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 Contents

Preface xv

CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Computers and Programming 1

1.1 Why Program? 1
1.2 Computer Systems: Hardware and Software 2
1.3 Programs and Programming Languages 8
1.4 What Is a Program Made of? 14
1.5 Input, Processing, and Output 17
1.6 The Programming Process 18
1.7 Procedural and Object-Oriented Programming 22

CHAPTER 2 Introduction to C++ 27

2.1 The Parts of a C++ Program 27
2.2 The cout Object 31
2.3 The #include Directive 36
2.4 Variables and Literals 37
2.5 Identifiers 41
2.6 Integer Data Types 42
2.7 The char Data Type 48
2.8 The C++ string Class 52
2.9 Floating-Point Data Types 54
2.10 The bool Data Type 57
2.11 Determining the Size of a Data Type 58
2.12 Variable Assignments and Initialization 59
2.13 Scope 61
2.14 Arithmetic Operators 61
2.15 Comments 69
2.16 Named Constants 71
2.17 Programming Style 73

vii
viii Contents

CHAPTER 3 Expressions and Interactivity 83

3.1 The cin Object 83
3.2 Mathematical Expressions 89
3.3 When You Mix Apples and Oranges: Type Conversion 98
3.4 Overflow and Underflow 100
3.5 Type Casting 101
3.6 Multiple Assignment and Combined Assignment 104
3.7 Formatting Output 108
3.8 Working with Characters and string Objects 118
3.9 More Mathematical Library Functions 124
3.10 Focus on Debugging: Hand Tracing a Program 130
3.11 Focus on Problem Solving: A Case Study 132

CHAPTER 4 Making Decisions 149

4.1 Relational Operators 149
4.2 The if Statement 154
4.3 Expanding the if Statement 162
4.4 The if/else Statement 166
4.5 Nested if Statements 169
4.6 The if/else if Statement 176
4.7 Flags 181
4.8 Logical Operators 182
4.9 Checking Numeric Ranges with Logical Operators 189
4.10 Menus 190
4.11 Focus on Software Engineering: Validating User Input 193
4.12 Comparing Characters and Strings 195
4.13 The Conditional Operator 199
4.14 The switch Statement 202
4.15 More About Blocks and Variable Scope 211

CHAPTER 5 Loops and Files 227

5.1 The Increment and Decrement Operators 227
5.2 Introduction to Loops: The while Loop 232
5.3 Using the while Loop for Input Validation 239
5.4 Counters 241
5.5 The do-while Loop 242
5.6 The for Loop 247
5.7 Keeping a Running Total 257
5.8 Sentinels 260
5.9 Focus on Software Engineering: Deciding Which Loop to Use 261
5.10 Nested Loops 262
5.11 Using Files for Data Storage 265
5.12 Optional Topics: Breaking and Continuing a Loop 284

CHAPTER 6 Functions 299

6.1 Focus on Software Engineering: Modular Programming 299
6.2 Defining and Calling Functions 300
6.3 Function Prototypes 309
6.4 Sending Data into a Function 311
 Contents ix

6.5 Passing Data by Value 316

6.6 Focus on Software Engineering: Using Functions in a
Menu-Driven Program 318
6.7 The return Statement 322
6.8 Returning a Value from a Function 324
6.9 Returning a Boolean Value 332
6.10 Local and Global Variables 334
6.11 Static Local Variables 342
6.12 Default Arguments 345
6.13 Using Reference Variables as Parameters 348
6.14 Overloading Functions 354
6.15 The exit() Function 358
6.16 Stubs and Drivers 361

CHAPTER 7 Arrays 375

7.1 Arrays Hold Multiple Values 375
7.2 Accessing Array Elements 377
7.3 No Bounds Checking in C++ 384
7.4 Array Initialization 387
7.5 The Range-Based for Loop 392
7.6 Processing Array Contents 396
7.7 Focus on Software Engineering: Using Parallel Arrays 404
7.8 Arrays as Function Arguments 407
7.9 Two-Dimensional Arrays 418
7.10 Arrays with Three or More Dimensions 425
7.11 Focus on Problem Solving and Program Design: A Case Study 427
7.12 If You Plan to Continue in Computer Science: Introduction to the
STL vector 429

