bron´chus, n.; pl. bronchi. Fork or branch of the windpipe below,
leading to either lung.
Buc´cal, a. Pertaining to the cheeks internally.
Buff, Buffy; a. Pale brownish-yellow; color of yellow buckskin.

C.

Cadu´cous, a. Falling off early.


Cæ´cal, a. Pertaining to the cæca.
Cæ´cum, n.; pl. cæca. (Pronounced see´cum.) Intestinal cul-de-sac at
junction of smaller and larger intestines, usually present paired in
birds; sometimes a foot long. (Also written cœcum, cœca.)
Cal´amus, n. Quill; the dry, hard, horny portion of the stem of a
feather below the web, hollow or partly pithy, and translucent.
Calamus + rhachis = scapus. (145.)
Calca´neal, a. Pertaining to the back upper portion of the tarso-
metatarsus (tarsus of ordinary language).
Calca´neum, n. Heel; back upper part of tarso-metatarsus. Same as
talus. (107.) One of the tibial condyles is by some regarded as the
homologue of the calcaneum.
Cal´car, n. Spur; sharp horn-covered bone-cored process on the
shank of many birds; also, similar horny process on the metacarpal
bone.
Calcarat´us, a. Spurred.
Calca´reous, a. Chalky. A cormorant’s egg is covered with calcareous
substance.
Calcif´ic, a. Calcifying; an epithet of that portion of the oviduct
where the egg-shell is formed.
Calig´ula, n. Same as Boot (which see).
Cal´lus, n. New bony matter joining a fracture.
Calypte´ria, n. pl. Tail-coverts; the smaller feathers underlying or
overlying the base of the tail. (Little used.) See Crissum and Tectrices
Caudæ. (71.)
Ca´lyx, n. Pedicellated ovarian capsule of two membranes with lax
tissue and vessels, rupturing at a point called the stigma to
discharge the ovum, then collapsing and becoming absorbed.
Campte´rium, n. Front and outer border of wing as far as the bone
extends. (Little used.) (95.)
Canalic´ulum, n. Little groove.
Can´cellated, a. Denoting bony network.
Can´thus, n.; pl. canthi. Corner of eye where the lids meet;
commissural point of eyelids. Canthi are anterior and posterior.
Cap, n. Pileus (which see). (30.)
Cap´illary, a. or n. Of hair-like slenderness. The smallest
bloodvessels are the capillaries.
Capis´trate, a. Hooded or cowled.
Capis´trum, n. Hood or cowl; front of head all around bill. (38.)
Cap´itate, a. Said of a feather having enlarged extremity.
Capit´ulum, n. Head of a rib.
Cap´sular, a. Denoting certain ligaments that completely invest a
joint.
Ca´put, n.; gen. capitis, pl. capita. Head. (9, 29.)
Car´diac, a. Pertaining to the heart.
Cari´na, n. Keel; under ridge, as if a keel.
Car´inate, a. Keeled; ridged beneath as if keeled; having a keel, as
the sternum of most birds.
Car´inate (birds), n. Those possessing a keeled sternum; the group
Carinatæ as contrasted with Ratitæ.
Car´neous, a. Fleshy.
Carniv´orous, a. Flesh-eating.
Carot´id (artery), a. for n. The principal bloodvessel of the neck,
single in most birds, sometimes paired as in mammalia.
Car´pal, a. Pertaining to the wrist.
Car´pal An´gle, n. Prominence formed at the wrist-joint when the
wing is closed. It is practically an important point regionally, since
the universally used measurement, “length of wing,” is from this
point to the end of the longest quill.
Car´pus, n. The wrist; especially its bones.
Car´tilage, n. A whitish, hard, and solid, but elastic, flexible, and
soluble, substance of the body, permanent, or becoming osseous by
deposition of bone-earth. It occurs in the windpipe, in many joints,
and elsewhere.
Cartilag´inous, a. Like, containing, or consisting of, cartilage.
Car´uncle, n. Small fleshy excrescence, particularly about the head,
usually naked, and wrinkled, warty, or brightly colored.
Carun´culate, a. Having caruncles.
Cau´da, n. The tail. (69.) In descriptive ornithology, generally only
the tail-feathers are meant. Cauda navicularis = Boat-shaped Tail
(which see).
Cau´dad. Backwards; toward the tail.
Cau´dal, a. Pertaining to the tail; as, caudal vertebræ, or caudal
extremity; but we hardly say caudal feathers.
Cell, n. Any closed sac containing fluid or other substance.
Cel´lular, a. Having cells; composed of cells.
Cen´tre of Grav´ity, n. Point of a body about which the whole is
balanced, and which, if supported, supports the whole. In a flying
bird the centre of gravity is below the middle of the body, so that the
bird is naturally ballasted.
Cen´trum, n.; pl. centra. Body of a vertebra.
