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--This text refers to the paperback edition.
• ISBN-10 : 0470383275
• ISBN-13 : 978-0470383278

Table contents:
1 A C++ Primer 1
1.1 Basic C++ Programming Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.1 A Simple C++ Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2 Fundamental Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.3 Pointers, Arrays, and Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1.4 Named Constants, Scope, and Namespaces . . . . . . . 13
1.2 Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.2.1 Changing Types through Casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.3 Control Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.4 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.4.1 Argument Passing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.4.2 Overloading and Inlining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.5 Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.5.1 Class Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.5.2 Constructors and Destructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.5.3 Classes and Memory Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.5.4 Class Friends and Class Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.5.5 The Standard Template Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1.6 C++ Program and File Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1.6.1 An Example Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
1.7 Writing a C++ Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
1.7.1 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
1.7.2 Pseudo-Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
1.7.3 Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
1.7.4 Testing and Debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
1.8 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2 Object-Oriented Design 65
2.1 Goals, Principles, and Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.1.1 Object-Oriented Design Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.1.2 Object-Oriented Design Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.1.3 Design Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
xv
xvi Contents
2.2 Inheritance and Polymorphism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.2.1 Inheritance in C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.2.2 Polymorphism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.2.3 Examples of Inheritance in C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
2.2.4 Multiple Inheritance and Class Casting . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.2.5 Interfaces and Abstract Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.3 Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2.3.1 Function Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2.3.2 Class Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2.4 Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2.4.1 Exception Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2.4.2 Throwing and Catching Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
2.4.3 Exception Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
2.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3 Arrays, Linked Lists, and Recursion 103
3.1 Using Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.1.1 Storing Game Entries in an Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.1.2 Sorting an Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.1.3 Two-Dimensional Arrays and Positional Games . . . . . 111
3.2 Singly Linked Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.2.1 Implementing a Singly Linked List . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.2.2 Insertion to the Front of a Singly Linked List . . . . . . 119
3.2.3 Removal from the Front of a Singly Linked List . . . . . 119
3.2.4 Implementing a Generic Singly Linked List . . . . . . . . 121
3.3 Doubly Linked Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.3.1 Insertion into a Doubly Linked List . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.3.2 Removal from a Doubly Linked List . . . . . . . . . . . 124
3.3.3 A C++ Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
3.4 Circularly Linked Lists and List Reversal . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.4.1 Circularly Linked Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.4.2 Reversing a Linked List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
3.5 Recursion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
3.5.1 Linear Recursion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
3.5.2 Binary Recursion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
3.5.3 Multiple Recursion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
3.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4 Analysis Tools 153
4.1 The Seven Functions Used in This Book . . . . . . . . . . . 154
4.1.1 The Constant Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
4.1.2 The Logarithm Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Contents xvii
4.1.3 The Linear Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
4.1.4 The N-Log-N Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
4.1.5 The Quadratic Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
4.1.6 The Cubic Function and Other Polynomials . . . . . . . 158
4.1.7 The Exponential Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
4.1.8 Comparing Growth Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
4.2 Analysis of Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
4.2.1 Experimental Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
4.2.2 Primitive Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
4.2.3 Asymptotic Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
4.2.4 Asymptotic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
4.2.5 Using the Big-Oh Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
4.2.6 A Recursive Algorithm for Computing Powers . . . . . . 176
4.2.7 Some More Examples of Algorithm Analysis . . . . . . . 177
4.3 Simple Justification Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
4.3.1 By Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
4.3.2 The “Contra” Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
4.3.3 Induction and Loop Invariants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
4.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
5 Stacks, Queues, and Deques 193
5.1 Stacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
5.1.1 The Stack Abstract Data Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
5.1.2 The STL Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
5.1.3 A C++ Stack Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
5.1.4 A Simple Array-Based Stack Implementation . . . . . . 198
5.1.5 Implementing a Stack with a Generic Linked List . . . . 202
5.1.6 Reversing a Vector Using a Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
5.1.7 Matching Parentheses and HTML Tags . . . . . . . . . 204
