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 What readers are saying about Desktop GIS

Desktop GIS is a comprehensive survey of open source software for

GIS users. Everyone from casual mapmakers to seasoned profes-
sionals will find a wealth of information from data visualization to
advanced spatial analysis techniques. This book is an ideal text for
anyone interested in a hands-on approach to learning the latest in
open source GIS technology.
Matthew Perry
Senior Staff Scientist, Geosyntec Consultants
 Desktop GIS
Mapping the Planet with Open Source Tools

Gary E. Sherman

The Pragmatic Bookshelf

Raleigh, North Carolina Dallas, Texas
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their prod-
ucts are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and The
Pragmatic Programmers, LLC was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have
been printed in initial capital letters or in all capitals. The Pragmatic Starter Kit, The
Pragmatic Programmer, Pragmatic Programming, Pragmatic Bookshelf and the linking g
device are trademarks of The Pragmatic Programmers, LLC.

Every precaution was taken in the preparation of this book. However, the publisher
assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages that may result from
the use of information (including program listings) contained herein.

Our Pragmatic courses, workshops, and other products can help you and your team
create better software and have more fun. For more information, as well as the latest
Pragmatic titles, please visit us at

http://www.pragprog.com

Copyright © 2008 Gary E. Sherman.

All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmit-

ted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, without the prior consent of the publisher.

Printed in China.

ISBN-10: 1-934356-06-9
ISBN-13: 978-1-934356-06-7
 Contents
Preface 9
How to Use This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1 Introduction 12
1.1 What Is Desktop Mapping? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.2 Desktop vs. Server Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.3 Assembling a Toolkit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.4 Other Mapping Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.5 What’s Ahead? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2 Getting Started 23
2.1 The Three User Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2 Which Are You? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3 Choosing a Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4 Selecting the Right Toolkit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.5 Acquiring and Installing Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.6 Integration of Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.7 Managing Software Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.8 Getting Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.9 Where to Find Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.10 Next Step . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

3 Working with Vector Data 37

3.1 Viewing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2 Rendering a Story . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.3 Looking at Attribute Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.4 Advanced Viewing and Rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.5 Making Attribute Data Work for You . . . . . . . . . . . 56
 CONTENTS 6

4 Working with Raster Data 67

4.1 Viewing Raster Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.2 Improving Rendering with Pyramids . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.3 Intelligent Rasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

5 Digitizing and Editing Vector Data 81

5.1 Simple Digitizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.2 Editing Attribute Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.3 More Digitizing and Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

6 Data Formats 91
6.1 Common Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
6.2 Choosing a Standard Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6.3 Conversion Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

7 Spatial Databases 98
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
7.2 Open Source Spatial Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
7.3 Getting Started with PostGIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
7.4 Using PostGIS and Quantum GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
7.5 Using PostGIS and uDig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
7.6 Summing It Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

8 Creating Data 120

8.1 Digitizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
8.2 Importing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
8.3 Converting Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
8.4 Using GPS Data with QGIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
8.5 Georeferencing an Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

9 Projections and Coordinate Systems 138

9.1 Projection Flavors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
9.2 Working with Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
9.3 The PROJ.4 Projections Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
9.4 More Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

10 Geoprocessing 149
10.1 Projecting Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
10.2 Line-of-Sight Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
10.3 Hydrologic Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
10.4 Creating Hillshades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
10.5 Merging Digital Elevation Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
10.6 Clipping Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
 CONTENTS 7

11 Using Command-Line Tools 174

11.1 GMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
11.2 Using GDAL and OGR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
11.3 Creating a Spatial Index for Shapefiles . . . . . . . . . . 201
11.4 PostGIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

12 Getting the Most Out of QGIS and GRASS Integration 208

12.1 Loading and Viewing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
12.2 Editing GRASS Data with QGIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
12.3 Using Analysis and Conversion Tools . . . . . . . . . . 218
12.4 Summing It Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

13 GIS Scripting 235

13.1 GRASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
13.2 QGIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
13.3 GDAL and OGR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
13.4 PostGIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

14 Writing Your Own GIS Applications 263

14.1 Options for Writing Your Application . . . . . . . . . . . 263
14.2 Examples of Custom Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
14.3 How to Approach Your Own Project . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

A Survey of Desktop Mapping Software 269

A.1 GUI Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
A.2 Command-Line Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
A.3 Other Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

B Installing Software 290

B.1 GRASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
B.2 OpenJUMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
B.3 Quantum GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
B.4 uDig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
B.5 GMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
B.6 GDAL/OGR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
B.7 FWTools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

C GRASS Basics 296

C.1 Location, Location, Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
C.2 Getting Some Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
C.3 Working with Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
C.4 Getting to Know the GUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
C.5 Digitizing and Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
 CONTENTS 8

D Quantum GIS Basics 330

D.1 Vector Properties and Symbology Options . . . . . . . . 330
D.2 Project Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
D.3 Map Navigation and Bookmarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
D.4 Plugins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

Index 343
 Preface
Open source GIS is a rich and rapidly expanding field of endeavor. Take
a look at the FreeGIS Project website,1 and you’ll see an impressive list
of more than 300 applications. With such a wide array of software avail-
able, it’s impossible for any one book to cover everything. In Desktop
GIS, the goal is to introduce you to some of the major open source GIS
applications that are in active development today. It’s a tough propo-
sition to cover each of these to the extent they deserve. Instead, the
approach is to introduce you to tools that will get you started with open
source GIS and enable you to reach out and expand on your own.
You might think this book is a beginner’s book. Although it’s true that
it starts out that way, we move quickly into areas that intermediate
and advanced users can profit from. Starting from a simple problem
and moving through the concepts of using open source, we’ll advance
to examples of real GIS analysis.

How to Use This Book

If you are new to the concept of GIS, begin at the beginning. For those of
you familiar with GIS but new to open source, the introduction is worth
reading, but you should definitely take a look at Chapter 2, Getting
Started, on page 23 for an overview of things to consider.
If you want an overview of what’s available in open source GIS, before
you proceed take a look at Appendix A, on page 269.
Following the introductory chapters, we delve into working with data,
digitizing and creating new data, and then doing analysis using open
source GIS applications such as GRASS, QGIS, and uDig. In later chap-
ters, you will find information on scripting and writing your own
applications.

1. http://freegis.org
 A CKNOWLEDGMENTS 10

Since this book is not a tutorial, we won’t go into all the nuances of each
application mentioned. We will show you how to accomplish common
tasks using the software, and in those cases you’ll find a fair bit of
guidance.
The appendixes contain information on installing and using some of
the applications mentioned in the book. If you need further assistance
getting started, refer to websites for the respective projects where you’ll
find a wealth of information.

Versions
The dynamic nature of the open source GIS community was readily
apparent during the writing of this book with several projects releasing
major versions. Fortunately, the differences between the versions don’t
significantly impact our illustrations and examples. Where there is a
difference, it is noted in the text. For software used in the examples,
the following versions were used:
GRASS
For most of the examples, version 6.2.x was used. Where the ver-
sion 6.3 release candidate was used, it is noted in the text.
Quantum GIS
Most of the examples use version 0.8.1. In later chapters where
the Python bindings are discussed, version 0.9.x is used. There
are some minor differences in the user interface between 0.8.1
and 0.9.x, but you should be able to use the later version without
much difficulty.
uDig
For the uDig examples, you can use either the stable (1.0.6) ver-
sion or the current version 1.1 release candidate.
For GDAL, GMT, PROJ.4, and PostGIS, you can use the latest versions
to work through the examples in the book.

Acknowledgments
I want to express my thanks to those who have reviewed all or parts
of the book and provided input and encouragement: Markus Neteler,
Matthew Perry, Barry Rowlingson, Tyler Mitchell, Frank Warmerdam,
Aaron Racicot, Jason Jorgenson, Brent Wood, Dylan Beaudette, Roger
Pearson, Martin Dobias, Patti Giuseppe, and Landon Blake.
 A CKNOWLEDGMENTS 11

My family put up with me being “present yet absent” for months on end.
I want to thank them for their support, encouragement, and patience
during the entire process.
Lastly, I want to dedicate this book to the memory of my father, who
passed away during its development. While from another era, he in-
stilled in me the curiosity of how things work and what to do when they
don’t. He taught me much, and for that I am forever grateful.

Gary Sherman
March 2008
gsherman@mrcc.com
 Where there is no vision, the people perish. . .
Proverbs

Chapter 1

Introduction
Interest in mapping is on the rise, as witnessed by services such as
Google Earth, Virtual Earth, MapQuest, and any number of other web
mapping mashups. These are all exciting developments, yet there is
another realm you should consider—the world of desktop mapping with
open source GIS (OSGIS). You may be thinking “Why do I need OSGIS?
I have all the web mapping sites and tools I could ever need.”
To answer that question, let’s consider our friend Harrison. He’s coming
from the same place as many of us, having played around with the web
mapping tools and is now ready to start adding his own data. Harrison
quickly discovers he can’t add the GPS tracks from his last hike to any
of the “conventional” web maps—all he can do is view the data they
provide. Next he fires up Google Earth1 to see whether that will do the
trick. He soon finds that with a little digging around on the Internet, he
is able to get the tracks off his GPS and import them into Google Earth.2
With a bit of work, Harrison is now able to display his GPS tracks.
Fresh from his victory in Google Earth, Harrison now embarks on his
next project, which is the real reason he is interested in mapping. It
turns out that Harrison is an avid bird watcher. Not only did he record
his trek, but he also logged waypoints at each bird sighting. With each
waypoint, he made a few notes about the species of bird, the number of
birds observed, and the weather conditions. Harrison has just moved
from simply displaying where he walked to wanting to display his bird
sightings and “analyze” his observations. In doing so, he has hit upon
the basis of a Geographic Information System (GIS)—linking geographic
locations to information.

