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Answers to Review Questions
Chapter 7

1. The size declarator is used in a definition of an array to indicate the number of

elements the array will have. A subscript is used to access a specific element in an
array.
2. The array has 10 elements.
The subscript of the first element is 0.
The subscript of the last element is 9.
Using four-byte integers, this array uses 40 bytes of memory.
3. Because, with the array alone the function has no way of determining the number
of elements it has.
4. 2
14
8
5. By providing an initialization list. The array is sized to hold the number of values
in the list.
6. 3
0
7. Because an array name without brackets and a subscript represents the array's
beginning memory address. The statement shown attempts to assign the address
of array2 to array1, which is not permitted.
8. No.
9. By reference.
10. The array's beginning memory address.
11. By using the same subscript value for each array.
12. Eight rows
Ten columns
Eighty elements
sales[7][9] = 123.45;
13. The second size declarator, which is for the number of columns.
14.
• You do not have to declare the number of elements that a vector will have.
• If you add a value to a vector that is already full, the vector will
automatically increase its size to accommodate the new value.
• A vector can report the number of elements it contains.

15. size declarator

16. integer, 0
17. subscript
18. 0
19. size declarator, subscript
20. bounds
21. initialization
22. 0
23. initialization list

Starting Out with C++: From Control Structures through Objects, 9/e ©2018 Pearson Education
24. subscript
25. =
26. an address
27. address, or name
28. multi-dimensional
29. rows, columns
30. two
31. braces
32. column
33. Standard Template Library (or STL)
34. sequence and associative
35. sequence
36. vector
37. push_back
38. size
39. pop_back
40. clear

41. const int SIZE = 20;

for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++)
cout << names[i] << endl;

42. const int SIZE = 100;

for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++)
numberArray2[i] = numberArray1[i];

43. const int SIZE = 10;

int id[SIZE]; // To hold ID numbers
double weeklyPay[SIZE]; // To hold weekly pay
// Display each employee's gross weekly pay.
for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++)
{
cout << "The pay for employee "
<< id[i] << " is $" << fixed
<< showpoint << setprecision(2)
<< weeklyPay[i] << endl;
}

44. const int ROWS = 30, COLS = 10;

int grades[ROWS][COLS];

45. const int SIZE = 12;

const int NAME_SIZE = 25;
// A 2D array to hold the country names
char countries[SIZE][NAME_SIZE];

Starting Out with C++: From Control Structures through Objects, 9/e ©2018 Pearson Education
 // An array to hold populations
long populations[SIZE];

// Display each country's name and population.

for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++)
{
cout << "The population of " << countries[i]
<< " is " << populations[i] << endl;
}

46. No, the correct sum will not be printed for numberArray2 because the
accumulator (total) is not set back to zero before the second loop executes.

47. numberArray[0][0] = 145;

numberArray[8][10] = 18;

48. const int ROWS = 10;

const int COLS = 20;
int row, col; // Loop counters
float total = 0.0; // Accumulator
// Sum the values in the array.
for (row = 0; row < ROWS; row++)
{
for (col = 0; col < COLS; col++)
total += values[row][col];
}

49. const int NUM_ROWS = 29;

const int NUM_COLS = 5;
int row, col, // Loop counters
total; // Accumulator
// Display the sum of each row.
for (row = 0; row < NUM_ROWS; row++)
{
// Set the accumulator.
total = 0;
// Sum a row.
for (col = 0; col < NUM_COLS; col++)
total += days[row][col];
// Display the row's total.
cout << "The total for row " << row
<< " is " << total << endl;
}
// Display the sum of each column.
for (col = 0; col < NUM_COLS; col++)
{
// Set the accumulator.

Starting Out with C++: From Control Structures through Objects, 9/e ©2018 Pearson Education
 total = 0;
// Sum a column.
for (row = 0; row < NUM_ROWS; row++)
total += days[row][col];
// Display the column's total.
cout << "The total for column "
<< col << " is " << total << endl;
}

50. false
51. true
52. true
53. false
54. true
55. false
56. true
57. true
58. false
59. true
60. true
61. false
62. false
63. false
64. false
65. true
66. false
67. true
68. true
69. true
70. true
71. true
72. false
73. false
74. true
75. false
76. true
77. true
78. false
79. true

80. The size declarator cannot be a variable.

81. The size declarator cannot be negative.
82. The loop will write data past the end of the array.
83. The initialization list must be enclosed in braces.
84. Two of the initialization values are left out.
85. For the array to be implicitly sized there must be an initialization list.
86. A null terminator must be specified in the initialization list.

Starting Out with C++: From Control Structures through Objects, 9/e ©2018 Pearson Education
87. The assignment operator cannot be used to assign the contents of one array to
another, in a single statement.
88. The parameter should be declared as int nums[]. Also, the function should
have a parameter to hold the size of the array.
89. The parameter must specify the number of columns, not the number of rows.
90. You do not use an = operator before the initialization list.