Ceph´alad. Forwards; towards the head.
Cephal´ic, a. Pertaining to the head.
Cephalo-cer´cal (axis), a. Denoting the long axis of the body.
Ce´ra, Cere, Cero´ma, n. Fleshy, cutaneous or membranous, often
feathered, covering of base of bill of many birds, as parrots, hawks,
and owls; differing thus in texture from the rest of the
rhamphotheca, and usually also showing an evident line of
demarcation. When present, the nostrils are always pierced in its
substance,—at least at its edge.
Ceratohy´al, n. A portion of the “horn” of the hyoid bone.
Cer´cal, a. Pertaining to the tail. (Little used.)
Cerebel´lar, a. Pertaining to the cerebellum.
Cerebel´lum, n. Little brain; the hinder, lower, smaller mass of the
brain, in birds striate transversely.
Cer´ebral, a. Pertaining to the brain.
Cer´ebro-spinal (axis or column). The whole neural axis, or column of
nerve-substance enclosed in the spinal canal and cranium.
Cer´ebrum, n. Brain proper, or larger brain, as distinguished from the
cerebellum.
Ceru´men, n. Ear-wax.
Cer´vical, a. Pertaining to the hind-neck; as, a cervical collar. Also,
pertaining to the whole neck; as, cervical vertebræ.
Cer´vix, n. Hind-neck; from occiput to interscapulium, including nape
and scruff. (48.)
Chalaz´æ, n. pl. Twisted filaments of condensed albumen forming a
thread at each pole of the yolk, steadying it by attachment to the
lining membrane of the egg, and balancing it in such manner that
the “tread” stays uppermost.
Chalazif´erous, a. Denoting the layers of condensed albumen which
form the chalazæ.
Char´acter, n. Any material attribute susceptible of definition for use
in description and classification. Also, a sum of such attributes; as, of
passerine character.
Chas´ma, n. Decussation of the optic nerve.
Cheek, n. Outside of base of lower jaw; also, the corresponding
region of upper jaw. Compare Genæ and Malar Region. (26.) (The
term is differently employed by various writers, and is at best not
definite.)
Chin, n. Space between forks of lower jaw; upper throat. See
Mentum. (46.)
Cho´roid, n. Vascular black membrane of the eye, between retina
and sclerotic. Choroid plexus, a certain fold of the pia mater.
Chyle, n. A certain intestinal fluid resulting from digestion.
Chyme, n. A certain product of incompleted digestion.
Cicatric´ula, n. Dark spot on the surface of a fecundated yolk. See
Yolk.
Cil´iated, a. Bristly; furnished with bristles, or small bristle-like
feathers; fringed.
Cil´ium, n.; pl. cilia. Bristly or hair-like feather, about the mouth and
eyes especially. See Vibrissa and Seta.
Cine´reous, a. Of an ashy color.
Circum- (in composition). Around; about: as, circumanal,
circumorbital, circumaural,—around the anus, orbit, ear, etc.
Circumduc´tion, n. Movement of a limb by which, if completed, a
cone is described.
Cirrh´ous, a. Tufted.
Class, n. Fundamental division of animals: the class of Birds; the
class Aves.
Classifica´tion, n. Systematic arrangement.
Clav´icle, n. Collar-bone. In birds, the two clavicles usually unite to
form the furculum, merry-thought or wish-bone.
Clavic´ular, a. Pertaining to the clavicles.
Claw, n. (121.)
Claw-joint, n. (122.) See Rhizonychium.
Clit´oris, n. Erectile venereal organ of the female, homologue of the
male penis, present in some birds.
Cloa´ca, n. Enlarged lower end of straight gut, receptacle of products
of genito-urinary system and refuse of digestion.
Clutch, n. Nest-complement of eggs.
Cne´mial, a. Pertaining to the crus or shin. Equivalent to crural.
Cnemid´ium, n. End of crus, naked in most wading birds.
Coccyge´al, a. Pertaining to the tail, especially to its bones;
synonymous with caudal.
Coc´cyx, n. The tail, as to its bones collectively. Os coccygis. Any one
of the tail-bones, or coccygeal vertebræ.
Coch´lea, n. A certain portion of the inner ear.
Cœ´cum, n.; pl. cœca. See Cæcum.
Cϫliac, a. Pertaining to certain of the abdominal viscera. Little used,
excepting as the name of a certain artery, the cœliac axis.
Coi´tus, n. Sexual intercourse.
Col´lar, n. Ring of color around neck. See Torques. (55.)
Col´lum, n. Neck; part of body between and connecting head and
trunk. (47.)
Colora´tion, n. Coloring; pattern or mode of coloring, or the colors
collectively.
Columel´la, n. Bone or cartilage of the inner ear of Sauropsida,
answering to the stapes of mammalia.