1. Although there is a free version of Google Earth, it is not open source.

2. If Harrison had Google Earth Pro, he could have directly loaded his GPS data. But he
opted for the adventurous (in other words, free) route.
 W HAT I S D ESKTOP M APPING ? 13

Harrison ponders his next move—how to get all that good bird informa-
tion that’s on his trail-weary notebook sheets into a form where he can
not only visualize it but even ask some questions (in other words, do
analysis). Harrison wants to be able to do the following:
• View the locations where he observed birds
• View only the locations where he saw the yellow-bellied Wonky
Finch
• Scale his locations (dots) based on the number of birds seen at
each location (more birds = bigger dot)
• See whether there is any relationship to the weather and the num-
ber or types of birds he observed
Harrison needs not only a good visualization tool but something he can
do analysis with. Harrison needs some GIS tools, and of course we offer
up open source desktop GIS as the solution to his mapping needs.

1.1 What Is Desktop Mapping?

Harrison has introduced us to a problem that we can solve with desktop
GIS software. So, what exactly is desktop mapping? Well, it isn’t about
drawing a map to find your pencils, pens, stapler, and coffee cup. Desk-
top mapping is all about using software installed on your computer to
visualize and analyze data. Not only can it be used to meet Harrison’s
bird-mapping needs, you can also create hard-copy maps, create data
out of thin air (well almost), and examine the relationships between
features.
Although it’s true you can do all this with proprietary software, we’ll
take a journey through the open source GIS landscape to see what we
can find. To get started, let’s take a look at the kinds of things we can
do with open source desktop mapping tools. I’ve already told you that
Harrison’s bird project can be handled quite nicely. Everybody likes to
“get on the board” quickly rather than learning a bunch of theory and
commands. We’ll try to do the same here as you start your journey into
OSGIS, whether you are a beginner or a battle-scarred GIS geek.
To give you an idea of what we can do, you can see a rather simplistic
interpretation of the progression of things we can do with GIS (open
source or not) in Figure 1.1, on the following page, in order of increasing
complexity. We’ll take a closer look at each of these functions to help
you get an idea of what’s involved with each. In turn, you can decide
 W HAT I S D ESKTOP M APPING ? 14

Figure 1.1: GIS functions

how far up you want to climb. You’ll notice that our GIS progression is
like scaling the outside of an inverted cone. Imagine yourself as a rock
climber doing a free climb up the outside of that cone. The higher you
go, the more of a workout you’re going to get. Learning OSGIS is a bit
like climbing that cone. Fortunately, you decide how far to go based on
what you want to do. Getting on board is pretty easy. Let’s visualize.

Visualize
The dictionary (well, one of them anyway) defines visualize as “make
(something) visible to the eye.” That definition fits pretty well with what
we want to do. We want to see our data. This is the entry-level activity
in GIS. We get some data, whether from our GPS or by downloading it
from the Internet, and we look at it. Remember, that’s the first thing
Harrison was interested in—looking at his data. That sounds good, but
you’ll quickly find that just looking at a bunch of black lines on a white
background isn’t all that exciting. We need a context for our data. Let’s
return to Harrison for a moment.
 W HAT I S D ESKTOP M APPING ? 15

Harrison has caught up with us and is staring at a nice collection

of seemingly random lines on a snow white background in his desk-
top GIS viewer.3 Although immensely proud of his accomplishment, it
really isn’t much to look at and certainly not very enlightening. Harri-
son wishes he could display his data over the same topographic (topo)
map he took with him on his hike. Using his favorite search engine, he
begins the hunt for a topo map. Fortunately for Harrison, he stumbles
upon the Libre Map Project4 that has free topo (DRG5 ) maps for the
United States. Harrison quickly finds his part of the world and down-
loads the appropriate maps. Now he can overlay his GPS data on a
background that provides some context.6 Harrison gets really ambi-
tious now and goes to hunt for some imagery to add to his map. We’ll
check on him later.
What’s the first thing you are going to do when you add your bird loca-
tions, fishing holes, or Big Foot sightings to your map? My guess is
you’ll want to change the color, symbol, size, and any number of other
things to control the way it looks. This is another important aspect of
visualization—being able to change the way the data looks. We call this
symbolizing your data. I think it’s safe to say that all OSGIS viewers
provide this ability. Typically you can change the colors, fill patterns,
line styles, and marker symbols to get the effect you want.
Think back a moment to Harrison’s requirements for his bird-mapping
project. He wants to not only view the locations where he saw the birds
but also to change the size of the dot based on how many birds he saw
at a location, as in Figure 1.2, on the next page. He also may want to
display only a single species. Most OSGIS viewers can easily accomplish
these tasks—and more. Harrison hasn’t thought of it yet, but he’s going
to want to symbolize his bird locations by species as well. By using both
colors and sizes, he can convey a lot of information about his birding
observations. We’ll see examples of how to render our own data using
these techniques in Section 3.2, Rendering a Story, on page 42.
Now that we have explored visualization a bit, let’s move on to the next
step. From visualize to digitize.

3. At the moment, we’re talking in generalities; we’ll get to some specific OSGIS applica-
tions shortly.
4. http://libremap.org
5. A DRG is a scanned USGS topographic map, typically available in TIFF format.
6. The astute observer is asking, what about the projection difference between the GPS
data and the DRG? We’ll pretend that doesn’t exist for the moment.
 W HAT I S D ESKTOP M APPING ? 16

Figure 1.2: Bird sightings: The bigger the dot, the more birds

Digitize
Let’s define what it means to digitize. Breaking out our handy dictio-
nary gives us a definition along the lines of “convert pictures or sound
into digital form for processing in a computer.” There’s nothing myste-
rious about that definition. See, you may have already done some dig-
itizing when scanning your old photographs or playing with the sound
recorder and a microphone on your computer.
When it comes to GIS, digitizing usually means capturing and storing
points, lines, or polygons from paper maps. But for the purposes of our
general discussion, we’ll just equate digitizing with creating data and
hope the purists don’t catch up with us before we’re done.
Harrison has a digitizing project in mind. Looking at the DRG he down-
loaded to use as a base for his bird visualization project, he finds it
shows roads, trails, lakes, contour lines, and other physical features.
Unfortunately for Harrison, many of the small lakes on his map are not
labeled with their name. In order to make a better-looking display (and
 W HAT I S D ESKTOP M APPING ? 17

GIS Data Types in a Nutshell

You are about to be exposed to a bunch of new terms as
we launch into our discussion of what you can do with OSGIS.
Among these are GIS data types. Essentially you can divide GIS
data into two types: vector and raster.
Think of vector data as things you would draw with a pencil
and paper. We could draw points, lines, and polygons. In GIS,
the features have a location in the real world, allowing us to
examine their relationship to other features.
Taking it one step further, we can attach attributes—
information about the feature. Our vector data can have one
or more attributes. For example, we might create a polygon
that represents the outline of a lake. The attributes for the lake
might be name, area, perimeter, and mean depth. Attributes
are stored in fields in our dataset, whether they be in a file or a
database table.
These two characteristics, location and attributes, are what
make GIS different from a simple drawing or paint program.
The other type of GIS data is raster data. In a raster, the infor-
mation is represented by cells (in some cases, pixels) where the
value of each cell represents a quantity or color. Examples are
a photograph where the cells represent a color and an image
where each cell value represents an elevation.
In GIS, we use both types of data, depending on what we are
trying to accomplish. In the simplest case, we might use a raster
image—an aerial photograph in this case—showing our neigh-
borhood. We then would overlay our vector data in the form
of streets. It not only makes a nice picture to look at, but with
attributes attached to the streets, we can also learn the name
of each.
 W HAT I S D ESKTOP M APPING ? 18

ultimately a hard-copy map), Harrison would like to label the lakes. He

could just use a paint program and label the lakes, but then he would
have to modify the original image. Besides, Harrison tends to flip-flop
a bit about what he wants, so maximum flexibility is important. Harri-
son then discovers the notion of creating his own vector data. If you’re
not familiar with it, vector data is just points, lines, and polygons that
represent real features on the ground. Harrison thinks about creating
a point near the middle of each lake and labeling it, but that would
look a bit goofy, even for him. He then decides to digitize each lake and
make a polygon. For each polygon, he’ll add an attribute—the name.
While Harrison is busy working on his lakes, let’s talk briefly about the
process of digitizing.
In the simplest sense, digitizing is tracing features with your mouse. In
reality, there is a fair bit of skill involved in doing it right. The process
goes something like this: you create a new layer (think file for now) to
store your features in, add some attributes to it (for example, the lake
name), and then begin tracing features. As you complete each feature,
you enter the attributes. When you are done, you have a layer you
can view and label using the attributes you entered. Of course, this is
a simple explanation, but all digitizing is really an extension of these
concepts.
We’ve kind of lumped things together under the digitizing category.
There are other ways to create new data apart from digitizing. Harrison
actually illustrated this for us when he imported his GPS data. Other
ways to create data include importing from a text file, scanning images,
and even accepting coordinates from a web form. We’ll get into more of
this later. Let’s hope by now both you and Harrison have a good idea of
just what it means to create GIS data. Once we have all this good data,
it’s time to analyze.