Starting Out with C++: From Control Structures through Objects, 9/e ©2018 Pearson Education
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
fishing nets. Their fine clothes, which possibly might be the spoils of
war, were kept in a small hut, which was erected for that purpose in
the middle of the town: the nets we saw making in almost every
house, and the several parts being afterwards collected were joined
together. Less account seems to be made of the women here than in
the South Sea islands; such at least was the opinion of Tupia, who
complained of it as an indignity to the sex. We observed that the two
sexes eat together; but how they divide their labour we do not
certainly know. I am inclined to believe that the men till the ground,
make nets, catch birds, and go out in their boats to fish; and that
the women dig up fern-roots, collect lobsters and other shell-fish
near the beach, dress the victuals, and weave cloth: such at least
were their employments when we had an opportunity of observing
them, which was but seldom; for in general our appearance made a
holiday wherever we went, men, women and children, flocking
round us, either to gratify their curiosity, or to purchase some of the
valuable merchandise which we carried about with us, consisting
principally of nails, paper, and broken glass.
Of the religion of these people it cannot be supposed that we
could learn much; they acknowledge the influence of superior
beings, one of whom is supreme, and the rest subordinate; and gave
nearly the same account of the origin of the world, and the
production of mankind, as our friends in Otaheite: Tupia, however,
seemed to have a much more deep and extensive knowledge of
these subjects than any of the people here; and whenever he was
disposed to instruct them, which he sometimes did in a long
discourse, he was sure of a numerous audience, who listened in
profound silence, with such reverence and attention, that we could
not but wish them a better teacher.
What homage they pay to the deities they acknowledge we could
not learn; but we saw no place of public worship, like the Morais of
the South Sea islands: yet we saw, near a plantation of sweet
potatoes, a small area, of a square figure, surrounded with stones,
in the middle of which one of the sharpened stakes which they use
as a spade was set up, and upon it was hung a basket of fern-roots:
upon inquiry, the natives told us, that it was an offering to the gods,
by which the owner hoped to render them propitious, and obtain a
plentiful crop.
As to their manner of disposing of their dead, we could form no
certain opinion of it, for the accounts that we received by no means
agreed. In the northern parts, they told us that they buried them in
the ground; and in the southern, that they threw them into the sea:
it is however certain that we saw no grave in the country, and that
they affected to conceal every thing relating to their dead with a
kind of mysterious secrecy. But whatever may be the sepulchre, the
living are themselves the monuments; for we saw scarcely a single
person of either sex whose body was not marked by the scars of
wounds which they had inflicted upon themselves as a testimony of
their regret for the loss of a relation or friend: some of these wounds
we saw in a state so recent that the blood was scarcely staunched,
which shows that death had been among them while we were upon
the coast; and makes it more extraordinary that no funeral
ceremony should have fallen under our notice: some of the scars
were very large and deep, and in many instances had greatly
disfigured the face. One monument indeed we observed of another
kind,—the cross that was set up near Queen Charlotte’s Sound.
Having now given the best account in my power of the customs
and opinions of the inhabitants of New Zealand, with their boats,
nets, furniture, and dress, I shall only remark, that the similitude
between these particulars here and in the South Sea islands is a very
strong proof that the inhabitants have the same origin; and that the
common ancestors of both, were natives of the same country. They
have both a tradition that their ancestors, at a very remote period of
time, came from another country; and according to the tradition of
both, that the name of that country was Heawije; but the similitude
of the language seems to put the matter altogether out of doubt. I
have already observed, that Tupia, when he accosted the people
here in the language of his own country, was perfectly understood;
and I shall give a specimen of the similitude by a list of words in
both languages, according to the dialect of the northern and
southern islands of which New Zealand consists, by which it will
appear that the language of Otaheite does not differ more from that
of New Zealand, than the language of the two islands from each
other.
English. New Zealand. Otaheite.
Northern. Southern.
A Chief, Eareete, Eareete, Earee.
A man, Taata, Taata, Taata.
A woman, Whahine, Whahine, Ivahine.
The head, Eupo, Heaowpoho, Eupo.
The hair, Macauwe, Heoo-oo, Roourou.
The ear, Terringa, Hetaheyei, Terrea.
The forehead, Erai, Heai, Erai.
The eyes, Mata, Hemata, Mata.
The cheeks, Paparinga, Hepapaeh, Paparea.
The nose, Ahewh, Heeih, Ahew.
The mouth, Hangoutou, Hegaowai, Outou.
The chin, Ecouwai, Hakaoewai,
The arm, Haringaringu, Rema.
The finger, Maticara, Hermaigawh, Maneow.
The belly, Ateraboo, Oboo.
The navel, Apeto, Heeapeto, Peto.
Come hither, Haromai, Haromai, Herromai.
Fish, Heica, Heica, Eyea.
A lobster, Kooura, Kooura, Tooura.
Coccos, Taro, Taro, Taro.
Sweet potatoes, Cumala, Cumala, Cumala.
Yams, Tuphwhe, Tuphwhe, Tuphwhe.
Birds, Mannu, Mannu, Mannu.
No, Kaoura, Kaoura, Oure.
One, Tahai, Tahai.
Two, Rua, Rua.
Three, Torou, Torou.
Four, Ha, Hea.
Five, Rema, Rema.
Six, Ono, Ono.
Seven, Etu, Hetu.
Eight, Warou, Warou.
Nine, Iva, Heva.
Ten, Angahourou, Ahourou.
The teeth, Hennihew, Heneaho, Nihio.
The wind, Mehow, Mattai.
A thief, Amootoo, Teto.
To examine, Mataketake, Mataitai.
To sing, Eheara, Heiva.
Bad, Keno, Keno, Eno.
Trees, Eratou, Eratou, Eraou.
Grandfather, Toubouna, Toubouna, Toubouna.
What do you call this Owy Terra, Owy
or that, Terra,
By this specimen, I think it appears to demonstration that the
language of New Zealand and Otaheite is radically the same. The
language of the northern and southern parts of New Zealand differs
chiefly in the pronunciation, as the same English word is pronounced
gate in Middlesex, and geäte in Yorkshire: and as the southern and
northern words were not written down by the same person, one
might possibly use more letters to produce the same sound than the
other.
I must also observe, that it is the genius of the language,
especially in the southern parts, to put some article before a noun,
as we do the or a; the articles used here were generally he or ko; it
is also common here to add the word öeia after another word as an
iteration, especially if it is an answer to a question; as we say, yes
indeed, to be sure, really, certainly: this sometimes led our
gentlemen into the formation of words of an enormous length,
judging by the ear only, without being able to refer each sound into
its signification. An example will make this perfectly understood.