Comb, n. Erect fleshy lengthwise process, or caruncle, on top of head,
as in the domestic cock.
Commis´sural Point. Point where the apposed edges of the mandibles
meet and join; corner of the mouth. Equivalent to angle of the
mouth, angulus oris.
Com´missure, n. (Lat. con and mitto, to put or lay together.) Line of
closure of the two mandibles; track or trace of their apposed edges
when the jaws are closed. Often improperly used to signify the
opening between the mandibles; but this is apertura oris, gape,
rictus. Commissure is the whole rima oris, outline of the mouth,
when such outline of upper and under jaw is made one in closure of
the mouth.
Complex´us, n. Name of a certain cervical muscle.
Compressed´, a. Narrowed sidewise; higher than wide. The opposite
of depressed.
Compressed´ (tail), a. Folded together, as in the barnyard cock. =
Cauda compressa.
Cona´rium, n. Same as Pineal Body (which see).
Con´cave, a. Hollowed, as the inner side of a curved line or inner face
of a curved surface. Opposite of convex.
Con´dyle, n. Articular eminence of bone in hinge-joints.
Con´fluent, a. Run together; grown together; coalesced.
Coniros´tral, a. Having a conical bill, like a sparrow’s.
Conjuncti´va, n. Vascular membrane lining the eyelids and reflected
over the front of the eyeball.
Con´nate, a. Born or produced together; originally united; joined
from the beginning. Connation is earlier and more intimate or
complete union than confluence.
Continu´ity, n. Part of a thing between its ends in any way
distinguished.
Con´tour Feath´ers, n. The general plumage of perfect feathers, lying
external and determining the superficial shape of a bird.
Distinguished from down feathers.
Cor´acoid (bone), n. Large stout bone connecting shoulder with
sternum.
Cor´date, Cor´diform, a. Heart-shaped.
Coria´ceous, a. Denoting integument of dense, tough, leathery
texture.
Co´rium, n. Same as Cutis (which see).
Cor´nea, n. Transparent portion of the eyeball.
Cor´neous, a. Horny.
Cor´niplume, a. Tuft of feathers on head, erected like a horn.
Cor´nu, n. Horn.
Coro´na, n. Top of head. Equivalent to cap or pileus. Vertex is the
highest point of corona.
Cor´onate, a. Having coronal feathers lengthened or otherwise
distinguished.
Cor´pus, n. Body, as a whole.
Cor´pus Callo´sum, n. Mass of transverse white fibres, connecting the
cerebral hemispheres; wanting in birds.
Cor´tical, a. External, as opposed to medullary.
Cos´tal, a. Pertaining to the ribs.
Costif´erous, a. Rib-bearing, as the dorsal vertebræ.
Cot´yle, n. Same as Acetabulum.
Cox´a, n. Hip.
Cra´nial, a. Pertaining to the skull.
Cra´nium, n. Skull.
Crest, Cris´ta, n. Any lengthened feathers of top or sides of head.
Crib´riform, a. Sieve-like.
Cri´coid, a. Name of a certain laryngeal cartilage.
Cris´sum, n. Properly, the under tail-coverts collectively. Oftener used
to designate the circumanal plumage. (66.)
Cro´taphyte (depression). A concavity on the outside of the skull on
each side behind, filled with muscle; temporal fossa.
Crown, n. Pileus; top of head, especially the vertex.
Cru´cial, Cru´ciform, a. In the shape of a cross. The crucial test is
one experimentally conclusive.
Cruræ´us, n. Name of a certain muscle of the thigh.
Cru´ral, a. Pertaining to the crus, or shin.
Crus, n. The shin; segment of the leg between the thigh and ankle,
represented by the tibia.
Crys´talline (lens), a. See Lens.
Cu´bit, n. The forearm.
Cu´bital, a. Pertaining to the forearm.
Cu´cullate, a. Hooded.
Cul-de-sac, n. “Bottom of a bag”; closed end of a cavity.
Cul´men, n. Ridge of upper mandible; highest median lengthwise line
of the bill. (20.)
Cul´minal, a. Pertaining to the culmen.
Cultriros´tral, a. Having the bill shaped like a heron’s.
Cun´eate, Cun´eiform, a. Wedge-shaped. A cuneate tail has the
middle feathers longest, the rest successively regularly shortened.
Cun´eiform (bone), n. One of the wrist-bones.
Curso´rial, a. Running; pertaining or belonging to an obsolete group,
Cursores or runners.
Cus´pidate, a. Pointed as a spear-head.
Cuta´neous, a. Pertaining to the skin. Same as dermal.
Cu´ticle, n. Scarf-skin; outermost layer of skin, which continually
exfoliates.
Cu´tis, n. Skin; the true skin, as distinguished from cuticle and
subcutaneous tissue. Corium and derma are synonymous.
Cyst, n. Sac holding pathological products.

