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Random documents with unrelated
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civitatem mutare (Balb. 11. 27)—to naturalise oneself as a
citizen of another country.

generis antiquitate florere—to be of noble family.

nobilitati favere (Sest. 9. 21)—to be a friend of the

aristocracy.

nobilitatis fautorem, studiosum esse—to be a friend of the

aristocracy.

homo novus[1]—a parvenu (a man no member of whose

family has held curule office).

ordo senatorius (amplissimus)—the senatorial order.

ordo equester (splendidissimus)—the equestrian order; the

knights.

summo loco natus—of high rank.

nobili, honesto, illustri loco or genere natus—of illustrious

family.

humili, obscuro loco natus—of humble, obscure origin.

humilibus (obscuris) parentibus natus—of humble, obscure

origin.

infimo loco natus—from the lowest classes.

equestri loco natus or ortus—a knight by birth.

summi (et) infimi (Rep. 1. 34. 53)—high and low.

homines omnis generis—people of every rank.

homines omnium ordinum et aetatum—people of every rank
and age.

homo plebeius, de plebe—one of the people.

traduci ad plebem (Att. 1. 18. 4)—to get oneself admitted

as a plebeian.

transitio ad plebem (Brut. 16. 62)—to transfer oneself from

the patrician to the plebeian order.

traductio ad plebem—to transfer oneself from the patrician

to the plebeian order.

unus de or e multis—one of the crowd; a mere individual.

faex populi, plebis, civitatis—the dregs of the people.

infima fortuna or condicio servorum—a degraded, servile

condition.

unus e togatorum numero—an ordinary, average Roman

citizen.

[1] A novus homo by taking office becomes for his

descendants princeps nobilitatis (Cic. Brut. 14) or auctor
generis (Leg. Agr. 2. 35).

3. Dignity—Position—Honours—Pre-
Eminence—(cf. v. 17)
dignitatem suam tueri, defendere, retinere, obtinere—to
guard, maintain one's dignity.
dignitati suae servire, consulere—to be careful of one's
dignity.

aliquem ad summam dignitatem perducere (B. G. 7. 39)—to

elevate to the highest dignity.

principem (primum), secundum locum dignitatis obtinere—

to occupy the first, second position in the state.

in altissimo dignitatis gradu collocatum, locatum, positum

esse—to occupy a very high position in the state.

aliquem ex altissimo dignitatis gradu praecipitare (Dom. 37.

98)—to depose, bring down a person from his elevated
position.

aliquem de dignitatis gradu demovere—to overthrow a

person (cf. sect. IX. 6).

aliquem gradu movere, depellere or de gradu (statu)

deicere—to overthrow a person (cf. sect. IX. 6).

dignitatis gradum ascendere—to attain a position of dignity.

ad honores ascendere—to rise, mount to the honours of

office.

amplissimos honorum gradus assequi, adipisci—to reach the

highest grade of office.

ad summos honores pervenire (cf. also sect. V. 17)—to

attain to the highest offices.

vir defunctus honoribus—a man who has held every office

(up to the consulship).

principatum tenere, obtinere—to occupy the leading

position.
de principatu deiectus (B. G. 7. 63)—deposed from one's
high position.

contendere cum aliquo de principatu (Nep. Arist. 1)—to

contend with some one for the pre-eminence.

primas (e.g. sapientiae) alicui deferre, tribuere, concedere—

to give the palm, the first place (for wisdom) to some one.

4. Public Meetings—Suffrage
convocare populi concilium and populum ad concilium—to
summon an assembly of the people.

contionem advocare (Sall. Iug. 33. 3)—to summon an

assembly of the people.

agere cum populo[1] (Leg. 3. 4. 10)—to submit a formal

proposition to the people.

concilium indicere, habere, dimittere—to fix the day for, to

hold, to dismiss a meeting.

comitia habere—to hold a meeting of the people.

comitia magistratibus creandis—meetings for the election of

officers.

comitiis (Abl.) convenire—to meet for elections.

comitiis consulem creari—to be chosen consul at the

elections.
suffragium ferre (vid. sect. VI. 4, note Not sententiam...)—
to vote (in the popular assembly).

multitudinis suffragiis rem permittere—to leave a matter to

be decided by popular vote.