In the Bay of Islands there is a remarkable one, called by the
natives Matuaro. One of our gentlemen having asked a native the
name of it, he answered, with the particle, Kematuaro; the
gentleman hearing the sound imperfectly, repeated his question, and
the Indian repeating his answer, added öeia, which made the word
Kematuaroöeia; and thus it happened that in the log book I found
Metuaro transformed into Cumettiwarroweia: and the same
transformation by the same means, might happen to an English
word. Suppose a native of New Zealand at Hackney church, to
inquire “What village is this?” the answer would be, “It is Hackney:”
suppose the question to be repeated with on air of doubt and
uncertainty, the answer might be, “it is Hackney indeed,” and the
New Zealander, if he had the use of letters, would probably record,
for the information of his countrymen, that during his residence
among us he had visited a village called “Ityshak neeindede.” The
article used by the inhabitants of the South Sea islands, instead of
he or ko, is to or ta, but the word öeia is common to both; and when
we began to learn the language, it led us into many ridiculous
mistakes.
But supposing these islands, and those in the South Seas, to have
been peopled originally from the same country, it will perhaps for
ever remain a doubt what country that is: we were, however,
unanimously of opinion, that the people did not come from America,
which lies to the eastward; and except there should appear to be a
continent to the southward, in a moderate latitude, it will follow that
they came from the westward.
Thus far our navigation has certainly been unfavourable to the
notion of a southern continent, for it has swept away at least three-
fourths of the positions upon which it has been founded. The
principal navigators, whose authority has been urged on this
occasion, are Tasman, Juan Fernandes, Hermite, the commander of
a Dutch squadron, Quiros, and Roggewein; and the track of the
Endeavour has demonstrated that the land seen by these persons,
and supposed to be part of a continent, is not so; it has also totally
subverted the theoretical arguments which have been brought to
prove that the existence of a southern continent is necessary to
preserve an equilibrium between the two hemispheres; for upon this
principle what we have already proved to be water, would render the
southern hemisphere too light. In our route to the northward, after
doubling Cape Horn, when we were in the latitude of 40°, our
longitude was 110°; and in our return to the southward, after
leaving Ulietea, when we were again in latitude 40°, our longitude
was 145°; the difference is 35°. When we were in latitude 30° the
difference of longitude between the two tracks was 21°, which
continued till we were as low as 20°; but a single view of the chart
will convey a better idea of this than the most minute description:
yet as upon a view of the chart it will appear that there is a large
space extending quite to the tropics, which neither we, nor any
other navigators to our knowledge, have explored, and as there will
appear to be room enough for the Cape of a southern continent to
extend northward into a low southern latitude, I shall give my
reason for believing there is no Cape of any southern continent, to
the northward of 40° south.
Notwithstanding what has been laid down by some geographers in
their maps, and alleged by Mr. Dalrymple, with respect to Quiros, it
is improbable in the highest degree that he saw to the southward of
two islands, which he discovered in latitude 25 or 26, and which I
suppose may lie between the longitude of 130° and 140° W., any
signs of a continent, much less any thing which, in his opinion, was
a known or indubitable sign of such land; for if he had, he would
certainly have sailed southward in search of it, and if he had sought,
supposing the signs to have been indubitable, he must have found:
the discovery of a southern continent was the ultimate object of
Quiros’s voyage, and no man appears to have had it more at heart;
so that if he was in latitude 26° S. and in longitude 146° W., where
Mr. Dalrymple has placed the islands he discovered, it may fairly be
inferred, that no part of a southern continent extends to that
latitude.
It will, I think, appear with equal evidence from the accounts of
Roggewein’s voyage, that between the longitudes of 130° and 150°
W. there is no main land to the northward of 35° S. Mr. Pingre, in a
treatise concerning the transit of Venus, which he went out to
observe, has inserted an extract of Roggewein’s voyage, and a map
of the South Seas; and for reasons which may be seen at large in his
work, supposes him, after leaving Easter Island, which he places in
latitude 28-½ S. longitude 123° W., to have steered S. W. as high as
34° S. and afterwards W. N. W.; and if this was indeed his route, the
proof that there is no main land to the northward of 35° S. is
irrefragable. Mr. Dalrymple indeed supposes his route to have been
different, and that from Easter Isle he steered N. W., taking a course
afterwards very little different from that of La Maire; but I think it is
highly improbable that a man, who, at his own request was sent to
discover a southern continent, should take a course in which La
Maire had already proved no continent could be found: it must,
however, be confessed, that Roggewein’s track cannot certainly be
ascertained, because, in the accounts that have been published of
his voyage, neither longitudes nor latitudes are mentioned. As to
myself, I saw nothing that I thought a sign of land in my route,
either to the northward, southward, or westward, till a few days
before I made the east coast of New Zealand. I did indeed
frequently see large flocks of birds, but they were generally such as
are found at a very remote distance from any coast; and it is also
true that I frequently saw pieces of rock-weed, but I could not infer
the vicinity of land from these, because I have been informed, upon
indubitable authority, that a considerable quantity of the beans
called ox-eyes, which are known to grow no where but in the West
Indies, are every year thrown up on the coast of Ireland, which is
not less than twelve hundred leagues distant.
Thus have I given my reasons for thinking that there is no
continent to the northward of latitude 40° S. Of what may lie farther
to the southward than 40°, I can give no opinion; but I am so far
from wishing to discourage any future attempt, finally to determine a
question which has long been an object of attention to many
nations; that now this voyage has reduced the only possible site of a
continent in the southern hemisphere, north of latitude 40°, to so
small a space, I think it would be pity to leave that any longer
unexamined, especially as the voyage may turn to good account,
besides determining the principal question, if no continent should be
found, by the discovery of new islands in the tropical regions, of
which there is probably a great number that no European vessel has
ever yet visited. Tupia, from time to time, gave us an account of
about one hundred and thirty; and, in a chart drawn by his own
hand, he actually laid down no less than seventy-four.
 BOOK III.