Analyze
This is where GIS really shines. Being able to use our data we worked
so hard on collecting to answer some what-if questions is what makes
GIS exciting. This is also what separates GIS software from being just
a “viewer.”
Using GIS we can answer all types of questions. Let’s get Harrison to
help us out with an example. He has a theory that most of his bird
sightings are within 200 feet of a lakeshore. With all his hard work,
Harrison can view both his bird sightings and the lakes, but he can’t
 W HAT I S D ESKTOP M APPING ? 19

Figure 1.3: A 200-foot buffer around the lakes

really tell how far apart they are. He could use the fine tools provided by
his software to measure the distance from each sighting to the nearest
lake or lakes. But this is time-consuming and tedious, and the end
result can’t be visualized. Fortunately, Harrison can use a common GIS
operation known as buffering.
Harrison proceeds to create a 200-foot buffer around his lakes (see
Figure 1.3). This is pretty much a one-stop operation. You indicate what
layer you want to buffer (lakes) and enter the distance. The software
then calculates the buffer around each lake and creates a new layer
containing the result. Harrison now proceeds to set up his display. He
adds the new buffer layer to the map, then the lakes, and finally the
bird sightings. Any bird sighting falling on the buffer layer is within
200 feet of a lake (or lakes). Harrison can quickly visualize his results
and see whether his theory is right. OK, so it turns out he was wrong.
It looks like the bird sightings don’t necessarily fall within 200 feet of
a lake. Harrison decides he can still be right and goes off to create a
500-foot buffer.
 D ESKTOP VS . S ERVER M APPING 20

This is a simple example of the type of analysis you can do with open
source GIS applications available today. You may be thinking that Har-
rison’s analysis is a bit contrived and really not all that significant—and
you are probably right. Let’s list a few more situations where a buffer
analysis might provide meaningful insight:
• Restrict development to a distance at least 500 meters from an
active eagle nest.
• Determine where to allow a drinking establishment such that it’s
at least a quarter mile from any school.
• Develop emergency action plans by identifying all public facilities
within a given distance of a hazardous storage site.
• Establish a setback around a creek or stream.
And the list goes on. As you can see, the simple operation of creating
a buffer can answer a lot of questions. It’s a valuable tool and just
one of many that we’ll take a look at as we get deeper into specific
applications. Of course, there are a lot of other types of analysis we can
do with desktop GIS. We’ll explore some of these later.
We’ve now taken a look at three aspects of GIS: visualization, digitizing,
and analysis. With that under our belt, we are ready to get into some
more specifics. Oh, and about Harrison—he finally proved his point by
creating a 5,000-foot buffer around all the lakes. As usual, the tools
alone can’t provide a meaningful analysis. Before we move on too far,
let’s take a quick look at the server side of things.

1.2 Desktop vs. Server Mapping

When you think of a server, you probably think of a big machine locked
away in an air-conditioned room somewhere. Well, that could be true,
but in this case I’m referring to software, not hardware.
The server side of open source GIS provides important capabilities for
us on the desktop. For example, we might have spatial database that
stores our data. Or we might have a spatial server that can pump
out data using a number of web standards. We can use all these data
sources from the desktop.
We might have resources on a bunch of servers, all accessible from our
desktop GIS applications and serving up all the data we need. We’re still
doing desktop mapping, using the tools installed on our local machine.
Let’s contrast that for a moment with server-side mapping.
Other documents randomly have
different content
A dúo, as A dúa.
A dúo a dúo, by two and two.
Aduocáre, as Auocáre.
Aduocáto, as Auocáto.
A duólo, in mourning weeds.
Adusánza, according to custome.
Adusáre, to vse, to accustome, to enure.
Adúso, according to vse or custome.
Adustáre, to burne, to parch, to scorch, to tanne with heat.
Adustíbile, that may be burnt, parched, scorched or tanned.
Adustióne, parching or scorching heat.
Adustíuo, burning or parching.
Adústo, adust, burnt, skorched.
Áe, for Ha, he or she hath.
Aẻlio, a kind of hawke.

Aẻllo, the name of a dog, tempest.

Aeráre, to aire, to weather.
Áere, the aire. Also an aspect, a countenance, a cheere, a looke or
apparance in the face of man or woman. Also a tune or aire of a song or
ditty. Also a kind of wood good to make oares with.
Aerẻo, airy, of the nature of aire.
Aeróide, a pretious stone of a skie colour.
Aeróne, a Hearon.
Aeróso, airie, full of aire. Also cheerefull in aspect, full of countenance.
Aerománte, a diuiner by the aire.
Aeromantía, a diuination by the aire.
Aetíte, a stone found in an eagles neast, it is also vsed for Borax to solder
mettals with.
Áfa, a sultry faint heat, when the sunne is ouercast with clouds, presaging
some vnseasonable weather. Also tediousnesse or wearinesse of time.
Also molestation, lazines, or anxiety of mind.
Afáca, a kind of weed among corne.
A fáccia a fáccia, face to face.
A fáme, by famine or hunger.
Afáre? Afáre sia, is it so? then do your worst, doe what you can.
A fatíca, with labour, hardly.
Afátto, wholly, altogether, vtterly.
Afè Aféde, in good faith, faithfully.
A fẻrro, to the sword.
A fẻrro di cauállo, looke Briglio.
A fẻrro & fuóco, to fire and sword.
A festóne, leafe-worke, looke Festóne.
A fétte, by slices or collops.
Affábile, affable, curteous, gratious.
Affabilíre, lísco, líto, to make or become affable, curteous, gratious and
gentle.
Affabilità, affability, curtesie, kindnesse.
Affabilménte, curteously, gently, kindlie.
Affáccia affáccia, face to face.
Affacciáre, to face, to outface. Also to come before ones face. Also to
appeare or looke out of a window or from of some high place, to shew
ones face.
Affacchinársi, to become a Porter; to become base minded, to become a
slaue.
Affacẻndáto, busied, full of affaires.
Affácere, as Confáre.
Affagiauáre, to en-phesant, to dresse pheasant-like.
Affalcáre, is properly when a horse stops and staies vpon his hinder parts.
Affaldáre, to fold vp, to pucker, to plait, to wrinkle.
Affaldatúra, a folding, a pleiting, a puckering or wrinkling in clothes.
Affalsáre, to falsifie, to forge.
Affamáre, to famish, or hunger starue.
Affamático, greedy, hunger starued.
Affangáre, to bemire, to bemud.
Affannáre, to grieue or molest in mind.
Affánno, griefe, vexation, sorrow or trouble of mind, dreriment.
Affannóso, full of griefe, sorrow or vexation of mind, drerie.
Affardẻlláre, to packe, or fardle vp, to trusse or fold vp together.
Affáre, as Confáre. Also emploiment or businesse, huómo di gránde affáre.
Affarináre, to floure with meale. Also to reduce or grind to meale.
Affársi, to beseeme, to sute together.
Affasciáre, to swathe or bind about, to bundle or fardle vp, to sheafe up
corne.
Affascinaménto, as Affascinatióne.
Affascináre, to charme, or for-speake or bewitch with lookes and words.
Affascinatióne, a bewitching or for-speaking with lookes and words.
Affascinatóre, a bewitcher with lookes and words.
Affasgianáre, as Affagianáre.
Affastẻlláre, to bundle or fardle vp.
Affastidíre, dísco, díto, to trouble, to vex, to be tedious or fasheous vnto.
Affatáre, to enchant as Fairies doe.
Affatíca, hardly, with labour.
Affaticánte, a labouring man. Also labouring, or suffering.
Affaticáre, to labour, to put to labour, to weary, to toile, to moile. Also to
endeuour.
Affatichéuole, as Affaticánte.
Affatocchiáre, to charme or bewitch.
Affatocchiéra, a witch, a sorceresse.
Affatucchiáre, to bewitch, to charme.
Affatucchiéra, a witch, a charmer.
Affaturáre, to bewitch, to charme.
Affátto, wholly, vtterly, throughly.
Affè Afféde, in good faith.
Affebbráre, to take or haue an ague.
Affedáre, to trust, to affie. Also to warrant. Also enfeoffe, to commit vnto
trust.
Afféde, in good faith or sooth.
Afferési, a figure which taketh a letter or sillable from the beginning of a
word.
Affermagióne, an affirmation. Also a fixing vnto as a signet or seale.
Affermáre, to affirme. Also to affix vnto.
Affermataménte, affirmatiuely.
Affermatióne, as Affermagióne.
Affermatiuaménte, affirmatiuely.
Affermatíuo, affirmatiue.
Affẻrránte, grapling or clinching. Also a horse for seruice or for battell.
Affẻrráre, to gripe, to grapple, to clinch or seaze on violently.
Affẻttáre, to affect, to desire, to wish. Also to imitate curiously. Also to
slice or cut into collops.