[1] Aulus Gellius (13. 16. 3) explains the difference

between cum populo agere and contionem habere; the
former = rogare quid populum quod suffragiis suis aut
iubeat aut vetet. Cf. Liv. 22. 10. 2 velitis iubeatisne haec sic
fieri? also 21. 17. 4. habere contionem (conventio = countio
= contio) is equivalent to verba facere ad populum sine ulla
rogatione.

5. Laws—Bills
legem, rogationem[1] promulgare (Liv. 33. 46)—to bring a
bill before the notice of the people.

legem ferre or simply ferre ad populum, ut...—to propose a

law in the popular assembly.

legem suadere (opp. dissuadere)—to support a bill (before

the people).

pro lege dicere—to support a bill (before the people).

legem rogare or rogare populum (cf. sect. XVI. 4, note

Aulus Gellius...)—to formally propose a law to the people.

legem perferre (Liv. 33. 46)—to carry a law (said of the

magistrate).
lex perfertur—a law is adopted.

legem antiquare[2] (opp. accipere, iubere)—to reject a bill.

legem sciscere (Planc. 14. 35)—to vote for a law.

legem iubere—to ratify a law (used of the people).

legem sancire—to let a bill become law (of the people and
senate).

Solo lege sanxit, ut or ne—Solo ordained by law that...

Solonis legibus sanctum erat, ut or ne—the laws of Solon

ordained that...

legem abrogare[3] (Att. 3. 23. 2)—to replace an old law by a

new.

legem tollere (Leg. 2. 12. 31)—to abolish a law.

legi intercedere—to protest against a law (used of the veto,

intercessio, of plebeian tribunes).

legem proponere in publicum—to bring a law before the

notice of the people.

edictum proponere (Att. 2. 21. 4)—to publish, post up an

edict.

legem in aes incīdere—to engrave a law upon a brazen

tablet.

lex rata est (opp. irrita)—a law is valid.

legem ratam esse iubere—to declare a law valid.

a lege discedere—to transgress a law.

salvis legibus (vid. sect. X. 7, note Notice...)—without
breaking the law.

lex[4] iubet, vetat (dilucide, planissime)—the law orders,

forbids (expressly, distinctly).

in lege scriptum est, or simply est—the law says...

sententia or voluntas legis—the spirit of the law.

leges scribere, facere, condere, constituere (not dare)—to

make laws (of a legislator).

legum scriptor, conditor, inventor—a legislator.

qui leges scribit (not legum lator)[5]—a legislator.

in legem iurare (Sest. 16. 37)—to swear obedience to a law.

lege teneri—to be bound by a law.

legibus solvere—to free from legal obligations.

ea lege, ut—on condition of...

aliquid contra legem est—a thing is illegal.

acta rescindere, dissolvere (Phil. 13. 3. 5)—to declare a

magistrate's decisions null and void.

in album referre (De Or. 2. 12. 52)—to record in the official

tablets (Annales maximi).

[1] A rogatio had to be posted up in some public place for

trinum nundinum (tempus) (Phil. 5. 3. 8), i.e. for seventeen
days, nundinae (novem, dies) being a holiday, fair, held
every ninth day.

[2] On the voting-tablets (tabellae) used in the comitia was

written either A (antiquo) to reject the bill, V * R (uti rogas)
to pass it; in judicial questions A (absolvo), C (condemno),
N * L (non liquet).

[3] legi or de lege derogare = to reject a clause in it; legem

abrogare, to nullify a law by passing another which
contradicts it; multam, poenam inrogare alicui, to inflict a
fine on some one with the approval of the people; pecuniam
erogare (ex aerario in classem), to draw money from the
treasury and distribute it according to the wishes of the
people.

[4] lex is often personified in this way.

[5] legis lator = the man who proposes a law.

6. Popular Favour—Influence—
Unpopularity
aura favoris popularis (Liv. 22. 26)—popular favour;
popularity.

populi favor, gratia popularis—popular favour; popularity.

aura popularis (Harusp. 18. 43)—popular favour; popularity.

auram popularem captare (Liv. 3. 33)—to court popularity.

gratiam populi quaerere—to court popularity.

aurae popularis homo (Liv. 42. 30)—a popular man.

ventum popularem quendam (in aliqua re) quaerere—to

strive to gain popular favour by certain means.

gratiosum esse (opp. invisum esse)—to be popular,

influential.

opibus, gratia, auctoritate valere, florere—to have great

influence.

opes, gratiam, potentiam consequi—to acquire influence.