CHAP. I.

THE RUN FROM NEW ZEALAND TO BOTANY BAY, ON

THE EAST COAST OF NEW HOLLAND, NOW CALLED
NEW SOUTH WALES; VARIOUS INCIDENTS THAT
HAPPENED THERE; WITH SOME ACCOUNT OF THE
COUNTRY AND ITS INHABITANTS.

H aving sailed from Cape Farewell, which lies in latitude 40° 33ʹ S.,
longitude 186° W., on Saturday the 31st of March, 1770, we steered
westward, with a fresh gale at N. N. E., and at noon, on the 2d of
April, our latitude, by observation, was 40°, our longitude from Cape
Farewell 2° 31ʹ W.
In the morning of the 9th, being in latitude 38° 29ʹ S., we saw a
tropic bird, which, in so high a latitude, is very uncommon.
In the morning of the 10th, being in latitude 38° 51ʹ S., longitude
202° 43ʹ W., we found the variation, by the amplitude, to be 11° 25ʹ
E., and by the azimuth 11° 20ʹ.
In the morning of the 11th, the variation was 13° 48ʹ, which is
two degrees and a half more than the day before, though I expected
to have found it less.
In the course of the 13th, being in latitude 39° 23ʹ S., longitude
204° 2ʹ W., I found the variation to be 12° 27ʹ E., and in the
morning of the 14th it was 11° 30ʹ, this day we also saw some flying
fish. On the 15th, we saw an egg bird and a gannet, and as these
are birds that never go far from the land, we continued to sound all
night, but had no ground with 130 fathom. At noon, on the 16th, we
were in latitude 39° 45ʹ S., longitude 208° W. At about two o’clock
the wind came about to the W. S. W., upon which we tacked and
stood to the N. W.; soon after, a small land-bird perched upon the
rigging, but we had no ground with 120 fathom. At eight we wore
and stood to the southward till twelve at night, and then wore and
stood to the N. W. till four in the morning, when we again stood to
the southward, having a fresh gale at W. S. W., with squalls and dark
weather till nine, when the weather became clear, and there being
little wind, we had an opportunity to take several observations of the
sun and moon, the mean result of which gave 207° 56ʹ W.
longitude: our latitude at noon was 39° 36ʹ S. We had now a hard
gale from the southward, and a great sea from the same quarter,
which obliged us to run under our fore-sail and mizen all night,
during which we sounded every two hours, but had no ground with
120 fathom.
In the morning of the 18th, we saw two Port Egmont hens, and a
pintado bird, which are certain signs of approaching land, and,
indeed, by our reckoning, we could not be far from it, for our
longitude was now one degree to the westward of the east side of
Van Diemen’s land, according to the longitude laid down by Tasman,
whom we could not suppose to have erred much in so short a run as
from this land to New Zealand; and by our latitude we could not be
above fifty or fifty-five leagues from the place whence he took his
departure. All this day we had frequent squalls and a great swell. At
one in the morning we brought to and sounded, but had no ground
with 130 fathom; at six we saw land extending from N. E. to W., at
the distance of five or six leagues, having eighty fathom water, with
a fine sandy bottom.
We continued standing westward, with the wind at S. S. W., till
eight, when we made all the sail we could, and bore away along the
shore N. E. for the eastermost land in sight, being at this time in
latitude 37° 58ʹ S., and longitude 210° 39ʹ W. The southermost point
of land in sight, which bore from us W. ¼ S., I judged to lie in
latitude 38°, longitude 211° 7ʹ, and gave it the name of Point Hicks,
because Mr. Hicks, the first lieutenant, was the first who discovered
it. To the southward of this Point no land was to be seen, though it
was very clear in that quarter, and by our longitude, compared with
that of Tasman, not as it is laid down in the printed charts, but in the
extracts from Tasman’s journal, published by Rembrantse, the body
of Van Diemen’s land ought to have borne due south; and, indeed,
from the sudden falling of the sea after the wind abated, I had
reason to think it did; yet as I did not see it, and as I found this
coast trend N. E. and S. W., or rather more to the eastward, I cannot
determine whether it joins to Van Diemen’s land or not.
At noon we were in latitude 37° 5ʹ, longitude 210° 29ʹ W. The
extremes of the land extended from N. W. to E. N. E., and a
remarkable point bore N. 20 E., at the distance of about four
leagues. This point rises in a round hillock, very much resembling
the Ram Head at the entrance of Plymouth Sound, and therefore I
called it by the same name. The variation by an azimuth, taken this
morning, was 3° 7ʹ E.; and what we had now seen of the land,
appeared low and level: the sea-shore was a white sand, but the
country within was green and woody. About one o’clock, we saw
three water-spouts at once; two were between us and the shore,
and the third at some distance, upon our larboard quarter: this
phenomenon is so well known, that it is not necessary to give a
particular description of it here.
At six o’clock in the evening we shortened sail, and brought to for
the night, having fifty-six fathom water, and a fine sandy bottom.
The northermost land in sight then bore N. by E. ½ E., and a small
island lying close to a point on the main bore W. distant two leagues.
This point, which I called Cape Howe, may be known by the trending
of the coast, which is north on the one side and south-west on the
other; it may also be known by some round hills upon the main, just
within it.
We brought to for the night, and at four in the morning made sail
along shore to the northward. At six, the northermost land in sight
bore N. N. W. and we were at this time about four leagues from the
shore. At noon we were in latitude 36° 51ʹ S., longitude 209° 53ʹ W.,
and about three leagues distant from the shore. The weather being
clear, gave us a good view of the country, which has a very pleasing
appearance: it is of a moderate height, diversified by hills and
valleys, ridges and plains, interspersed with a few lawns of no great
extent, but in general covered with wood: the ascent of the hills and
ridges is gentle, and the summits are not high. We continued to sail
along the shore to the northward, with a southerly wind, and in the
afternoon we saw smoke in several places, by which we knew the
country to be inhabited. At six in the evening we shortened sail, and
sounded: we found forty-four fathom water, with a clear sandy
bottom, and stood on under an easy sail till twelve, when we
brought to for the night, and had ninety fathom water.
At four in the morning we made sail again, at the distance of
about five leagues from the land, and at six, we were abreast of a
high mountain, lying near the shore, which, on account of its figure,
I called Mount Dromedary. Under this mountain the shore forms a
point, to which I gave the name of Point Dromedary, and over it there
is a peaked hillock. At this time, being in latitude 36° 18ʹ S.,
longitude 209° 55ʹ W., we found the variation to be 10° 42ʹ E.
Between ten and eleven, Mr. Green and I took several
observations of the sun and moon, the mean result of which gave
209° 17ʹ longitude W. By an observation made the day before, our
longitude was 210° 9ʹ W., from which 20ʹ being subtracted, there
remains 209° 49ʹ, the longitude of the ship this day at noon, the
mean of which, with this day’s observation, gives 209° 33ʹ, by which
I fix the longitude of this coast. At noon our latitude was 35° 49ʹ S.,
Cape Dromedary bore S. 30 W., at the distance of twelve leagues,
and an open bay, in which were three or four small islands, bore N.
W. by W., at the distance of five or six leagues. This bay seemed to
afford but little shelter from the sea winds, and yet it is the only
place where there appeared a probability of finding anchorage upon
the whole coast. We continued to steer along the shore N. by E. and
N. N. E., at the distance of about three leagues, and saw smoke in
many places near the beach. At five in the evening we were abreast
