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Test bank for Data Structures and Algorithms in
C++ 2nd Edition by Goodrich
Full download link at: https://testbankbell.com/product/test-bank-for-data-
structures-and-algorithms-in-c-2nd-edition-by-goodrich/

Description:
This second edition of Data Structures and Algorithms in C++ is designed to
provide an introduction to data structures and algorithms, including their design,
analysis, and implementation. The authors offer an introduction to object-
oriented design with C++ and design patterns, including the use of class
inheritance and generic programming through class and function templates, and
retain a consistent object-oriented viewpoint throughout the book. This is a sister
book to Goodrich s Data Structures and Algorithms in Java, but uses C++ as the
basis language instead of Java. This C++ version retains the same pedagogical
approach and general structure as the Java version so schools that teach data
structures in both C++ and Java can share the same core syllabus. In terms of
curricula based on the IEEE/ACM 2001 Computing Curriculum, this book is
appropriate for use in the courses CS102 (I/O/B versions), CS103 (I/O/B versions),
CS111 (A version), and CS112 (A/I/O/F/H versions).
About the Author
Michael Goodrich received his Ph.D. in computer science from Purdue University
in 1987. He is currently a professor in the Department of Computer Science at
University of California, Irvine. Previously, he was a professor at Johns Hopkins
University. He is an editor for the International Journal of Computational
Geometry & Applications and Journal of Graph Algorithms and Applications.
Roberto Tamassia received his Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engineering from
the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1988. He is currently a professor
in the Department of Computer Science at Brown University. He is editor-in-chief
for the Journal of Graph Algorithms and Applications and an editor
for Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications. He previously served on
the editorial board of IEEE Transactions on Computers.
--This text refers to the paperback edition.
• ISBN-10 : 0470383275
• ISBN-13 : 978-0470383278