CHAPTER 8 Searching and Sorting Arrays 457

8.1 Focus on Software Engineering: Introduction to Search Algorithms 457
8.2 Focus on Problem Solving and Program Design: A Case Study 463
8.3 Focus on Software Engineering: Introduction to Sorting Algorithms 470
8.4 Focus on Problem Solving and Program Design: A Case Study 477
8.5 If You Plan to Continue in Computer Science: Sorting and
Searching vectors 485

CHAPTER 9 Pointers 495

9.1 Getting the Address of a Variable 495
9.2 Pointer Variables 497
9.3 The Relationship Between Arrays and Pointers 504
9.4 Pointer Arithmetic 508
9.5 Initializing Pointers 510
9.6 Comparing Pointers 511
9.7 Pointers as Function Parameters 513
9.8 Focus on Software Engineering: Dynamic Memory Allocation 522
9.9 Focus on Software Engineering: Returning Pointers from Functions 526
9.10 Using Smart Pointers to Avoid Memory Leaks 533
9.11 Focus on Problem Solving and Program Design: A Case Study 536
x Contents

CHAPTER 10 Characters, C-Strings, and More About the string Class 547
10.1 Character Testing 547
10.2 Character Case Conversion 551
10.3 C-Strings 554
10.4 Library Functions for Working with C-Strings 558
10.5 C-String/Numeric Conversion Functions 569
10.6 Focus on Software Engineering: Writing Your Own
C-String-Handling Functions 575
10.7 More About the C++ string Class 581
10.8 Focus on Problem Solving and Program Design: A Case Study 590

CHAPTER 11 Structured Data 599

11.1 Abstract Data Types 599
11.2 Focus on Software Engineering: Combining Data into Structures 601
11.3 Accessing Structure Members 604
11.4 Initializing a Structure 608
11.5 Arrays of Structures 611
11.6 Focus on Software Engineering: Nested Structures 613
11.7 Structures as Function Arguments 617
11.8 Returning a Structure from a Function 620
11.9 Pointers to Structures 623
11.10 Focus on Software Engineering: When to Use ., When to Use ->,
and When to Use * 626
11.11 Unions 628
11.12 Enumerated Data Types 632

CHAPTER 12 Advanced File Operations 657

12.1 File Operations 657
12.2 File Output Formatting 663
12.3 Passing File Stream Objects to Functions 665
12.4 More Detailed Error Testing 667
12.5 Member Functions for Reading and Writing Files 670
12.6 Focus on Software Engineering: Working with Multiple Files 678
12.7 Binary Files 680
12.8 Creating Records with Structures 685
12.9 Random-Access Files 689
12.10 Opening a File for Both Input and Output 697

CHAPTER 13 Introduction to Classes 711

13.1 Procedural and Object-Oriented Programming 711
13.2 Introduction to Classes 718
13.3 Defining an Instance of a Class 723
13.4 Why Have Private Members? 736
13.5 Focus on Software Engineering: Separating Class Specification
from Implementation 737
13.6 Inline Member Functions 743
13.7 Constructors 746
13.8 Passing Arguments to Constructors 750
 Contents xi

13.9 Destructors 758

13.10 Overloading Constructors 762
13.11 Private Member Functions 765
13.12 Arrays of Objects 767
13.13 Focus on Problem Solving and Program Design: An OOP Case Study 771
13.14 Focus on Object-Oriented Programming: Simulating Dice with Objects 778
13.15 Focus on Object-Oriented Programming: Creating an Abstract Array
Data Type 782
13.16 Focus on Object-Oriented Design: The Unified Modeling Language (UML) 785
13.17 Focus on Object-Oriented Design: Finding the Classes and Their
Responsibilities 788

CHAPTER 14 More About Classes 811

14.1 Instance and Static Members 811
14.2 Friends of Classes 819
14.3 Memberwise Assignment 824
14.4 Copy Constructors 825
14.5 Operator Overloading 831
14.6 Object Conversion 858
14.7 Aggregation 860
14.8 Focus on Object-Oriented Design: Class Collaborations 865
14.9 Focus on Object-Oriented Programming: Simulating the Game
of Cho-Han 869