D.

Dac´tyl, n. Finger or toe. Equivalent to digit.


Dactylothe´ca, n. Covering of the toes.
Dasypæ´dic, a. Synonymous with ptilopædic.
Decid´uous, a. Temporary; falling early. The dorsal plumes of the
egret are deciduous.
Decomposed´, a. Separate; standing apart. A decomposed crest has
the feathers standing away from each other.
Decum´bent, a. Lying or hanging downward.
Decurved´, a. Gradually curved downward. Opposed to recurved.
Decus´sate, a. Crossed; intersected.
Defeca´tion, n. Act of discharging the contents of the cloaca.
Degluti´tion, n. Act of swallowing.
Dejec´tion, n. Same as defecation. Also, the matters so discharged.
Del´toid, a. Triangular. A muscle over the shoulder is so named.
Demi- (in composition). Half; same as semi-.
Den´tary, a. An epithet of the foremost element of the compound
mandibular bone.
Den´tate, Dentic´ulate, a. Toothed; notched as if toothed.
Dentig´erous, a. Bearing teeth. The Ichthyornis, Apatornis, and
Odontopteryx (?) are dentigerous birds.
Dentiros´tral, a. Having the bill notched as if toothed. Belonging to a
certain obsolete order, Dentirostres.
Denti´tion, n. Act of cutting teeth.
Denuda´tion, n. State of nakedness; act of laying bare.
Denu´ded, a. Naked; laid bare.
Deor´sum. Below.
Deplu´mate, Depluma´tus, a. Bare of feathers. (4.)
Depressed´, a. Flattened vertically. Opposite of compressed.
Deræ´um, n. Bottom or lower part of the neck. (Little used.)
Der´mal, a. Pertaining to the skin; made of skin; cutaneous.
Der´mal Appen´dage. Any outgrowth from the skin.
Dertrothe´ca, a. Covering of end of bill.
Der´trum, n. End of maxilla, in any way distinguished. (21.)
Desmognath´ous, a. Having the palate bones united.
Des´moid, a. Ligamentous.
Desquama´tion, n. Peeling off.
Dex´trad, a. Toward the right side.
Dex´tral, a. Of or on the right side.
Di- (in composition). Twice; double.
Diagno´sis, n. Distinctive knowledge. Also characterization, or a brief,
precise, and exclusively pertinent definition. Diagnosis is nearly
synonymous in this sense with definition; both differ from
description in omitting non-essential particulars; but definition may
include points equally applicable to some other object.
Diagnos´tic, a. Distinctively and exclusively characteristic. Feathers
are diagnostic of birds.
Diaph´anous, a. Transparent.
Di´aphragm, n. Midriff; musculo-tendinous partition between thorax
and abdomen, rudimentary or wanting in birds.
Diaphragmat´ic, a. Pertaining to the diaphragm.
Diapoph´ysis, n. Transverse process of a vertebra.
Diarthro´sis, n. Movable articulation of bones in general.
Dias´tasis, Dias´tema, n. A separation of bones, particularly the
cranial ones, or of teeth, from each other.
Dias´tole, n. Dilatation of the heart, alternating with the systole or
contraction, occasioning pulsation.
Dichot´omous, a. Divided into pairs.
Dichromatic, a. Of two colors, as the “red” and “gray” plumages of
Scops asio.
Didac´tylous, a. Two-toed, as the ostrich.
Digas´tric, a. Double-bellied; name of a certain muscle.
Digit´igrade, a. Walking on the toes. Opposed to plantigrade.
Digitus, n.; pl. digiti. Digit. Finger or toe. (116.)
Dimorphic, a. Of two forms.
Diplo´ë, n. Light spongy network of bone between inner and outer
surface of the skull.
Disc or Disk, n. Set of radiating feathers of peculiar shape or texture
around the eye of owls.
Dissepimen´tum Nar´ium, n. Same as septum narium, which see.
Dis´tad, a. Toward an extremity.
Dis´tal, a. Remote; situate at or near an extremity; opposed to
proximal.
Dis´tichous, a. Two-rowed; spread apart on either side of a middle
line, as the hairs of a squirrel’s tail, or the tail-feathers of the
Archæopteryx.
Ditok´ous, a. Producing but two eggs, as the pigeon and humming-
bird.
Diur´nal, a. Pertaining to the daytime.
Divar´icate, a. Branching off; spreading apart; curving away.
Divertic´ulum, n. An offshoot of the small intestine.
Dor´sad, a. Toward the back. Opposite of ventrad.
Dor´sal, a. Pertaining to the back.
Dor´sum, n. Back; upper surface of trunk from neck to rump. (57.)
Down, n. Small soft feathers of plumulaceous structure, generally
growing about the roots of plumæ, and concealed by them. See
Plumulæ.
Down´y, a. Of plumulaceous structure. A part of the plumage is of
down-feathers, and the bases of the contour feathers usually also
are of downy structure.
Duct, a.. Any tube for conveyance of an animal product; as oviduct,
sperm-duct, lachrymal duct.
Duod´enal, a. Pertaining to the duodenum.
Duod´enum, n. A short portion of the upper intestine next to the
gizzard, receiving the pancreatic and hepatic secretions.
Du´ra Ma´ter, n. Outer membranous investment of the brain.
Dusk´y, a. Of any undefined dark color.

E.