Affẻttatióne, affectation, curiosity, a desire of that which nature hath not

giuen.
Affẻttatóio, a curious affecting fellow.
Affẻttatúzzo, a nice, ouercurious, too much affected and ouerweening
fellow.
Affẻttéuole, affectable, that may bee affected.
Affettionáre, to affectionate, to loue or beare good will vnto.
Affettionatíssimo, most affectionate.
Affettionáto, affectionated, adicted.
Affettióne, affection, good will, loue.
Affettíuo, affecting, affectiue.
Affẻtto, an effect, a motiue, a disposition, a passion, a loue or good will
vnto. Also affected, enclined, adicted, or liable vnto.
Affẻttuosaménte, very affectionately.
Affẻttuóso, affectionate, following the disposition or passion of another.
Áffia, Áfia, a kind of fish.
Affiatáre, to breath, or draw breath.
Affiáto, as Affláto.
Affibbiáglio, a buckle or buckling place.
Affibbiaménto, a buckling, a clasping.
Affibbiáre, to buckle. Also to claspe.
Affibiatúre, a buckling, a clasping.
Afficcáre, to affix. Also to thrust in.
Affidánza, affiance, trust.
Affidáre, to affie, to trust vnto.
Affiebolíre, as Affieuolíre.
Affielíre, lísco, líto, to engall or enbitter.
Affieníre, nísco, níto, to become hay.
Affieuolíre, lísco, líto, to enfeeble.
Affieuolézza, feeblenesse, weaknesse.
Affíggere, fíggo, físsi, físso or fítto, to affix, to fasten or stick vnto.
Affiguráre, to marke, to view or to take notice of.
Affiláre, to spin, to thrid. Also to set an edge vpon. Also to put into files or
ranks.
Affiláto, spun. Also sharpe or edged. Also put into files or ranks. Also
straight as a line.
Affílo, as Afíla.
Affilatúra, a spinning, a thriding. Also a setting of an edge. Also a girdle.
Affináre, to refine. Also to giue ouer and make an end. Also as Affiláre.
Affinatóre, a refiner. Also a sheare-grinder.
Affinimúndo, to the worlds end.
Affiníre, nísco, níto, as Affináre.
Affído, a kinsman by mariage or bob-taile.
Affioccaménte, in flaking manner. Pell mell, thicke and threefold. Also
horcely. Also droopingly, faintly, or languishingly.
Affioccáre, to flake as snow doth. Also to betassell, to tuffe, or hang with
locks. Also, to flocke or come thicke and threefold together. Also to burst
out in laughter. Also to make or become hoarse in speaking. Also to
droupe and wither away. Also to make or become faint and languishing.

Affirmáre, to affirme or affix vnto.

Affirmatióne, an affirmation.
Affissáre, to affix vnto.
Affísso, affixed or fastned vnto. Also an affix, or thing fixt to another.
Affittagióne, a fee-farme, a demising or letting or renting of lands.
Affittaiuólo, as Affittuále.
Affittáre, to demise, to farme, to rent or hire any lands or houses, to fee-
farme.
Affittaruólo, as Affittatóre.
Affittatióne, as Affittagióne.
Affittatóre, a Farmer, a Landlord. Also a tenant of lands.
Affittéuole, rentable, that is or may be let or rented.
Affítti, rents, reuenewes or profits of lands or houses.
Affítto, by rent, in fee-farme, by lease, for rent. Also a fee-farme or rent.
Also as Affísso.
Affittuário, of or belonging to farming, letting, or renting.
Affittuále, a Land-lord. Also a Tenant.
Affiubáre, to buckle or claspe together.
Afflábile, that may be blowne, breathed or enspired.
Affláre, to blow, to breath vnto, to fill with winde. Also to enspire or to
puffe vp.
Affláto, filled of puffed vp with winde. Also breathe or winde. Also
breathing aire.
Affláto, a blast, a winde, a breathing, a blowing. Also an inspiration.
Afflíggere, flíggo, flíssi, flítto, to afflict, to molest, to vex, to trouble.
Afflittióne, affliction, trouble, vexation, calamity.
Afflittíno, afflicting, full of affliction. Also that afflicteth.
Affluẻnte, affluent, flowing, or abounding in wealth.
Affluẻnza, affluence, abundance.
Affluíre, ísco, íto, to flow vnto. Also to abound in wealth.
Affocáre, to set on fire, to kindle. Also to neale red whot. Also to stifle or
smother.
Affocáto, set on fire, nealed red whot, stifled, smothered. Also a sorell
colour of a horse.
Affocatíccio, firie, full of fire, easie to be set on fire.
Affodẻllo, the Daffodill or Affodil.
Affodíllo, idem.
Affogágine, a stifling or choaking. Also a curse, as we say, a pockes
choake you.

Affogáre, to stifle, to smother, to choake. Also to drowne.

Affoggiáre, to fashion vnto.
Affolláre, to croud or presse thick together. Also to blow, to pant or gaspe.
Affoltaménto, as Affoltáta.
Affoltáre, to presse, to thrust or croud together. Also to hudle vp thicke or
in heapes. Also to speake mery, thicke and fast.
Affoltáta, a presse, a croud, a thrust, a hudling vp in heapes. Also a thick-
told tale, a hudling or fast speech.
Affondaménto, a sinking or plunging to the bottome.
Affondáre, to sinke or plunge downe to the bottome, to ouerwhelme.
Affondatióne, idem.
Affóndere, as Fóndere.
Affóndo, to the bottome, very deepe.
Afforísmo, as Aphorísmo.
Afforticáre, to trusse or tucke vp.
Affortificáre, to fortifie, to strengthen.
Affórza, by force, forcibly, vpon compulsion, by maine strength.
Afforzaménto, an enforcement.
Afforzáre, to re-enforce, to strengthen, to fortifie, to vnite, to force, to
gather or adde strength. Also to force or compell.
Affoscáre, to make or become duskie, foggie, mistie or darke.
Affossaménto, a ditching, an entrenching.
Affossáre, to enditch, to entrench, to dike. Also ditch or mote about, to pit.
Affra, Afra, a kinde of fish.
Affraccassáre, as Fraccassáre.
Affradẻlláre, as Affratẻlláre.
Affrancáre, to enfranchise, or make free.
Affrancatióne, an enfranchising.
Affrángere, as Frángere.
Affránto, as Fránto.
Affrappáre, as Frappáre.
Affrappatóre, as Frappatóre.
Affratẻllánza, a fraternity or brother-hood.
Affratẻlláre, to become as breathren, to embrother.
Affreddáre, to coole, to take cold.
Affrenáre, to bridle, to curbe. Also to rule, to keepe in awe, to restraine.
Affréno, bridled, in awe, in feare.
Affrésco, a Painters worke called wash or water-colours.
Affrettaménto, a hastning or making speed.
Affrettáre, to hasten or make speed.
Affrezzoláre, idem.
Áffrica id est. coldles, or alwaies whot.

Áffrico, the winde South-west and by West.

Áffrico áuftro, the winde Southwest and by South.
Affrittẻlláre, to frie as fritters.
Affrittióne, affliction, sorrow.
Affrítto, afflicted, grieued.
Affrodisiáce, a stone which once heated keepes his heat seuen daies.
Affrontagióne, as Affrónto.
Affrontaménto, as Affrónto.
Affrontáre, to affront, to face, to out face, to encounter. Also to cheate or
cunnicatch.
Affrontáta, as Affrónto.
Affrontatóre, an affronter, a facer. Also a cheater, a cozener, a conicatcher.
Affrónte, face to face, ouer against.
Affrónto, an affront, an on set, a bold part, an iniury. Also a cozening,
cheating tricke.
Affrustáre, as Frustáre. Also to breake or shiuer in peeces.
Affrústo, by peecemeale, by scraps.
Affrustráre, as Frustráre.
Affumáre, to besmoake, to drie in the smoake as bacon, to blote hearings.
Affumáte, blote hearings, dried sprate.
Affumicáre, as Affumáre.
Affuocáre, as Affocáre.
Affuriáre, to enfury, to enrage.
Affusáre, to spindle, to make as a spindle.
Affuseláre, idem. Also to stretch vpon a frame as Painters doe canuase to
paint vpon it.
Affusoláre, as Affuseláre.
Affusoláte gámbe, spindle shankes.
Affusoláto, smale, spinie, like a spindle. Also spruce, fine, smugge, or trickt
vp.
Affustáre, to stocke or mount peeces.
Áfia, a kinde of fish.
A fiácca cóllo, to the vtmost danger, to the breaking of ones necke.
A fíla, in files, in roes, in rankes as soldiers march.
Afiláre, to put into files, or roes. Also to set an edge vpon any weapon.
A fílo di spáda, to the edge of the sword.
A fílo, leuell, by line and thrid.
A finimóndi, to the worlds end.
Afittáre, as Affittáre.
Afítto, as Affítto.
Afláre, as Affláre.
Aflíggere, Aflítto, as Afflíggere.
Aflittióne, as Afflittióne.
Afluẻnte, Afluẻnza, as Affluẻnte.
A fóndo, to the bottome, deepe.
Aforisticaménte, briefly, succinctly.
Afórza, as Affórza.
A fracásso, in ruine, to hauocke.
A fréno, bridled, in awe, in feare.
Afrésco, as Affrésco.
A frónte, face to face, ouer against.
A fuóco, to the fire, with fire.
A fuóco et fẻrro, with fire and sword.
A fúria, in fury, furiously.

A furóre, in fury. Also furiously.

A fusóne, spindled, shanked, staued.
Agabbaménto, a mocking, a flouting.
Agabbáre, to mocke, to flout, to iest.
Agábbo, in mockery, in iest.
Agacciáre i dẻnti, to set ones teeth an edge.
Agaglíno, a kind of coine in Italy.
Agála, a flote, floting as corke vpon the water.
Agaláre, to flote lightly vpon the water.
Agálma, an image, a statue. Also a cifer or mysterious obscure caracter.
Agalmaría, a place where images are kept.
Agalmóne, any obscure or mysticall language.
Agalmónico, obscure, mysterious, alluding to some other thing, equiuocall.
Agámo, a batcheler, an vnmarried man.
Aganciáre, to make sharpe-pointed, or keene.
Agáncio, sharpe-pointed, keene.
Aganípidi, hath been vsed for the nine Muses.
Agápi, a yellow stone that cureth the stinging of Serpents.
A gára, striuingly, for the maistery.
Agárico, a white fungous excrescence growing out of trees, vsed in
physicke. Agarike.
Agasílli, the hearb whereof Ammonike is made.
Agasóne, is properly a leader of wilde beasts when they are tame.
Ágata, an Agate stone.
Ágato, the needle-fish.
Agatóne, a crafty, slie, suttle fellow.
Agauignáre, to claspe fast, to tugge, to touze, to wrestle or clinch about.
Agauocciáre, as Gauocciáre.
Ageláre, to freeze.
Agelásto, a man that neuer laughs.
Agẻmma, looke Innestáre.
Agẻnte, acting, working. Also an agent, a factor, a doer, a negotiator.
Agẻnza sp. Haziénda.
Ageráto, an hearb of the Ferula kind.
Ageuoláre, to make easie or facile.
Agéuole, easie, facile. Also tractable, gentle, nimble, light, ethe.
Ageuolissimaménte, most easily.
Ageuolménte, easily, with facility.
Ageuolézza, facility, easinesse. Also agility, dexterity, nimblenesse.
Aggabbáre, to mocke, to flout, to iest.
Aggábbo, in mockery, in iest.
Aggaffáre, to catch or snatch vp.
Aggarbáre, as Garbeggiáre.
Aggarbáto, as Garbáto.
Aggarbatúra, as Garbézza.
Aggarbeggiáre, as Garbeggiáre.
Aggárbo, as Gárbo.
Aggecchírsi, chísco, chíto, to grow faint hearted, to become a coward or a
dastard, to loose ones courage.