gratiam inire apud aliquem, ab aliquo (cf. sect. V. 12)—to

gain some one's favour.

crescere ex aliquo—to raise oneself by another's fall.

crescere ex invidia senatoria—to profit by the unpopularity

of the senate to gain influence oneself.

iacēre (vid. sect. VII. 1, note iacēre...)—to be politically

annihilated.

existimatio populi, hominum—public opinion.

multum communi hominum opinioni tribuere—to be always

considering what people think.

invidia—unpopularity.

offensio populi, popularis—unpopularity.

offensa populi voluntas—unpopularity.

invidia dictatoria (Liv. 22. 26)—the feeling against the

dictator.
ex invidia alicuius auram popularem petere (Liv. 22. 26)—to
use some one's unpopularity as a means of making oneself
popular.

7. Party-Spirit—Neutrality—Politics—
Aristocracy—Democracy
partes (usually of plebeians)—a party; faction.

factio (of aristocrats)—a party; faction.

partium studium, also simply studia—party-spirit.

partium studiosum esse—to be a strong partisan.

certamen partium—party-strife.

contentio partium (Phil. 5. 12. 32)—party-strife.

partium studiis divisum esse—to be torn by faction.

consiliorum in re publica socius—a political ally.

alicuius partes (causam) or simply aliquem sequi—to

embrace the cause of..., be a partisan of...

alicuius partibus studere—to embrace the cause of..., be a

partisan of...

ab (cum) aliquo stare (Brut. 79. 273)—to be on a person's

side (not ab alicuius partibus).

alicuius studiosum esse—to be a follower of some one.

cum aliquo facere (Sull. 13. 36)—to take some one's side.

nullius or neutrius (of two) partis esse—to be neutral.

in neutris partibus esse—to be neutral.

neutram partem sequi—to be neutral.

medium esse—to be neutral.

medium se gerere—to be neutral.

a partibus rei publicae animus liber (Sall. Cat. 4. 2)—an

independent spirit.

idem de re publica sentire—to have the same political

opinions.

ab aliquo in re publica dissentire—to hold different views in

politics.

ex rei publicae dissensione—owing to political dissension.

in duas partes discedere (Sall. Iug. 13. 1)—to divide into

two factions.

studio ad rem publicam ferri—to throw oneself heart and

soul into politics.

se civilibus fluctibus committere—to enter the whirlpool of

political strife.

imperium singulare, unius dominatus, regium imperium—

monarchy.

optimatium dominatus—aristocracy (as a form of

government).
civitas, quae optimatium arbitrio regitur—aristocracy (as a
form of government).

boni cives, optimi, optimates, also simply boni (opp.

improbi); illi, qui optimatium causam agunt—the aristocracy
(as a party in politics).

principes or primores—the aristocracy (as a leading class in

government).

nobiles; nobilitas; qui nobilitate generis excellunt—the

aristocracy (as a social class).

paucorum dominatio or potentia—oligarchy.

multitudinis dominatus or imperium—government by the

mob.

spiritus patricii (Liv. 4. 42)—patrician arrogance; pride of

caste.

homines graves (opp. leves)—men of sound opinions.

homo popularis—a democrat.

homo vere popularis (Catil. 4. 5. 9)—a man who genuinely

wishes the people's good.

homo florens in populari ratione—a democratic leader.

imperium populi or populare, civitas or res publica popularis

—democracy.

causam popularem suscipere or defendere—to take up the

cause of the people, democratic principles.

populi causam agere—to be a leading spirit of the popular

cause.
patriae amantem (amantissimum) esse (Att. 9. 22)—to be
(very) patriotic.

mundanus, mundi civis et incola (Tusc. 5. 37)—a citizen of

the world; cosmopolitan.

8. Demagogy—Revolution—Rebellion—
Anarchy
plebis dux, vulgi turbator, civis turbulentus, civis rerum
novarum cupidus—a demagogue, agitator.

iactatio, concitatio popularis—popular agitation.

artes populares—tricks of a demagogue.

populariter agere—to play the demagogue.

conversio rei publicae (Div. 2. 2. 6)—revolution.

homines seditiosi, turbulenti or novarum rerum cupidi—

revolutionists.

novis rebus studere—to hold revolutionary opinions.

novarum rerum cupidum esse—to hold revolutionary

opinions.

novas res moliri (Verr. 2. 125)—to plot a revolution.

