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 Exploratory Multivariate Analysis
by Example Using R

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 Exploratory Multivariate Analysis
by Example Using R

François Husson
Sébastien Lê
Jérôme Pagès

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 CRC Press
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Husson, François.
Exploratory multivariate analysis by example using R / François Husson, Sébastien Lê, Jérôme
Pagès.
p. cm. -- (Chapman & Hall/CRC computer science & data analysis)
Summary: “An introduction to exploratory techniques for multivariate data analysis, this book
covers the key methodology, including principal components analysis, correspondence analysis,
mixed models, and multiple factor analysis. The authors take a practical approach, with examples
leading the discussion of the methods and many graphics to emphasize visualization. They present
the concepts in the most intuitive way possible, keeping mathematical content to a minimum
or relegating it to the appendices. The book includes examples that use real data from a range of
scientific disciplines and implemented using an R package developed by the authors.”-- Provided
by publisher.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4398-3580-7 (hardback)
1. Multivariate analysis. 2. R (Computer program language) I. Lê, Sébastien. II. Pagès, Jérôme. III.
Title. IV. Series.

QA278.H87 2010
519.5’3502855133--dc22 2010040339

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Contents

Preface xi

1 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 1

1.1 Data — Notation — Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.1 Studying Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2 Studying Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.3 Relationships between the Two Studies . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Studying Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.1 The Cloud of Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.2 Fitting the Cloud of Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.2.1 Best Plane Representation of NI . . . . . . . 7
1.3.2.2 Sequence of Axes for Representing NI . . . . 9
1.3.2.3 How Are the Components Obtained? . . . . 10
1.3.2.4 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.3 Representation of the Variables as an Aid for
Interpreting the Cloud of Individuals . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.4 Studying Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4.1 The Cloud of Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4.2 Fitting the Cloud of Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.5 Relationships between the Two Representations NI and NK 16
1.6 Interpreting the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.6.1 Numerical Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.6.1.1 Percentage of Inertia Associated with a
Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.6.1.2 Quality of Representation of an Individual or
Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.6.1.3 Detecting Outliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.6.1.4 Contribution of an Individual or Variable to
the Construction of a Component . . . . . . 19
1.6.2 Supplementary Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.6.2.1 Representing Supplementary Quantitative
Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.6.2.2 Representing Supplementary Categorical
Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.6.2.3 Representing Supplementary Individuals . . 23

v
vi Exploratory Multivariate Analysis by Example Using R

1.6.3 Automatic Description of the Components . . . . . . . 24

1.7 Implementation with FactoMineR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.8 Additional Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.8.1 Testing the Significance of the Components . . . . . . 26
1.8.2 Variables: Loadings versus Correlations . . . . . . . . 27
1.8.3 Simultaneous Representation: Biplots . . . . . . . . . 27
1.8.4 Missing Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.8.5 Large Datasets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.8.6 Varimax Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.9 Example: The Decathlon Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.9.1 Data Description — Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.9.2 Analysis Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.9.2.1 Choice of Active Elements . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.9.2.2 Should the Variables Be Standardised? . . . 31
1.9.3 Implementation of the Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.9.3.1 Choosing the Number of Dimensions to
Examine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.9.3.2 Studying the Cloud of Individuals . . . . . . 33
1.9.3.3 Studying the Cloud of Variables . . . . . . . 36
1.9.3.4 Joint Analysis of the Cloud of Individuals and
the Cloud of Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.9.3.5 Comments on the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.10 Example: The Temperature Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.10.1 Data Description — Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.10.2 Analysis Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.10.2.1 Choice of Active Elements . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.10.2.2 Should the Variables Be Standardised? . . . 45
1.10.3 Implementation of the Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.11 Example of Genomic Data: The Chicken Dataset . . . . . . 51
1.11.1 Data Description — Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
1.11.2 Analysis Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
1.11.3 Implementation of the Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

2 Correspondence Analysis (CA) 59

2.1 Data — Notation — Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.2 Objectives and the Independence Model . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.2.1 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.2.2 Independence Model and χ2 Test . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.2.3 The Independence Model and CA . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.3 Fitting the Clouds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.3.1 Clouds of Row Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.3.2 Clouds of Column Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.3.3 Fitting Clouds NI and NJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.3.4 Example: Women’s Attitudes to Women’s Work in France
in 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Contents vii

2.3.4.1 Column Representation (Mother’s Activity) . 70

2.3.4.2 Row Representation (Partner’s Work) . . . . 72
2.3.5 Superimposed Representation of Both Rows and
Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.4 Interpreting the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
2.4.1 Inertias Associated with the Dimensions (Eigenvalues) 77
2.4.2 Contribution of Points to a Dimension’s Inertia . . . . 80
2.4.3 Representation Quality of Points on a Dimension or
Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
2.4.4 Distance and Inertia in the Initial Space . . . . . . . . 82
2.5 Supplementary Elements (= Illustrative) . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2.6 Implementation with FactoMineR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
2.7 CA and Textual Data Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
2.8 Example: The Olympic Games Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
2.8.1 Data Description — Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
2.8.2 Implementation of the Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
2.8.2.1 Choosing the Number of Dimensions to
Examine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
2.8.2.2 Studying the Superimposed Representation . 96
2.8.2.3 Interpreting the Results . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
2.8.2.4 Comments on the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
2.9 Example: The White Wines Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
2.9.1 Data Description — Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
2.9.2 Margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
2.9.3 Inertia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
2.9.4 Representation on the First Plane . . . . . . . . . . . 106
2.10 Example: The Causes of Mortality Dataset . . . . . . . . . . 109
2.10.1 Data Description — Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
2.10.2 Margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
2.10.3 Inertia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
2.10.4 First Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
2.10.5 Plane 2-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
2.10.6 Projecting the Supplementary Elements . . . . . . . . 121
2.10.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

3 Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) 127

3.1 Data — Notation — Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
3.2 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
3.2.1 Studying Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
3.2.2 Studying the Variables and Categories . . . . . . . . . 129
3.3 Defining Distances between Individuals and Distances between
Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
3.3.1 Distances between the Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . 130
3.3.2 Distances between the Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
3.4 CA on the Indicator Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
viii Exploratory Multivariate Analysis by Example Using R

3.4.1 Relationship between MCA and CA . . . . . . . . . . 132

3.4.2 The Cloud of Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
3.4.3 The Cloud of Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
3.4.4 The Cloud of Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.4.5 Transition Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
3.5 Interpreting the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
3.5.1 Numerical Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
3.5.1.1 Percentage of Inertia Associated with a
Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
3.5.1.2 Contribution and Representation Quality of
an Individual or Category . . . . . . . . . . . 141
3.5.2 Supplementary Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
3.5.3 Automatic Description of the Components . . . . . . . 143
3.6 Implementation with FactoMineR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
3.7 Addendum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
3.7.1 Analysing a Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
3.7.1.1 Designing a Questionnaire: Choice of Format 148
3.7.1.2 Accounting for Rare Categories . . . . . . . . 150
3.7.2 Description of a Categorical Variable or a
Subpopulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
3.7.2.1 Description of a Categorical Variable by a
Categorical Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
3.7.2.2 Description of a Subpopulation (or a
Category) by a Quantitative Variable . . . . 151
3.7.2.3 Description of a Subpopulation (or a
Category) by the Categories of a Categorical
Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
3.7.3 The Burt Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
3.8 Example: The Survey on the Perception of Genetically
Modified Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
3.8.1 Data Description — Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
3.8.2 Analysis Parameters and Implementation with
FactoMineR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
3.8.3 Analysing the First Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
3.8.4 Projection of Supplementary Variables . . . . . . . . . 160
3.8.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
3.9 Example: The Sorting Task Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
3.9.1 Data Description — Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
3.9.2 Analysis Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
3.9.3 Representation of Individuals on the First Plane . . . 164
3.9.4 Representation of Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
3.9.5 Representation of the Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Contents ix

4 Clustering 169
4.1 Data — Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
4.2 Formalising the Notion of Similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
4.2.1 Similarity between Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
4.2.1.1 Distances and Euclidean Distances . . . . . . 173
4.2.1.2 Example of Non-Euclidean Distance . . . . . 174
4.2.1.3 Other Euclidean Distances . . . . . . . . . . 175
4.2.1.4 Similarities and Dissimilarities . . . . . . . . 175
4.2.2 Similarity between Groups of Individuals . . . . . . . 176
4.3 Constructing an Indexed Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
4.3.1 Classic Agglomerative Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
4.3.2 Hierarchy and Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
4.4 Ward’s Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
4.4.1 Partition Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
4.4.2 Agglomeration According to Inertia . . . . . . . . . . 181
4.4.3 Two Properties of the Agglomeration Criterion . . . . 183
4.4.4 Analysing Hierarchies, Choosing Partitions . . . . . . 184
4.5 Direct Search for Partitions: K-means Algorithm . . . . . . . 185
4.5.1 Data — Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
4.5.2 Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
4.5.3 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
4.6 Partitioning and Hierarchical Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
4.6.1 Consolidating Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
4.6.2 Mixed Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
4.7 Clustering and Principal Component Methods . . . . . . . . 188
4.7.1 Principal Component Methods Prior to AHC . . . . . 189
4.7.2 Simultaneous Analysis of a Principal Component Map
and Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
4.8 Example: The Temperature Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
4.8.1 Data Description — Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
4.8.2 Analysis Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
4.8.3 Implementation of the Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
4.9 Example: The Tea Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
4.9.1 Data Description — Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
4.9.2 Constructing the AHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
4.9.3 Defining the Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
4.10 Dividing Quantitative Variables into Classes . . . . . . . . . 202

Appendix 205
A.1 Percentage of Inertia Explained by the First Component or by
the First Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
A.2 R Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
A.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
A.2.2 The Rcmdr Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
A.2.3 The FactoMineR Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
x Exploratory Multivariate Analysis by Example Using R

Bibliography of Software Packages 221

Bibliography 223

Index 225
Preface

Qu’est-ce que l’analyse des données ? (English: What is data analysis?)

As it is usually understood in France, and within the context of this book,
the expression analyse des données reflects a set of statistical methods whose
main features are to be multidimensional and descriptive.
The term multidimensional itself covers two aspects. First, it implies
that observations (or, in other words, individuals) are described by several
variables. In this introduction we restrict ourselves to the most common
data, those in which a group of individuals is described by one set of variables.
But, beyond the fact that we have many values from many variables for each
observation, it is the desire to study them simultaneously that is characteristic
of a multidimensional approach. Thus, we will use those methods each time
the notion of profile is relevant when considering an individual, for example,
the response profile of consumers, the biometric profile of plants, the financial
profile of businesses, and so forth.
From a dual point of view, the interest of considering values of individuals
for a set of variables in a global manner lies in the fact that these variables are
linked. Let us note that studying links between all the variables taken two-by-
two does not constitute a multidimensional approach in the strict sense. This
approach involves the simultaneous consideration of all the links between vari-
ables taken two-by-two. That is what is done, for example, when highlighting
a synthetic variable: such a variable represents several others, which implies
that it is linked to each of them, which is only possible if they are themselves
linked two-by-two. The concept of synthetic variable is intrinsically multi-
dimensional and is a powerful tool for the description of an individuals ×
variables table. In both respects, it is a key concept within the context of this
book.
One last comment about the term analyse des données since it can have
at least two meanings — the one defined previously and another broader one
that could be translated by “statistical investigation”. This second meaning
is from a user’s standpoint; it is defined by an objective (to analyse data)
and says nothing about the statistical methods to be used. This is what the
English term data analysis covers. The term data analysis, in the sense of a set
of descriptive multidimensional methods, is more of a French statistical point
of view. It was introduced in France in the 1960s by Jean-Paul Benzécri and
the adoption of this term is probably related to the fact that these multivariate
methods are at the heart of many “data analyses”.

xi
xii Exploratory Multivariate Analysis by Example Using R

To Whom Is This Book Addressed?