Table contents:
1 A C++ Primer 1
1.1 Basic C++ Programming Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.1 A Simple C++ Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2 Fundamental Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.3 Pointers, Arrays, and Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1.4 Named Constants, Scope, and Namespaces . . . . . . . 13
1.2 Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.2.1 Changing Types through Casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.3 Control Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.4 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.4.1 Argument Passing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.4.2 Overloading and Inlining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.5 Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.5.1 Class Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.5.2 Constructors and Destructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.5.3 Classes and Memory Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.5.4 Class Friends and Class Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.5.5 The Standard Template Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1.6 C++ Program and File Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1.6.1 An Example Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
1.7 Writing a C++ Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
1.7.1 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
1.7.2 Pseudo-Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
1.7.3 Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
1.7.4 Testing and Debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
1.8 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2 Object-Oriented Design 65
2.1 Goals, Principles, and Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.1.1 Object-Oriented Design Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.1.2 Object-Oriented Design Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.1.3 Design Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
xv
xvi Contents
2.2 Inheritance and Polymorphism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.2.1 Inheritance in C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.2.2 Polymorphism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.2.3 Examples of Inheritance in C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
2.2.4 Multiple Inheritance and Class Casting . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.2.5 Interfaces and Abstract Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.3 Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2.3.1 Function Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2.3.2 Class Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2.4 Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2.4.1 Exception Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2.4.2 Throwing and Catching Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
2.4.3 Exception Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
2.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3 Arrays, Linked Lists, and Recursion 103
3.1 Using Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.1.1 Storing Game Entries in an Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.1.2 Sorting an Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.1.3 Two-Dimensional Arrays and Positional Games . . . . . 111
3.2 Singly Linked Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.2.1 Implementing a Singly Linked List . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.2.2 Insertion to the Front of a Singly Linked List . . . . . . 119
3.2.3 Removal from the Front of a Singly Linked List . . . . . 119
3.2.4 Implementing a Generic Singly Linked List . . . . . . . . 121
3.3 Doubly Linked Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.3.1 Insertion into a Doubly Linked List . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.3.2 Removal from a Doubly Linked List . . . . . . . . . . . 124
3.3.3 A C++ Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
3.4 Circularly Linked Lists and List Reversal . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.4.1 Circularly Linked Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.4.2 Reversing a Linked List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
3.5 Recursion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
3.5.1 Linear Recursion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
3.5.2 Binary Recursion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
3.5.3 Multiple Recursion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
3.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4 Analysis Tools 153
4.1 The Seven Functions Used in This Book . . . . . . . . . . . 154
4.1.1 The Constant Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
4.1.2 The Logarithm Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Contents xvii
4.1.3 The Linear Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
4.1.4 The N-Log-N Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
4.1.5 The Quadratic Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
4.1.6 The Cubic Function and Other Polynomials . . . . . . . 158
4.1.7 The Exponential Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
4.1.8 Comparing Growth Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
4.2 Analysis of Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
4.2.1 Experimental Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
4.2.2 Primitive Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
4.2.3 Asymptotic Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
4.2.4 Asymptotic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
4.2.5 Using the Big-Oh Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
4.2.6 A Recursive Algorithm for Computing Powers . . . . . . 176
4.2.7 Some More Examples of Algorithm Analysis . . . . . . . 177