contra rem publicam sentire—to foster revolutionary

projects.
contra rem publicam facere—to be guilty of high treason.

a re publica deficere—to betray the interests of the state.

plebem concitare, sollicitare—to stir up the lower classes.

seditionem facere, concitare—to cause a rebellion.

seditio erumpit[1]—a rebellion breaks out.

coniurare (inter se) de c. Gerund. or ut...—to form a

conspiracy.

coniurationem facere (Catil. 2. 4. 6)—to form a conspiracy.

conspirare cum aliquo (contra aliquem)—to conspire with

some one.

rem publicam labefactare—to shake the stability of the

state.

rem publicam perturbare—to throw the state into confusion.

statum rei publicae convellere—to endanger the existence

of the state.

rem publicam vexare—to damage the state.

rem publicam funditus evertere—to completely overthrow

the government, the state.

omnes leges confundere—to upset the whole constitution.

omnia turbare ac miscere—to cause universal disorder.

perturbatio omnium rerum (Flacc. 37)—general confusion;

anarchy.
omnia divina humanaque iura permiscentur (B. C. 1. 6. 8)—
anarchy reigns supreme.

leges nullae—lawlessness; anarchy.

iudicia nulla—lawlessness; anarchy.

res fluit ad interregnum—things seem tending towards an

interregnum.

non nullus odor est dictaturae (Att. 4. 18)—there are

whispers of the appointment of a dictator.

tumultum sedare (B. C. 3. 18. 3)—to quell an outbreak.

concitatam multitudinem reprimere—to allay the excitement

of the mob.

plebem continere—to hold the people in one's power, in

check.

[1] But bellum exardescit, war breaks out.

 9. Proscription—Confiscation—
Banishment—Amnesty
proscribere aliquem or alicuius possessiones—to proscribe a
person, declare him an outlaw.

aqua et igni interdicere alicui—to proscribe a person,

declare him an outlaw.

in proscriptorum numerum referre aliquem (Rosc. Am. 11.

32)—to place a person's name on the list of the proscribed.

e proscriptorum numero eximere aliquem—to erase a

person's name from the list of the proscribed.

bona alicuius publicare (B. G. 5. 54)—to confiscate a

person's property.

bona alicui restituere—to restore to a person his confiscated

property.

in exsilium eicere or expellere aliquem—to banish a person,

send him into exile.

ex urbe (civitate) expellere, pellere aliquem—to banish a

person, send him into exile.

de, e civitate aliquem eicere—to banish a person, send him

into exile.

exterminare (ex) urbe, de civitate aliquem (Mil. 37. 101)—

to expel a person from the city, country.

e patria exire iubere aliquem—to banish a man from his

native land.
patria carere—to be in exile.

interdicere alicui Italiā—to banish a person from Italy.

aliquem exsilio afficere, multare—to punish by banishment.

in exsilium ire, pergere, proficisci—to go into exile.

exsulatum ire or abire—to go into exile.

solum vertere, mutare (Caecin. 34. 100)—to leave one's

country (only used of exiles).

exsulare (Div. 2. 24. 52)—to live in exile.

in exsilio esse, exsulem esse—to live in exile.

aliquem (in patriam) restituere—to recall from exile.

in patriam redire—to return from exile.

ante actarum (praeteritarum) rerum oblivio or simply

oblivio—amnesty (ἀμνηρτία).

omnem memoriam discordiarum oblivione sempiterna

delere (Phil. 1. 1. 1)—to proclaim a general amnesty.

postliminium (De Or. 1. 40. 181)—a returning from exile to

one's former privileges.

10. Power—Monarchy—Royalty
imperium, rerum summam deferre alicui[1]—to confer
supreme power on a person.

rem publicam alicui permittere—to give some one unlimited

power in state affairs.

imperium tenere (in aliquem)—to have power over some

one.

imperium obtinere—to maintain power, authority.

principatu deici (B. G. 7. 63)—to be deposed from one's

leading position.

cum imperio esse (cf. XVI. 3)—to have unlimited power; to

be invested with imperium.

in imperio esse—to hold a high office (such as conferred

imperium, i.e. consulatus, dictatura, praetura).

imperium in annum prorogare—to prolong the command for

a year.

imperium deponere (Rep. 2. 12. 23)—to lay down one's

power.

imperium singulare[2]—absolute power; autocracy.

dominari in aliquem—to have unlimited power over a

person.