This book has been designed for scientists whose aim is not to become statis-
ticians but who feel the need to analyse data themselves. It is therefore
addressed to practitioners who are confronted with the analysis of data. From
this perspective it is application-oriented; formalism and mathematics writing
have been reduced as much as possible while examples and intuition have been
emphasised. Specifically, an undergraduate level is quite sufficient to capture
all the concepts introduced.
On the software side, an introduction to the R language is sufficient, at
least at first. This software is free and available on the Internet at the following
address: http://www.r-project.org/.
Content and Spirit of the Book
This book focuses on four essential and basic methods of multivariate ex-
ploratory data analysis, those with the largest potential in terms of applica-
tions: principal component analysis (PCA) when variables are quantitative,
correspondence analysis (CA) and multiple correspondence analysis (MCA)
when variables are categorical and hierarchical cluster analysis. The geo-
metric point of view used to present all these methods constitutes a unique
framework in the sense that it provides a unified vision when exploring mul-
tivariate data tables. Within this framework, we will present the principles,
the indicators, and the ways of representing and visualising objects (rows and
columns of a data table) that are common to all those exploratory methods.
From this standpoint, adding supplementary information by simply projecting
vectors is commonplace. Thus, we will show how it is possible to use categor-
ical variables within a PCA context where variables that are to be analysed
are quantitative, to handle more than two categorical variables within a CA
context where originally there are two variables, and to add quantitative vari-
ables within an MCA context where variables are categorical. More than
the theoretical aspects and the specific indicators induced by our geometrical
viewpoint, we will illustrate the methods and the way they can be exploited
using examples from various fields, hence the name of the book.
Throughout the text, each result correlates with its R command. All these
commands are accessible from FactoMineR, an R package developed by the
authors. The reader will be able to conduct all the analyses of the book as
all the datasets (as well as all the lines of code) are available at the following
Web site address: http://factominer.free.fr/book. We hope that with
this book, the reader will be fully equipped (theory, examples, software) to
confront multivariate real-life data.
The authors would like to thank Rebecca Clayton for her help in the transla-
tion.
1
Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

1.1 Data — Notation — Examples

Principal component analysis (PCA) applies to data tables where rows are
considered as individuals and columns as quantitative variables. Let xik be
the value taken by individual i for variable k, where i varies from 1 to I and
k from 1 to K.
Let x̄k denote the mean of variable k calculated over all individual instances
of I:
I
1X
x̄k = xik ,
I i=1

and sk the standard deviation of the sample of variable k (uncorrected):

v
u I
u1 X
sk = t (xik − x̄k )2 .
I i=1

Data subjected to a PCA can be very diverse in nature; some examples

are listed in Table 1.1.
This first chapter will be illustrated using the “orange juice” dataset chosen
for its simplicity since it comprises only six statistical individuals or observa-
tions. The six orange juices were evaluated by a panel of experts according
to seven sensory variables (odour intensity, odour typicality, pulp content, in-
tensity of taste, acidity, bitterness, sweetness). The panel’s evaluations are
summarised in Table 1.2.

1.2 Objectives
The data table can be considered either as a set of rows (individuals) or as a
set of columns (variables), thus raising a number of questions relating to these
different types of objects.
2 Exploratory Multivariate Analysis by Example Using R
TABLE 1.1
Some Examples of Datasets
Field Individuals Variables xik
Ecology Rivers Concentration of pollutants Concentration of pollu-
tant k in river i
Economics Years Economic indicators Indicator value k for year
i
Genetics Patients Genes Expression of gene k for
patient i
Marketing Brands Measures of satisfaction Value of measure k for
brand i
Pedology Soils Granulometric composition Content of component k
in soil i
Biology Animals Measurements Measure k for animal i
Sociology Social classes Time by activity Time spent on activity k
by individuals from so-
cial class i

TABLE 1.2
The Orange Juice Data
Odour Odour Pulp Intensity Acidity Bitter- Sweet-
intensity typicality of taste ness ness
Pampryl amb. 2.82 2.53 1.66 3.46 3.15 2.97 2.60
Tropicana amb. 2.76 2.82 1.91 3.23 2.55 2.08 3.32
Fruvita fr. 2.83 2.88 4.00 3.45 2.42 1.76 3.38
Joker amb. 2.76 2.59 1.66 3.37 3.05 2.56 2.80
Tropicana fr. 3.20 3.02 3.69 3.12 2.33 1.97 3.34
Pampryl fr. 3.07 2.73 3.34 3.54 3.31 2.63 2.90

1.2.1 Studying Individuals

Figure 1.1 illustrates the types of questions posed during the study of individ-
uals. This diagram represents three different situations where 40 individuals
are described in terms of two variables: j and k. In graph A, we can clearly
identify two distinct classes of individuals. Graph B illustrates a dimension of
variability which opposes extreme individuals, much like graph A, but which
also contains less extreme individuals. The cloud of individuals is therefore
long and thin. Graph C depicts a more uniform cloud (i.e., with no specific
structure).
Interpreting the data depicted in these examples is relatively straightfor-
ward as they are two-dimensional. However, when individuals are described
by a large number of variables, we require a tool to explore the space in which
these individuals evolve. Studying individuals means identifying the similari-
ties between individuals from the point of view of all the variables. In other
words, to provide a typology of the individuals: which are the most similar
individuals (and the most dissimilar)? Are there groups of individuals which
are homogeneous in terms of their similarities? In addition, we should look
Principal Component Analysis 3
A B C

2
1.0
1.0

1
0.5
0.5
Variable k

Variable k

Variable k
0
−1.0 −0.5 0.0

−0.5 0.0

−1 −2
−1.0
−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 −1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
Variable j Variable j Variable j

FIGURE 1.1
Representation of 40 individuals described by two variables: j and k.

for common dimensions of variability which oppose extreme and intermediate

individuals.
In the example, two orange juices are considered similar if they were eval-
uated in the same way according to all the sensory descriptors. In such cases,
the two orange juices have the same main dimensions of variability and are
thus said to have the same sensory “profile”. More generally, we want to know
whether or not there are groups of orange juices with similar profiles, that is,
sensory dimensions which might oppose extreme juices with more intermediate
juices.

1.2.2 Studying Variables

Following the approach taken to study the individuals, might it also be possi-
ble to interpret the data from the variables? PCA focuses on the linear rela-
tionships between variables. More complex links also exist, such as quadratic
relationships, logarithmics, exponential functions, and so forth, but they are
not studied in PCA. This may seem restrictive, but in practice many relation-
ships can be considered linear, at least for an initial approximation.
Let us consider the example of the four variables (j, k, l, and m) in Fig-
ure 1.2. The clouds of points constructed by working from pairs of variables
show that variables j and k (graph A) as well as variables l and m (graph F)
are strongly correlated (positively for j and k and negatively for l and m).
However, the other graphs do not show any signs of relationships between
variables. The study of these variables also suggests that the four variables
are split into two groups of two variables, (j, k) and (l, m) and that, within
one group, the variables are strongly correlated, whereas between groups, the
variables are uncorrelated. In exactly the same way as for constructing groups
of individuals, creating groups of variables may be useful with a view to syn-
thesis. As for the individuals, we identify a continuum with groups of both
very unusual variables and intermediate variables, which are to some extent
4 Exploratory Multivariate Analysis by Example Using R

linked to both groups. In the example, each group can be represented by one
single variable as the variables within each group are very strongly correlated.
We refer to these variables as synthetic variables.

A B C

0.0

0.0
1.0 0.5

−0.4

−0.4
Variable k

Variable l

Variable l
0.0

−0.8

−0.8
−0.5
−1.0

−1.2

−1.2
−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 −1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 −1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
Variable j Variable j Variable k

D E F
1.0

1.0

1.0
0.4 0.6 0.8

0.4 0.6 0.8

0.4 0.6 0.8

Variable m

Variable m

Variable m
0.2

0.2

0.2
0.0

0.0

0.0

−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 −1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 −1.2 −0.8 −0.4 0.0
Variable j Variable k Variable l

FIGURE 1.2
Representation of the relationships between four variables: j, k, l, and m,
taken two-by-two.

When confronted with a very small number of variables, it is possible to

draw conclusions from the clouds of points, or from the correlation matrix
which groups together all of the linear correlation coefficients r(j, k) between
the pairs of variables. However, when working with a great number of vari-
ables, the correlation matrix groups together a large quantity of correlation
coefficients (190 coefficients for K = 20 variables). It is therefore essential to
have a tool capable of summarising the main relationships between the vari-
ables in a visual manner. The aim of PCA is to draw conclusions from the
linear relationships between variables by detecting the principal dimensions
of variability. As you will see, these conclusions will be supplemented by the
definition of the synthetic variables offered by PCA. It will therefore be eas-
ier to describe the data using a few synthetic variables rather than all of the
original variables.
In the example of the orange juice data, the correlation matrix (see Ta-
ble 1.3) brings together the 21 correlation coefficients. It is possible to group
the strongly correlated variables into sets, but even for this reduced number
of variables, grouping them this way is tedious.
Principal Component Analysis 5

TABLE 1.3
Orange Juice Data: Correlation Matrix
Odour Odour Pulp Intensity Acidity Bitter- Sweet-
intensity typicality of taste ness ness
Odour intensity 1.00 0.58 0.66 −0.27 −0.15 −0.15 0.23
Odour typicality 0.58 1.00 0.77 −0.62 −0.84 −0.88 0.92
Pulp content 0.66 0.77 1.00 −0.02 −0.47 −0.64 0.63
Intensity of taste −0.27 −0.62 −0.02 1.00 0.73 0.51 −0.57
Acidity −0.15 −0.84 −0.47 0.73 1.00 0.91 −0.90
Bitterness −0.15 −0.88 −0.64 0.51 0.91 1.00 −0.98
Sweetness 0.23 0.92 0.63 −0.57 −0.90 −0.98 1.00

1.2.3 Relationships between the Two Studies

The study of individuals and the study of variables are interdependent as
they are carried out on the same data table: studying them jointly can only
reinforce their respective interpretations.
If the study of individuals led to a distinction between groups of individ-
uals, it is then possible to list the individuals belonging to only one group.
However, for high numbers of individuals, it seems more pertinent to char-
acterise them directly by the variables at hand: for example, by specifying
that some orange juices are acidic and bitter whereas others have a high-pulp
content.
Similarly, when there are groups of variables, it may not be easy to inter-
pret the relationships between many variables and we can make use of specific
individuals, that is, individuals who are extreme from the point of view of
these relationships. In this case, it must be possible to identify the individu-
als. For example, the link between acidity-bitterness can be illustrated by the
opposition between two extreme orange juices: Fresh Pampryl (orange juice
from Spain) versus Fresh Tropicana (orange juice from Florida).

1.3 Studying Individuals

1.3.1 The Cloud of Individuals
An individual is a row of the data table, that is, a set of K numerical values.
The individuals thus evolve within a space RK called “the individual’s space”.
If we endow this space with the usual Euclidean distance, the distance between
two individuals i and l is expressed as:
v
uK
uX
d(i, l) = t (xik − xlk )2 .
k=1
6 Exploratory Multivariate Analysis by Example Using R

If two individuals have similar values within the table of all K variables, they
are also close in the space RK . Thus, the study of the data table can be
conducted geometrically by studying the distances between individuals. We
are therefore interested in all of the individuals in RK , that is, the cloud
of individuals (denoted NI ). Analysing the distances between individuals is
therefore tantamount to studying the shape of the cloud of points. Figure 1.3
illustrates a cloud of point is within a space RK for K = 3.

FIGURE 1.3
Flight of a flock of starlings illustrating a scatterplot in RK .