4.3 Simple Justification Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
4.3.1 By Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
4.3.2 The “Contra” Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
4.3.3 Induction and Loop Invariants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
4.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
5 Stacks, Queues, and Deques 193
5.1 Stacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
5.1.1 The Stack Abstract Data Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
5.1.2 The STL Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
5.1.3 A C++ Stack Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
5.1.4 A Simple Array-Based Stack Implementation . . . . . . 198
5.1.5 Implementing a Stack with a Generic Linked List . . . . 202
5.1.6 Reversing a Vector Using a Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
5.1.7 Matching Parentheses and HTML Tags . . . . . . . . . 204
5.2 Queues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
5.2.1 The Queue Abstract Data Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
5.2.2 The STL Queue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
5.2.3 A C++ Queue Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
5.2.4 A Simple Array-Based Implementation . . . . . . . . . . 211
5.2.5 Implementing a Queue with a Circularly Linked List . . . 213
5.3 Double-Ended Queues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
5.3.1 The Deque Abstract Data Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
5.3.2 The STL Deque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
5.3.3 Implementing a Deque with a Doubly Linked List . . . . 218
5.3.4 Adapters and the Adapter Design Pattern . . . . . . . . 220
5.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
xviii Contents
6 List and Iterator ADTs 227
6.1 Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
6.1.1 The Vector Abstract Data Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
6.1.2 A Simple Array-Based Implementation . . . . . . . . . . 229
6.1.3 An Extendable Array Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . 231
6.1.4 STL Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
6.2 Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
6.2.1 Node-Based Operations and Iterators . . . . . . . . . . . 238
6.2.2 The List Abstract Data Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
6.2.3 Doubly Linked List Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
6.2.4 STL Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
6.2.5 STL Containers and Iterators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
6.3 Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
6.3.1 The Sequence Abstract Data Type . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
6.3.2 Implementing a Sequence with a Doubly Linked List . . 255
6.3.3 Implementing a Sequence with an Array . . . . . . . . . 257
6.4 Case Study: Bubble-Sort on a Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . 259
6.4.1 The Bubble-Sort Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
6.4.2 A Sequence-Based Analysis of Bubble-Sort . . . . . . . . 260
6.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
7 Trees 267
7.1 General Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
7.1.1 Tree Definitions and Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
7.1.2 Tree Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
7.1.3 A C++ Tree Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
7.1.4 A Linked Structure for General Trees . . . . . . . . . . . 274
7.2 Tree Traversal Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
7.2.1 Depth and Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
7.2.2 Preorder Traversal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
7.2.3 Postorder Traversal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
7.3 Binary Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
7.3.1 The Binary Tree ADT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
7.3.2 A C++ Binary Tree Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
7.3.3 Properties of Binary Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
7.3.4 A Linked Structure for Binary Trees . . . . . . . . . . . 289
7.3.5 A Vector-Based Structure for Binary Trees . . . . . . . . 295
7.3.6 Traversals of a Binary Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
7.3.7 The Template Function Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
7.3.8 Representing General Trees with Binary Trees . . . . . . 309
7.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Contents xix
8 Heaps and Priority Queues 321
8.1 The Priority Queue Abstract Data Type . . . . . . . . . . . 322
8.1.1 Keys, Priorities, and Total Order Relations . . . . . . . . 322
8.1.2 Comparators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
8.1.3 The Priority Queue ADT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
8.1.4 A C++ Priority Queue Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
8.1.5 Sorting with a Priority Queue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
8.1.6 The STL priority queue Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
8.2 Implementing a Priority Queue with a List . . . . . . . . . . 331
8.2.1 A C++ Priority Queue Implementation using a List . . . 333
8.2.2 Selection-Sort and Insertion-Sort . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
8.3 Heaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
8.3.1 The Heap Data Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
8.3.2 Complete Binary Trees and Their Representation . . . . 340
8.3.3 Implementing a Priority Queue with a Heap . . . . . . . 344
8.3.4 C++ Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
8.3.5 Heap-Sort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
8.3.6 Bottom-Up Heap Construction ⋆ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
8.4 Adaptable Priority Queues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