Eared, a. Having lengthened or highly colored auricular or other


feathers on the side of the head. Eared grebe; long-eared owl.
Ec´dysis, n. Moult; the shedding and renewal of plumage.
Econ´omy (also written œconomy), n. Physical or physiological
disposition. (Literally, regulation of a household.)
Ecto- (in composition). Outer.
Ectozo´ön, n. External parasite, as a louse; same as epizoön.
Opposed to entozoön.
Eden´tate, Eden´tulous, a. Toothless, as nearly all birds are.
Edge of Wing. (95.) See Campterium.
Ef´ferent, a. Conveying outward or away; opposed to afferent.
El´ement, n. A simple ultimate constituent part of a compound organ.
The centrum is an element of a vertebra.
El´evated, a. Said of the hind toe when inserted above the level of
the others.
Elon´gate, a. Lengthened beyond usual ratio.
Emar´ginate, a. Notched at the end; slightly forked, especially in case
of a tail so shaped; also notched, or abruptly narrowed along the
edge, in its continuity, as the border of many a wing-quill.
Embonpoint, n. State of perfect health, as indicated by condition of
fatness not amounting to corpulence or obesity.
Em´bryo, n. Fecundated germ or rudiment of an animal; said of a
bird until hatched, and therefore corresponding to fœtus in
mammalogy.
Embryol´ogy, n. Science or study of the development of animals
before birth or hatching.
Embryon´ic, a. Pertaining to an embryo; being an embryo; not yet
hatched.
Enam´el, n. The hard white substance covering the teeth.
Enarthro´sis, n. Ball-and-socket joint.
Enceph´alon, n. Contents of the cranium, especially the brain.
Endocar´dium, n. Lining membrane of the heart.
Endog´enous, a. Of internal growth or formation; interstitially
deposited. Compare autogenous. Opposed to exogenous.
Endoskel´eton, n. The skeleton proper, or skeleton as commonly
understood; the inner bony framework of the body. (Used in
distinction from exoskeleton or dermoskeleton, such as some
animals possess.)
Enter´ic, a. Belonging or relating to the intestines; intestinal.
Ento- (in composition). Inner.
Epenceph´alon, n. Hindmost segment of the brain.
Epi- (in composition). On; upon; over. Opposed to hypo-.
Epider´mis, n. Cuticle or scarf-skin.
Epidid´ymis, n. An associate organ of the testis, in birds apparently a
remnant of the primordial kidney.
Epigas´trium, n. Pit of stomach; upper belly, next to breast. (A region
not well distinguished in birds. The term is scarcely used.) (64.)
Epiglot´tis, n. Gristly flap on top of windpipe, rudimentary or
wanting in birds.
Epignath´ous, a. Hook-billed.
Epiot´ic, a. for n. A certain element of the auditory capsule.
Epiph´ysis, n. Gristly cap on the end of a bone, afterward becoming
bony and united.
Epipleu´ra, n. An obliquely backward bony process of a vertebral rib.
Epithe´lium, n. Superficial layer of mucous membrane. Sometimes
also the thick tough membrane lining the gizzard.
Epithe´ma, n. Horny excrescence upon the bill.
Epizo´ön, n. An external parasite.
Epizoöt´ic, a. Parasitic among animals.
Erec´tile, a. Susceptible of being raised, as a crest; or capable of
swelling and stiffening, as a penis.
Er´ythrism, n. A particular state of plumage characterized by excess
of red pigment; it is well shown in Scops asio and other owls.
(Compare albinism and melanism.)
Eth´moid, n. One of the cranial bones, in the nasal region.
Etyp´ical, a. Of exceptional character. Tending away from a particular
type. Opposed to attypical.
Eusta´chian (tube), a. for n. The air-tube from the fauces to the inner
ear.
Even (tail), a. Having all the feathers of equal length. Also called
cauda æqualis or integra.
Ex- (in composition). Out; out of; away from.
Excres´cence, n. Outgrowth, fleshy or cutaneous.
Excre´ta, n. pl. Excrement, or other animal refuse.
Ex´cretory or Ex´cretive, a. Having power or quality of excreting.
Excreting differs from secreting, in that the substance resulting is to
be eliminated from the economy, not used; e.g. saliva is secreted;
urea is excreted.
Exoccip´ital, a. or n. One of the lateral elements of the occipital
bone.
Exog´enous, a. Produced by outgrowth.
Exosto´sis, n. Any morbid bony outgrowth or enlargement.
Exten´sor, n. Generic name of muscles that extend or straighten a
limb or any of its segments.
Exte´rior Toes. (126.)
Extrem´ity, n. Any limb, member; equal to membrum, artus.
Ey´as, n. An unfledged hawk.
Eye´brow, n. (43.) See Supercilium.
Ey´ry or Ey´rie, n. Nest of a bird of prey.

F.

Fabel´la, n. A certain sesamoid bone.