The shape of cloud NI remains the same even when translated. The data
are also centred, which corresponds to considering xik − x̄k rather than xik .
Geometrically, this is tantamount to coinciding the centre of mass of the cloud
GI (with coordinates x̄k for k = 1, ..., K) with the origin of reference (see
Figure 1.4). Centring presents technical advantages and is always conducted
in PCA.
The operation of reduction (also referred to as standardising), which con-
sists of considering (xik − x̄k )/sk rather than xik , modifies the shape of the
cloud by harmonising its variability in all the directions of the original vectors
(i.e., the K variables). Geometrically, it means choosing standard deviation
sk as a unit of measurement in direction k. This operation is essential if the
variables are not expressed in the same units. Even when the units of mea-
surement do not differ, this operation is generally preferable as it attaches
the same importance to each variable. Therefore, we will assume this to be
the case from here on in. Standardised PCA occurs when the variables are
Principal Component Analysis 7

FIGURE 1.4
Scatterplot of the individuals in RK .

centred and reduced, and unstandardised PCA when the variables are only
centred. When not otherwise specified, it may be assumed that we are using
standardised PCA.
Comment: Weighting Individuals
So far we have assumed that all individuals have the same weight. This applies
to almost all applications and is always assumed to be the case. Neverthe-
less, generalisation with unspecified weights poses no conceptual or practical
problems (double weight is equivalent to two identical individuals) and most
software packages, including FactoMineR envisage this possibility (FactoMineR
is a package dedicated to Factor Analysis and Data Mining with R, see Sec-
tion A.2.3 in the Appendix). For example, it may be useful to assign a different
weight to each individual after having rectified a sample. In all cases, it is
convenient to consider that the sum of the weights is equal to 1. If supposed
to be of the same weight, each individual will be assigned a weight of 1/I.

1.3.2 Fitting the Cloud of Individuals

1.3.2.1 Best Plane Representation of NI
The aim of PCA is to represent the cloud of points in a space with reduced
dimensions in an “optimal” manner, that is to say, by distorting the distances
between individuals as little as possible. Figure 1.5 gives two representations
of three different fruits. The viewpoints chosen for the images of the fruits on
the top line make them difficult to identify. On the second row, the fruits can
be more easily recognised. What is it which differentiates the views of each
fruit between the first and the second lines? In the pictures on the second line,
8 Exploratory Multivariate Analysis by Example Using R

the distances are less distorted and the representations take up more space
on the image. The image is a projection of a three-dimensional object in a
two-dimensional space.

FIGURE 1.5
Two-dimensional representations of fruits: from left to right an avocado, a
melon and a banana, each row corresponds to a different representation.

For a representation to be successful, it must select an appropriate view-

point. More generally, PCA means searching for the best representational
space (of reduced dimension) thus enabling optimal visualisation of the shape
of a cloud with K dimensions. We often use a plane representation alone,
which can prove inadequate when dealing with particularly complex data.
To obtain this representation, the cloud NI is projected on a plane of RK
denoted P , chosen in such a manner as to minimise distortion of the cloud
of points. Plane P is selected so that the distances between the projected
points might be as close as possible to the distances between the initial points.
Since, in projection, distances can only decrease, we try to make the projected
distances as high as possible. By denoting Hi the projection of the individual
i on plane P , the problem consists of finding P , with:
I
X
OHi2 maximum.
i=1

The convention for notation uses mechanical terms: O is the centre of gravity,
OHi is a vector and the criterion is the inertia of the projection of NI . The
criterion which consists of increasing the variance of the projected points to a
maximum is perfectly appropriate.
Remark
If the individuals are weighted with different weights pi , the maximised crite-
PI
rion is i=1 pi OHi2 .

In some rare cases, it might be interesting to search for the best axial
representation of cloud NI alone. This best axis is obtained in the same way:
Principal Component Analysis 9
PI
find the component u1 when i=1 OHi2 are maximum (where Hi is the pro-
jection of i on u1 ). It can be shown that plane P contains component u1 (the
“best” plane contains the “best”component): in this case, these representa-
tions are said to be nested. An illustration of this property is presented in
Figure 1.6. Planets, which are in a three-dimensional space, are traditionally
represented on a component. This component determines their positions as
well as possible in terms of their distances from one other (in terms of inertia
of the projected cloud). We can also represent planets on a plane according
to the same principle: to maximise the inertia of the projected scatterplot
(on the plane). This best plane representation also contains the best axial
representation.

ne
Su ury

s
r
rn

nu
te

tu
o
c
tu

ut
pi
n

ra

ep
er
Sa

Pl
Ju

U
M

N
M h
Ve s
s
rt
ar
nu
Ea

Uranus
Mars
Saturn Earth Sun
Mercury Venus Neptune

Jupiter

Pluto

FIGURE 1.6
The best axial representation is nested in the best plane representation of the
solar system (18 February 2008).

We define plane P by two nonlinear vectors chosen as follows: vector u1

which defines the best axis (and which is included in P ), and vector u2 of
the plane P orthogonal to u1 . Vector u2 corresponds to the vector which
expresses the greatest variability of NI once that which is expressed by u1 is
removed. In other words, the variability expressed by u2 is the best coupling
and is independent of that expressed by u1 .

1.3.2.2 Sequence of Axes for Representing NI

More generally, let us look for nested subspaces of dimensions s = 1 to S
so that each subspace is of maximum inertia for the given dimension s. The
10 Exploratory Multivariate Analysis by Example Using R
PI 2
subspace of dimension s is obtained by maximising i=1 (OHi ) (where Hi
is the projection of i in the subspace of dimension s). As the subspaces
are nested, it is possible to choose vector us as the vector of the orthogonal
subspace for all of the vectors ut (with 1 ≤ t < s) which define the smaller
subspaces.
The first plane (defined by u1 , u2 ), i.e., the plane of best representation, is
often sufficient for visualising cloud NI . When S is greater than or equal to 3,
we may need to visualise cloud NI in the subspace of dimension S by using a
number of plane representations: the representation on (u1 , u2 ) but also that
on (u3 , u4 ) which is the most complementary to that on (u1 , u2 ). However, in
certain situations, we might choose to associate (u2 , u3 ) for example, in order
to highlight a particular phenomenon which appears on these two components.

1.3.2.3 How Are the Components Obtained?

Components in PCA are obtained through diagonalisation of the correlation
matrix which extracts the associated eigenvectors and eigenvalues. The eigen-
vectors correspond to vectors us which are each associated with the eigenvalues
of rank s (denoted λs ), as the eigenvalues are ranked in descending order. The
eigenvalue λs is interpreted as the inertia of cloud NI projected on the compo-
nent of rank s or, in other words, the “explained variance” for the component
of rank s.
If all of the eigenvectors are calculated (S = K), the PCA recreates a basis
for the space RK . In this sense, PCA can be seen as a change of basis in which
the first vectors of the new basis play an important role.

Remark
When variables are centred but not standardised, the matrix to be diago-
nalised is the variance–covariance matrix.

1.3.2.4 Example
The distance between two orange juices is calculated using their seven sensory
descriptors. We decided to standardise the data to attribute each descriptor
equal influence. Figure 1.7 is obtained from the first two components of the
PCA and corresponds to the best plane for representing the cloud of individu-
als in terms of projected inertia. The inertia projected on the plane is the sum
of two eigenvalues, that is, 86.82% (= 67.77% + 19.05%) of the total inertia
of the cloud of points.
The first principal component, that is, the principal axis of variability
between the orange juices, separates the two orange juices Tropicana fr. and
Pampryl amb. According to data Table 1.2, we can see that these orange
juices are the most extreme in terms of the descriptors odour typicality and
bitterness: Tropicana fr. is the most typical and the least bitter while Pampryl
amb. is the least typical and the most bitter. The second component, that
is, the property that separates the orange juices most significantly once the
Principal Component Analysis 11

Pampryl fr.

2
Dim 2 (19.05%)
1
Tropicana fr.
Fruvita fr.
0
Pampryl amb.
-1

Joker amb.
Tropicana amb.
-2

-4 -2 0 2 4
Dim 1 (67.77%)

FIGURE 1.7
Orange juice data: plane representation of the scatterplot of individuals.

main principal component of variability has been removed, identifies Tropicana

amb., which is the least intense in terms of odour, and Pampryl fr., which is
among the most intense (see Table 1.2).
Reading this data is tedious when there are a high number of individuals
and variables. For practical purposes, we will facilitate the characterisation
of the principal components by using the variables more directly.

1.3.3 Representation of the Variables as an Aid for

Interpreting the Cloud of Individuals
Let Fs denote the coordinate of the I individuals on component s and Fs (i)
its value for individual i. Vector Fs is also called the principal component of
rank s. Fs is of dimension I and thus can be considered as a variable. To
interpret the relative positions of the individuals on the component of rank s,
it may be interesting to calculate the correlation coefficient between vector Fs
and the initial variables. Thus, when the correlation coefficient between Fs
and a variable k is positive (or indeed negative), an individual with a positive
coordinate on component Fs will generally have a high (or low, respectively)
value (relative to the average) for variable k.
In the example, F1 is strongly positively correlated with the variables
odour typicality and sweetness and strongly negatively correlated with the
variables bitter and acidic (see Table 1.4). Thus Tropicana fr., which has the
highest coordinate on component 1, has high values for odour typicality and
sweetness and low values for the variables acidic and bitter. Similarly, we
can examine the correlations between F2 and the variables. It may be noted
that the correlations are generally lower (in absolute value) than those with
the first principal component. We will see that this is directly linked to the
percentage of inertia associated with F2 which is, by construction, lower than
12 Exploratory Multivariate Analysis by Example Using R

that associated with F1 . The second component can be characterised by the

variables odour intensity and pulp content (see Table 1.4).

TABLE 1.4
Orange Juice Data: Correlation between
Variables and First Two Components
F1 F2
Odour intensity 0.46 0.75
Odour typicality 0.99 0.13
Pulp content 0.72 0.62
Intensity of taste −0.65 0.43
Acidity −0.91 0.35
Bitterness −0.93 0.19
Sweetness 0.95 −0.16

To make these results easier to interpret, particularly in cases with a high

number of variables, it is possible to represent each variable on a graph, using
its correlation coefficients with F1 and F2 as coordinates (see Figure 1.8).
Variables factor map (PCA)
1.0

Odour intensity
0.62 Pulpiness
Dimension 2 (19.05%)

Intensity of taste
0.5

Acidity
Bitterness
Odour typicality
0.0

0.72
Sweetness
-0.5
-1.0

-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

Dimension 1 (67.77%)

FIGURE 1.8
Orange juice data: visualisation of the correlation coefficients between vari-
ables and the principal components F1 and F2 .

We can now interpret the joint representation of the cloud of individuals

with this representation of the variables.
Remark
A variable is always represented within a circle of radius 1 (circle represented
in Figure 1.8): indeed, it must be noted that F1 and F2 are orthogonal (in
the sense that their correlation coefficient is equal to 0) and that a variable
cannot be strongly related to two orthogonal components simultaneously. In
the following section we shall examine why the variable will always be found
within the circle of radius 1.
Principal Component Analysis 13

1.4 Studying Variables

1.4.1 The Cloud of Variables
Let us now consider the data table as a set of columns. A variable is one of the
columns in the table, that is, a set of I numerical values, which is represented
by a point of the vector space with I dimensions, denoted RI (and known as
the “variables’ space”). The vector connects the origin of RI to the point. All
of these vectors constitute the cloud of variables and this ensemble is denoted
NK (see Figure 1.9).

O
1

FIGURE 1.9
The scatterplot of the variables NK in RI . In the case of a standardised PCA,
the variables k are located within a hypersphere of radius 1.