8.4.1 A List-Based Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
8.4.2 Location-Aware Entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
8.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
9 Hash Tables, Maps, and Skip Lists 367
9.1 Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
9.1.1 The Map ADT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
9.1.2 A C++ Map Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
9.1.3 The STL map Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
9.1.4 A Simple List-Based Map Implementation . . . . . . . . 374
9.2 Hash Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
9.2.1 Bucket Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
9.2.2 Hash Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
9.2.3 Hash Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
9.2.4 Compression Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
9.2.5 Collision-Handling Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
9.2.6 Load Factors and Rehashing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
9.2.7 A C++ Hash Table Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
9.3 Ordered Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
9.3.1 Ordered Search Tables and Binary Search . . . . . . . . 395
9.3.2 Two Applications of Ordered Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
9.4 Skip Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
xx Contents
9.4.1 Search and Update Operations in a Skip List . . . . . . 404
9.4.2 A Probabilistic Analysis of Skip Lists ⋆ . . . . . . . . . 408
9.5 Dictionaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
9.5.1 The Dictionary ADT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
9.5.2 A C++ Dictionary Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
9.5.3 Implementations with Location-Aware Entries . . . . . . 415
9.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
10 Search Trees 423
10.1 Binary Search Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
10.1.1 Searching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
10.1.2 Update Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
10.1.3 C++ Implementation of a Binary Search Tree . . . . . . 432
10.2 AVL Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
10.2.1 Update Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
10.2.2 C++ Implementation of an AVL Tree . . . . . . . . . . . 446
10.3 Splay Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
10.3.1 Splaying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
10.3.2 When to Splay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
10.3.3 Amortized Analysis of Splaying ⋆ . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
10.4 (2,4) Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
10.4.1 Multi-Way Search Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
10.4.2 Update Operations for (2,4) Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
10.5 Red-Black Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
10.5.1 Update Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
10.5.2 C++ Implementation of a Red-Black Tree . . . . . . . . 488
10.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
11 Sorting, Sets, and Selection 499
11.1 Merge-Sort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
11.1.1 Divide-and-Conquer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
11.1.2 Merging Arrays and Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
11.1.3 The Running Time of Merge-Sort . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
11.1.4 C++ Implementations of Merge-Sort . . . . . . . . . . . 509
11.1.5 Merge-Sort and Recurrence Equations ⋆ . . . . . . . . . 511
11.2 Quick-Sort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
11.2.1 Randomized Quick-Sort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
11.2.2 C++ Implementations and Optimizations . . . . . . . . . 523
11.3 Studying Sorting through an Algorithmic Lens . . . . . . . 526
11.3.1 A Lower Bound for Sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
11.3.2 Linear-Time Sorting: Bucket-Sort and Radix-Sort . . . . 528
11.3.3 Comparing Sorting Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Contents xxi
11.4 Sets and Union/Find Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
11.4.1 The Set ADT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
11.4.2 Mergable Sets and the Template Method Pattern . . . . 534
11.4.3 Partitions with Union-Find Operations . . . . . . . . . . 538
11.5 Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
11.5.1 Prune-and-Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
11.5.2 Randomized Quick-Select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
11.5.3 Analyzing Randomized Quick-Select . . . . . . . . . . . 544
11.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
12 Strings and Dynamic Programming 553
12.1 String Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
12.1.1 The STL String Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
12.2 Dynamic Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
12.2.1 Matrix Chain-Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
12.2.2 DNA and Text Sequence Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . 560
12.3 Pattern Matching Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
12.3.1 Brute Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
12.3.2 The Boyer-Moore Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
12.3.3 The Knuth-Morris-Pratt Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
12.4 Text Compression and the Greedy Method . . . . . . . . . 575
12.4.1 The Huffman-Coding Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
12.4.2 The Greedy Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
12.5 Tries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
12.5.1 Standard Tries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