Fa´cet, n. Smooth, flattened articulating surface.
Fa´cial, a. Pertaining to the face.
Fa´cies, n. Face; whole front of head, excepting the bill.
Fæ´cal, a. Pertaining to excrement; excrementitious.
Fæ´ces, n. pl. Excrement; dung.
Fal´cate, Fal´ciform, a. Sickle-shaped; scythe-shaped.
Fal´conine, a. Like a hawk; belonging to the Falconidæ.
False Wing. (79.) See Alula.
Falx Cerebri, n. A certain fold of the dura mater.
Family, n. Systematic group of the grade between order and genus,
generally distinguished or denoted by the termination -idæ, as
Falcon-idæ.
Fas´cia, n. Broad band of color. Also, equivalent to Aponeurosis (which
see).
Fas´ciated, a. Broadly banded with color.
Fas´cicle, n. Bundle.
Fas´cicled, Fascic´ulate, a. Bundled.
Fastig´iate, a. Bundled together into conical shape, or with enlarged
head, like a wheat-sheaf.
Fau´ces, n. The jaws, internally; back of the mouth. Compare
Pharynx.
Feather, n. (1; 143.) See Pluma, Penna. Any one of the objects which
collectively constitute the peculiar covering of birds.
Fec´ulent, a. Excrementitious.
Fecun´dated, a. Impregnated; made fruitful; said of the germ of an
egg which has received the male element.
Fecunda´tion, n. Impregnation; the usual consequence of the
completed joint act of the ovarian and spermatic organs.
Fecun´dity, n. Fruitfulness.
Fem´oral, a. Pertaining to the thigh, or part of leg from hip to knee.
Fe´mur, n. Thigh-bone. Also used synonymously with thigh. (97.)
Fenes´trate, a. Furnished with openings (from fenestra, a window).
Fe´ral, a. Wild; not tamed. Opposed to domestic. The mallard is the
feral stock of the tame duck.
Ferrugin´eous or Ferru´ginous, a. Rusty-red.
Fe´tus or Fœ´tus, n. Unborn young. (But the unhatched young of
birds are oftener called embryos.)
Fibril´la, n.; pl. fibrillæ. Little fibre.
Fib´rin, a. Certain animal substance of fibrous composition, found in
the blood and elsewhere.
Fi´bro-car´tilage, n. A kind of cartilage of fibrous structure, such as
that between vertebræ and many other joints.
Fib´ula, n. Smaller outer leg-bone, lying alongside the tibia.
Fil´ament, n. Thread or slender fibre.
Filament´ous, Fil´iform, a. Threadlike; composed of filaments;
oftener, very narrowly linear.
Filopluma´ceous, a. Having the structure of a filoplume.
Fil´oplume, n. Thread-like or hair-like feather; one with slender
scape, and without web in most or all of its length.
Fim´briated, a. Fringed.
Fissipal´mate, a. Lobiped and semipalmate, as a grebe’s foot is.
Fis´siped, a. Having cleft toes. Opposed to palmiped.
Fissiros´tral, a. Having the bill cleft far beyond the base of its horny
part.
Fissiros´tres, n. An obsolete order of cleft-billed birds.
Flam´mulated, a. Pervaded with reddish color.
Flank, n. Hinder part of side of trunk. (67.)
Flap, n. See Loma.
Flex´ion, n. Bending (of a limb). Opposed to extension.
Flex´or, n. Generic name of a muscle that bends a limb or any of its
segments.
Flexu´ra (alæ), n. Bend of the wing; carpal angle; salient angle or
prominence formed at the wrist when the wing is folded. (77.)
Flex´ure, n. See Flexura.
Floc´culent, a. Pertaining to the peculiar down of newly hatched or
unfledged young birds. (Not used in ornithology in its common sense
of flaky.)
Floc´cus, n. A peculiar kind of plumage of simple structure (generally
downy), found in unfledged birds, at first growing directly from the
skin, afterwards for the most part affixed to the tip of the true
feather, of which it is the precursor, or rather the first-formed part;
and finally falling off. In psilopædic birds the floccus is only
associated with the true plumage, sprouting from the future pterylæ
alone; in ptilopædic birds it also sprouts from the apteria, and in so
far is unconnected with future plumage; the whole body is in such
cases densely clothed. (Sundevall.)
Fϫtus, n. Same as Fetus (which see).
Fol´licle, n. Minute secretory sac.
Follic´ular, Follic´ulate, a. Having follicles; composed of follicles.
Foot, n. (112.) See Pes.
Foot-joint, n. Junction of toes collectively with the metatarsus. (100.)
See Podarthrum.
Fora´men, n.; pl. foram´ina. Hole; opening; perforation. Foramen
magnum, the large hole in the occipital bone transmitting the neural
axis. Foramen lacerum, irregular vacuity between certain bones at
base of skull. The foramen rotundum transmits the optic nerve;
foramen ovale, the trigeminal nerve; the latter is also a name of the
opening between right and left sides of the heart.
Fore´head, n. Front of head from bill to crown. (34.) See Frons.
Fore-neck, a. Whole front of collum, from chin to breast; whole
throat. (51.) See Guttur.
For´ficate, a. Deeply forked.
Forked (tail), a. Having the outer feathers longest, the rest gradually
successively shortened to the middle pair; when these are again
lengthened somewhat, the tail is said to be doubly forked.
Fos´sa, n.; pl. fossæ. Ditch; excavated place. Used chiefly in the
plural to denote the pits or grooves in which most birds’ nostrils
open.
Fos´sil, a. or n. Dug out of the ground. Particularly, any organized
body, or remains, trace, or mould of such body, naturally buried in
past time by geologic agencies. The Archæopteryx macrurus, of the
Jurassic formation of Solenhofen, a mesozoic bird, is the oldest
known ornithic fossil.
Fosso´rial, a. Digging into the earth for a habitation.
Fos´ter. This word and its various compounds are used in their
common senses in treating of the relations of young cowbirds and
young cuckoos with the birds upon which they are parasitic.
Fo´vea, n. A slight depression.
Free, a. Said of the leg when not enclosed to the knee in the
common integument of the body.
Fre´num, a. Bridle; hence, any cheek-stripe.
Fringe, n. Marginal membrane; also, marginal row of feathers. (135.)
See Loma.
Fringed Toe. (134.)
Frons, n. Forehead. (34.)
Fron´tal, a. Pertaining to the forehead.
Fron´tal Bone, n. Principal bone of the forehead.
Fron´tal Points. See Antiæ. (36.)
Front of Tarsus. Instep. (104.)
Frugiv´orous, a. Fruit-eating.
Fulig´inous, a. Sooty-brown; dark smoky brown.
Ful´vous, a. Of a brownish-yellow color.
Fur´cate, a. Forked; forficate.
Fur´cula or Fur´culum, n. The merry-thought or wish-bone; the two
clavicles or collar-bones taken together. Also called os furcatum.
Fus´cous, a. Of a dark-brown color.
Fu´siform, a. Spindle-shaped; tapering at each end.