of a point of land which rose in a perpendicular cliff, and which, for
that reason, I called Point Upright. Our latitude was 35° 35ʹ S. when
this point bore from us due west, distant about two leagues: in this
situation, we had about thirty-one fathom water, with a sandy
bottom. At six in the evening, the wind falling, we hauled off E. N.
E., and at this time the northermost land in sight bore N. by E. ½ E.
At midnight, being in seventy fathom water, we brought to till four in
the morning, when we made sail in for the land; but at day-break
found our situation nearly the same as it had been at five the
evening before, by which it was apparent that we had been driven
about three leagues to the southward, by a tide or current, during
the night. After this we steered along the shore N. N. E. with a
gentle breeze at S. W., and were so near the land as to distinguish
several of the natives upon the beach, who appeared to be of a
black, or very dark colour. At noon, our latitude, by observation, was
35° 27ʹ S. and longitude 209° 23ʹ W., Cape Dromedary bore S. 28
W., distant nineteen leagues, a remarkable peaked hill, which
resembled a square dove-house, with a dome at the top, and which
for that reason I called the Pigeon House, bore N. 32° 30ʹ W., and a
small low island, which lay close under the shore, bore N. W., distant
about two or three leagues. When I first discovered this island, in
the morning, I was in hopes, from its appearance, that I should have
found shelter for the ship behind it; but when we came near it, it did
not promise security even for the landing of a boat. I should
however have attempted to send a boat on shore, if the wind had
not veered to that direction, with a large hollow sea rolling in upon
the land from the S. E., which indeed had been the case ever since
we had been upon it. The coast still continued to be of a moderate
height, forming alternately rocky points and sandy beaches; but
within, between Mount Dromedary and the Pigeon House, we saw
high mountains, which, except two, are covered with wood: these
two lie inland behind the Pigeon House, and are remarkably flat at
the top, with steep rocky cliffs all round them, as far as we could
see. The trees, which almost every where clothe this country, appear
to be large and lofty. This day the variation was found to be 9° 50ʹ
E., and for the two last days, the latitude, by observation, was
twelve or fourteen miles to the southward of the ship’s account,
which could have been the effect of nothing but a current setting in
that direction. About four in the afternoon, being near five leagues
from the land, we tacked, and stood off S. E. and E., and the wind
having veered in the night, from E. to N. E. and N., we tacked about
four in the morning, and stood in, being then about nine or ten
leagues from the shore. At eight, the wind began to die away, and
soon after it was calm. At noon, our latitude, by observation, was
35° 38ʹ, and our distance from the land about six leagues. Cape
Dromedary bore S. 37 W., distant seventeen leagues, and the Pigeon
House N. 40 W. In this situation we had 74 fathom water. In the
afternoon, we had variable light airs and calms, till six in the
evening, when a breeze sprung up at N. by W.: at this time, being
about four or five leagues from the shore, we had seventy fathom
water. The Pigeon House bore N. 45 W., Mount Dromedary S. 30 W.,
and the northermost land in sight N. 19 E.
We stood to the north-east till noon the next day, with a gentle
breeze at N. W., and then we tacked and stood westward. At this
time our latitude by observation, was 35° 10ʹ S., and longitude 208°
51ʹ W. A point of land which I had discovered on St. George’s day,
and which therefore I called Cape George, bore W. distant nineteen
miles, and the Pigeon House (the latitude and longitude of which I
found to be 35° 19ʹ S. and 209° 42ʹ W.) S. 75 W. In the morning we
had found the variation, by amplitude, to be 7° 50ʹ E., and by
several azimuths 7° 54ʹ E. We had a fresh breeze at N. W. from noon
till three; it then came to the west, when we tacked and stood to the
northward. At five in the evening, being about five or six leagues
from the shore, with the Pigeon House bearing W. S. W. distant
about nine leagues, we had eighty-six fathom water; and at eight,
having thunder and lightning, with heavy squalls, we brought to in
120 fathom.
At three in the morning, we made sail again to the northward,
having the advantage of a fresh gale at S. W. At noon we were
about three or four leagues from the shore, and in latitude 34° 22ʹ
S., longitude 208° 36ʹ W. In the course of this day’s run from the
preceding noon, which was forty-five miles north-east, we saw
smoke in several places near the beach. About two leagues to the
northward of Cape George, the shore seemed to form a bay, which
promised shelter from the north-east winds, but as the wind was
with us, it was not in my power to look into it without beating up,
which would have cost me more time than I was willing to spare.
The north point of this bay, on account of its figure, I named Long
Nose; its latitude is 35° 6ʹ, and about eight leagues north of it there
lies a point, which, from the colour of the land about it, I called Red
Point: its latitude is 34° 29ʹ, and longitude 208° 45ʹ W. To the north-
west of Red Point, and a little way inland, stands a round hill, the
top of which looks like the crown of a hat. In the afternoon of this
day we had a light breeze at N. N. W. till five in the evening, when it
fell calm. At this time, we were between three and four leagues from
the shore, and had forty-eight fathom water: the variation by
azimuth was 8° 48ʹ E. and the extremities of this land were from N.
E. by N. to S. W. by S. Before it was dark, we saw smoke in several
places along the shore, and a fire two or three times afterwards.
During the night we lay becalmed, driving in before the sea till one
in the morning, when we got a breeze from the land, with which we
steered N. E., being then in thirty-eight fathom. At noon it veered to
N. E. by N., and we were then in latitude 34° 10ʹ S., longitude 208°
27ʹ W.: the land was distant about five leagues, and extended from
S. 37 W. to N. ½ E. In this latitude there are some white cliffs, which
rise perpendicularly from the sea to a considerable height. We stood
off the shore till two o’clock, and then tacked and stood in till six,
when we were within four or five miles of it, and at that distance
had fifty fathom water. The extremities of the land bore from S. 28
W. to N. 25° 30ʹ E. We now tacked and stood off till twelve, then
tacked and stood in again till four in the morning, when we made a
trip off till daylight; and during all this time we lost ground, owing to
the variableness of the winds. We continued at the distance of
between four and five miles from the shore, till the afternoon, when
we came within two miles, and I then hoisted out the pinnace and
yawl to attempt a landing, but the pinnace proved to be so leaky
that I was obliged to hoist her in again. At this time we saw several
of the natives walking briskly along the shore, four of whom carried
a small canoe upon their shoulders. We flattered ourselves that they
were going to put her into the water, and come off to the ship, but
finding ourselves disappointed, I determined to go on shore in the
yawl, with as many as it would carry. I embarked, therefore, with
only Mr. Banks, Dr. Solander, Tupia, and four rowers: we pulled for
that part of the shore where the Indians appeared, near which four
small canoes were lying at the water’s edge. The Indians sat down
upon the rocks, and seemed to wait for our landing; but to our great
regret, when we came within about a quarter of a mile, they ran
away into the woods. We determined, however, to go ashore, and
endeavour to procure an interview; but in this we were again
disappointed, for we found so great a surf beating upon every part