The scalar product between two variables k and l is expressed as:

I
X
xik × xil = kkk × klk × cos(θkl ).
i=1

with kkk and klk the norm for variable k and l, and θkl the angle produced by
the vectors representing variables k and l. Since the variables used here are
centred, the norm for one variable is equal to its standard deviation multiplied
by the square root of I, and the scalar product is expressed as follows:
I
X
(xik − x̄k ) × (xil − x̄l ) = I × sk × sl × cos(θkl ).
i=1
14 Exploratory Multivariate Analysis by Example Using R

On the right-hand side of the equation, we can identify covariance between

variables k and l.
Similarly, by dividing each term in the equation by the standard deviations
sk and sl of variables k and l, we obtain the following relationship:

r(k, l) = cos(θkl ).

This property is essential in PCA as it provides a geometric interpretation of

the correlation. Therefore, in the same way as the representation of cloud NI
can be used to visualise the variability between individuals, a representation of
the cloud NK can be used to visualise all of the correlations (through the angles
between variables) or, in other words, the correlation matrix. To facilitate
visualisation of the angles between variables, the variables are represented by
vectors rather than points.
Generally speaking, the variables being centred and reduced (scaled to
unit variance) have a length with a value of 1 (hence the term “standardised
variable”). The vector extremities are therefore on the sphere of radius 1 (also
called “hypersphere” to highlight the fact that, in general, I > 3), as shown
in Figure 1.9.
Comment about the Centring
In RK , when the variables are centred, the origin of the axes is translated
onto the mean point. This property is not true for NK .

1.4.2 Fitting the Cloud of Variables

As is the case for the individuals, the cloud of variables NK is situated in a
space RI with a great number of dimensions and it is impossible to visualise the
cloud in the overall space. The cloud of variables must therefore be adjusted
using the same strategy
PK as for the cloud of individuals. We maximise an
2
equivalent criterion k=1 (OHk ) with Hk , the projection of variable k on
the subspace with reduced dimensions. Here too, the subspaces are nested
and we can identify a series of orthogonal axes S which define the subspaces
for dimensions s = 1 to S. Vector vs therefore belongs to a given subspace
and is orthogonal to the vectors vt which make up the PKsmaller subspaces. It
can therefore be shown that the vector vs maximises k=1 (OHks )2 where Hks
is the projection of variable k on vs .
Remark
In the individual space RK , centring the variables causes the origin of the
axes to shift to a mean point: the maximised criterion is therefore interpreted
as a variance; the projected points must be as dispersed as possible. In RI ,
centring has a different effect, as the origin is not the same as the mean point.
The projected points should be as far as possible from the origin (although not
necessarily dispersed), even if that means being grouped together or merged.
This indicates that the position of the cloud NK with respect to the origin is
important.
Principal Component Analysis 15

Vectors vs (s = 1, ..., S) belong to the space RI and consequently can be

considered new variables. The correlation coefficient r(k, vs ) between variables
k and vs is equal to the cosine of the angle θks between Ok and vs when variable
k is centred and scaled, and thus standardised. The plane representation
constructed by (v1 , v2 ) is therefore pleasing as the coordinates of a variable k
correspond to the cosine of the angle θk1 and that of angle θk2 , and thus the
correlation coefficients between variables k and v1 , and between variables k
and v2 . In a plane representation such as this, we can therefore immediately
visualise whether or not a variable k is related to a dimension of variability
(see Figure 1.10).
PK 2
By their very construction, variables vs maximise criterion k=1 (OHks ) .
s
Since the projection of a variable k is equal to the cosine of angle θk , the
criterion maximises:
XK K
X
cos2 θks = r2 (k, vs ).
k=1 k=1

The above expression illustrates that vs is the new variable which is the most
strongly correlated with all of the initial variables K (with the orthogonality
constraint of vt already found). As a result, vs can be said to be a synthetic
variable. Here, we are experiencing the second aspect of the study of variables
(see Section 1.2.2).

A
HA
HB
HA
D HB HD

HD HC
HC

FIGURE 1.10
Projection of the scatterplot of the variables on the main plane of variabil-
ity. On the left: visualisation in space RI ; on the right: visualisation of the
projections in the principal plane.

Remark
When a variable is not standardised, its length is equal to its standard deviation.
16 Exploratory Multivariate Analysis by Example Using R

In an unstandardised PCA, the criterion can be expressed as follows:

K
X K
X
2
(OHks ) = s2k r2 (k, vs ) .
k=1 k=1

This highlights the fact that, in the case of an unstandardised PCA, each
variable k is assigned a weight equal to its variance s2k .

It can be shown that the axes of representation NK are in fact eigenvec-

tors of the scalar products matrix between individuals. This property is, in
practice, only used when the number of variables exceeds the number of in-
dividuals. We will see in the following that these eigenvectors are deducted
from those of the correlation matrix.
The best plane representation of the cloud of variables corresponds exactly
to the graph representing the variables obtained as an aid to interpreting the
representation of individuals (see Figure 1.8). This remarkable property is not
specific to the example but applies when carrying out any standardised PCA.
This point will be developed further in the following section.

1.5 Relationships between the Two Representations NI

and NK
So far we have looked for representations of NI and NK according to the same
principle and from one single data table. It therefore seems natural for these
two analyses (NI in RK and NK in RI ) to be related.
The relationships between the two clouds NI and NK are brought to-
gether under the general term of “relations of duality”. This term refers to
the dual approach of one single data table, by considering either the lines or
the columns. This approach is also defined by “transition relations” (calcu-
lating the coordinates in one space from those in the other). Where Fs (i) is
the coordinate of individual i and Gs (k) the coordinate of variable k of the
component of rank s, we obtain the following equations:

K
1 X
Fs (i) = √ xik Gs (k),
λs k=1
I
1 X
Gs (k) = √ (1/I) xik Fs (i).
λs i=1

This result is essential for interpreting the data, and makes PCA a rich
and reliable experimental tool. This may be expressed as follows: individuals
Principal Component Analysis 17

are on the same side as their corresponding variables with high values, and
opposite their corresponding variables with low values. It must be noted that
xik are centred and carry both positive and negative values. This is one of the
reasons why individuals can be so far from the variable for which they carry
low values. Fs is referred to as the principal component of rank s; λs is the
variance of Fs and its square root the length of Fs in RI ; vs is known as the
standardised principal component.
The total inertias of both clouds are equal (and equal to K for standardised
PCA) and furthermore, when decomposed component by component, they
are identical. This property is remarkable: if S dimensions are enough to
perfectly represent NI , the same is true for NK . In this case, two dimensions
are sufficient. If not, why generate a third synthetic variable which would not
differentiate the individuals at all?