5.2 Queues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
5.2.1 The Queue Abstract Data Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
5.2.2 The STL Queue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
5.2.3 A C++ Queue Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
5.2.4 A Simple Array-Based Implementation . . . . . . . . . . 211
5.2.5 Implementing a Queue with a Circularly Linked List . . . 213
5.3 Double-Ended Queues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
5.3.1 The Deque Abstract Data Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
5.3.2 The STL Deque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
5.3.3 Implementing a Deque with a Doubly Linked List . . . . 218
5.3.4 Adapters and the Adapter Design Pattern . . . . . . . . 220
5.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
xviii Contents
6 List and Iterator ADTs 227
6.1 Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
6.1.1 The Vector Abstract Data Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
6.1.2 A Simple Array-Based Implementation . . . . . . . . . . 229
6.1.3 An Extendable Array Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . 231
6.1.4 STL Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
6.2 Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
6.2.1 Node-Based Operations and Iterators . . . . . . . . . . . 238
6.2.2 The List Abstract Data Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
6.2.3 Doubly Linked List Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
6.2.4 STL Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
6.2.5 STL Containers and Iterators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
6.3 Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
6.3.1 The Sequence Abstract Data Type . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
6.3.2 Implementing a Sequence with a Doubly Linked List . . 255
6.3.3 Implementing a Sequence with an Array . . . . . . . . . 257
6.4 Case Study: Bubble-Sort on a Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . 259
6.4.1 The Bubble-Sort Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
6.4.2 A Sequence-Based Analysis of Bubble-Sort . . . . . . . . 260
6.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
7 Trees 267
7.1 General Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
7.1.1 Tree Definitions and Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
7.1.2 Tree Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
7.1.3 A C++ Tree Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
7.1.4 A Linked Structure for General Trees . . . . . . . . . . . 274
7.2 Tree Traversal Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
7.2.1 Depth and Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
7.2.2 Preorder Traversal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
7.2.3 Postorder Traversal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
7.3 Binary Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
7.3.1 The Binary Tree ADT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
7.3.2 A C++ Binary Tree Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
7.3.3 Properties of Binary Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
7.3.4 A Linked Structure for Binary Trees . . . . . . . . . . . 289
7.3.5 A Vector-Based Structure for Binary Trees . . . . . . . . 295
7.3.6 Traversals of a Binary Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
7.3.7 The Template Function Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
7.3.8 Representing General Trees with Binary Trees . . . . . . 309
7.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Contents xix
8 Heaps and Priority Queues 321
8.1 The Priority Queue Abstract Data Type . . . . . . . . . . . 322
8.1.1 Keys, Priorities, and Total Order Relations . . . . . . . . 322
8.1.2 Comparators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
8.1.3 The Priority Queue ADT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
8.1.4 A C++ Priority Queue Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
8.1.5 Sorting with a Priority Queue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
8.1.6 The STL priority queue Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
8.2 Implementing a Priority Queue with a List . . . . . . . . . . 331
8.2.1 A C++ Priority Queue Implementation using a List . . . 333
8.2.2 Selection-Sort and Insertion-Sort . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
8.3 Heaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
8.3.1 The Heap Data Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
8.3.2 Complete Binary Trees and Their Representation . . . . 340
8.3.3 Implementing a Priority Queue with a Heap . . . . . . . 344
8.3.4 C++ Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
8.3.5 Heap-Sort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
8.3.6 Bottom-Up Heap Construction ⋆ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
8.4 Adaptable Priority Queues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
8.4.1 A List-Based Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
8.4.2 Location-Aware Entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
8.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
9 Hash Tables, Maps, and Skip Lists 367
9.1 Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
9.1.1 The Map ADT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
9.1.2 A C++ Map Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
9.1.3 The STL map Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
9.1.4 A Simple List-Based Map Implementation . . . . . . . . 374
9.2 Hash Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
9.2.1 Bucket Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
9.2.2 Hash Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
9.2.3 Hash Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
9.2.4 Compression Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
9.2.5 Collision-Handling Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
9.2.6 Load Factors and Rehashing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
9.2.7 A C++ Hash Table Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
9.3 Ordered Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
9.3.1 Ordered Search Tables and Binary Search . . . . . . . . 395
9.3.2 Two Applications of Ordered Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
9.4 Skip Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
xx Contents
9.4.1 Search and Update Operations in a Skip List . . . . . . 404
9.4.2 A Probabilistic Analysis of Skip Lists ⋆ . . . . . . . . . 408
9.5 Dictionaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
9.5.1 The Dictionary ADT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
9.5.2 A C++ Dictionary Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
9.5.3 Implementations with Location-Aware Entries . . . . . . 415
9.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
10 Search Trees 423
10.1 Binary Search Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