CHAPTER 15 Inheritance, Polymorphism, and Virtual Functions 891

15.1 What Is Inheritance? 891
15.2 Protected Members and Class Access 900
15.3 Constructors and Destructors in Base and Derived Classes 906
15.4 Redefining Base Class Functions 918
15.5 Class Hierarchies 923
15.6 Polymorphism and Virtual Member Functions 929
15.7 Abstract Base Classes and Pure Virtual Functions 945
15.8 Multiple Inheritance 952

CHAPTER 16 Exceptions, Templates, and the Standard Template

Library (STL) 971
16.1 Exceptions 971
16.2 Function Templates 990
16.3 Focus on Software Engineering: Where to Start When Defining Templates 996
16.4 Class Templates 996
16.5 Introduction to the Standard Template Library (STL) 1005

CHAPTER 17 Linked Lists 1025

17.1 Introduction to the Linked List ADT 1025
17.2 Linked List Operations 1027
17.3 A Linked List Template 1043
17.4 Variations of the Linked List 1055
17.5 The STL list Container 1056
xii Contents

CHAPTER 18 Stacks and Queues 1063

18.1 Introduction to the Stack ADT 1063
18.2 Dynamic Stacks 1080
18.3 The STL stack Container 1091
18.4 Introduction to the Queue ADT 1093
18.5 Dynamic Queues 1105
18.6 The STL deque and queue Containers 1112

CHAPTER 19 Recursion 1121

19.1 Introduction to Recursion 1121
19.2 Solving Problems with Recursion 1125
19.3 Focus on Problem Solving and Program Design: The Recursive
gcd Function 1133
19.4 Focus on Problem Solving and Program Design: Solving Recursively
Defined Problems 1134
19.5 Focus on Problem Solving and Program Design: Recursive Linked List
Operations 1135
19.6 Focus on Problem Solving and Program Design: A Recursive Binary
Search Function 1139
19.7 The Towers of Hanoi 1141
19.8 Focus on Problem Solving and Program Design: The QuickSort Algorithm 1144
19.9 Exhaustive Algorithms 1148
19.10 Focus on Software Engineering: Recursion vs. Iteration 1151

CHAPTER 20 Binary Trees 1155

20.1 Definition and Applications of Binary Trees 1155
20.2 Binary Search Tree Operations 1158
20.3 Template Considerations for Binary Search Trees 1175

Appendix A: Getting Started with Alice 1185

Appendix B: The ASCII Character Set 1211
Appendix C: Operator Precedence and Associativity 1213
Quick References 1215
Index 1217
Credit 1237

Online The following appendices are available at www.pearsonhighered.com/gaddis.

Appendix D: Introduction to Flowcharting
Appendix E: Using UML in Class Design
Appendix F: Namespaces
Appendix G: Passing Command Line Arguments
Appendix H: Header File and Library Function Reference
Appendix I: Binary Numbers and Bitwise Operations
Appendix J: Multi-Source File Programs
Appendix K: Stream Member Functions for Formatting
Appendix L: Answers to Checkpoints
Appendix M: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Review Questions
 LOCATION OF VIDEONOTES IN THE TEXT

Chapter 1 Introduction to Flowcharting, p. 20

Designing a Program with Pseudocode, p. 20
Designing the Account Balance Program, p. 25
Predicting the Result of Problem 33, p. 26
Chapter 2 Using cout, p. 31
Variabe Definitions, p. 37
Assignment Statements and Simple Math Expressions, p. 62
Solving the Restaurant Bill Problem, p. 80
Chapter 3 Reading Input with cin, p. 83
Formatting Numbers with setprecision, p. 111
Solving the Stadium Seating Problem, p. 142
Chapter 4 The if Statement, p. 154
The if/else statement, p. 166
The if/else if Statement, p. 176
Solving the Time Calculator Problem, p. 221
Chapter 5 The while Loop, p. 232
The for Loop, p. 247
Reading Data from a File, p. 274
Solving the Calories Burned Problem, p. 293
Chapter 6 Functions and Arguments, p. 311
Value-Returnlng Functions, p. 324
Solving the Markup Problem, p. 366
Chapter 7 Accessing Array Elements With a Loop, p. 380
Passing an Array to a Function, p. 407
Solving the Chips and Salsa Problem, p. 448
Chapter 8 The Binary Search, p. 460
The Selection Sort, p. 474
Solving the Charge Account Validation Modification Problem, p. 492
Chapter 9 Dynamically Allocating an Array, p. 523
Solving the Pointer Rewrite Problem, p. 545
Chapter 10 Writing a C-String-Handling Function, p. 575
More About the string Class, p. 581
Solving the Backward String Problem, p. 594
(continued on the next page)
 LOCATION OF VIDEONOTES IN THE TEXT (continued)