1.6 Interpreting the Data

1.6.1 Numerical Indicators
1.6.1.1 Percentage of Inertia Associated with a Component
The first indicators that we shall examine are the ratios between the projected
inertias and the total inertia. For component s:
PI 1 s 2 PK 2
i=1 I (OHi ) k=1 (OHks ) λs
PI 1 2
= PK = PK .
i=1 I (Oi) k=1 Ok 2 s=1 λs
PK
In the most usual case, when the PCA is standardised, s=1 λs = K.
When multiplied by 100, this indicator gives the percentage of inertia (of NI
in RK or of NK in RI ) expressed by the component of rank s. This can be
interpreted in two ways:
1. As a measure of the quality of data representation; in the example,
we say that the first component expresses 67.77% of data variability
(see Table 1.5). In a standardised PCA (where I > K), we often
compare λs with 1, the value below which the component of rank
s, representing less data than a stand alone variable, is not worthy
of interest.
2. As a measure of the relative importance of the components; in the
example, we say that the first component expresses three times more
variability than the second; it affects three times more variables but
this formulation is truly precise only when each variable is perfectly
correlated with a component.
Exploring the Variety of Random
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plmbr J Norton r 7 Montague l| — Jas A serv slsmn Central Chev
(Tor) h 17 Laurentia cres (N Y) ; — Jas A shpr RCAF Depot h 33
Lamb av — Jas A steel wkr Dom Bridge r 356 Kane av (Y T) — Jas B
carp Canada Constn h 116 Campbell av —Jas E suprvsr-methods Bell
Tel h 19 Addison cres (Don Mills) — Jas G (J G Jones Real Estate) h
71 Lawrence av w — Jas G barber 40 Scarlett rd (Y T) h same ( —
Jas H opr TTC h 1040 Ossington av — Jas L plumbing contr S N
Raven & Sons h 40 Kings Lea dr s (Etob) — Jas R elk Bausch &
Lomb h 204, 18 Anglesey blvd (Etob) — Jas R orderly DVA h 266
Weston rd —Jas S h 63 Otter cres (N Y) — Jas T acct CoUins Radio h
45 Holland av (E Y) —Jas W buyer Superior Propane r 2383 Midland
av (Agincourt) — Jane r 46 Chatham av — Jane Mrs r 568 Oriole
Pkwy --Jane (wid Sami) r 167 Yarmouth rd — Jane (wid Wm) r 8
Foch av (Etob) — Jane Mrs sec F Hawthorne Steele r 7 Seneca av
(Algonquin Island) ,[ — Janet typist Confed Life Assn r 758 Danforth
rd (Scar) — Janet A Mrs asst cash Dom of Canada Genl Insce r 863
Pape av (E Y) — Janet B (wid Evans) day nursery asst hsekpr Dept
Pub Welfare r 43 King's Park blvd (E Y) I I — Janet L Mrs elk Milnes
Fuel Ltd r 39 Sussex av i — Jean Mrs nurse St Joseph's Hosp h 199
Indian rd — Jean M elk Bank N S r 4 Sandcliffe rd (Y T) — Jeanette L
time distribution elk Ont Hydro res Palermo — Jeannette off mgr
Clifford W Jones r Rouge Hill I dr (Highland Creek) — Jeannie Mrs r
115 Emerson av i1 — Jeffrey h 70 Lyndhurst av — Jess & Mel (Jesse
R & Melvin C Jones) serv stn 2633 Yonge — Jesse r 114 Silverthom
av 1 — Jesse R (Jess & Mel Jones) r 5 Rolland rd (Leas) 1 1 — Jessie
Mrs h 257 Prescott av — Jessie S (wid Ernest E) h 403, 484 Avenue
rd — Joan Mrs stenog Dom Catering h 11, 1399 Eglinton av w (Y T)
— Joanna nurse Wellesley Hosp h 19 Beechwood dr (E Y) — Job A
emp Drug Trading r 1 Gould : —John h 221, 805 College — John h
1249 Kingston rd (Scar) —John h 31 Little blvd (Y T) — John r 43
Ovida av (Etob) — John (Monarch Distributors) — John bar boy
Royal York Hotel r 41 Lippincott — John brklyr h 90 Coady av — J
ohn chief elk British & Irish Railways Inc h 281 Sheppard av e (Will)
— John clnr Doctors Hosp h 818A College — John elect h 2, 21
Washington av —John emp Eatons r 100 Hastings av — John emp
Gutta Percha h 11B, 12 Lansdowne av — John filler Eatons r 304
Ranee av (N Y) — John ins adjuster Merit Ins h 17 Southboume av
(N Y) — John janitor Clarendon Apts h 117, 2 Clarendon av — John
mgr MacDonald Motors h 14 South Ridge (E Y) — John off mgr
Federal Cold Storage h 509 Midland av (Scar) ; — John prospector
Lucky Creek Porcupine Prospecting Syndicate h 136 Hillsdale av e —
John sr drvr B A Oil h 48 Craiglee dr (Scar) i — John shop foremn
Central Chevrolet (Tor) res Bolton — John stkpr Dept of Lands &
Forests h 946 Jane (YT) — John transport drvr Hoar Transport Co h
6 Fairglen cres (N Y) , — John A tchr Owen Blvd Public Schl r 504
Castlefield av (F H) — J ohn C techn Orenda Engines h 79 Glen Long
av (N Y) — John D elk r 308, 3 Newholm rd (Etob) —John D supt
HEPC h 22 Argate pi (Scar) — John E chauf h 2 Ethelwin av — John
E editor h 101 Glen Rose av — John E Instrument ftr Candn Arsenals
h 833 Logan avenue — John E receiver Grand & Toy h 2188A Queen
e —John E security guard Christie Brown h 512 Homer av (Etob) —
John E water meter installer Scarboro Utilities Commn h 43
Huntington av (Scar) —John E A tchrForest Hill Jr High Schl h B, 329
Lonsdale rd (F H) — John F prof engineer Orenda Engines Ltd h 10
Hedges blvd (Etob) — John F tchr U of T h 307, 206 St George —
John G h 314 Highfield rd — John G emp Can Wire & Cable h 211
Torrens av (E Y) --John G prof engineer RCA Victor h 73 Thorncrest
rd (Etob) — John G slsmn Simpsons h 48 Scarboro Hqts blvd (Scar)
John GHL desp PO'h 304, 375 Westmount av (Y T) --John H h 739
Woodbine av —John H contr (carp) 28 Hillside dr (E Y) h same -John
H slsmn Vanderberg Real Est r 17 Glengannon dr (E Y) — John H
suprvsr Acme Farmers Dairy h 82 Roberta dr (N Y) JONES —John H
trk drvr Streets Div (City) h 19 Ashwick dr (Scar) — (fohn J r 249
Snowdon av —John J elk Westeel Products Ltd r 311, 463 Gerrard e
—John J elk Tor-Dom Bank h 79 Kingsmount Pk rd — John L constn
wkr r 607, 60 Tyndall av —John M btehr Pure Food Meat Mkt h 31,
10 Crown Hill place (Etob) --John M elk Chartered Trust Co r 32
Edgewood cres --John M elk Tor-Peterborough Transport h 10. 1001
O'Connor dr (E Y) — John M mach A Kimball Ltd h 946 Jane (Y T) --
John N staty engnr Acme Waste Oil h 209 King Edward av (E Y) —
John O carp h 120 Hazelton av —John R emp Gutta Percha h 56
Thirty-second (L B) — John R off elk Eatons h 504 Castlefield av (F
H) — John S H h 1, 50 George (Mim) — John V p c P O r 404
Spadina rd --John W h 403 Lauder av (Y T) — John W h 232
Milverton blvd —John W Can Corps of Commissionaires h 308, 3
Newholm rd (Etob) — John W Jr elect Black & McDonald r D, 606-
608 Ontario — John W estimator CGE h 521 Coldstream av (N Y) —
John W fitter John Inglis h D, 606 Ontario — John W photo engraver
Star r 790 Palmerston av - -J ohnny photo r 80 Aubertus av —
Johnson h 631A St Clair av w — Jonah constn wkr r 141 Christie —
Jonathan h 1333 Lansdowne av — Jos h 99 Gloucester — Jos h 12
Grant — Jos h H, 461B St Clarens av — Jos brewer Molson's Brewery
h 407, 185 Stephen dr (Etob) —Jos caretkr Can Perm Mort h 49
Craiglee dr (Scar) — Jos emp Scar Twp h 918 Danforth rd (Scar) — J
os emp Honey Dew h 66 Empire av —Jos mgr Wayne Furniture &
Appliances h 840 Yonge — Jos production dept Simmons Springs h
192 Cedric av (Y T) — Jos A factory supt Hosp & Kitchen Equip h 26
Howie av --Jos A instr CN Tel h 62 Frizzell av — Jos H maintenance
Scar Twp h 109 Victoria Pk av (Scar) — Jos H stn opr Metro Tor r 26
Marsha dr (Agincourt) --Jos N wrehse foremn Webster & Sons h
2435 Eglinton av e (Scar) — Jos R h 155 Ascot av — Jos R janitor
Ont Hydro h 4, 250 Oakwood av (Y T) — Josephine hsekpr r 83
Wembley rd (F H) --Joshua porter CPR h 219 Dundas e — Josiah r
12 Faukland rd (Scar) — Joyce r 37 Aldridge av — Joyce elk Gas Co r
26 Beechborough av (Y T) — Joyce Mrs emp Campbell's Soup r 28
Marina av (L B) — Joyce B Mrs insp E S & A Robinson r 69 Oakvale
avenue — Joyce E emp Rogers Majestic r 803 Castlefield av (YT) —
Joyce O Mrs bkpng mach opr McColl-Frontenac Oil r 648 Broadview
av — Judith elk Eatons r 37 Marmot av — Judith R typist Ins Co of
North America r 65 Munro blvd (N Y) — June r 670 Indian rd — June
r 88 Yonge blvd (N Y) — June M Mrs stenog Scottish Union & Natl
Ins r 49 Hammersmith av — K elk typist Assn of Professional
Engineers r 345 Milverton blvd — K W acct exec Baker Advtg Agency
res Port Credit — K W F suprvsr Advertising Bell Tel h 381
Ridgewood rd (Highland Creek) — Karen sec Paul I Henry r 226
Roselawn av — Katherine Mrs h 45 Wiley av (E Y) — Katherine (wid
Bert) r 52 Y ires rd (Y T) — Kathleen cashier North Am Life r 12 Alice
cres (Sc Hr) — Kathleen Mrs h 304, 31 Upper Canada dr (NY) —
Kathleen (wid W E) h 301, 2400 Queen e (Scar) — Kathleen (wid
Stanley) h 32 Thirteenth (N T) — Keith elk r 125 Boultbee av —
Keith D (J R Watkins Co) h 2015 Wilson av (N Y) — Keith E city
firemn h 46 Midland av (Scar) — Keith G slsmn Kimberly-Clark h 186
Glenwood cres (E Y) — Kendall H correspondent Candn Kodak h 102
Yore rd (YT) — Kendrick H bench hand CCM h 26 Beechborough av
(YT) — Kenneth r 54 Oakfield dr (Etob) — Kenneth boat bldr J J
Taylor r 109 Victoria Pk av (Scar) - Kenneth emp Rogers Majestic r
380 Keewatin av — Kenneth emp Candn W re Bound Box r 3119 St
Clair av e (Scar) — K ’nneth pntr r 720 Dovercourt rd — Kenneth
sheet metal mech Price Air Conditioning r 45 Wiley av (E Y) —
Kenneth tree surgeon Ashvale Tree Surgeons h 409 Gilbert av (Y T)
—Kenneth E B slsmn Duke- Bros h 608 O'Connor dr (E Yj —Kenneth
F director Tomenson, Saunders, Smith & Garfat h 79 Saybrook av
(Etob) —Kenneth G spray pntr Fowerlite Devices r 100 Raneesvalles
av —Kenneth H city firemn r 73 MacDonald (Mim) - -Kenneth H drvr
CP Exp h 175 Lansdowne av — Kenneth H p c PO h 55 Fifth (N T) —