10.1.1 Searching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
10.1.2 Update Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
10.1.3 C++ Implementation of a Binary Search Tree . . . . . . 432
10.2 AVL Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
10.2.1 Update Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
10.2.2 C++ Implementation of an AVL Tree . . . . . . . . . . . 446
10.3 Splay Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
10.3.1 Splaying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
10.3.2 When to Splay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
10.3.3 Amortized Analysis of Splaying ⋆ . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
10.4 (2,4) Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
10.4.1 Multi-Way Search Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
10.4.2 Update Operations for (2,4) Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
10.5 Red-Black Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
10.5.1 Update Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
10.5.2 C++ Implementation of a Red-Black Tree . . . . . . . . 488
10.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
11 Sorting, Sets, and Selection 499
11.1 Merge-Sort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
11.1.1 Divide-and-Conquer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
11.1.2 Merging Arrays and Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
11.1.3 The Running Time of Merge-Sort . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
11.1.4 C++ Implementations of Merge-Sort . . . . . . . . . . . 509
11.1.5 Merge-Sort and Recurrence Equations ⋆ . . . . . . . . . 511
11.2 Quick-Sort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
11.2.1 Randomized Quick-Sort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
11.2.2 C++ Implementations and Optimizations . . . . . . . . . 523
11.3 Studying Sorting through an Algorithmic Lens . . . . . . . 526
11.3.1 A Lower Bound for Sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
11.3.2 Linear-Time Sorting: Bucket-Sort and Radix-Sort . . . . 528
11.3.3 Comparing Sorting Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Contents xxi
11.4 Sets and Union/Find Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
11.4.1 The Set ADT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
11.4.2 Mergable Sets and the Template Method Pattern . . . . 534
11.4.3 Partitions with Union-Find Operations . . . . . . . . . . 538
11.5 Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
11.5.1 Prune-and-Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
11.5.2 Randomized Quick-Select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
11.5.3 Analyzing Randomized Quick-Select . . . . . . . . . . . 544
11.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
12 Strings and Dynamic Programming 553
12.1 String Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
12.1.1 The STL String Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
12.2 Dynamic Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
12.2.1 Matrix Chain-Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
12.2.2 DNA and Text Sequence Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . 560
12.3 Pattern Matching Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
12.3.1 Brute Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
12.3.2 The Boyer-Moore Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
12.3.3 The Knuth-Morris-Pratt Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
12.4 Text Compression and the Greedy Method . . . . . . . . . 575
12.4.1 The Huffman-Coding Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
12.4.2 The Greedy Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
12.5 Tries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
12.5.1 Standard Tries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
12.5.2 Compressed Tries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
12.5.3 Suffix Tries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
12.5.4 Search Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
12.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
13 Graph Algorithms 593
13.1 Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
13.1.1 The Graph ADT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
13.2 Data Structures for Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
13.2.1 The Edge List Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
13.2.2 The Adjacency List Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
13.2.3 The Adjacency Matrix Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
13.3 Graph Traversals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
13.3.1 Depth-First Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
13.3.2 Implementing Depth-First Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
13.3.3 A Generic DFS Implementation in C++ . . . . . . . . . . 613
13.3.4 Polymorphic Objects and Decorator Values ⋆ . . . . . . 621
xxii Contents
13.3.5 Breadth-First Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
13.4 Directed Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
13.4.1 Traversing a Digraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
13.4.2 Transitive Closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630
13.4.3 Directed Acyclic Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
13.5 Shortest Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
13.5.1 Weighted Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
13.5.2 Dijkstra’s Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
13.6 Minimum Spanning Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
13.6.1 Kruskal’s Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
13.6.2 The Prim-Jarn´ık Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
13.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
14 Memory Management and B-Trees 665
14.1 Memory Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666
14.1.1 Memory Allocation in C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
14.1.2 Garbage Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
14.2 External Memory and Caching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
14.2.1 The Memory Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
14.2.2 Caching Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
14.3 External Searching and B-Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
14.3.1 (a,b) Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680
14.3.2 B-Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682
14.4 External-Memory Sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
14.4.1 Multi-Way Merging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
14.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
Other documents randomly have
different content
he stood there at the cross-roads like some old tramp of the world, uncertain
which way to turn—a mouse tossed overboard in mid-Atlantic by the cook's
boy, the sport of tides and breakers, swimming round and round with
ghastly eyes in ever-shortening circle.