Aggéggia, a moore-hen.
Aggegnáre, to frame any kind of carpenters, ioiners or smiths work or
building, so that it may be taken asunder and set vp againe, to engine
together.
Aggeláre, to freeze.
Aggeráto, the hearb Cotton-weed, Stechado, or Moth-weed.
Aggẻttáre, to abiect, to reiect or cast from.
Aggẻttíuo, a noune adiectiue.
Aggẻtto, abiect, outcast, despised, base.
Agghiacciáre, to freeze, to become frost.
Agghiadáre, idem.
Aggiaccársi, to put on a iacket, or shirt of maile. Also as Aggecchírsi.
Aggiaccáto, with a iacket or shirt of maile on. Also become faint hearted or
a coward.
Aggiacẻnte, adiacent, neere-lying.
Aggiacére, to lie neere vnto, to neighbour.
Aggiacciáre, to freeze or grow to frost or ice. Also to vnderprop, or make
sure.
Aggialláre, to make or become yellow.
Aggieláre, to freeze or grow to frost.
Aggiogáre, to yoke vnto.
Aggióngere, as Aggiúgnere.
Aggiontáre, as Giontáre.
Aggiónta, as Aggiúnta.
Aggiontatóre, as Giontatóre.
Aggiontióne, an adiunct, an addition.
Aggiónto, adioined, annexed, added vnto. Also ouertaken or ouer-reached,
or ouer gone. Also arriued or come to any place. Also an addition or
adiunct.
Aggiornaménto, an adiourning. Also a proroguing to a day. Also a
summoning.
Aggiornáre, to adiorne, to summon. Also to wax day. Also to prorogue to a
day.
Aggiornatóre, an apparitor, a summoner.
Aggiraménti, as Giraménti.
Aggiráre, as Giráre.
Aggirársi in váno, to loose labour, to go about had I wist.
Aggiráta, a winding, a turning or walking about.
Aggiróne, a kind of hat or cap.
Aggiudicáre, to adiudge, to doome.
Aggiúgnere, gióngo, giónsi, giónto or giúnto, to adioine, to annex, to adde
vnto. Also to reach vnto or ouertake. Also to outgo, to ouer-reach, to
ouer-goe. Also to ariue, to come, or reach to any place.
Aggiúngere, as Aggiúgnere.
Aggiúnta, an addition or annexing vnto. Also reaching or ouertaking. Also
an arriuing or comming to a place. Also the vantage that Bakers or any
other man that selleth a thing giueth to the buier in euery dozen or
hundred.

Aggiuntáre, Aggiuntatóre, as Giontáre.

Aggiúnto, as Aggiónto.
Aggiuráre, to adiure, to vrge.
Aggiustáre, to make iust, euen or leuell.
Aggiustáre vn pẻzzo, to leuell a piece.
Aggiustéuole, that may be made iust.
Agglobáre, to en-globe or make round.
Agglomeraménto, a winding vp as a bottom or clue of thrid.
Agglomeráre, as Aggomiccioláre.
Agglutináre, to glue vnto.
Aggobbáre, as Gobbáre.
Aggoluppáre, as Goluppáre.
Aggomiccioláre, to wind vp round as a clue of thrid.
Aggomícciolo, a clue or bottom of thrid. Also any round bundle.
Aggomitoláre, as Aggomiccioláre.
Aggomítolo, as Aggomícciolo.
Aggottáre, to drop. Also to swell or puffe as one full of wind or dropsie.
Aggottóso, full of drops. Also swolne or puft vp as with wind or dropsie.
Aggradáre, as Gradíre.
Aggradíre, as Gradíre.
Aggraffáre, as Aggraffiáre.
Aggraffiáre, to scratch. Also to scramble.
Aggranchiáre, to seaze on, to gripe or take hold of with clawes, to crampe
or haue the cramp. Also to stiffen or benum with cold. Also to scratch or
to torture.
Aggrandiménto, a making or becoming great.
Aggrandíre, dísco, díto, to make or become great.
Aggrappaménto, a grapling, a griping. Also a shrinking. Also a clammering.
Aggrappáre, to graple, to gripe. Also to shrinke vp. Also to clammer or
rampe.
Aggrappéuole, that may bee grapled, griped, or taken hold of.
Aggratiáre, to grace.
Aggratáre, as Gradíre.
Aggratiatíno, gratious, or comely.
Aggratiáto, gracefull, graced, full of grace and comelinesse.
Aggrátta, as Gráta. Also a watch towre.
Aggrattáre, to scratch.
Aggrattigliáre, as Aggratticciáre. Also to tickle with clawing or scratching.
Also vsed for to sooth vp and flatter a man with faire words.
Aggratticciáre, to make hurdle or great wise. Also to clinch, to graple or
gripe fast. Also to broile vpon a gridiron. Also to be entangled in some
grate or hurdle.
Aggrauaménto, as Aggráuio.
Aggrauáre, to aggrauate. Also to harden as Pharaoes heart was.

Aggráuio, a grieuance, a burthening.

Aggrauóso, grieuous, burthensome.
Aggregáre, to aggregate, to assemble.
Aggregatióne, an assembly or aggregation.
Aggregáto, as Aggregatióne.
Aggreggiáre, to flocke, to troupe, to heard.
Aggreuaménto, a grieuance.
Aggricciaménti, astonishments, starings of ones haires.
Aggricciáre, to astony, to affright or make ones haire stand an end.
Aggriccioláre, to become toish, humorous or phantasticall.
Aggrigiáre, to make or become gray.
Aggrinzáre, to wither, to wrinkle.
Aggrinzáre, as Aggricciáre.
Aggroppaménto, a fast knotting.
Aggroppáre, to knot together fast. Also to shrinke as it were in a knot.
Aggroppársi, is properly when a horse knits himselfe close together to
shew the strength of his backe. Also to shrinke backe.
Aggrottáre, to make or become rugged or craggie.
Aggrottáre le cíglia, to froun, to skoule, to lowre or looke grim.
Aggrumáre, to heape or scrape together. Also to make sharpe. Also to
roule or wind vp as a clue of thrid. Also to make or become soure,
sharpe, or tart in tast.
Aggruppáre, as Aggroppáre.
Agguagliánza, an equalling or matching.
Agguagliáre, to equall, to compare.
Agguáglio, an equalling, a paragon.
Agguardáre, to regard, to behold.
Agguatáre, to watch at an aduantage.
Agguáto, a watch set for entrapping.
Agguattáre, as Acquattáre.
Agguazzáre, as Guazzáre.
Agguerríre, as Aguerríre.
Agguindoláre, to reele or wind silke.
Agguindolatóre, a reeler of silk or yarne.
Aghedáre, to freeze.
Aghẻrbíno, the South-west wind.
Aghiadáre, to freeze.
Aghiádo, with or by the sword. Also benummed with cold. Also vpon colde
blood. Also perforce or vpon constraint.
Aghiróne, an Hearon.
Agiámbo, a kind of steele so called.
Agiaménto, any kind of casement. Also a priuie.
Agiáre, to ease, to accomodate, to place at ease. Also to grow a God.
Agiaróso, sandie, grauelly, grettie.
Agiataménte, easily, comodiouslie. Also agedly.
Agiáto, eased, setled comodiously. Also able to liue, or wealthie. Also
aged.
Agíbile, that may be acted or done.
Agíes, an hearb in India whereof they make good bread, and yet the iuice
is poison.
Ágile, agile, easie, nimble, light.
Agilità, agility, nimblenesse, facilitie, dexterity.
Agilitáre, to make easie or nimble.
Agimína, a kind of tapistrie worke or damaske worke in Persian blades.
Aginína, a kind of networke worne ouer tinsell or cloth of gold to make it
shew clinkant.
Ágio, ease, leasure while, conueniencie, comodity. Also age.
Agióccia, by drops, droppingly.
Agiocciáre, to drop, to trill.
A gióco, in sport, in game, in iest. Also sea-room, la náue và a gióco the
ship hath sea-roome. Also l'uccẻllo è a gióco, that is when a hawke hath
no manner of let but may flie at his pleasure.
Agiogáre, to yoke or couple together.
A giógo, by yokes or couples.
A giósa, plenteouslie, store, enough and to spare, hold belly hold.
Agiótto, an Eagle called an Ospraie.
Agirábile, that may be turned about.
Agiraménti, as Aggiraménti.
Agiráre, as Aggiráre or Giráre.
A girónda, about and about.
Agiróne, an Hearon.
Agiróni, geronie in armorie.
Agitáre, to mooue or stir or tosse vp and downe. Also to perturbe the
mind.
Agitatióne, agitation, motion or tossing vp and donwe. Also perturbation of
mind.
Agitéuole, that may be agitated.
Agitílla, a white stone with blacke streakes in it.
Ágito, a kind of waight in India.
A gítto, at a cast, at once, at a throw. Also framed by casting as great
ordenance. Also a sport that children vse in Italie called Alle óssa, that is
with vs at nine pinnes or heeles, and what one doth cast downe at the
first throw they say, fárlo a gítto.
A giúre, by or according to law.
Ágla, a kind of flat fish like a Flounder.
Aglaphotíno, an hearb vsed of enchanters.
Agláudo, a dogs name, White tooth.
Agliádo, as Aghiádo.
Agliáta, a meat made of garlicke.
Agliétti, yong or little Garlickes.
Áglio, Garlicke.
Aglióna, as Agliáta.
Aglióne, as Agliáta.
Aglióso, full, or tasting of Garlicke.
Ágna, an eaw Lamb.
Agnatióne, kindred by the fathers side. Also growing out of natures
course.