Kenneth J engineer Defence Res Bd h 95 Corley av —Kenneth L
chiropractor r 287 Avenue rd —Kenneth M T city firemn h 22 Shirley
cres (Scar) - Kenneth R slsmn Inti Harvester r 29 Dittmer cres (Etob)
—Kenneth W chkr Eatons r 193 Bedford Pk av " —Kenneth W emp
John Northway h 3, 5 Bater av (E Y) _ Kerwin D plant supt Bonat of
Can Ltd h 607 Glen Grove av w (N Y) —Kim slsmn McArthur & Sun r
320 Bellamy rd (Scar) — L C serv Stn attdt B A 03 r 26 East rd (Scar)
— L E Miss with Can Packers res Stouffville — L H Madame r 561
Ossington av — L W L asst purch agt Can Packers res Oakville _
Laird B maint Queen Elizabeth Hosp h 100 Springhurst av —Langford
A druggist Mainprize Drugs h 43 Belvedere blvd (Etob) , „ —Laura
(wid Robt E) h 6 Ralston av (E Y) —Laura M Mrs r 619 Christie _
Laureen emp Can Sunbeam h 307, 2692 Bloor (Etob) — Lavinia h 33
Lynndale rd (Scar) —Lawrence emp CNR h 67 Superior av (Mim) —
Lawrence r 128 Silver Birch av —Lawrence wrehsemn Can Dom
Sugar h 506$ Clinton —Lawrence F acct exec Walsh Adv (Editorial
Services Ltd) res Port Credit —Lawrence L asst to genl mgr Bendix
Eclipse of Can h 119 Wimbleton rd (Etob) — Leander h 128 Silver
Birch av _ Lee Mrs sec Wood, Gundy & Co h 88 Summerhill av — Lee
M h 57 Burnhamthorpe Pk blvd (Etob) —Leila h 166 Roselawn av —
Len S h 63 McIntosh (Scar) --Leo M chkr Candn Comstock h 76
Durie (Swan) JONES JONES — Leolin sec Ont Motor League r 31
Karnwood dr (Scar) — Leonard commissionaire h 158 Hampton av —
Leonard pastor Park Road Tabernacle h 344 Hounslow av (N Y) —
Leonard shpr Martin Electric Ltd h 122 Leslie — Leonard G dir H C
Tugwell & Co h 21 Harewood av (Scar) — Leonard L maint Bd of
Educ r 23 McRoberts av — Leonard R emp Bay Front Garage h 410,
3580 Yonge (N Y) — Leonora silk fnshr Cliffcrest Cleaners r 6 Collin's
rd (West Hill) — LeRoy C elk Tor Monthly Meeting of Friends h 73
Denvale rd (E Y) — Lesley stenog Cochrane & Dunlop r 1644A
Queen w — Leslie acctng elk Simpsons h 19 Sarari (Scar) — Leslie
agt Metro Life h 5 Florence cres (Y T) — Leslie attdt British American
Oil Co —Leslie die mkr Bennett, McPhie & Co h 2 Hannaford — Leslie
emp Orenda Engines h 5 Ellins av (Y T) — Leslie ins elk Marsh &
McLennan Ltd r 413, 1617 Victoria Pk av (Scar) — Leslie lab E Y Twp
h 882 Cosburn av (E Y) — Leslie sheet metal wkr Barlock Welders h
382 McRoberts av (Y T) — Leslie weatherstripping caulking h 223
Haddington av (N Y) --Leslie working suprvsr Campbell Soups h 250
Alderbrae av (Etob) — Leslie A pol constable Metro Pol r 70 Golf
down dr (Etob) — Leslie E back tender Dom Cellulose h 76 Robert
(Wstn) — Leslie G guard Osgoode Hall h 21 Kent-rd — Leslie R sis
elk Leader Grocery h 411 Merton —Lewis E h 85 Blantyre av (Scar)
— Leyland emp Can Wire & Cable r 119 Rumsey rd (Leas) — Lillian h
117 Greenwood av — Lillian Mrs h 18 Cremome (Etob) — Lillian Mrs
h 3, 1957 Queen e — Lillian Mrs r 463 St Clarens av — Lillian (wid
Erie) h 110A Blantyre av (Scar) — Lillian opr Geo Watson Neckwear
h 50 Dearboume av — Lillian Mrs elk Eatons r 60 Don Valley dr (E Y)
—Lillian (wid Albt) elk Eatons h 108, 15 Bater av (E Y) —Lillian E
bench wkr Amalgamated Elect h 7, 1047 Victoria Pk av (Scar) —Lilith
M foreldy Geo C Williams Shoe Co h 51 Manitoba (Etob) — Lily
preadjusting Eatons h 66 Cowan av — Lindsay typist Automotive
Hardware r 103 Swanwick avenue — LinveUstudt r 211 Lee av —
Lionel W opr Candn Kodak h 57 Holmesdale rd (Y T) — Llewellyn E
assoc prof mech eng U of T h 140 Divadale dr (Leas) —Llewellyn
dispatcher Metro Cab h 409 Rushton rd (Y T) — Lloyd r 303 George
— Lloyd foremn Dom Silk Mills Ltd r 16 Shaneen blvd (Scar) — Lloyd
auto slsmn Riverdale Garage h 206, 901 Bayview av (Leas) —Lloyd
carp Gordon Watling h 49 Moynes av (Etob) — Lloyd A foremn
Ritchie Cut Stone h 660 Pharmacy av (Scar) — Lloyd B elect
engineer Metals & Controls Corp h 77 Humbercrest blvd (Y T) —
Lloyd G bldg contr h 141 Eastwood rd — Lloyd H engineer The
Housing Authority of Tor h 3 Heale av (Scar) — Lloyd M pol.
constable Metro Pol r 660 Pharmacy av (Scar) — Lloyd R steamfitter
h 58 Walsh av (N Y) — Lloyd S lab Streets Division (City) h 52 East
Lynn av — Lloyd W h 52 East Lynn av — Lois M stenog dept
colonization & agric CNR r 125 Lyndhurst av — Lorenzo W
supervision of stock control h 14 Sykes av (Wstn) — Loretta wtrs
Waller's Tavern r 75 Jameson av — Lorna h 114 Waverley rd — Lome
F city firemn h 73 Frizzell av — Lome R 1 c PO r 73 Boem av (Scar)
— Louis r 1115A Queen e — Louis emp Dolly's Lunch r 320
Richmond w — Louisa Mrs h 17 High Park av — Louise r 6 Annette
— Louise r 92 Asquith av — Louise (wid Chas K) r 2517 Dutlerin (N
Y) — Lucy (wid Wm H) r 225 Joicey blvd (N Y) — Lucy H h 50
Dearbourne av — Lucy K r 46 Curzon — Lydia r 416 Millwood rd — M
Mrs h 5 Leuty av — M Eugene prin elk DVA h 51 Beech av — M
Godfrey h 209, 158 Crescent rd — Mabel emp E S & A Robinson r 14
Kenmore av (Scar) — Mabel Mrs elk Smith & Sons r 21 Marta av
(Scar) — Mabel (wid Robt) r 114 Ashbumham rd — Mabel (wid
Thos) h 6 Beaumont rd — Mabel (wid Harry) vice-pres Heath Mfg Co
h 30 Frizzell av — Mabel A Mrs h 1, 60 Old Mill rd (Etob) — Mabel L
h 43 Davies cres (E Y) — Machine & Tool Shop (Fredk W R Jones)
machinists 229 Earlscourt av (Y T) — Madge T dom r 11 Silverwood
av (F H) — Mae D Mrs h 2 , 2 Wilson av — Malcolm drvr Loblaws h
232 Aylesworth av (Scar) — Marcel G glass ctr Speedy Auto Glass
res Whitby — Marcus M receiver Easy Washing Mach h 66
Chamberlain av (Y T) — Margt Mrs r 410, 3580 Yonge (N Y) — Margt
(wid Alfred) h 215 Airdrie rd (Leas) — Margt (wid Rev R E) h 292
Monarch Pk av (E Y) — Margt (wid Sydney) h 638 Caledonia rd (Y T)
— Margt tchr h 204, 2 DuMaurier blvd — Margt stenog American
Standard Products (Can) h 2 , 26 Norwood rd — Margt stenog Atlas
Steels r 76 Durie (Swan) — Margt sis Eatons r 52 East Lynn av —
Margt hsekpr r 207A, 321 Bloor w — Margt Mrs slsldy Eatons r 5, 71
Winchester — Margt Mrs office elk Eatons r 141 Alberta av — Margt
Mrs elk McClelland & Stewart r 193 Waverley road — Margt Mrs
bindery wkr Murray Prntg r 62 Haney av (YT) — Margt A Mrs sec
Jordan & Jordan r 502, 1545 Bathurst (F H) — Margt D (wid Richd) h
143 Leslie — Margt E bkpr Geo R Hargraft & Co r 1 , 1 Mallory —
MargPiPfpeech consultant Nth York Bd of Educ h 125 , 124 Broadway
av — Margt J suprvsr Campbell Soups r 6, 128 Sixth (N T) — Margt
M B dk TTC r 19 Craigton dr (Scar) — Margery D priv sec Argus Corp
h 1, 79 Greensides avenue — Marguerite (wid Wm) h 41- Vernon —
Marie (wid Herbt) h 292 Chisholm av (E Y) — Marie r 4, 156 Huron
— Marie elk The Miner Rubber Co r 71 Grenville — Marilyn sec Natl
Carbon r 15 McNab blvd (Scar) — Marilyn E IBM opr Candn Steel
Improvement r 20 Eiherald cres (N T) — Mapilyn G Mrs typist Ont
Hosp Assn (Blue Cross Dlv) r 61 Hounslow Heath rd — Marian (wid
Norman C) h 03 Sellers av — Marlon bkpr American Optical r 4158
Bathurst (N Y) — Marion elk Candn Tire Corp Assoc Store r 810 Lake
Shore rd (N T) —Marion Mrs swtchbd opr Tor East Genl Hosp r 15
Hollydene rd (Scar) — Marion D bindery Maclean- Hunter r 213, 896
E$inton av e (Leas) — Marjorie h 695 Gladstone av — Marjorie r 70
Mortimer av (E Y) — Marjorie Mrs r 15 Ozark cres — Marjorie K accts
payable Parkwood Motors h 8, 2765 Yonge — Marlene nurse VON h
120 Madison av — Martha Mrs h 302 Woodmount av (E Y) — Martin
R actuary Commercial Life Assce h 18 Evandale rd (Scar) — Mary
(wid Harold) h 70 Birch av — Mary r 7 Cardinal pi — Mary Mrs r 54
Dunloe rd (F H) — Mary Mrs r 1480 Dupont — Mary (wid David) r
421 Eglinton av e — Mary (wid Chas B) h 42 Femwood Pk av — Mary
(wid Thos R) h 89 Fortieth (L B) — Mary Mrs h 26 Manitoba (Etob)
— Mary h 399 Quebec av — Mary r 10 Williamson rd — Mary Mrs
bus girl Eatons r Edinbridge dr R R #1 Weston — Mary Mrs sis elk
Mrs Hanna McFarlane h 244A Jane — Mary Mrs secondary schl sec
Etob Bd of Educ h 23 Gladsmore cres (Etob) — Mary Mrs social wkr
Children's Aid r 105, 214 St George — Mary typist r 1 Earnscliffe rd
(Y T) — Mary A h 108 Shaftesbury av — Mary A (wid Jos) h 507
Victoria Pk av (Scar) — Mary E h 569 Coxwell av — Mary E (wid Jas)
h 2 Harlton cres (Y T) — Mary J Mrs practical nurse h 34
Roxborough e — Mary J swtchbd opr McQuay-Norris res R R #2
Weston — Maryann ad taker Star r 411 Merton — Maryann typist
Anne Patton Travel Service — Matthew R s 1 c PO h 78 Bexbill av
(Scar) — Maud Mrs emp Bell Offset Printing Co r. 317 Princess av
(Willow) — Maude (wid Geo E) h 72 Seventh (N T) — Maude bkpr
Eatons h 18 Wrenson rd — Maude M (wid Fredk F) r 566 St
Clements av (F H) — Maurice ldgrkpr Eatons r 22 Donlands av —
Maurice mach fitter Massey- Ferguson h 4158 Bathurst (N Y) —
Maurice pres Heath Mfg Co Ltd — Maurice with Tor Hydro h 254
Lytton blvd — Maurice A trk drvr Universal Drug r 31 Kamwood dr
(Scar) — Maurice H asst dir Ont Res Foundation h 129 Sedgemount
rd (Agincourt) — May (wid Albt C) h 86 Awde — May (wid Albt) h
100 Eleventh (N T) — May (wid Thos) r 70 GrandviUe av (Y T) —
May Mrs model h 287 Broadway av (N Y) — May Mrs wrapping
Brown Bros r 78 Barker av (E V, — May E Mrs h 11, 323 Lonsdale rd
(F H) — May E elk Eatons r 497 Soudan av — May M r 270
Bridgeland av (N Y) — Mazie Mrs emp Womens College Hosp h 39
Bernice cres (Y T) — Melecina Mrs curr ldgrkpr Tor-Dom Bank r 562A
Rogers rd (Y T) — Melville G comptroUer Hilroy Envelopes &
Stationery h 378 Parkview av (Willow) — Melvin emp Candn
Chromlox h 2, 278 Gladstone av — Melvin firemn Mimico Fire Dept h