imperium, regnum, tyrannidem[3] occupare—to take upon

oneself absolute power.

rerum potiri—(1) to usurp supreme power, (2) to be in a

position of power.

dominatio impotens—despotic, tyrannous rule.

potestas immoderata, infinita—despotic, tyrannous rule.

tyrannidem concupiscere—to aspire to a despotism.

tyrannidem sibi parere aliqua re—to establish oneself as

despot, tyrant by some means.

regnum appetere (B. G. 7. 4)—to aspire to the sovereignty.

regnum adipisci—to obtain the sovereignty, kingly office.

alicui regnum deferre, tradere—to invest some one with

royal power.

aliquem regem, tyrannum constituere—to establish some

one as king, tyrant.

regem restituere—to restore a king to his throne (not in

solium).

aliquem in regnum restituere—to restore a king to his

throne (not in solium).

aliquem regno spoliare or expellere (Div. 1. 22. 74)—to

depose a king.

regios spiritus sibi sumere—to assume a despotic tone.

[1] deferre in the sense "confer," "attribute," is also

constructed with ad; when it means to bring news, give
information it always takes ad.

[2] Cf. certamen singulare, a fight of one individual with

another, a duel (cf. xvi. 10a). singularis also has the
meaning "unique," "pre-eminent," e.g. singularis virtus.
[3] tyrannus, tyrannis, tyrannicus are rarely used in the
Greek sense, irresponsible sovereign, etc., but usually mean
despot, despotic, etc. The pure Latin equivalents are rex,
dominus, dominatio, imperium, regius, or if there is
emphasis on the cruelty of despots, dominus saevus,
crudelis et superba dominatio, etc.

11. Slavery—Freedom
servitute premi (Phil. 4. 1. 3)—to languish in slavery.

liberum populum servitute afficere—to enslave a free

people.

aliquem in servitutem redigere—to reduce to slavery.

alicui servitutem iniungere, imponere—to lay the yoke of

slavery on some one.

civitatem servitute oppressam tenere (Dom. 51. 131)—to

keep the citizens in servile subjection.

libertatem populo eripere—to rob a people of its freedom.

populum liberum esse, libertate uti, sui iuris esse pati—to

grant a people its independence.

aliquem in servitutem abducere, abstrahere—to carry off

into slavery.

aliquem sub corona vendere (B. G. 3. 16)—to sell a prisoner

of war as a slave.

iugum servitutis accipere—to submit to the yoke of slavery.

libertas, libertatis studium—independent spirit.

imperium oppugnare, percellere—to attack, overthrow a

tyranny.

ad libertatem conclamare—to summon to liberty.

ad arma conclamare (Liv. 3. 50)—to call to arms.

vincula rumpere—to burst one's chains.

iugum servitutis excutere—to shake off the yoke of slavery.

iugum servile a cervicibus deicere (Phil. 1. 2. 6)—to shake

off the yoke of slavery.

servitutem exuere (Liv. 34. 7)—to shake off the yoke of

slavery.

iugum servile alicui demere—to deliver some one from

slavery.

ab aliquo servitutem or servitutis iugum depellere—to

deliver some one from slavery.

dominationem or dominatum refringere—to destroy a

despotism, tyranny.

regios spiritus reprimere (Nep. Dion. 5. 5)—to destroy a

despotism, tyranny.

libertatem recuperare—to recover liberty.

rem publicam in libertatem vindicare a or ex dominatione—

to deliver the state from a tyranny.
 12. Revenue—Colonies—Provinces
vectigalia redimere, conducere—to farm the revenues.

vectigalia exercere (vid. sect. V. 7, note The first...)—to

collect the taxes.

vectigalia exigere (acerbe)—to exact the taxes (with

severity).

pecuniam cogere a civitatibus—to extort money from the

communities.

vectigalia, tributa[1] pendere—to pay taxes.

immunis (tributorum) (Verr. 5. 21. 51)—exempt from

taxation.

immunitatem omnium rerum habere—to enjoy absolute

immunity.

vectigalia, tributa alicui imponere—to impose tribute on

some one.

tributorum multitudine premi—to be crushed by numerous

imposts.

ager publicus—public land; state domain.

agros assignare (Leg. Agr. 1. 6. 17)—to allot land.

pecunia publica, quae ex metallis redit—the public income

from the mines.

avertere pecuniam (Verr. 2. 1. 4)—to embezzle money.