Agnáto, a kinsman by the fathers side. Also growne beyond natures

course.
Agnẻlláre, to yeane as an eawe.
Agnẻllátto, as Agnẻllo.
Agnẻllo, a Lambe.
Agni, lambes. Also a kind of little fish.
Agnísta piombína, as Ossifrágo.
Agnitióne, agnition, acknowledgement.
A gniún módo, by no meanes, in no manner.
Ágno, an he lambe. Also a fellon in ones finger.
Agnocásto, looke Agrifólio.
Agnolétto, a little lambkin.
Ágnolo, an Angell. Also a kind of bird.
Agnóme, a sirname, a nicke name.
Agnomináre, to sirname, to nickename.
Agnominatióne, agnomination.
Agnóne, the chast tree or willow.
A gnún módo, by no means, in no maner.
Ágnus dẻi, a lambe with a crosse. Also a kind of rauenous sea-foule.
Guardáre in agnus dẻi, that is to looke backe, because the agnus dei in
Saint Iohn Baptist doth so. It is also taken for to looke or be harmlesse
and innocent.
Ágo, a needle, a sharp sting or prick. Also the Needle-fish or hornebacke.
Also the chaffe comming from winnowed or bolted corne.
Ágo a pómo, a pin with a head.
Ágo da pomẻlla, idem.
Ágo da sácchi, a packe-needle.
Agóge, a trench or conduit that miners make to draine the waters they
meete withall.
Agognánte dámma, a Doe embost.
Agognánti cáni, dogs panting and lilling out their tongues.
Agognáre, to wish, to desire, to couet or long for with sighing. Also to pant
and bee out of breath or lill out the tongue as a dog that is weary, to
embosse as a deare.
Agógno, carke or care of mind. Also sighingly, desirous and longing for.
Agolpíre, písco, píto, to enfox or become foxe-like.
Agoluppáre, as Goluppáre.
Agolúppo, as Golúppo.
Agomitoláre, as Gomitoláre.
Agóne, a place in Rome to ride horses in, now called Piazza nauóna. Also a
campe, a battell, a combat.
Agóni, a kind of dainty fish.
Agonía, agonie, trembling for feare.
Agonióso, full of agony or anguish.
Agonísta, a champion, a publike fighter.
Agonizzánte, anguishing, languishing in agony. Also panting for breath, as
we say embossed.
Agonizzáre, to anguish, to be or languish in agony. Also to fight a publike
combat. Also to pant for breath.

Agóno, a fish called in Latine Agonus.

Agónta, a kinde of ancient coine in Italie.
Agónzi, certaine broad sleeues as thoseof a gowne of a master of Art in
Oxford.
Agóra, all manner of needles.
Agorgogliáre, as Gorgogliáre.
Agosẻllo, as Agusẻo.
Agostáne, a kinde of August plum.
Agostáro, an ancient coine of Augustus.
Agósto, Aósto, the moneth August.
Agotíle, a kinde of strange bird.
Ago vóto, an emptie needle.
Agozzíno, a Seriant, a Catchpole, a Beadle, a Prouest marshall, a Surueior
of good orders. Also a captaine ouer slaues in a galley. Also an
executioner or hangman. Also a clerk of the market.
Agracchiáre, as Gracchiáre.
Agradáre, as Gradíre.
Agradíre, as Gradíre.
Agrádo, acceptablie in good worth.
Agraménte, eagerly, sharply.
Agramónia, as Agrimónia.
Agranchiáre, as Aggranchiáre.
Agrandẻlláre, to hurle with fury.
A grán fatíca, with much labour.
A grán giornáte, by long iorneis.
A grán péna, with much paine.
A grán pẻzze, by a great deale or while.
A gran tórto, most wrongfully.
A grán vóce, with a high voice, loudlie.
Agrária, of or pertaining to lands. Also a law made for the distributing of
lands among the people.
Agrário, a field-man. Also a fauourer of that law.
Agratiáre, to grace.
Agratiáto, graced. Also, gracefull.
Agraticciáre, to scratch, to scrape.
Agrauáre, to agrauate, to oppresse.
Agráuio, grieuance, oppression.
Agrédine, sharpnesse, sourenesse.
Agregánza, an assemblie or aggregation.
Agregáre, to assemble, to aggregate.
Agregatióne, as Agregánza.
Agrẻsto, Agrẻsta, vnripe grapes. Also vertiuice or alligar. Also water
cresses, or waterkarnes, or Nosesmart. Also a soure surly fellow.
Agrẻste, rusticall, rurall, clounish. Also a swine or vplandish man.
Agrẻstína, a kinde of sourish sauce.
Agrétto, sourish. Also water-creasses. Also soure wig. Also butter-milke.
Agreuaménto, a grieuance.
Agrézza, egernesse, sourenesse.
Ágrico, rusticall, rurall, clownish.
Agrícola, a till-man, a Ploughman, a husband-man.
Agricoltóre, as Agrícola.

Agricoltúra, tillage, plowing, husbandrie, harrowing.

Agrifólio, the Holly, or Huluer-tree. Also a kinde of Withie or willow, called
in Latine Agnus castus, and in English Parke-leaues, Abrahams balme,
the Clust or Hemp-tree.
Agrimónia, the hearbe Agrimony or Liuer-wort. Also tartnesse or
sharpnesse on the tongue.
Agrimónio, tart or biting the tongue.
Agrinciáre, to wrinkle, to wither.
Ágrio, Sauage, belonging to the fields. Also a kind of wilde Spikenard.
Agrióne, a kind of radishroote, horse-radish. Also a kind of Nitre.
Agriophági, people that feede on Panthers or Lions.
Agríppa, a child borne with his feet forward. Also a wilde Oliue. Also an
hearbe.
Agríre, grísco, gríto, to make or become eager, sharpe, or soure. Also to
exasperate.
Ágro, eager, soure, tart, vnripe. Also fierce and cruell. Also a field. Also the
winde Garbino.
Agroppársi, as Aggroppársi.
Agrósto, Stitchwort or Dogsgrasse.
Agrótto maríno, a bird like a swan, braying like an Asse.
Agrumáre, as Aggrumáre.
Agrúme, eagerneese, sourenesse, tartnes. Also any kind of soure meate,
or sauce.
Agrúzzo, the frounze in a hauke.
Agruzzoláre, to scrape together.
Aguagliánza, equaling, comparision.
Aguáio, woe or afflication.
Aguaíre, ísco, íto, to enwo, or afflict.
Aguále, equall, euen.
Aguatáre, as Guartáre.
Aguáti, watchings, lurkings, scoutes, wiles. Also ambushes.
Aguazzáre, as Guazzáre.
A guázzo, in wading manner. Also plashingly. Also, wash or water coloures.
Agúcchia, a Needle, any sharpe pricke or sting. Also a spire of a steeple,
or sharp pinacle, a sharpe pointed piramides. Also knit or wrought with
needles. Also amongst gunners a pricker or pruning iron.
Agúcchia da pómo, a Pine with a head.
Agúcchia rampináta, a crooked Iron that gunners vse to finde the thicknes
of chambred peeces of the breach.
Agucchiáre, to thrid a nedle, to needle, to pin with pins. Also to make
sharpe as a needle. Also to knit or worke with needles.
Agucchiáro, as Agucchiaruólo.
Agucchiaruólo, a nedlemaker. Also a pinner or pinmaker.
Agucchiáto, needled, or knit with needles.
Aguẻffáre, to match or ioyne together.
Aguẻrríre, rísco, ríto, to enwar, to enure, or traine vp to war, to make or
become a warrior.
Agufẻo, an celepout, or as some thinke a kind of dog-fish.
Agugióne, as Aguglióne.
Agúglia, as Agúcchia. Also an Eagle.
Agugliáre, as Agucchiáre.
Aguglíno, a kind of graine in Italy.
Aguglionáre, to needle, to make sharpe pointed. Also to pricke, to sting, or
to goade.
Aguglióne, a great Agúcchia. Also a great Eagle. Also a spike of iron. Also
a pricker or pruning or priming Iron.
Agugnáre, as Agognáre.
Agúgno, as Agógno.
Aguifólio, as Agrifólio.
A guísa, in manner, guise or fashion.
Aguisáre, to enure, to accustome.
Agúlla, a fish called a roch.
Aguluppáre, as Goluppáre.
Agulúppo, as Golúppo.
Agunánza, an assembly.
Agunáre, to assemble together.
Agúra, Agúro, Agúrio, as Augúrio.
Aguráre, as Auguráre.
Aguróso, as Auguróso.
Agusẻo, as Agufẻo.
Agúto, as Acúto.
Agutézza, as Acutézza.
Aguzzáre, to make sharpe pointed. Also to whet, to make keene or to set
an edge vpon. Also to set on, to ensharpen, to entice.
Agúzza coltẻlli, a whetter of kniues.
Aguzzatóre, a grinder, or whetter of any weapon. Also a sharper.
Aguzzétta, as Agozzíno.
Aguzzíno, as Agozzíno.
Agúzzo, as Acuto, sharpe, keene.
Áh, alas, oh, aye me, welledaie. Also instead of an answer when one is
called, ah? what? what now?
Ahẻssia, the hearbe orchanet or Alkanet.
Áhi, Ahimé, alas, aye me, oh.
Ahótta, now at this time, at this houre. Also at some houres, sometimes.
Ahumiliáre, to humble, to enmeeken.
A huómo per huómo, man by man, or man for man.
Ai, to the, by the. Also from the.
Áia, a court yard or plot of ground desseigned for any building, an open
meeting place in a citie where Marchants resort and meete as in the
Exchange at London, the floore of a house or barne, a threshing floore.
Also a voide space in some figures. Also a plot a bed, a quarter or broad
banke in a garden. Also a round circle about a starre. Mettersi in aie, a
prouerbe, as much to say as for one to put him self into pecke of
troubles, or to meddle with what belongs not to him, to put his oare into
another mans boate, &c.