12.5.2 Compressed Tries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
12.5.3 Suffix Tries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
12.5.4 Search Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
12.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
13 Graph Algorithms 593
13.1 Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
13.1.1 The Graph ADT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
13.2 Data Structures for Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
13.2.1 The Edge List Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
13.2.2 The Adjacency List Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
13.2.3 The Adjacency Matrix Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
13.3 Graph Traversals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
13.3.1 Depth-First Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
13.3.2 Implementing Depth-First Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
13.3.3 A Generic DFS Implementation in C++ . . . . . . . . . . 613
13.3.4 Polymorphic Objects and Decorator Values ⋆ . . . . . . 621
xxii Contents
13.3.5 Breadth-First Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
13.4 Directed Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
13.4.1 Traversing a Digraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
13.4.2 Transitive Closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630
13.4.3 Directed Acyclic Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
13.5 Shortest Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
13.5.1 Weighted Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
13.5.2 Dijkstra’s Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
13.6 Minimum Spanning Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
13.6.1 Kruskal’s Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
13.6.2 The Prim-Jarn´ık Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
13.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
14 Memory Management and B-Trees 665
14.1 Memory Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666
14.1.1 Memory Allocation in C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
14.1.2 Garbage Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
14.2 External Memory and Caching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
14.2.1 The Memory Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
14.2.2 Caching Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
14.3 External Searching and B-Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
14.3.1 (a,b) Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680
14.3.2 B-Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682
14.4 External-Memory Sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
14.4.1 Multi-Way Merging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
14.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
Other documents randomly have
different content
altri altre cose infinite su questo andare.„ E se Porfirio pensa di
uccidersi, non trova forse antichi esempi di uomini che vollero morire
“per tedio solamente, e per sazietà dello stato proprio.... quali erano
coloro che udito Egesia, filosofo cirenaico, recitare quelle sue lezioni
sulla miseria della vita; uscendo dalla scuola andavano e si
uccidevano; onde esso Egesia fu detto per soprannome il persuasor
di morire?...„
Certamente gli antichi lodarono anche moltissimo la vita; come la
lodano anche i moderni: ad ora ad ora il pianto cessa, gli occhi
brillano, i canti di gioia riecheggiano; ma che cosa concludere? Che
vi sono due leggi, una del dolore, un'altra del piacere? Le leggi
particolari sono molte; ma dev'essercene pure una generale,
universale, la legge delle leggi, la chiave del mistero. L'appetito di
scienza che è in Leopardi filosofo non resta appagato se dalle leggi
particolari egli non assorge all'ultima, o alla prima, all'unica
certamente dalla quale tutte le altre dipendono. Ma questa verità
fondamentale nessun uomo l'ha scoperta, nessun uomo la può
scoprire; guardate: se uno s'affanna troppo a cercarla, la scienza
moderna lo chiama pazzo, lo giudica affetto da follia metafisica!...
Tale è veramente la condizione dell'intelletto umano: che esso, o
deve rinunziare a comprendere tutta quanta la verità, o deve
appagarsi di una verità non tutta vera. Il Leopardi passa dalla
considerazione del proprio dolore a quello degli altri uomini, dei vivi
e dei morti; logicamente collega tutti i fatti che lo dimostrano; da
filosofo segue “indefessamente con l'occhio dell'intelletto un ordine
di verità connesse tra loro a mano a mano„, ed arriva alla legge del
dolore universale, necessario, eterno, infinito, inconsolabile. Ma egli
pur sente d'avere esagerato. La sua teoria non è equa, come non
sono state eque tutte le altre d'invenzione umana; ed egli stesso
implicitamente lo riconosce. Filippo Ottonieri “stimava che una buona
parte degli uomini, antichi e moderni, che sono riputati grandi o
straordinari, conseguirono questa riputazione in virtù principalmente
dell'eccesso di qualche loro qualità sopra le altre. E che uno in cui le
qualità dello spirito sieno bilanciate e proporzionate fra loro; se bene
elle fossero o straordinarie o grandi oltre modo, possa con difficoltà
far cose degne dell'uno o dell'altro titolo, ed apparire ai presenti o ai
futuri nè grande nè straordinario.„ Un uomo veramente, esattamente
equilibrato, che volesse e sapesse tenere conto preciso di tutto, non
solo non farebbe cose grandi o straordinarie, ma non ne farebbe
neppur piccole, non farebbe niente. Tutti i nostri giudizii sono
parziali, partigiani, appassionati, monchi; ma chi si spaventasse di
questa necessità dovrebbe continuamente tacere. Poichè il silenzio
continuo e la rinunzia totale sono impossibili in qualunque uomo, e
più che impossibili, assurdi in un ingegno, in un genio come Giacomo
Leopardi, questi formulerà postulati dei quali, mentre l'amor proprio