peculatum facere (Rab. Perd. 3. 8)—to embezzle money.

rem publicam quaestui habere—to enrich oneself at the

expense of the state.

coloniam deducere in aliquem locum (vid. sect. XII. 1, note

Notice too...)—to found a colony somewhere.

colōnos mittere (Div. 1. 1. 3)—to send out colonists.

coloniam constituere (Leg. Agr. 1. 5. 16)—to found a colony.

provinciam[2] alicui decernere, mandare—to entrust some

one with an official duty, a province.

provincias sortiri (Liv. 38. 35)—to draw lots for the

provinces.

alicui Syria (sorte) obvēnit, obtigit—the province of Syria

has fallen to some one's lot.

provincias inter se comparant—(the magistrates) arrange

among themselves the administration of the provinces, the
offical spheres of duty.

in provinciam proficisci (Liv. 38. 35)—to set out for one's

province.

provincias permutare—to exchange provinces.

provinciam administrare, obtinere—to manage, govern a

province.

provinciam obire—to visit, traverse a province.

(de or ex) provincia decedere or simply decedere (vid. sect.

II. 4, note Cf. especially...)—to leave a province (at the
termination of one's term of office).
[1] vectigalia = indirect taxes, including, for example,
decumae, the tenth, tithe of corn; scriptura, the duty on
pasturage; portorium, harbour-toll. tributum = direct tax on
incomes.

[2] provincia originally means a sphere of activity, an

employ, especially of magistrates; it then means the
administration of a country outside Italy conquered in war,
and lastly the country itself, a province. The senate each
year determined on the countries to which magistrates were
to be sent (provincias nominare, decernere).

13. Magistracies

(a) Candidature—Election
petere magistratum, honores—to seek office.

ambire[1] aliquem (always with Acc. of person)—to solicit

the vote or favour of some one.

nomen profiteri or simply profiteri—to become a candidate.

manus prensare[2] (De Or. 1. 24. 112)—to shake hands with

voters in canvassing.

nomina appellat (nomenclator)—the agent (nomenclator)

mentions the names of constituents to the canvasser.
competītor (Brut. 30. 113)—a rival candidate.

multa (pauca) puncta in centuria (tribu) aliqua ferre[3]—to

obtain many (few) votes in a century or tribe.

centuriam, tribum ferre (Planc. 49)—to gain the vote of a

century or tribe.

omnes centurias ferre or omnium suffragiis, cunctis

centuriis creari—to be elected unanimously

repulsam ferre consulatus (a populo) (Tusc. 5. 19. 54)—to

fail in one's candidature for the consulship.

magistratus vitio creati—magistrates elected irregularly (i.e.

either when the auspices have been unfavourable or when
some formality has been neglected).

sufficere aliquem in alicuius locum or alicui—to elect a man

to fill the place of another who has died whilst in office.

alicui or in alicuius locum succedere—to succeed a person in

an office.

alicui imperatori succedere—to succeed some one as

general.

suo (legitimo) anno creari (opp. ante annum)—to be elected

at the age required by law (lex Villia annalis).

continuare magistratum (Sall. Iug. 37. 2)—to continue one's

office for another year.

continuare alicui magistratum—to prolong some one's office

for another year.

prorogare alicui imperium (in annum)—to prolong a

person's command.
magistratus et imperia (Sall. Iug. 3. 1)—civil and military
offices.

inire magistratum—to enter into office.

munus administrare, gerere—to perform official duties.

munere fungi, muneri praeesse—to perform official duties.

honores alicui mandare, deferre—to invest a person with a

position of dignity.

muneri aliquem praeficere, praeponere—to appoint some

one to an office.

munus explere, sustinere—to fulfil the duties of one's

position.

abdicare se magistratu (Div. 2. 35)—to resign one's post

(before the expiry of the term of office).

deponere[4] magistratum—to give up, lay down office

(usually at the end of one's term of office).

abire magistratu—to give up, lay down office (usually at the

end of one's term of office).

de potestate decedere—to give up, lay down office (usually

at the end of one's term of office).

res ad interregnum venit or adducitur—an interregnum

ensues.

abrogare alicui munus (Verr. 2. 57)—to remove a person

from his office.

abrogare alicui imperium—to deprive a person of his

position as commandant.
viri clari et honorati (De Sen. 7. 22)—men of rank and
dignity.

honoribus ac reipublicae muneribus perfunctus (De Or. 1.