G.
Gal´eate, a. Covered as with a helmet; said of certain gallinules,
coots, etc.
Gall, n. Bile; the secretion of the liver.
Gall-blad´der, n. Membranous sac attached to liver for holding bile.
Gall-duct, n. Tube for conveyance of bile into the intestine; the
ductus choledochus.
Gallina´ceous, a. Belonging to the Gallinæ; having the nature of the
domestic fowl.
Gang´lion, n.; pl. ganglia. Natural knot-like enlargement of a nerve.
Gape, n. Opening of the mouth; area of the opened mouth. (28.)
Compare Rictus and Commissure.
Gastræ´um, n. The whole under part of a bird. (16.)
Gas´tric, a. Pertaining to the stomach or belly. The gastric juice of
birds is the secretion of the proventriculus, or follicular stomach, not
of the gizzard or grinding muscular stomach.
Gastrocne´mius, n. A muscle of the back of the leg.
Gemel´li, n. pl. The twins; certain muscles of the pelvis.
Ge´na, n. Cheek; feathered side of under mandible. (43.) See Malar
Region.
Gen´erative Or´gans, n. Organs of reproduction in either sex.
Gener´ic, n. Pertaining to a genus; as, generic character, generic
description.
Gen´esis, n. Act, mode, or conditions of reproduction. In science,
genesis notes rather the laws and results of origination of individuals
or species. The “genesis of species” is a term equivalent to the
evolution of species from antecedent forms, with some; with others,
their origination by creative fiat.
Genet´ic, a. Pertaining to genesis. Genetic descent, or genetic
succession in species, is maintained by those who hold the theory of
evolution.
Ge´nu, n. Knee; joint of femur with tibia.
Ge´nus, n.; pl. gen´era. An assemblage of species, or a single
species, constituting a taxonomic group of value next below that of
the family.
Gen´ys, n. See Gonys.
Ger´minal Ves´icle, n. Cell in the vitellus having a dark spot.
Gibbose´, Gib´bous, a. Swollen; protuberant; humped; hunched.
Gibbos´ity, n. A swelling or protuberance.
Gige´rium, n. Gizzard.
Gin´glymus, n. Hinge-joint. The knee and elbow are ginglymoid, or
hinged joints.
Glab´rous, a. Smooth.
Gland, n. A soft fleshy organ, in which fluids of the body are modified
to form new products, to be used in, or eliminated from, the
economy. But some organs without ducts, and the function of which
is unknown, are called glands, as the thymus, thyroid, and pineal.
The liver is the largest gland of the body. The proventriculus is a
glandular organ.
Glan´dular, a. Pertaining to glands; having glands; consisting of
glands.
Glans, n. Head of the penis.
Glos´sa or Glot´ta, n. Tongue.
Glos´so-hy´al, n. Principal bone of the tongue.
Glos´so-pharyn´geal, a. Pertaining to the tongue and jaws. A certain
nerve is so called.
Glu´tæal, a. Pertaining to the buttocks; certain muscles are so
called.
Glu´tæus, n. A muscle of the side of the rump.
Gnathid´ium, n.; pl. gnathidia. Branch of the lower jaw as far as it is
naked. (Oftener used in the plural.) (24.)
Gnathothe´ca, n. Covering of the lower mandible. (14.)
Gonyde´al, a. Pertaining to the mandibular symphysis.
Go´nys, n. Keel or lower outline of the bill as far as the mandibular
rami are united. (The word is commonly but erroneously so written,
as if from the Greek gonu, knee, or protuberance of the bill; it is
rather from the Greek genus (genys), signifying chin.—Sundevall.)
Gor´get, n. Throat-patch, distinguished by color or texture of the
feathers.
Gra´dient, a. Walking or running by steps. Opposed to saltatory, or
leaping.
Grad´uated, a. Changing length at regular intervals, in regular
succession; said chiefly of the tail when its feathers regularly shorten
successively by more and more from the middle to the outer.
Graminiv´orous, a. Grass-eating.
Graniv´orous, a. Seed-eating.
Gran´ulate, a. Roughened with numerous small elevations, like
shagreen. (Said chiefly of the tarsus.)
Greater Wing-cov´erts, n. The single, longest, most posterior series of
the secondary set. (92.)
Ground-col´or (in oölogy), n. The color of the general surface of the
egg-shell, as distinguished from its markings.
Grypan´ium, a. Noting a particular form of bill, in which the culmen is
nearly straight, but bent down at the tip.
Gu´la, n. Upper foreneck, adjoining chin; upper throat. (52.)
Gu´lar, a. Pertaining to the upper foreneck.
Gut´tate, n. Having drop-shaped spots.
Gut´tiform, a. Drop-shaped.
Gut´tur, n. The whole foreneck. (51.) (But guttural is rarely used in
this connection.)
Gymnopæ´dic, n. Synonymous with psilopædic.
Gymnorhi´nal, a. Having unfeathered nostrils.