The tempest which had all the world in grip, which had snatched Ernie
from her arms, and hurled him across the seas, which had set millions of
men to killing and being killed, had caught this insignificant gnat too, flying
with such a fuss and buzz of wings under ominous skies, and then
swaggered on its great way indifferent to the tiny creature it had crushed.

Ruth crossed the links, almost deserted now, and walked along over the
crisp smooth turf, her eyes on the township of yellow huts rising out of the
green in the great coombe across Summerdown Road.

Then she was aware of Mr. Chislehurst coming swiftly towards her
beside the ha-ha of the Duke's Lodge. He looked, Ruth noticed at once, less
harassed than he had done since the outbreak of war.

"I am glad I've met you, Mrs. Caspar," he began with the old boyish
enthusiasm. "I'm off to-morrow and wasn't sure I should have time to come
round and say goodbye to you and the babes."

Ruth stared.

"You're never going out there, sir!"

"Only as military chaplain."

Ruth refused to believe.

"But I thart you was against war and all that."

"So I am," Bobby answered gravely. He looked away towards Paradise.

"But I feel Our Lord is there, or nowhere—just now."

Ruth felt profoundly moved. The young man's words, his action, brought
home to her with a sudden pang, as not even the departure of Ernie had
done, the change that had rushed upon the world.
 Ruth looked at the smooth young face before her, brown and goodly,
with all the hope and promise of the future radiant in it.

A passionate desire to take the boy in her arms, to shield him, to cry—
You shan't! came over her. Then she gulped and said,

"Goodbye, sir," and moved on rapidly.

Passing through Meads, she turned the shoulder of the hill, and walked
along the cliff, till she came to the long low house in the coombe.

It had a strangely deserted air, no spinal chairs and perambulators on the

terrace, no nurses on the lawns, no beds on the balconies. All that busyness
of quiet recreation which had been going on here for some years past had
been brought to a sudden halt. Mrs. Lewknor came out to her and the two
women sat a while on the terrace, talking. They had drawn very close in
these few days, the regiment an ever-present bond between them. The
husband of one was "out there" with the 1st battalion; the son of the other
was racing home with the 2nd battalion in the Indian Contingent. Mrs.
Lewknor felt a comfortable sense that once the two battalions were aligned
on the West Front all would be well.

"Then let em all come!" the little lady said in her heart with almost
vindictive glee.

As Ruth left she saw the Colonel in khaki, returning from his office. He
came stalking along the cliff, his head on his left shoulder, looking
seawards. There was about the gaunt old man that air of austere exaltation
which had marked him from the moment of the outbreak of war. In his ears,
indeed, ever since that hour, there had sounded a steady note, deep and
pulsing like the throb of an engine—the heart of England beating on,
beating eternally, tireless, true, from generation to generation.

And for one brief moment he had doubted her—might God forgive him!

Ruth asked him how recruiting was going.

 "Well," replied the Colonel. "They're flocking in—men of all ages,
classes, and creeds. I shipped off Burt this morning; and he's forty. Wanted
to join the Hammer-men or Manchesters with his friend Tawney; but I said
No: every man his own job, and sent him off to the flying folk as air-
mechanic. He's joining up at Newhaven to-night, and in a week he'll be out
there."

Ruth asked if there was any news of the Expeditionary Force.

"They're landed all right," the Colonel replied. "We should soon hear
more. Our battalion's with the Fourth Division. If you go up on the Head
you can see the transports crossing from Newhaven with the stuff."

"Think it'll be all right, sir?" asked Ruth.

"If we can stop their first rush," the Colonel answered. "Every day tells.
We can't be too thankful for Liége, though Namur's a nasty knock."

Ruth looked across the sea.

"I wish we could do something for em," she said wistfully.

"We can," answered the Colonel sharply, almost sternly.

The old soldier took off his cap and stood there bare-headed on the edge
of the white cliff, the wisps of silver hair lifting in the evening breeze.

"May the God of our fathers be with them in the day of battle!" he
prayed, and added with quiet assurance as he covered again—"He will too."

Then he asked the woman at his side if she had heard from her husband.

Ruth dropped her eyes, sudden and secretive as a child.

"Ern's all right, I reckon," she said casually.