Chapter 11 Creating a Structure, p. 601

Passing a Structure to a Function, p. 617
Solving the Weather Statistics Problem, p. 652
Chapter 12 Passing File Stream Objects to Functions, p. 665
Working with Multiple Files, p. 678
Solving the File Encryption Filter Problem, p. 708
Chapter 13 Writing a Class, p. 718
Defining an Instance of a Class, p. 723
Solving the Employee Class Problem, p. 802
Chapter 14 Operator Overloading, p. 831
Class Aggregation, p. 860
Solving the NumDays Problem, p. 885
Chapter 15 Redefining a Base Class Function in a Derived Class, p. 918
Polymorphism, p. 929
Solving the Employee and Production-Worker Classes Problem, p. 963
Chapter 16 Throwing an Exception, p. 972
Handling an Exception, p. 972
Writing a Function Template, p. 990
Storing Objects in a vector, p. 1010
Solving the Exception Project Problem, p. 1024
Chapter 17 Appending a Node to a Linked List, p. 1028
Inserting a Node in a Linked List, p. 1035
Deleting a Node from a Linked List, p. 1039
Solving the Member Insertion by Position Problem, p. 1061
Chapter 18 Storing Objects in an STL stack, p. 1091
Storing Objects in an STL queue, p. 1114
Solving the File Compare Problem, p. 1119
Chapter 19 Reducing a Problem with Recursion, p. 1126
Solving the Recursive Multiplication Problem, p. 1153
Chapter 20 Inserting a Node in a Binary Tree, p. 1160
Deleting a Node from a Binary Tree, p. 1166
Solving the Node Counter Problem, p. 1182
 Preface

Welcome to Starting Out with C++: From Control Structures through Objects, 8th edition.
This book is intended for use in a two-semester C++ programming sequence, or an acceler-
ated one-semester course. Students new to programming, as well as those with prior course
work in other languages, will find this text beneficial. The fundamentals of programming
are covered for the novice, while the details, pitfalls, and nuances of the C++ language are
explored in-depth for both the beginner and more experienced student. The book is written
with clear, easy-to-understand language, and it covers all the necessary topics for an intro-
ductory programming course. This text is rich in example programs that are concise, practi-
cal, and real-world oriented, ensuring that the student not only learns how to implement the
features and constructs of C++, but why and when to use them.

Changes in the Eighth Edition

C++11 is the latest standard version of the C++ language. In previous years, while the stan-
dard was being developed, it was known as C++0x. In August 2011, it was approved by
the International Standards Organization (ISO), and the name of the standard was officially
changed to C++11. Most of the popular compilers now support the C++11 standard.
The new C++11 standard was the primary motivation behind this edition. Although this
edition introduces many of the new language features, a C++11 compiler is not strictly
required to use the book. As you progress through the book, you will see C++11 icons in the
margins, next to the new features that are introduced. Programs appearing in sections that
are not marked with this icon will still compile using an older compiler.
Here is a summary of the new C++11 topics that are introduced in this edition:
● The auto key word is introduced as a way to simplify complex variable definitions.
The auto key word causes the compiler to infer a variable’s data type from its initial-
ization value.
● The long long int and unsigned long long int data types, and the LL literal
suffix are introduced.
● Chapter 5 shows how to pass a string object directly to a file stream object’s open
member function, without the need to call the c_str() member function. (A discus-
sion of the c_str()function still exists for anyone using a legacy compiler.)