153 Wincott dr (Etob) — Melvin lab Hopper Haulage h 60 Carlaw av
— Melvin C (Jess & Mel Jones) h 655 Hillsdale av e — Menna r 170
Kingston rd — Merle J Mrs sec Philip W B-nson r 34 Castlewood road
— Meryl P Mrs stenog Procter & Gamble h 32 Edgewood cres —
Michael r 626 St Clarens av — Michl (The Alps Rest) h 180 Queens
dr (Wstn) — Michael leak survey Gas Co h 12 Eastern av — Michael
sis rep Olivetti (Can) Ltd r 3986 Bathurst — Michael trk hlpr Star r
212 WoodviHe av (E Y) — Michael J h 9, 1075 Yonge — Mildred r 6
Munro — Minnehaha F h 64 Shanly — Minnie G Mrs r 19, 1592
Bathurst (Y T) — Monica Mrs sec Mine Safety Appliances h 21
Brookm ere rd (Ths) — Morland reporter Globe & Mail h 271
Kennedy av — Morris h 1, 1960A Avenue rd n (N Y) — Morris slsmn
Eatons r 462 Sherbourne — Morton H acct Moore Bus Forms h 12
Ardrossan pi — Morton L int dec h 3, 308 Kingsway s (Swan) —
Muriel emp Neilsons Chocs r 220 Boon av — Muriel E h 34, 3
Broadway av — Murray K m h PO h 54J Darling av — Murray V
commissionaire Metro Tor Planning Bd r 106 Banbury rd (N Y) —
Myfanwy Mrs h 784 Gladstone av — Myfanwy elk Bell Tel r 120
Hazelton av — Myra dk Bd of Educ r 183 Colin av — Myrna dk Ofiice
Overload r 92 Cosburn av (E Y) — Myma tchr Nth York Bd of Educ h
C, 257 Eglinton av east —Myrtle E typist Reed Shaw & McNaught h
117 Broadway av — N Miss sec East York CoH hist r 200 Glenwood
cres (E Y) — N Alan methods engineer Lever Bros h 64 Silver Birch
av — Nan Mrs h 751 Queen w — Nancy Mrs with Underwood Ltd r
54 Inniswood dr (Scar) — Nathaniel stock hlpr Eatons r 67 Raglan av
— Neal E sis mgr Colgate Palmolive h 28 DeSavery cres — Nellie
(wid John) h 785 Coxwell av —Nelson pol constable Metro Pol h 415
Lake Shore rd (Mim) —Nettie Mrs r 110 Robert —Nick gas stn attdt h
279 Maple Leaf dr (N Y) —Noel S claims supt Western Assce h 29
Hemford cres (Don Mills) —Nora Mrs emp Perfect Circle h 30 Orlando
blvd (Scar) — Norah Mrs sec Geo W Crothers Ltd r 27 Collingsgrove
rd (West Hill) —Norman r 313 , 600 Dundas e —Norman h 268
Torrens av (E Y) —Norman emp Liquor Control Bd h 1951 Dundas e
—Norman sec Anaconda Amer Brass res Port Credit —Norman
servicemn IBM h 703 Sammon av (E Y) —Norman trk drvr r 454J
Gerrard e —Norman B emp Ken Crowder Co h 530 Royal York rd s
(Etob) —Norman. F br mgr Tor-Dom Bank h 23 Martorino dr (Scar)
—Norman F office & mail order mgr Candn Tire h 48 Sutherland dr
(Leas) — Norman L h 37 Wellesley e —Norman L master Ont Dept of
Educ h 103. 3560 Yonge (N Y) —Norman S phys & surg 2910
Kingston rd (Scar) h — Nuala nurse h 2, 316 Lonsdale rd (F — O A
Mrs h 125 Cottingham H)
 -662JONES JONES OAKAH L, Vice-President and General
Manager, The Consumers’ Gas Company, h 17 Forest Wood (Nth Y),
Phone RUssell 2-6461 —Olga Mrs hsekpr r 176 Balmoral av — Olive
Mrs h 1 Ridge Pt cres (N Y) — Olive dishwasher The Chuckwagon —
Olive typist North Am Life h 2, 316 Lonsdale rd —Olive M opr Bell Tel
r 1612 Dufferin — Oliver (S Patterson & Co) h 9 Alcan av (Etob) —
Oliver opr W C Hardesty Co h 5 Marina av (L B) — Oliver G with Watt
& Watt h 28, 125 Vrughan rd (YT) — Orlando lab Swansea Municipal
Off r 14 Bradley (Y T) _ ‘ , _ — Orrie J maint wldr Steel Co of Can h
61 West Glen cres (Etob) — Otty G p c PO h 42 Byng av (Scar) —
Owen asst acct Tor-Dom Bank r 55 Day av — Owen slsmn Borden Co
h 107 Coxwell av —Owen J studt-of-accts Ormsby & Ormsby h 173A
Lyndhurst av — P eng Town Planning Consultants r 282 Poyntz av (N
Y) — P with Telegram r 12 Blong av — P J & Son Ltd plumbing &
heating 949 Gerrard e — Pamela elk r 65 Woodlawn av w —Pamela
stenog Shell Oil r 52 Hendrick av — Pamela D Mrs stenog Century
Ins Group h 1817 Victoria Pk av (N Y) — Pansy tchr Parkdale Sr
Public Schl h 448 Elm rd (NY) — Patk dk John A Huston r 517 St
John's rd (Y T) — Patk rubber wkr h 14 McKenzie av — Patk wtr
LeCabaret r 485 Davenport rd — Patk D prntr Carton Specialty Ltd h
31 Pickering — Patk P attdt Vigoro Gas h 17 Hollis (Y T) — Pattern
Co Ltd Jos E Abernethy pres & genl mgr 10 Queen Elizabeth blvd (E
tob) — Paul wardrobe dept CBC r 125 Hazelton av — Paul A pntr &
dec h 74 Gilgorm rd (F H) — Pauline E typist Ont Hosp Serv Commn
r 3119 St Clair av e (Scar) — Pearl A (wid D C) r 43, 101 Lawton
blvd — Percy h 99 Malvern av — Percy emp Goodyear Tire h 87
Alder cres (L B) — Percy emp Grove Welding h D, 1124 Dundas w —
Percy emp Sunnybrook Hosp r 166 Roselawn av — Percy J lab City of
Tor h 26 Mould av (Y T) — Percy W bus drvr TTC h 1885 Kingston rd
(Scar) — Peter r 45 Charles w — Peter chef Al's Rest h 59 Annette —
Peter elk CN Tel h 123 Claremore av (Scar) — Peter cook Oregon
Rest h 160 Queen's dr (Wstn) — Peter slsmn Evening Telegram h
656 Jane (Y T) — Peter A drftsmn Bank of N S h 7 Seneca
(Algonquin Island) — Peter A tel opr Burns Bros & Denton h 20
Twentythird (L B) —Peter A trk drvr Metro Tor h 4 Rossmore rd —
Peter R elk Union Insurance Society of Canton r 75 Church (Mim) —
Philip mach Bathurst Tool & Machine h 133, 31 Clearview Hts (Y T)
—Philip slsmn Waylen Red Estate h 215 Strathmore blvd —Philip A
drftsmn Dept of Highways h 10 Hounslow Heath rd —Philip A emp
Dept of Highways h 14, 80-82 Eglinton av east — Philip G janitor
Candn Kodak r 82 Holmesdale rd (YT) —Philip W reporter Globe &
Mail h 20 Rowland — Phillip emp Sid's Garage — Phyllis dom r 458
Glencaim av (N Y) — Phyllis emp Moore Bus Forms r 122 Upper
Canada dr (N Y) —Phyllis nurse h 337 Windermere av (Swan) —
Phyllis E nurse Victorian Order of Nurses h 107, 1 Cheritan av —
Phyllis J sculptress r 16 Avoca av —Phyllis P typist Ont Hosp Serv
Commn r 67 Balliol —Phyllis R Mrs sec Mutual Benefit r 90 Tower dr
(Scarl —Powell writer CBC r 100 Glencaim av — Pryce h 700
Gladstone av — R drftsmn Holomet Ltd r 67 Elmhurst av (Willow) —
R Burce unit suprvsr Sun Life Assce h 41 Halkin cres (N Y) — R Clive
(Clive Hairdressing Salon) h 321 Jane — R Glyn servicemn Harris-
Seybold h 33 Greylawn cres (Scar) — R J advertising Shell Oil r 184
Millwood rd — R K drftsmn Pentland & Baker r 57 Seminole av (Scar)
— R L Miss elk Confed Life Assn r 73 Denvale rd (EY) — R Leopold
hon sec-t reas The insurance Inst of Can h 23 Munro Pk av — R
Leslie slsmn Daymond Ltd h 85 Brooklawn av (Scar) — R Percy r 102
Charles w — R W slsmn Amherst Real Estate r 23 Seaforth av — R
Walden br mgr Bank of Mont h 2 Donegal dr (Leas) —Rachel (wid
Jos G) h 293 Elm rd — Rade J emp Score Sporting Goods h 198
Delta (Etob) — Ralph buffer Candn Steel Improvements h 2003A
Dundas w —Ralph emp Dom Abrasives r 19 St George (Mim) —
Ralph garage supt Browns' Bread h 219 Oakridge dr (Scar) —Ralph
pres Jones Bros Excavating Ltd h 46 Gracefield av (N Y) —Ralph
prntr h 1351 Lake Shore rd (L B) —Ralph H suprvsr const est Bell Tel
r 49 Chelford rd (Don Mills) —Ralph I engineer Gas Co r 135
Riverhead dr (Etob) —Randall slsmn Tor Brick Co h 405, 201 Dawes
rd (E Y) — Randy bkpr r 43 Holly — Ray mach opr h 1435 Dundas e
—Ray V vice-pres & sec-treas Metro Cab r 6 Penzance dr (Scar) —
Raymond r 042 Front w —Raymond attdt Vita Towing Service h 244
George — Raymond emp Dunham's r 61 Hounslow Heath rd —
Raymond usher & messenger Judges' Staff h 129 Belsize dr —
Raymond B credit insp Bank of N S h 77 Burnaby blvd —Raymond B
wldr h 57 Bellman av (Etob) —Raymond G field rep industrial
Accident Prevention Assns h 270 Cummer av (Willow) —Raymond H
(Jones Bros & Co) h 105 Dunvegan rd (F H) —Raymond K red &
white suprvsr Natl Gro h 9 Ellis av (Wstn) — Regd emp Eatons r 25
Hastings av — Regd A phys 509 Broadview av h same —Regd E suDt
maint dept Tor Elevators res Oakville — Regd E A (Metropolis
Bearing Service) h 2, 617 Avenue rd — Regd F civil engineer
Kensington Towers r 74-North Heights rd (Etob) — Regd J (Jones
Bros & Co) h 802 , 240 Oriole Pkwy —Regd L plant supt Colgate
Palmolive h 126 Bessborough dr (Leas) — Regd T margin elk
Thomson & McKinnon h 92 Mervyn av (Etob) — Regd T pekr Shulton
of Can Ltd h 70 Commonwealth av (Scar) — Reuben H h 8 Salisbury
av — Rhoda r 272 Caledonia rd (Y T) — Rlchd emp Gurney Foundry
r 627 Lansdowne av JONES — Richd exec dir Candn Council of
Christians & Jews res Cooksville — Richd mach Westeel Products h
88 Branstone rd (YT) —Richd tchr Rosethorn Pub Schl r 9 Pinehurst
cres (Etob) — Richd with Ocean Insurance r 1 Onslow cres (Y T) —
Richd A r 571 Coxwell av — Richd C slsmn Grant G Brown Motors h
4, 2328 Keele (N Y) — Richd E electrotyper Photo Engravers r 79
Woodrow avenue — Richd E sis suprvsr Phillips Electric h 327
Highfield road —Richd F contract mgr Consol Glass Indus h 9
Kingslea Gdns (Etob) — Richd F slsmn r 9 Kingslea Gdns (Etob) —
Richd G h 48 Leopold —Richd G div sis mgr General Steel Wares h
15 McNab blvd (Scar) — Richd L mach Natl Cash Register r 27
Woodcroft cres (Y T) — Richd L trk drvr Streets Division (City) h 225
Rosem ount av — Richd M cost suprvsr Turnbull Elevator h 264
Maple hurst av (Willow) — Richd O stkpr Goodyear Serv Store h 16,
86 Broadway av — Richd T bodymn TTC h 134 Millicent — Richd W
acct Imp Oil r 603, 135 Lawton blvd — Richd W orderly Metro Tor h
211, 407 Gerrard e — Rita (wid Stanley) h 813 Bathurst — Rita M
Mrs opr Candn Kodak h 72, 142 Wellesley e — Robt r 49 Craiglee dr
(Scar) — Robt r 229 Gerrard e — Robt h 180 Heward av — Robt h
44 Mortimer av (E Y) --Robt emp Cooper Machine Shop r 118
Ashdale av — Robt engineer Riverdale Coll r 59 Langford av — Robt