In fact a letter from him on the eve of sailing lay unopened in her pocket.
She was treasuring it jealously, as a child treasures a sweet, to devour it
with due ritual at the appointed hour in the appropriate place.
 Ten minutes later she was standing waist-deep in the gorse of the
Ambush looking about her.

Far away a silver-bellied air-ship was patrolling leisurely somewhere

over the Rother Valley; and once she heard a loud explosion seawards and
knew it for a mine.

Like a hind on the fell-side she stood up there, sniffing the wind. Behind
her on the far horizon was a forest fire. She could smell it, see the glow of
it, and the rumour of its coming was all a-round her: overhead the whistle
and pipe of birds hard-driven, while under-foot the heather was alive with
the stealthy migration of the under-world—adder and weasel, snake and
hare, flying from the torment to come. But for her as yet the conflagration
devouring the world was but an ominous red glare across the water. She
breathed freely: for she had shaken off her immediate enemy—the Hunter.

Then she looked up and saw a man coming over the brow of Warren Hill
towards her.

She dropped as though shot.

He was at her heels again. Face down, flat on the earth, she lay panting
in her form.

And as she crouched there, listening to the thumping of her own heart,
she was aware of another sound that came rollicking down to her, born on
the wind. The Hunter was laughing, that huge gusty laughter of his she
knew so well. Had he tracked her down?

She heard his feet approaching on the turf. Was the earth trembling at the
touch of them or was it the beating of her own heart that shook it?

Prone on the ground, spying through the roots of the gorse, she could see
those feet—those solid familiar boots that had dangled so often before her
fire; and the bottoms of the trousers, frayed at the edges and rather short,
betraying the absence of a woman's care.

Was it her he was after?

 No: he passed, still rollicking. He was not mocking her: he was tossing
off his chest in cascades of giant laughter the seas that had so long
threatened to overwhelm him, tossing them off into the blue in showers of
spray.

I am free once more! that was what his laughter said.

She sat up: she knelt: warily she peeped over the green wall. His back
was moving solidly away in the evening, his back with the swag on it. He
reached the flag-staff and dropped away down into Hodcombe, that lies
between Beau-nez and the Belle-tout light-house. She watched him till only
his round dark head was visible. Then that too disappeared. She rose and
filled her chest as the breeze slowly fills the sails of a ship that has long
hovered uncertainly in stays.

He too was gone—into IT.

That Other was gone—like the rest—and the past with him.

How queer it all was! and how differently each man had met the huge
tidal wave that had swept the whole world off its feet!

Joe, paddling in the muddy shallows, had been caught up, and was
swimming easily now on the crest of it. Alf, snatched up unawares as he
grubbed for bait upon the flats, had been tumbled over and over like a
pebble, smashed down upon the remorseless beach, and drawn back with a
sickening scream by the undersuck into the murderous riot of it. Last of all,
Ern, asleep and snoring under the sunny sea-wall, had risen suddenly,
girded on his strength, and waded out to meet it with rejoicing heart.

Dear Ern!

Sinking down into the harbourage of this deep and quiet covert where,
under the stars, all his children, conceived in ecstasy, had come to her, she
took out his letter, opened it, and began to read.

It was dated In the train, and began full of affection for her and the
children.
 "Now we made it up I don't mind what comes. I feel like it was a new
beginning. There's a lot of married men joined up feel the very same. I feel
uplifted like and that whatever comes nothing can ever come atween us no
more really. Even when it was dark I felt that—that it wasn't really real
between us—only a shadow like that would surely pass away—as it has
passed away—thank God for His great mercies."

There followed love and kisses to all the children and especially little
Alice, underlined, and fraternal greetings to old Joe.

"We shall push em back where they belong all right, I expect. And if we
don't I shall send for him to lend a shove. He's all right, old Joe is. There's
not many of em I'd trust, but you can trust him. I knew that all along."

The letter finished,

"It's an end and a beginning, as old dad says. And whatever else that's
finished, and I don't care."

It was true too.

She folded the letter and slipped it in her bosom.

The second volume of her life had ended, and ended well. The sudden
hand of destiny had reached forth to save her, to save the children, to save
Ernie, to save Joe.

Had she ever wavered?—Who shall say?—Perhaps she could not say
herself.