xv
xvi Preface

● The range-based for loop is introduced in Chapter 7. This new looping mechanism
automatically iterates over each element of an array, vector, or other collection,
without the need of a counter variable or a subscript.
● Chapter 7 shows how a vector can be initialized with an initialization list.
● The nullptr key word is introduced as the standard way of representing a null
pointer.
● Smart pointers are introduced in Chapter 9, with an example of dynamic memory
allocation using unique_ptr.
● Chapter 10 discusses the new, overloaded to_string functions for converting numeric
values to string objects.
● The string class’s new back() and front() member functions are included in
Chapter 10’s overview of the string class.
● Strongly typed enums are discussed in Chapter 11.
● Chapter 13 shows how to use the smart pointer unique_ptr to dynamically allocate
an object.
● Chapter 15 discusses the override key word and demonstrates how it can help prevent
subtle overriding errors. The final key word is discussed as a way of preventing a virtual
member function from being overridden.
In addition to the C++11 topics, the following general improvements were made:
● Several new programming problems have been added to the text, and many of the
existing programming problems have been modified to make them unique from previ-
ous editions.
● The discussion of early, historic computers in Chapter 1 is expanded.
● The discussion of literal values in Chapter 2 is improved.
● The introduction of the char data type in Chapter 2 is reorganized to use character
literals in variable assignments before using ASCII values in variable assignments.
● The discussion of random numbers in Chapter 3 is expanded and improved, with the
addition of a new In the Spotlight section.
● A new Focus on Object-Oriented Programming section has been added to Chapter 13,
showing how to write a class that simulates dice.
● A new Focus on Object-Oriented Programming section has been added to Chapter 14,
showing an object-oriented program that simulates the game of Cho-Han. The program
uses objects for the dealer, two players, and a pair of dice.

Organization of the Text

This text teaches C++ in a step-by-step fashion. Each chapter covers a major set of topics
and builds knowledge as the student progresses through the book. Although the chapters
can be easily taught in their existing sequence, some flexibility is provided. The diagram
shown in Figure P-1 suggests possible sequences of instruction.
 Preface xvii

Figure P-1

Chapter 1
Introduction

Chapters 2–7
Basic Language
Elements

Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 12

Searching and Pointers Advanced File
Sorting Arrays Operations*

*A few subtopics in
Chapter 12 require
Chapter 10 Chapters 9 and 11.
Characters, Strings, Chapter 11
and the string Class Structures

Chapter 13
Introduction to
Classes

Chapter 14
More About Classes

Chapter 15
Inheritance and
Polymorphism

Chapter 16
Exceptions,
Templates, and STL

Chapter 17
Linked Lists

Chapter 18 Chapter 19
Stacks and Queues Recursion

Chapter 20
Binary Trees
xviii Preface

Chapter 1 covers fundamental hardware, software, and programming concepts. You may
choose to skip this chapter if the class has already mastered those topics. Chapters 2 through
7 cover basic C++ syntax, data types, expressions, selection structures, repetition structures,
functions, and arrays. Each of these chapters builds on the previous chapter and should be
covered in the order presented.
After Chapter 7 has been covered, you may proceed to Chapter 8, or jump to either Chapter
9 or Chapter 12. (If you jump to Chapter 12 at this point, you will need to postpone sections
12.7, 12.8, and 12.10 until Chapters 9 and 11 have been covered.)
After Chapter 9 has been covered, either of Chapters 10 or 11 may be covered. After Chap-
ter 11, you may cover Chapters 13 through 17 in sequence. Next you can proceed to either
Chapter 18 or Chapter 19. Finally, Chapter 20 may be covered.
This text’s approach starts with a firm foundation in structured, procedural programming
before delving fully into object-oriented programming and advanced data structures.

Brief Overview of Each Chapter

Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers and Programming
This chapter provides an introduction to the field of computer science and covers the fun-
damentals of programming, problem solving, and software design. The components of pro-
grams, such as key words, variables, operators, and punctuation are covered. The tools of
the trade, such as pseudocode, flow charts, and hierarchy charts are also presented.