of the beach, that landing with our little boat was altogether
impracticable. We were therefore obliged to be content with gazing
at such objects as presented themselves from the water. The
canoes, upon a near view, seemed very much to resemble those of
the smaller sort at New Zealand. We observed, that among the trees
on shore, which were not very large, there was no underwood; and
could distinguish that many of them were of the palm kind, and
some of them cabbage trees: after many a wishful look we were
obliged to return, with our curiosity rather excited than satisfied, and
about five in the evening got on board the ship. About this time it
fell calm, and our situation was by no means agreeable. We were
now not more than a mile and a half from the shore, and within
some breakers, which lay to the southward; but happily a light
breeze came off the land, and carried us out of danger. With this
breeze we stood to the northward, and at day-break we discovered a
bay, which seemed to be well sheltered from all winds, and into
which, therefore, I determined to go with the ship. The pinnace
being repaired, I sent her, with the master, to sound the entrance,
while I kept turning up, having the wind right out. At noon, the
mouth of the bay bore N. N. W., distant about a mile, and seeing a
smoke on the shore, we directed our glasses to the spot, and soon
discovered ten people, who, upon our nearer approach, left their
fire, and retired to a little eminence, whence they could conveniently
observe our motions. Soon after two canoes, each having two men
on board, came to the shore just under the eminence, and the men
joined the rest on the top of it. The pinnace, which had been sent a-
head to sound, now approached the place, upon which all the
Indians retired farther up the hill, except one, who hid himself
among some rocks near the landing-place. As the pinnace proceeded
along the shore, most of the people took the same route, and kept
abreast of her at a distance. When she came back, the master told
us, that in a cove a little within the harbour, some of them had come
down to the beach, and invited him to land by many signs and
words, of which he knew not the meaning; but that all of them were
armed with long pikes, and a wooden weapon shaped somewhat like
a cimeter. The Indians who had not followed the boat, seeing the
ship approach, used many threatening gestures, and brandished
their weapons; particularly two, who made a very singular
appearance, for their faces seemed to have been dusted with a
white powder, and their bodies painted with broad streaks of the
same colour, which passing obliquely over their breasts and backs,
looked not unlike the cross-belts worn by our soldiers; the same kind
of streaks were also drawn round their legs and thighs, like broad
garters. Each of these men held in his hand the weapon that had
been described to us as like a cimeter, which appeared to be about
two feet and a half long; and they seemed to talk to each other with
great earnestness.
We continued to stand into the bay, and early in the afternoon
anchored under the south shore, about two miles within the
entrance, in six fathom water, the south point bearing S. E., and the
north point East. As we came in we saw, on both points of the bay, a
few huts, and several of the natives, men, women, and children.
Under the south head we saw four small canoes, with each one man
on board, who were very busily employed in striking fish with a long
pike or spear. They ventured almost into the surf, and were so intent
upon what they were doing, that although the ship passed within a
quarter of a mile of them, they scarcely turned their eyes toward
her; possibly, being deafened by the surf, and their attention wholly
fixed upon their business or sport, they neither saw nor heard her go
past them.
The place where the ship had anchored was abreast of a small
village, consisting of about six or eight houses; and while we were
preparing to hoist out the boat, we saw an old woman, followed by
three children, come out of the wood; she was loaded with fire-
wood, and each of the children had also its little burden. When she
came to the houses, three more children, younger than the others,
came out to meet her: she often looked at the ship, but expressed
neither fear nor surprise. In a short time she kindled a fire, and the
four canoes came in from fishing. The men landed, and having
hauled up their boats, began to dress their dinner, to all appearance,
wholly unconcerned about us, though we were within half a mile of
them. We thought it remarkable that all of the people we had yet
seen, not one had the least appearance of clothing, the old woman
herself being destitute even of a fig-leaf.
After dinner the boats were manned, and we set out from the
ship, having Tupia of our party. We intended to land where we saw
the people, and began to hope that as they had so little regarded
the ship’s coming into the bay, they would as little regard our coming
on shore. In this, however, we were disappointed; for as soon as we
approached the rocks, two of the men came down upon them to
dispute our landing, and the rest ran away. Each of the two
champions was armed with a lance about ten feet long, and a short
stick, which he seemed to handle as if it was a machine to assist him
in managing or throwing the lance. They called to us in a very loud
tone, and in a harsh dissonant language, of which neither we nor
Tupia understood a single word: they brandished their weapons, and
seemed resolved to defend their coast to the uttermost, though they
were but two, and we were forty. I could not but admire their
courage, and being very unwilling that hostilities should commence
with such inequality of force between us, I ordered the boat to lie
upon her oars: we then parlied by signs for about a quarter of an
hour, and to bespeak their good-will, I threw them nails, beads, and
other trifles, which they took up, and seemed to be well pleased
with. I then made signs that I wanted water, and, by all the means
that I could devise, endeavoured to convince them that we would do
them no harm. They now waved to us, and I was willing to interpret
it as an invitation; but upon our putting the boat in, they came again
to oppose us. One appeared to be a youth about nineteen or twenty,
and the other a man of middle age: as I had now no other resource,
I fired a musket between them. Upon the report, the youngest
dropped a bundle of lances upon the rock, but recollecting himself in
an instant, he snatched them up again with great haste. A stone was
then thrown at us, upon which I ordered a musket to be fired with
small shot, which struck the eldest upon the legs, and he
immediately ran to one of the houses, which was distant about an
hundred yards. I now hoped that our contest was over, and we
immediately landed; but we had scarcely left the boat when he
returned, and we then perceived that he had left the rock only to
fetch a shield or target for his defence. As soon as he came up, he
threw a lance at us, and his comrade another; they fell where we
stood thickest, but happily hurt nobody. A third musket with small
shot was then fired at them, upon which one of them threw another
lance, and both immediately ran away: if we had pursued, we might
probably have taken one of them; but Mr. Banks suggesting that the
lances might be poisoned, I thought it not prudent to venture into
the woods. We repaired immediately to the huts, in one of which we
found the children, who had hidden themselves behind a shield and
some bark; we peeped at them, but left them in their retreat,
without their knowing that they had been discovered, and we threw
into the house, when we went away, some beads, ribbons, pieces of
cloth, and other presents, which we hoped would procure us the
good-will of the inhabitants when they should return; but the lances
which we found lying about, we took away with us, to the number of