She cast her mind back over her married life. Six years in September
since she and Ern had ridden back to Old Town in Isaac Woolgar's cart. Six
years of struggle, worry, and deep joy. She was thankful for them, thankful
for the crowding babes, and most of all, she sometimes thought, thankful
for Ernie ... His unfailing love and solicitude for little Alice! She could
never be grateful enough to him for that. Dear Ern:—so affectionate, so
always loveable. She regretted nothing, not even his weakness now.
Because of his weakness strength had come to her, growth, and the
consummation of deep unconscious desire.

Had she been too hard on him?—A great voice of comfort, the voice of
Ernie, so it seemed to her, only swollen to gigantic proportions, till the
sound of it was like the sound of the Sou-West wind billowing through the
beach-tops in Paradise, surged up within her crying No.

Then she turned back to the first volume of her life, completed now so
many years ago.

For the second time she had been left thus, man-less, a new life
quickening within her. But what a difference between then and now! Then
the fierce thief of her virginity had stolen away in the night, leaving her to
meet the consequences, alone, an outcast, the hand of all men against her;
and she recalled now with a shudder the afternoon on which she had gone
forth to the Crumbles and there amid the jeers of the remorseless sea had
faced the situation. Now it was true her accustomed mate had been snatched
from her side; but the world was behind her. She was marching with the
hosts, a mighty concourse, one of them, and uplifted on their songs.

She had nothing to fear, much to be thankful for. How calm she felt, how
strong, how confident of herself, above all of Ernie! His punishment had
made him and completed her own life. She had won her man and in
winning him had won herself. And she would never lose him now. His pain,
her pain, had been worth while. Smiles were in her eyes as she recalled the
fuss that he had made—his struggles, his temper, his wiles of a naughty and
thwarted child; and tears where she recalled the anguish of his time of
purgation. And yet because of his suffering he had been strong when the
day of battle came, and he would be strong. She had no doubt of that. And it
was all over now.

Rising she stood up and looked about her, absorbing the down-land,
familiar and beloved from childhood. The sky, grey now and mottled,
drooped about her quietly with the soft wings of a mothering bird settling
soft-breasted on her nest. The good green earth, firm beneath her feet, lifted
her up into the quiet refuge of that welcoming bosom, lifted her to meet it
like a wave gently swelling. So it had always been: so it always would be.
This earth she knew and loved so well was not alien, it was not hostile;
rather it was flesh of her flesh and soul of her soul. It gave her strength and
comfort. Her bosom rose and fell in time, so it seemed to her, with the rise
and fall of the breast of this virgin-mother, whose goodness she assimilated
through heart and eyes and nostrils. She felt utterly at home. All sense of
separation, of dissent, had left her.

Absorbed she stood, and absorbing.

These woman-bodied hills, sparsely clad in rags of gorse that served

only to enhance their loveliness, brought her solace and content as did
nothing else. So it had always been: so it always would be. The beauty and
wonder of them rolled in upon her in waves of sound-less music, sluicing
over the sands of her life in foaming sheets of hyacinth, drowning the
resentment, filling and fulfilling her with the grand harmony of life.

Sometimes down in the Moot, amid the worry, and the tumult, and the
exasperations, she became empty, a discord, a desert. Then she would get
away for an hour among the hills and her parched spirit found instant
refreshment. She brimmed again. The quiet, the comfort, the deep abiding
wonder of it all came back to her; even the words which she always
associated with it—I am the Resurrection and the Life.

Since Ernie's departure the Comforter had come thus to her with
renewed power; as if knowing her need and resolute to fortify her in the
hour of her ordeal.

Standing there upon the brow, Ernie's letter lying like his hand upon her
breast in the old dear way, she gazed across the waters, dimming in the
dusk, and sent out her heart towards him, strong and pulsing as the sun's
rays at dawn seen by some mountaineer from his native peak. She could
shield him so that no evil thing could come nigh him. She had no fear for
him and was amazed at her own triumphant faith.

Established on the rock herself, earth in earth, spirit in spirit, invincibly

secure, she had him safe in her keeping, safe, aye safe as his child
quickening in the warm and sheltered darkness of her womb.
Headley Bros., Ashford, Kent, & 18 Devonshire St., E.C.2.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ONE WOMAN:
BEING THE SECOND PART OF A ROMANCE OF SUSSEX ***

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