foremn Carp J *att & Co (Bldrs) h 101, 12 Donora dr (E Y) — Robt
maint Gair Box h 17 Langside (N Y) — Robt pntr CGE r 1 Amherst av
(Y T) — Robt radio techn Mul TV Sales Corp r 112 Binswood av (E Y)
— Robt slsmn Viceroy Investments Ltd h 27, 1117 Danforth av —
Robt slsmn Candn Tire Assoc Store r 25 Duncombe blvd (Scar) —
Robt shpr Drug Trading r 1 Gould — Robt shpr Eatons h 4 Anola pi
— Robt staty engineer F indlays Dairy h 106 Edgecroft rd (Etob) --
Robt teletype suprvsr CPR r 209 De Grass! — Robi trk drvr Acme
Farmers Dairy h 1 Earnscliffe rd (Y T) — Robt wtr Arlington Tavern h
17 Langside (N Y) — Robt A sic PO r 52 East Lynn av — Robt A
suprvsr educatibnal dept North Am Life h 11 Thornly cres (Etob) —
Robt C acct exec Paul-Phelan Advertising h 406, 1 Eccelston dr (N Y)
— Robt C elk Halls Dairy Bar h 3353 Yonge — Robt D acting
detective Metro Pol h 8 Greend ale av (YT) — Robt E h 123 Bastedo
av — Robt E emp Simpsons-Sears h 676 Merton — Robt E mgr
standards dept Westeel Products res Oakville — Robt E splicer Bell
Tel h 61 Butterworth av (Scar) — Robt F p c PO h 147 Wineva av —
Robt F pressmn Kerwood Paper Box h 71 Mortimer av (E Y) — Robt
G elect Roxboro Elect r 112 Linsmore cres (EY) — Robt G stkpr
Walter A Carveth Ltd h 5B, 579 Jarvis — Robt G H suprvsr Tor 1
office Great-West Life Assce h 17 Ternhill cres (N Y) — Robt H h 8
Allan Pk rd (Etob) — Robt H (Doc Jones) res Port Credit — Robt H
asst acct Royal Bank h 37 Kenwood av (Y T) — Robt H elk Metro Pol
r 125 Bowie av (Y T) — Robt H drvr Supertest Oil r 8 Salisbury av —
Robt H mach set-up man Pressure Castings r 25 Eugene av (N Y) —
Robt H pntr Natl Defence h 2, 1215A Lake Shore rd (L B) —Robt J
genl plant supt Elect Chain Co h 16 Glenaden av w (Etob) — Robt J
vice-pres production & engineering Christie Brown h 10 Kingslea dr n
(Etob) — Robt L photo epgraver Nor Baker Ltd res Oakville — Robt L
toolmkr A V Roe h 125 Bowie av (Y T) — Robt M elect's app J A
Wilson r 59 Woodmount av — Robt M suprvsr Hinde & Dauch r 11
Hartland av (Etob) —Robt M tchr Hillcrest Pub Schl h 82 Churchill av
(N Y) — Robt R batterymn Massey- Ferguson h 502 Shuter — Robt S
acct Tor-Dom Bank h 66 Taunton rd — Robt T h 289 Westmoreland
av —Robt U pntr h 5 Trenton av (E Y) —Robt W mech supt
Brunswick Balke Collender h 569 Brookdale av (N Y) —Robt W slsmn
Cresswell Pomeroy Ltd r 9.Breadner dr (Etob) — Roderick messenger
F W Kerr & Co h 6 Bevdale rd (Willow) — Rodney studt h 457
Vermont av —Roger drftsmn Dom Bridge r 48 Mattice rd (Etob) —
Roger engineer Can Linseed Oil Mills r 225 Indian road — Roland
mach United Steel Corp h 28 Rockwell av — Ronald fork lift trk opr
Roxalin of Can h 9, 15A Thirty-third (L B) — Ronald belt Sander
Spanner Products r 380 Lippincott — Ronald carp h 370 Lippincott —
Ronald elk TTC h 101, 839 Cosbum av (E Y) — Ronald compositor
Hunter Printing h 45 Gardens cres (E Y) —Ronald emp Bell Tel r
2752 St Clair av e (E Y) — Ronald emp Safety Appliance r 39
Holbrooke av (Etob) — Ronald lab r 115A Queen e — Ronald mgr
Brock Engineering Mfg Co Ltd r 7 Bellefair av — Ronald mech TTC h
148 Bowie av (Y T) — Ronald pressmn Gibson Printing h 137 Preston
(Scar) — Ronald servicemn Olivetti (Can) r Bl, 177 Berry rd (Etob) —
Ronald serv stn attdt Herbert F Harden r 33 Habitant dr (N Y) —
Ronald A emp DeHavilland h 106, 295 Sackville — Ronald E engineer
W & A Gilbey h 26 Smith cres (Etob) — Ronald E opr Lever Bros h H,
711 Bloor w — Ronald E prin Blythwood Schl h 107 Pine Glen rd —
Ronald F elk Swift Candn h 81 John (Wstn) — Ronald F stn repairmn
Bell Tel r'67 Cadorna av (E Y) — Ronald N section suprvsr Crown Life
Ins r 28 DeSavery cres — Ronald R floor trader F H Deacon & Co h
19 Lee av — Ronald T elk Dept Pub Welfare h 540 Glebeholme blvd
— Ronald W elect h 20 Emerald cres (N T) — Rosalind tel unit mgr
CBC h 306, 110 Keewatin av — Rose Mrs sec Joseph Newman QC r
42 Haney av (YT) — Rose E Mrs bindery wkr Sampson- Matthews
Press h 33 Westlake av — Rose H bedspread opr Eatons r 739
Woodbine av JONES — Rosina F Mrs receptionist J A Wintrop Ltd r 4
Deer Park cres — Ross trk drvr Hendrie h 3 , 36 Cecil — Ross A taxi
drvr Metro Taxi h 1314, 14 Blevins place — Ross C drftsmn Electric
Reduction h 353 Glebeholme blvd — Rowland elk Currier & Smith r
24 Barton av — Roy RCAF h 83 Playfair av (N Y) — Roy elect Anglo
Electronic r 4, 9 Kinsdale blvd (Etob) — Roy emp Harbour Patrol h 5,
227 Vaughan rd (Y T) — Roy engineer Wayne Pump Co h 92 West
Lynn av — Roy grade insp Dept of Highways h 388 Clinton — Roy
interne Tor Genl Hosp r 40 Austin av — Roy plstr h 2994 St Clair av e
(E Y) — Roy studt h 312 Whitmore av (Y T) — Roy trk drvr H
Bargman h 60 Carlaw av — Roy wrehsemn Eatons r 274 Scarboro rd
— Roy A office jr Automatic Electric r 87 Jonesville cres (N Y) --Roy
A trk drvr Streets Division (City) h 13 Thirteenth (N T) —Roy K slsmn
Paulger's Blantyre Dairy h 102 Byng av (Scar) — Roy L vice-pres
McDonald Research Limited r 3, 46 Leacrest rd (Leas) — Roy N
(Justrite Printing) h 25 Station rd (Mim) — Ruby grill girl Clairlea
Open Kitchen r 987A Dovercourt rd — Ruby tchr Etob Bd of Educ r
26 Willard Gdns — Ruel h 112 Sheridan av —Rupert A drvr CP Exp h
15, 24 Twenty-fourth (L B) — Russell h 90 Pleasant blvd — Russell E
carp h 32 Belsize dr — Russell E fire fighter York Twp (Fire Dept) r
959 Runny mede rd (Y T) — Russell I buyer's asst Eatons h 226
Glenview av — Russell J tchr h 389 Sutherland dr (Leas) — Ruth
(wid Sidney) h 32 Jackes av — Ruth r 60 Parkchester rd (N Y) —
Ruth typist Big "A" Co h 157 Coxwell av — S r 135 Sherboume — S
Owen slsmn h 31, 2401 Queen e — Saltus emp Sinnott News h 23
Stamford sq s (Scar) — Sam repairmn r 426 Roxton rd — Sami h 48
Lillington av (Scar) — Sami mach tender Dom Cellulos h 211
Lambton av (YT) — Sami J mech Downsview Airport h 33 Hertle av
—Sami P foremn Dept Street Cleaning h 954 Ossington avenue —
Sami T heavy equipment opr Streets Division (City) h 338
tilebeholme blvd — Sandra E elk Shaw & Begg r 655 Vaughan rd (Y
T) — Sarah A Mrs h 48 Pape av — Selina Mrs fnshr Stratton Knitting
Mills r 134 Millicent —Selina C cop winder Tor Carpet h 117
Cambridge av — Sharon Mrs typist Colonial Upholstery r 1654
Bathurst (Y T) — Shirley schl tchr r 480 Douglas av (NY) — Shirley D
pekr Harding & Sons r 81 Lewis — Shirley I elk B.ll Tel r 109 Victoria
Pk av (Scar) — Sidney h 724 Pharmacy av (Scar) i — Sidney carp h
141 Holland Pk av (Y T) — Sidney cutter Chicago Plastic Covers r 1
Southmead rd (Scar) — Sidney plstr h 2992 St Clair av e (E Y) —
Sidney H sexton Church of the Resurrection (Ang) h 149 Cedarvale
av (E Y) — Smith I studt r 112 Balmoral av — Sophia (wid Lorenzo) r
117 Cambridge av — Stanley elk Cont Can h 2, 695 Lake Shore rd
(Mim) --Stanley emp Candn Acme Screw & Gear h 32 Gair dr (Etob)
— Stanley projectionist Odeon Theatre h 69 Gatwick av (E Y) —
Stanley wrehsemn Dom Stores h 562A Rogers rd (Y T) --Stanley C
suprvsr Marshall Mattress r 125 Pickering — Stanley G acct Candn
Red Cross Soc h 287 Avenue road — Stanley G colour techn L A
Jones h G, 105 Twentyfifth (L B) — Stanley J slsmn Kilian Mfg h 63
Grenview blvd n (Etob) — Stanley L mgr Goodyear Tire h 24, 122
Dowling av — Stanley R sis mgr Steel Distributors Ltd h 87 Royal
York rd n (Etob) --Stanley T h 3, 383 Lake Promenade (L B) —
Stephen T bkr Perlmutar Bakery h 71 8A College — Steve (Sunset
Restaurant) h 1478 Wilson av (N Y) — Steven r 94 Lyndhurst av —
Stewart h 97 Olive av — Stuart P sis mgr Aluminum Co h 16 Romney
rd (Etob) — Sydney (Jones Beauty Shoppe) h 2892 Bloor (Etob) —
Sydney r 31 Marta av (Scar) — Sydney slsmn h 93 Black Creek blvd
(Y T) — Sydney D foremn elect Candn Comstock h 22 Jasmine rd (N
Y) — Sydney J h 1 Glenmount Pk rd — Sydney T h 149 Hamilton —
Sylvia E Mrs elk Morganite Carbon Prod res Ajax — Sylvia G tchr
Regent Heights Schl r 219 Audrey av (Scar) — T Harry E staff asst
products & distribution U S Steel Export h 404, 96 Jameson av — T L
comml traveller Clappertons h 56 Scarboro Beach blvd — T S h 2B,
197 CoHege — Ted (Dolly's Lunch) h 320 Richmond w — Teify
foremn Silverwood Dairies h 31 Whaley dr (Etob) — Terence aircraft
fitter A V Roe h 113 Curzon --Terence L vice-pres Suckling & Garrett
Ltd h 265 Glen Manor dr e — Terrance fitter Garret Aircraft h 16
Primrose av (Mim) — Thelma (wid Fredk G) h 26 Lake Promenade (L
B) — Thelma emp Bell Tel r 167 River --Thelma G Mrs (Belvedere
Beauty Salon) h 31 Thomcliffe blvd — Thelma L elk Bank of Com r
129 Belsize dr --Thelma M stenog Wm E Coutts r 26 Lake Promenade
(L B) — Theodore V route slsmn Imp Oil h 24 Porter av (YT) —
Theophilus mach opr Candn Carbon h 317 Gilbert av (Y T) — Thos h
94 Palmerston av — Thos h 2202 Queen e — Thos r 62 Willow av —
Thos aircraft fitter A V Roe h 17 Mapleview av —Thos assmblr
Underwood Ltd r 619 Christie — Thos cook Tor Genl Hosp h 42 Price
— Thos drftsmn Genl Electric h 6 Glenlake av — Thos elect h 1196
Roselawn av (Y T) — Thos emp Clarke Shoes r 2435 Eglinton av e
(Scar; — Thos emp Everington Co h 303, Unit 1, 415 Lake Shore rd
(Mim) — Thos flrernn Streets Div (City) r 180 Carlaw av — Thos Jr m
h P O r 108 Gillard av — Thos etcher Howlett & Smith h 435 Rustic
rd (N Y) — Thos p const Metro Pol r 39 Ellsworth av --Thos porter
Honey Dew r 66 Empire av — Thos security guard Barnes
Investigation h 87 Byng av (Scar) — Thos stone cutter Rickie Cut
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