45)—a man who has held many offices.

amplis honoribus usus (Sall. Iug. 25. 4)—a man who has
held many offices.

[1] Hence ambitio, legitimate canvassing; ambitus, illegal

canvassing.

[2] Under the head ambitionis occupatio (De Or. 1. 1. 1) are

enumerated salutare, rogare, supplicare, manus prensare,
invitare ad prandium, and sometimes convivia tributim
data. For the whole subject vid. Q. Cicero's book de
petitione consulatus ad M. fratrem.

[3] In counting the votes polled, a dot or mark was put

opposite a candidate's name as often as a tablet (tabella)
with his name on it came up. Hence punctum ferre, to be
successful, e.g. Hor. A. P. 343 omne tulit punctum qui
miscuit utile dulci.

[4] But deponere is also found in the sense of abdicare, e.g.

B. G. 7. 33. 4; N. D. 2. 11; Liv. 2. 28. 9.

(b) Particular Magistracies

consulem creare[1]—to elect a consul.

aliquem consulem declarare (Leg. Agr. 2. 2. 4)—to declare a

person consul-elect.
aliquem consulem renuntiare (De Or. 2. 64. 260)—to
offically proclaim (by the praeco, herald) a man elected
consul; to return a man consul.

bis consul—twice consul.

iterum, tertium consul—consul for the second, third time.

sextum (Pis. 9. 20), septimum consul—consul for the sixth,

seventh time.

videant or dent operam consules, ne quid res publica

detrimenti capiat[2] (Catil. 1. 2. 4)—let the consuls take
measures for the protection of the state.

in hoc praeclaro consulatu—during this brilliant consulship.

aetas consularis—the consular age (43 years).

pro consule in Ciliciam proficisci—to go to Cilicia as pro-

consul.

superiore consulatu—in his former consulship.

dictatorem dicere (creare)—to name a person dictator.

dictaturam gerere—to be dictator.

dictator dicit (legit) magistrum equitum—a dictator appoints

a magister equitum.

potestatem habet in aliquem vitae necisque (B. G. 1. 16. 5)

—he has power over life and death.

lictores summovent turbam (Liv. 4. 50)—the lictors clear

the way.
fasces praeferre, summittere—to walk before with the
fasces; to lower the fasces.

censores censent populum—the censors hold a census of

the people.

censum habere, agere (Liv. 3. 22)—to hold the census.

censuram agere, gerere—to perform the censors' duties.

locare aedes, vias faciendas (Phil. 9. 7. 16)—to receive

tenders for the construction of temples, highroads.

locare opera publica—to let out public works to contract.

redimere, conducere porticum aedificandam (Div. 2. 21. 47)

—to undertake a contract for building a portico.

nota, animadversio censoria—the reprimand of a censor.

notare aliquem ignominia (Cluent. 43. 119)—to brand a

person with infamy.

censu prohibere, excludere—to strike off the burgess-roll.

tribu movere aliquem—to expel some one from his tribe.

e senatu eicere—to expel from the senate.

senatu movere—to expel from the senate.

lustrum condere (Liv. 1. 44. 2)—to complete the censorship

(by certain formal purificatory ceremonies = lustro
faciendo).

tribuni plebis sacrosancti (Liv. 3. 19. 10)—the plebeian

tribunes, whose persons are inviolable.
appellare[3] tribunos plebis (in aliqua re a praetore) (Liv. 2.
55)—to appeal to the plebeian tribunes against a praetor's
decision.

provocare[4] ad populum (Liv. 2. 55)—to appeal to the

people.

intercessio tribunicia (cf. sect. XIV. 5)—the tribunicial veto.

[1] creare is used of any magistrate regularly elected. The

locus classicus on this subject is Cic. De Leg. 3. 3. 6-12.

[2] This formula conferred absolute power on the consuls.

This was done only in cases of great emergency, and was
somewhat similar to our "declaration of martial law."

[3] appellare as a legal technical term only occurs in

classical Latin in the formula te, vos appello.

[4] provocare only with proper names, e.g. ad Catonem

provocare. To appeal to some one's pity, etc. = implorare
alicuius misericordiam, fidem, etc.

14. The Senate

publicum consilium (Phil. 7.7. 19)—the council of the
nation; the senate.

in senatum legere,[1] eligere—to elect to the senate.

senatum vocare, convocare—to call a meeting of the

senate.
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