about fifty: they were from six to fifteen feet long, and all of them
had four prongs in the manner of a fish-gig, each of which was
pointed with fish-bone, and very sharp: we observed that they were
smeared with a viscous substance of a green colour, which favoured
the opinion of their being poisoned, though we afterwards
discovered that it was a mistake: they appeared, by the sea-weed
that we found sticking to them, to have been used in striking fish.
Upon examining the canoes that lay upon the beach, we found them
to be the worst we had ever seen: they were between twelve and
fourteen feet long, and made of the bark of a tree in one piece,
which was drawn together and tied up at each end, the middle being
kept open by sticks, which were placed across them from gunwale to
gunwale as thwarts. We then searched for fresh water, but found
none, except in a small hole which had been dug in the sand.
Having reimbarked in our boat, we deposited our lances on board
the ship, and then went over to the north point of the bay, where we
had seen several of the inhabitants when we were entering it, but
which we now found totally deserted. Here, however, we found fresh
water, which trickled down from the top of the rocks, and stood in
pools among the hollows at the bottom; but it was situated so as not
to be procured for our use without difficulty.
In the morning, therefore, I sent a party of men to that part of the
shore where we first landed, with orders to dig holes in the sand
where the water might gather; but going ashore myself with the
gentlemen soon afterwards, we found, upon a more diligent search,
a small stream, more than sufficient for our purpose.
Upon visiting the hut where we had seen the children, we were
greatly mortified to find that the beads and ribbons which we had
left there the night before had not been moved from their places,
and that not an Indian was to be seen.
Having sent some empty water-casks on shore, and left a party of
men to cut wood, I went myself in the pinnace to sound, and
examine the bay; during my excursion I saw several of the natives,
but they all fled at my approach. In one of the places where I
landed, I found several small fires, and fresh muscles broiling upon
them; here also I found some of the largest oyster-shells I had ever
seen.
As soon as the wooders and waterers came on board to dinner,
ten or twelve of the natives came down to the place, and looked
with great attention and curiosity at the casks, but did not touch
them: they took away, however, the canoes which lay near the
landing-place, and again disappeared. In the afternoon, when our
people were again ashore, sixteen or eighteen Indians, all armed,
came boldly within about an hundred yards of them, and then
stopped: two of them advanced somewhat nearer; and Mr. Hicks,
who commanded the party on shore, with another, advanced to
meet them, holding out presents to them as he approached, and
expressing kindness and amity by every sign he could think of, but
all without effect; for before he could get up with them they retired,
and it would have answered no purpose to pursue. In the evening I
went with Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander to a sandy cove on the north
side of the bay, where, in three or four hauls with the seine, we took
above three hundred weight of fish, which was equally divided
among the ship’s company.
The next morning, before day-break, the Indians came down to
the houses that were abreast of the ship, and were heard frequently
to shout very loud. As soon as it was light, they were seen walking
along the beach; and soon after they retired to the woods, where, at
the distance of about a mile from the shore, they kindled several
fires.
Our people went ashore as usual, and with them Mr. Banks and Dr.
Solander, who, in search of plants, repaired to the woods. Our men,
who were employed in cutting grass, being the farthest removed
from the main body of the people, a company of fourteen or fifteen
Indians advanced towards them, having sticks in their hands, which,
according to the report of the serjeant of marines, shone like a
musket. The grass-cutters upon seeing them approach, drew
together, and repaired to the main body. The Indians, being
encouraged by this appearance of a flight, pursued them; they
stopped, however, when they were within about a furlong of them,
and after shouting several times, went back into the woods. In the
evening they came again in the same manner, stopped at the same
distance, shouted and retired. I followed them myself, alone and
unarmed, for a considerable way along the shore, but I could not
prevail upon them to stop.
This day Mr. Green took the sun’s meridian altitude a little within
the south entrance of the bay, which gave the latitude 34° S., the
variation of the needle was 11° 3ʹ E.
Early the next morning, the body of Forby Sutherland, one of our
seamen, who died the evening before, was buried near the
watering-place; and from this incident I called the south point of this
bay Sutherland Point. This day we resolved to make an excursion
into the country. Mr. Banks, Dr. Solander, myself, and seven others,
properly accoutred for the expedition, set out, and repaired first to
the huts near the watering-place, whither some of the natives
continued every day to resort; and though the little presents which
we had left there before had not yet been taken away, we left others
of somewhat more value, consisting of cloth, looking-glasses,
combs, and beads, and then went up into the country. We found the
soil to be either swamp or light sand, and the face of the country
finely diversified by wood and lawn. The trees are tall, straight, and
without underwood, standing at such a distance from each other,
that the whole country, at least where the swamps do not render it
incapable of cultivation, might be cultivated without cutting down
one of them. Between the trees the ground is covered with grass, of
which there is great abundance, growing in tufts about as big as can
well be grasped in the hand, which stand very close to each other.
We saw many houses of the inhabitants, and places where they had
slept upon the grass without any shelter; but we saw only one of the
people, who, the moment he discovered us, ran away. At all these
places we left presents, hoping that at length they might produce
confidence and good-will. We had a transient and imperfect view of
a quadruped, about as big as a rabbit. Mr. Banks’s greyhound, which
was with us, got sight of it, and would probably have caught it, but
the moment he set off he lamed himself against a stump which lay
concealed in the long grass. We afterwards saw the dung of an
animal which fed upon grass, and which we judged could not be less
than a deer; and the footsteps of another, which was clawed like a
dog, and seemed to be about as big as a wolf. We also tracked a
small animal, whose foot resembled that of a polecat or weasel. The
trees over our head abounded with birds of various kinds, among
which were many of exquisite beauty, particularly loriquets and
cockatoos, which flew in flocks of several scores together. We found
some wood which had been felled by the natives with a blunt
instrument, and some that had been barked. The trees were not of
many species; among others there was a large one which yielded a
gum not unlike the sanguis draconis; and in some of them steps had
been cut at about three feet distance from each other, for the
convenience of climbing them.
From this excursion we returned between three and four o’clock,
and having dined on board, we went ashore again at the watering-
place, where a party of men were filling casks. Mr. Gore, the second
lieutenant, had been sent out in the morning with a boat to dredge
for oysters at the head of the bay; when he had performed this
service, he went ashore, and having taken a midshipman with him,
and sent the boat away, set out to join the waterers by land. In his