vuole che si riconosca l'esattezza, la ragione denunzia
inconsapevolmente l'esagerazione, perciò la falsità. Tutte le volte —
e come vedemmo non sono poche — che egli riconosce il nesso tra
la sua vita e la sua filosofia, non viene a dire, indirettamente, che la
sua filosofia sarebbe diversa se egli avesse avuto un altro destino? E
questo nesso che c'è in lui, non c'è in ogni uomo? Quindi tutte le
filosofie non sono relative e, per qualche lato, false? Egli che ha fatto
tante distinzioni tra uomini ed uomini e che si è tanto lagnato del
proprio destino, afferma pure “questa massima riconosciuta da tutti i
filosofi, la quale ti potrà consolare in molte occorrenze; ed è che la
felicità e l'infelicità di ciascun uomo (esclusi i dolori del corpo) è
assolutamente eguale a quella di ciascun altro, in qualunque
condizione o situazione si trovi questo o quello. E perciò,
esattamente parlando, tanto gode e tanto pena il povero, il vecchio,
il debole, il brutto, l'ignorante, quanto il ricco, il giovane, il forte, il
bello, il dotto: perchè ciascuno nel suo stato si fabbrica i suoi beni e i
suoi mali; e la somma dei beni e dei mali che ciascun uomo si può
fabbricare è uguale a quella che si fabbrica qualunque altro.„ Ma,
come abbiamo visto che lo Chateaubriand non mette nelle sue opere
la sentenza disperatissima sulla necessità della morte totale senza
speranza di vita futura, così il Leopardi non sviluppa nei suoi scritti il
più equo e consolante giudizio: lo esprime soltanto in una lettera alla
sorella. Una critica meschina ed arrogante ardisce cogliere in fallo
queste grandi anime, e presume di veder meglio di loro e più a
dentro. Esse vedono e sanno tutto; ma naturalmente tutti i concetti
non sono e non possono essere concordi; e fra i moltissimi bisogna
pure scegliere. Il Leopardi ha visto prima che i suoi censori quel che
si può e si deve dire contro la sua filosofia disperata; leggete il suo
epistolario: vedrete che egli vi appare meno pessimista che non nelle
opere. Certo l'esagerazione è biasimevole; ma non è altrettanto
necessaria? Ecco: per il suo bisogno di risolvere i formidabili enimmi
della vita e della morte lo hanno giudicato infermo di follia
metafisica; se egli avesse temperato il suo pessimismo, se avesse
dato forza agli argomenti con i quali sente di poterlo combattere,
avrebbero provato che in lui c'è anche la follia del dubbio.
Per fortuna questa accusa almeno non gli può esser mossa. Non
ostante le contraddizioni inevitabili, egli non dubita. È un
appassionato, un operoso ridotto contro sua voglia a discutere, ma
inconsolabile per essersi dovuto restringere ai semplici ragionamenti;
tutta la forza della sua volontà è concentrata nella sua fede —
negativa, ma incrollabile. Nel negare, egli mette lo slancio mistico dei
suoi pii antenati. Non che dubitare della sua credenza al rovescio,
egli l'afferma vivacemente, e sdegnosamente protesta contro chi ne
vuol scemare il valore, riducendola a un effetto dei suoi dolori. E non
ha torto: la sua filosofia, se è derivata dall'esperienza, è anche
scaturita dalla ragione. Ma un pessimismo soltanto filosofico e
speculativo interesserebbe i pensatori, lasciando freddi tutti gli altri.
Il pessimismo del Leopardi non è freddo, perchè il filosofo è
accompagnato in lui dal poeta; e non è falso, perchè la speculazione
è accompagnata dall'esperienza. Il filosofo che nega è anche un
uomo che soffre. Perciò egli fu, è e sarà sempre creduto.
Egli fu, è e sarà sempre ammirato perchè ha saputo definire tutti gli
aspetti del dolore umano con una forma che eccita il più grande, il
più puro, il più raro piacere. — Questo pessimismo suo, quantunque
sembri totale e insanabile, ammette un temperamento ed offre un
conforto. Egli preferisce la morte alla vita; ma la morte non consola
la vita, la distrugge: la consolazione è nell'Arte. Per quella stessa
ragione che la gioventù e l'amore sono le sole cose delle quali egli si
loderebbe, l'arte è la sua consolazione. Amore e gioventù vivono di
amene illusioni, che la vita pur troppo distrugge: l'arte crea tutto un
mondo ideale contro il quale la realtà non può nulla: in mezzo alle
peggiori disgrazie, tra i disinganni più atroci, l'artista può rifugiarvisi.
Ed egli vi si rifugia. La sua gioventù è finita prima di cominciare;
nessuna donna lo ha amato; i mali lo assediano; ma il suo pensiero
vive ed opera ad ora ad ora, e l'arte gli concede tutte le sue grazie.
Essa è per lui divina. Giudicata “inevitabile„ l'umana infelicità, egli
trova un conforto negli “studi del bello.„ Se la vita degli uomini è
tutto un ozio perchè tutto è vanità, l'arte, che pare esercitarsi intorno
a cose vane, è invece la sola attività utile, perchè essa sola
compensa la tristezza della realtà con la letizia delle fantasie. Questo
è un invertimento del giudizio comune: che importa, se l'infelice
ottiene per esso un sollievo e si riconcilia con la vita e quasi
benedice quella natura che aveva già maledetta?

Fine.
 INDICE

Parte Prima.
L'UOMO.

L'indole: I. Il sentimento poetico Pag. 1

II. Lo spirito filosofico 11

L'educazione: Classicismo e
romanticismo 23

L'esperienza: I. La salute 52
II. L'amore 65
III. La famiglia 94
IV. La patria 152
V. La gloria 177

Parte Seconda.
IL PENSIERO.

Il pessimismo: I. L'illusione 193

II. La misantropia 212
III. Lo scetticismo 224
IV. La morte 237

L'ironia 245

Epilogo 278
 OPERE DI FEDERICO DE ROBERTO

(Edizioni Treves).

Le donne, i cavalier'.... Edizione di lusso, in-8,

illustrata da 100 incisioni L. 12 —
I Vicerè, romanzo. 2 vol. 10 —
Una pagina della storia dell'amore 3 50
L'illusione, romanzo 3 50
La sorte, novelle 3 50
La messa di nozze, romanzo 5—
L'albero della scienza, novelle 4—
Al rombo del cannone 5—
All'ombra dell'olivo 6—
Ironie, novelle 4—
Leopardi 7—
 Nota del Trascrittore

Ortografia e punteggiatura originali sono state

mantenute, correggendo senza annotazione minimi errori
tipografici.
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