Aiáce, a flower so called.

Aiáre, to floore any roome or low foundation. Also to thresh or tread
corne. Also to make into beds, quarters or plats as gardens are. Also to
loiter and gaze vp, and down idly, to houer and linger about as a kite
about his pray.
Aiáto, looke Andáre aiáto.
Áiẻre, as Áẻre or Ária.
Aiẻróso, airy, as Aẻróso.
Aierótta, the breath of man or woman.
Aiétta, a buzzard, or a puttocke.
Aigléuco víno, sweet hollocke wine.
Aimé, ay me, alas, woe is me.
Áio, a fosterer, an ouerseer, a ruler, a bringer vp. Also a cuckoe-bird. Also a
long-tongued knaue, one that vttereth all he knowes. Also a darling, a
minion, a fauorite.
Aiólo, as Aiuólo.
Aióne, Aiáto, looke Andár' aióne.
A iósa, store, good plentie, hold bellie hold.
Áira, Áire as Áẻre.
Airemánte, a deuiner by the aire.
Airemantía, diuination by the aire.
Airóne, an hearon.
Aíssa, as Aízza.
Aissáre, as Aizzáre.
Aissatóre, as Aizzatóre.
Aíta, aide, helpe, succour.
Aitánte, aiding, helpfull. Also lusty or that can helpe himselfe.
Aitáo, an officer in China, who is chiefe president of the Counsell of warre.
Aitáre, to aide, to helpe, to succor.
Aitatóre, an ayder, a helper.
Aitéuole, helpfull, that may help.
Aitoreáre, to helpe forward.
Aitório, aide, helpe, succor.
Aiuóla, as Áia, a little Áia.
Aiuoláre, as Aiáre.
Aiúolo, a kind of net to catch birdes with.
Aiutánte, as Aitánte.
Aiutánte di cámmera, a Groome of a chamber.
Aiutáre, to aide, to helpe, to succor.
Aiutatóre, a helper, an aider.
Aiutéuole, helpefull, that may helpe.
Aiúto, aid, helpe, succour.
Aiutóre, an aider, an helper.
Aiutórij, the arme-bones of a man.
Aiutório, aide, helpe, succor.
Aiutríce, a she helper.
Aízza, a prouocation or egging on. Also anger or wrath. Also a hissing.
Aizzáre, to prououke, to set or egge on, to hisse on as they doe dogges
vpon Beares.

Aizzatóre, a prouoker, an egger or hisser or setter on, angry, or

reuengefull.
Aizzóne, houselecke, sea greene, Mosetale, or Prickmadam.
Aizzóso, ful of prouocation or hissing on, quarellous reuengefull.
Aizzótto, as Aizzóne.
Al, a signe of the Datiue, to the, at the.
Al, a signe of the Ablatiue, from the, from him.
Al, a signe of swearing, by, Al córpo, by the body, Al sangue, by the blood.
Ála, a wing of any foule, a wing of a squadron, the wing of a doublet, the
brime of a hat, the flap of any wing, the fin of a fish, the broade or flat
of an oare. Also a side troupe or wing of men, the flot of a Water-mill-
wheele. Also the drinke Ale. Also the measure called an Ell. Also a great
or common halle. Also the datiue case to hir, or to the. Also the signe of
the Ablatiue from hir or from the. Also ioyned to any noune of
profession, it makes the same an Aduerbe of quality or profession or
similitude, as Ála francése, after the French fashion, Ála scolástica,
Scholler-like, in which kinde you may vse Alla.
Alabandíno, a kinde of ruby or carbuncle stone.
A la bárba, before or in disgrace of one beard.
Alabárda, a holbard.
Alabardáre, to strike with holbards.
Alabardáro, a holbardier, or maker.
Alabardería, the vocation or troupe of holbardiers.
Alabárdica, a kinde of whitish rose.
Alabardiére, a holbardier.
Alabardína, a little holbard. Also a yellow stone which being drunk in
powder is good against poison, but it causeth the bloody flux.
A la bárra, at the barre or barriers.
Alabastríno, made of Alleblaster.
Alabastríte, the Onix stone.
Alabástro, the Alabaster stone. Also a white and shining minerall or stone
found in Mines of siluer, vsed, in Physike, called by Paracelsus
 Antimonium.
A la buóna, plainely, with a good intent.
A la búsca, in proling or shifting maner.
A la cáccia, a hunting a chasing.
A la carlóna, plainely, Dunstable-way.
Alacrità, alacritie, cheerfulnesse of spirit.
Aláce, a meate made of spaunes of fishes.
Alacciaménti, as Allacciaménti.
Alacciáre, as Allacciáre.

Aláda, Armísa in Latine.

Ála di búe, the wing of an Oxe, by metaphore, an Épicure or tall trencher-
man that makes no more of the shoulder of an Oxe then of the wing of
a Capon.
A la distésa, at large, out stretchedly.
A la féde buóna, in good faith.
Aláffio, a kinde of Pomegranet.
Alafía, a kinde of whistling of a Maister or Masters-mate of a ship when he
can not be heard speake, but would command attention and ceasing
from labour.
Alagáre, to ouerflow or turne to a Lake.
Alagaménto, an enlaking or ouerflowing.
Alággio, the alloye or value of coine as it is allowed by a Prince. Also the
losse of mony by exchange.
Alágna, vsed for Germany.
Alamána, an Almane in musicke.
Alamári, such long-loope buttens as are commonly worne on cloakes or
gounes.
Alambicáre, to distill in a Limbecke.
Alambíco, a Limbeck or still.
A la modẻrna, after the moderne fashions.
Alánda, a Larke, also a Bunting.
Alamói, a certain sound in Musicke raised aboue others.
Aláno, a mastiue dog.
A l'antíca, after the ancient fashion.
Alántide, the slime that compasseth the skin wherein the infant is
wrapped.
A la pedóna, like a footman.
A l'apẻrta, openly, manifestly.
Alardáre, to lard, to inlard.
Aláre, wing or set wings on.
Alári, andirons set in chimneis.
Alárma, an alarm in time of war. Also the name of march or warning
sounded vpon drum or trumpet.
A la riuẻrscia, waiwardly, inside outward, contrarie, topsituruy.
A la sboccáta, as Alla sboccáta.
A la sgangeráta, rashly out of frame.
Alasignéte, a kinde of hearbe.
A la spiegáta, at large, displaiedly.
A la sprouedúta, extempore suddenly.
A la sprouísta, idem, vnprouidedly.
Alatẻrno, a tree like an Oliue or Holme tree.
Aláto, winged, hauing wings. Also neare vnto, hard by, close to ones side.
Also in regard, or in respect. Also as Pégaso, a signe in heauen so called
of the horse Pégasus.
A l'auentáta, furiously, headlong.
Alavóga, as Alafía, but that this encourageth the Mariners to worke and
labour lustily.
Álba, the dawne or breake of day. Also a white sow.
Álba delle mósche, cleare daie-light.
Albagía, fondnesse, peeuishnesse. Also a toyish conceit, a proud selfewill,
a humour.
Albána, a kind of Malmesia.
Albanẻllo, a puttocke, or buzard. Also a kind of delicate small wine in
Italie.
Albáno, a kinde of tree. Also a coine. Also a kind of excellent wine in
Albania.
Albára, a kind of pitch-tree.
Albarẻllo, a gali-pot. Also a little measure. Also a Limbeck or stillatorie.
Albári, a kinde of seafishes.
Álba spína, the white thorne. Also the white or Ladie-thistle.
Albátro, the Strawberry tree. Also a kind of wild sowre Orenge.
Albazzáno, a stone to make lime with.
Albédine, as Albúgine.
Albeggiáre, to dawne or whiten as the morning at breake of day.
Albendúccio, a let, an impediment.
Albẻo, as Aluẻo. Also a Pitch-tree.
Alberáre, to grow to a tree. Also to set vpright or pitch an end. Also to
shaft or staue any weapon as a holbard. Also to enstaffe as a Steamer
or banner. Also to put an handle or shaft to any toole. Also to furnish a
ship with masts. Also to make or reduce into, or couer with trees,
boughes or branches as an arbor or bowre. Also to furnish or set any
place with trees.
Alberáre il pẻzzo, to set a piece vpright.
Alberáre le sbárre, to pitch an end or set the barres vpright.
Alberáre la cázza, to hold the ladle vpright in charging of a piece.
Alberáre la pícca, to aduance the pike.
Alberáta, an arbor or bowre of boughs.
Alberẻllo, as Albarẻllo.
Alberétto, a little tree.
Albẻrgaménto, a lodging, a dwelling.
Albẻrgáre, to lodge, to harborow, to dwell.
Albẻrgatóre, a lodger, an harbenger.
Albẻrges, a kind of fruit in Italie.
Albẻrghétto, any little roome or lodging.
Albẻrgo, a dwelling, an harborow.
Álbero, any kind of tree. Also the shaft or staffe of any weapon or banner.
Also the mast of a ship. Also a stemme or pedigree of any house or
name. Also the Poplar tree in particular, a monstrous sea-fish, called the
Sea-tree.
Álbero maríno, a monstrous great fish called a Sea-tree.
Albícẻre, a kind of whitish Oliues.
Albichísta, as Abbacchiére.
Álbio, a pigs trough. Also a racke to fodder cattell in. Also a certaine toole
that smiths vse. Also a fish called in Latine Aburnus.