way he fell in with a body of two-and-twenty Indians, who followed
him, and were often not more than twenty yards distant. When Mr.
Gore perceived them so near, he stopped, and faced about, upon
which they stopped also; and when he went on again, continued
their pursuit. They did not, however, attack him, though they were
all armed with lances, and he and the midshipman got in safety to
the watering-place. The Indians, who had slackened their pursuit
when they came in sight of the main body of our people, halted at
about the distance of a quarter of a mile, where they stood still. Mr.
Monkhouse and two or three of the waterers took it into their head
to march up to them; but seeing the Indians keep their ground till
they came pretty near them, they were seized with a sudden fear
very common to the rash and fool-hardy, and made a hasty retreat.
This step, which insured the danger that it was taken to avoid,
encouraged the Indians, and four of them running forward,
discharged their lances at the fugitives, with such force, that flying
no less than forty yards, they went beyond them. As the Indians did
not pursue, our people, recovering their spirits, stopped to collect
the lances when they came up to the place where they lay; upon
which the Indians, in their turn, began to retire. Just at this time I
came up, with Mr. Banks, Dr. Solander, and Tupia; and being
desirous to convince the Indians that we were neither afraid of
them, nor intended them any mischief, we advanced towards them,
making signs of expostulation and entreaty; but they could not be
persuaded to wait till we could come up. Mr. Gore told us, that he
had seen some of them up the bay, who had invited him by signs to
come on shore, which he, certainly with great prudence, declined.
The morning of the next day was so rainy, that we were all glad to
stay on board. In the afternoon, however, it cleared up, and we
made another excursion along the sea-coast to the southward: we
went ashore, and Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander gathered many plants;
but besides these we saw nothing worthy of notice. At our first
entering the woods, we met with three of the natives, who instantly
ran away: more of them were seen by some of the people, but they
all disappeared, with great precipitation, as soon as they found that
they were discovered. By the boldness of these people at our first
landing, and the terror that seized them at the sight of us
afterwards, it appears that they were sufficiently intimidated by our
fire-arms: not that we had any reason to think the people much hurt
by the small shot which we were obliged to fire at them, when they
attacked us at our coming out of the boat; but they had probably
seen the effects of them, from their lurking-places, upon the birds
that we had shot. Tupia, who was now become a good marksman,
frequently strayed from us to shoot parrots; and he had told us, that
while he was thus employed, he had once met with nine Indians,
who, as soon as they perceived he saw them, ran from him, in great
confusion and terror.
The next day, twelve canoes, in each of which was a single Indian,
came towards the watering-place, and were within half a mile of it a
considerable time: they were employed in striking fish, upon which,
like others that we had seen before, they were so intent, that they
seemed to regard nothing else. It happened, however, that a party
of our people were out a shooting near the place, and one of the
men, whose curiosity might at length, perhaps, be roused by the
report of the fowling-pieces, was observed by Mr. Banks to haul up
his canoe upon the beach, and go towards the shooting-party. In
something more than a quarter of an hour, he returned, launched his
canoe, and went off in her to his companions. This incident makes it
probable that the natives acquired a knowledge of the destructive
power of our fire-arms, when we knew nothing of the matter; for
this man was not seen by any of the party whose operations he had
reconnoitred.
While Mr. Banks was gathering plants near the watering-place, I
went with Dr. Solander and Mr. Monkhouse to the head of the bay,
that I might examine that part of the country, and make farther
attempts to form some connexion with the natives. In our way we
met with eleven or twelve small canoes, with each a man in it,
probably the same that were afterwards abreast of the shore, who
all made into shoal water upon our approach. We met other Indians
on shore the first time we landed, who instantly took to their
canoes, and paddled away. We went up the country to some
distance, and found the face of it nearly the same with that which
has been described already, but the soil was much richer; for,
instead of sand, I found a deep black mould, which I thought very fit
for the production of grain of any kind. In the woods we found a
tree which bore fruit that in colour and shape resembled a cherry:
the juice had an agreeable tartness, though but little flavour. We
found also interspersed some of the finest meadows in the world:
some places, however, were rocky, but these were comparatively
few: the stone is sandy, and might be used with advantage for
building. When we returned to the boat, we saw some smoke upon
another part of the coast, and went thither in hopes of meeting with
the people, but at our approach, these also ran away. We found six
small canoes, and six fires very near the beach, with some muscles
roasting upon them, and a few oysters lying near: by this we judged
that there had been one man in each canoe, who having picked up
some shell fish, had come ashore to eat it, and made his separate
fire for that purpose. We tasted of their cheer, and left them in
return some strings of beads, and other things which we thought
would please them. At the foot of a tree in this place we found a
small well of fresh water, supplied by a spring; and the day being
now far spent, we returned to the ship. In the evening, Mr. Banks
made a little excursion with his gun, and found such a number of
quails, resembling those in England, that he might have shot as
many as he pleased; but his object was variety and not number.
The next morning, as the wind would not permit me to sail, I sent
out several parties into the country to try again whether some
intercourse could not be established with the natives. A midshipman,
who belonged to one of these parties, having straggled a long way
from his companions, met with a very old man and woman, and
some little children; they were sitting under a tree by the water side,
and neither party saw the other till they were close together. The
Indians showed signs of fear, but did not attempt to run away. The
man happened to have nothing to give them but a parrot that he
had shot; this he offered, but they refused to accept it, withdrawing
themselves from his hand either through fear or aversion. His stay
with them was but short, for he saw several canoes near the beach
fishing, and being alone, he feared they might come ashore and
attack him. He said, that these people were very dark-coloured, but
not black; that the man and woman appeared to be very old, being
both grey-headed; that the hair of the man’s head was bushy, and
his beard long and rough; that the woman’s hair was cropped short;
and both of them were stark naked. Mr. Monkhouse, the surgeon,
and one of the men, who were with another party near the
watering-place, also strayed from their companions, and as they
were coming out of a thicket, observed six Indians standing
together, at the distance of about fifty yards. One of them
pronounced a word very loud, which was supposed to be a signal,
for a lance was immediately thrown at him out of the wood, which
very narrowly missed him. When the Indians saw that the weapon
had not taken effect, they ran away with the greatest precipitation;
but on turning about towards the place whence the lance had been