H.

Hab´itat, n. Locality or region frequented by a species; its


geographical distribution.
Hab´itus, n. Habitude; mode of life.
Hack´le, n. Long cervical feather of the domestic cock.
Hæ´mal Arch, n. The lower ring of a (ideally or actually) complete
vertebra, enclosing a section of the principal vascular and visceral
systems, as the neural arch does a section of the principal nervous
system. In birds the hæmal arch is complete only in the thoracic
region.
Hæ´mal Spine, n. An ideal transverse section of the sternum
corresponding to any one pair of ribs, completing the hæmal arch
inferiorly.
Hæmapoph´ysis, n. Segment, actual or potential, of the hæmal arch
between the pleurapophysis and hæmal spine. In birds it actually
exists in the thoracic region, as the sternal rib, movably articulated
with the sternum and the vertebral rib, which latter is the
pleurapophysis.
Hæmatit´ic, a. Of a bloody-red color.
Hæmatother´ma, n. Warm-blooded animals collectively; the antithesis
is hæmatocrya.
Hal´lucal, a. Pertaining to the hallux.
Hal´lux, n. The hind toe. The name is retained, even when the hind
toe is brought round to the front. When the toes are in pairs, it is
the inner of the two hind ones, excepting in Trogonidæ. In the
genus Picoides the actual single hind toe is not the hallux, but the
fourth toe reversed, there being no hallux. This toe may always be
recognized by presence of not more than two joints. It is the one
usually wanting in three-toed birds, and is frequently rudimentary or
functionless, even when present. Its large size, with largest claw,
and specialization of its flexor muscle, marks the passerine or
highest group of birds. (129.) (Sometimes written hallex or allex.)
Halo´nes, n. pl. Certain appearances of the yolk, probably due to the
margins of its successive layers.
Ham´ulate, a. Hooked.
Ham´ulus, n.; pl. hamuli. Hooked fringe of a barbule; hooked
barbicel.
Hand-quills, n. Primary remiges. (75.)
Has´tate, a. Spear-head shaped.
Head, n. (9, 29.)
Heel, n. (107.) See Calcaneus and Talus. Upper back part of tarso-
metatarsus (tarsus or shank), rarely resting on the ground in birds
when standing erect. (Commonly, but most improperly, called knee.)
Heel-joint, n. (103.) See Suffrago. The tibio-tarsal articulation, as it is
called; that between the leg (crus), and the tarso-metatarsus
(shank). With few exceptions among certain Raptores, it always
bends backward; the knee always has its convexity forward.
Heel-pad, n. (115.) Pterna; tuber (which see). The posterior portion
of pelma, immediately under the foot-joint, and frequently
prominent. (But heel-pad should not be used in this connection,
since the heel (calcaneus) is at the top of the tarsus, and not at the
bottom where the heel-pad lies.) (115.)
Hemi- (in composition). Semi-; demi-; half.
Hepat´ic, a. Pertaining to the liver; as, hepatic artery, hepatic
secretion.
Heteroge´neous, a. Of different or dissimilar nature; of mixed or
miscellaneous character.
Hex´agon, n. Figure of six sides and six edges.
Hexag´onal, a. Having six sides and edges.
Hiber´nal, a. Pertaining to the winter time. (Neither this nor æstival
are much used, although vernal and autumnal are continually
employed.)
Hind-neck, n. (48.) See Cervix.
Hind-toe, n. (129.) See Hallux.
Hinder Parts. (8.) See Uræum.
Hip, n. Joint of femur with pelvis; projection formed by femoral
trochanter over the joint.
Hirsute´, a. Hairy; rather shaggy, as the feet of a grouse.
Histog´eny, n. Formation of tissue.

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