Albipéde, white footed.

Albiteráti, a kind of whitish figs.
Albitráre, as Arbitráre.
Albitráro, an arbitrator.
Albitratóre, as Arbitratóre.
Álbitro, as Árbitro.
Albítrio, as Arbítrio.
Álbo, white, whitish. Also a fish called in Latin Orfum or Capitonus.
Albogalẻro, a hat like a myter which Iupiters Priests were wont to weare.
Alboráre, looke Alberáre.
Alboráta, an arbor of boughs or trees.
Alboráto, set with, or full of trees, looke Alberáre.
Álbore, as Álbero.
Albóre, the dawne or peepe of day. Also whitishnesse.
Alboréto, a groue or thicket of trees.
Alborétto, idem. Also a young tree.
Albúco, the white or dutch Daffodill.
Albuẻla víte, a kind of vine or grape.
Albúgine, whitenesse. Also a white blemish in the eie. Also the white of an
egge.
Albúme, as Albúgine.
Albuólo, a pigs trough, a kneading tub, a washing-boule, a wooden tray.
Albuscẻllo, any kind of shrub or yong tree.
Albúra, whitishnesse. Also as Albúrno.
Albúrno, a fish called Blaie or Bleake. Also the white, the sappe or softest
part of any timber subiect to worme-eating. Also that whitish colour of
womens hair which we call an Alburne or Auburne colour.
Alcachéngi, the winter Chery.
Alcáido, a Captaine, a chiefe gouernor, or chiefe Iusticer, with vs a
Sheriffe.
Alcatrázzi, a bird as big as a Goose, a kind of Sea-gull.
Álce, a beast called an Elke. Also as Alice.
Alcẻa, as Alímo.
Alchè, to which, at which.
Alchímia, the art of Alchimie.
Alchimísta, an Alchimist, a chimicke.
Alchiteráno, a kind of drug.
Alcibíade, the vipers hearbe or Buglosse.
Alcibióne, as Alcibíade.
Alcióne, a bird called a Kings fisher, which makes her nest by the sea side,
and then is it a signe of faire weather.
Alcionẻi giórni, quiet and calme daies.
Al conspẻtto, in presence, in view.
Al contrário, on the contrary.
Al conuenéuole, decently, conueniently.
Al conuẻrso, arsi-uersie, contrary.
Alcoráno, the booke of the Turkish lawes or institutions called the Alcoron.
Al córpo di mè, by the body of me.
Al cospẻtto, in the presence or view.
Alcunaménte, in some sort, some way.

Alcúna quálche vólta, at sometime or other.

Alcúna vólta, some times.
Alcúno, some one, some body, any, anie one.
Alcun cotánto, any other so much.
Aldárga, a kind of target among the Mores in Barbarie.
Aldasézzo, at last, in fine, at the end.
Aldẻa, a village, a towne, a hamlet.
Al di déntro, inward. Also within.
Al di diétro, behind-ward.
Al di fuóri, outwardly, without.
Al di longo, at length, forth-right.
Al dirítto, forth-right, directly, right on.
Al di sópra, aboue, ouer, or vpon.
Al disótto, vnder, vnderneath, below.
Al dispẻtto, in despight, maugre ones will.
Al distéso, at large, with extention.
Al disúso, against vse or custome.
Áldo, vsed for Io ódo, I heare.
Alẻa, an allie or walking place.
Aléce, as Alíce.
Alechsalàm, a turkish salutation.
Alédia, as Alíce.
Alefángine, a kind of pills so called. Also all manner of spices.
Alẻffe, the first Moresco letter, as Alfa.
Álega, as Álga.
Alegáre, to alleadge, as Allegáre.
Alẻggere, to elect, to chuse.
Aleggiáre, to feede vpon wings.
Aleghéuole, that may be alleadged.
Alegória, an allegorie.
Alegoricaménte, allegoricallie.
Alegorizzáre, to vse allegories.
Alegráre, as Allegráre.
Alegrétti, as Allegrétti.
Alegrézza, as Allegrézza.
Alenáre, to giue or take breath, to enseame a horse, to breath, to bring in
breath.
A lénza, by or with a net, looke lénza.
Alepárdo, a Leopard.
Alẻpe, the name of a fish. Also of an hearbe.
Alẻppe, the first Hebrew letter. Also the beginner of all things.
A l'ẻrta, heedfully prepared against dangers, watchfull at all aduantages.
Alési, usáto per grádo o gíro del ciélo.
Alessandrína, the hearbe Perwinckle.
Alessáre, to boile, or seeth meat.
Alessiphármaca, counter-poisons or antidotes.
Alésso, boiled or sodden meat.
Alestíre, as Allestíre.
Alétte, little wings, &c. looke Ála.
A lẻttere di scátole, as plaine to be seen or heard as are the great letters
vpon boxes in Apothecaries shops.
Alettéria, a stone of the bignesse of a beane found in the maw of a cocke.
Alettóridi, certaine birds with long bills liuing in garden-hedges or
vineyards.

Alettório, Aletório, Alettéria.

Alettorolópho, the hearbe Coxcombe.
Álfa, the first Greeke letter, a beginning.
Álfa & oméga, the first and last letter of the Greeke Alphabet.
Alfabẻto, an Alphabet or A, B, C.
Alfabẻtico, in order of letters.
Alfáique, as one would say wise, or learned in Mahomets law, skilfull in
diuine matters.
Alfána, a breeding wild Mare.
Al fár del giórno, by peepe or breake of day.
Alféste, a kind of fish.
Alfẻro, as Alfiẻro.
Alfiẻro, an ensigne bearer. Also a Bishop at chesse.
Alfíno, as Alfiẻro.
Alfio, the hearbe Liuerwort. Also a spauin in a horse. Also a tetter or ring-
worme.
Alfonsíno, a certaine coine in Naples.
Alfórdio, a kind of venemous Serpent.
Álga, sea-grasse, Reete, Rites. Also Ducke-weede. Also Speltcorne.
Algẻbra, the arte of figuratiue numbers or Arithmeticke. Also the art of
bone-setting.
Algẻbrísta, an arithmetician. Also a bone-setter.
Algẻnse, any kind of fish that breedeth in, or feedeth vpon Sea-weede or
Rite.
Algẻnte, cold, chill, freezing.
Álgere, álgo, álsi, to chill for cold.
Alghẻbra, as Algẻbra.
Alghẻbrísta, as Algẻbrísta.
Al gíro, turning or wheeling round. Also in Latine Dianapharum.
Algiróni, a kind of cormorant.
Algorísmo, the art of numbring.
Algóso, full of sea-grasse or Rite.
Al grósso, in grosse, by great.
Algúno, used as Alcúno.
Algúra, as Augúrio.
Alguráre, as Auguráre.
Alguzzíno, as Agozzíno.
Alhẻppe, for Ale hẻbbe, he had wings.
Alhór', Alhóra, then, at that houre.
Alhótta, then, at that houre.
Áli, wings. Also among armorers called lamms.
Alia, a wing, as Ala.
Áli apẻrte, displaid in armorie.
Aliáre, to sore or houer vp and downe as a hawke. Also to sneake about.
Alibánti, such as die for want of moistnesse.
Alibẻa, a kind of hearbe.
Alíbile, nourishable, nourishing. Also lawfull or allowable.
Alibíre, bísco, bíto, to nourish or giue nourishment vnto. Also to make
lawfull.
Alibíto, quelled, ouercome, and put to silence.

Álica, as Alga.
Alicástro, the wheat called Far.
Alíce, a Pilcher or sprat fish. Also a kind of fish sauce.
Alichíno, the name of a deuill in Dant, that is, inclination to vice and sinne.
Alicórno, an Vnicorne. Also the Vnicornes horne.
Alicúbi, some where, in any place.
Álido, stale, flie-bitten or tainted meat.
Alidáre, to taint, or become stale meat.
Álie, the plurall of Ála, wings.
Aliẻnáre, to alienate, to estrange.
Aliẻnatióne, alienation, estranging.
Aliẻnigenáre, to alien, to estrange.
Aliẻnigéno, an alien, a forrene.
Aliẻno, an aliene, a forraine, a frenne.
Aliéta, a kind of Eagle which alone fixeth her eies against the sunne.
Aliétte, the little wings or finnes of fishes.
A liéua, in lifting or raising manner.
Alieuáre, to lift, heaue, or raise vp.
Áliga, as Alga.
Aligáre, to tie or bind vnto.
Alígero, bearing wings.
Alígi, a blew Lilly flowre.
Aligóso, as Algóso.
Aligósta, a kind of dainty fish.
Alíma, an hearb, which being eaten keeps one a long time from hunger.
Alimáre, to place or shoot leuell or point-blanke.
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