Chapter 2: Introduction to C++

This chapter gets the student started in C++ by introducing data types, identifiers, vari-
able declarations, constants, comments, program output, simple arithmetic operations, and
C-strings. Programming style conventions are introduced and good programming style
is modeled here, as it is throughout the text. An optional section explains the difference
between ANSI standard and pre-standard C++ programs.

Chapter 3: Expressions and Interactivity

In this chapter the student learns to write programs that input and handle numeric, char-
acter, and string data. The use of arithmetic operators and the creation of mathematical
expressions are covered in greater detail, with emphasis on operator precedence. Debug-
ging is introduced, with a section on hand tracing a program. Sections are also included on
simple output formatting, on data type conversion and type casting, and on using library
functions that work with numbers.

Chapter 4: Making Decisions

Here the student learns about relational operators, relational expressions and how to con-
trol the flow of a program with the if, if/else, and if/else if statements. The condi-
tional operator and the switch statement are also covered. Crucial applications of these
constructs are covered, such as menu-driven programs and the validation of input.
 Preface xix

Chapter 5: Loops and Files

This chapter covers repetition control structures. The while loop, do-while loop, and for
loop are taught, along with common uses for these devices. Counters, accumulators, run-
ning totals, sentinels, and other application-related topics are discussed. Sequential file I/O
is also introduced. The student learns to read and write text files, and use loops to process
the data in a file.

Chapter 6: Functions
In this chapter the student learns how and why to modularize programs, using both void
and value returning functions. Argument passing is covered, with emphasis on when argu-
ments should be passed by value versus when they need to be passed by reference. Scope of
variables is covered, and sections are provided on local versus global variables and on static
local variables. Overloaded functions are also introduced and demonstrated.

Chapter 7: Arrays
In this chapter the student learns to create and work with single and multidimensional
arrays. Many examples of array processing are provided including examples illustrating
how to find the sum, average, highest, and lowest values in an array and how to sum the
rows, columns, and all elements of a two-dimensional array. Programming techniques using
parallel arrays are also demonstrated, and the student is shown how to use a data file as
an input source to populate an array. STL vectors are introduced and compared to arrays.

Chapter 8: Sorting and Searching Arrays

Here the student learns the basics of sorting arrays and searching for data stored in them.
The chapter covers the Bubble Sort, Selection Sort, Linear Search, and Binary Search algo-
rithms. There is also a section on sorting and searching STL vector objects.

Chapter 9: Pointers
This chapter explains how to use pointers. Pointers are compared to and contrasted with
reference variables. Other topics include pointer arithmetic, initialization of pointers, rela-
tional comparison of pointers, pointers and arrays, pointers and functions, dynamic mem-
ory allocation, and more.

Chapter 10: Characters, C-strings, and More About the string Class
This chapter discusses various ways to process text at a detailed level. Library functions for
testing and manipulating characters are introduced. C-strings are discussed, and the tech-
nique of storing C-strings in char arrays is covered. An extensive discussion of the string
class methods is also given.

Chapter 11: Structured Data

The student is introduced to abstract data types and taught how to create them using struc-
tures, unions, and enumerated data types. Discussions and examples include using pointers
to structures, passing structures to functions, and returning structures from functions.
xx Preface

Chapter 12: Advanced File Operations

This chapter covers sequential access, random access, text, and binary files. The various
modes for opening files are discussed, as well as the many methods for reading and writing
file contents. Advanced output formatting is also covered.

Chapter 13: Introduction to Classes

The student now shifts focus to the object-oriented paradigm. This chapter covers the fun-
damental concepts of classes. Member variables and functions are discussed. The student
learns about private and public access specifications, and reasons to use each. The topics of
constructors, overloaded constructors, and destructors are also presented. The chapter pres-
ents a section modeling classes with UML and how to find the classes in a particular problem.

Chapter 14: More About Classes

This chapter continues the study of classes. Static members, friends, memberwise assign-
ment, and copy constructors are discussed. The chapter also includes in-depth sections on
operator overloading, object conversion, and object aggregation. There is also a section on
class collaborations and the use of CRC cards.

Chapter 15: Inheritance, Polymorphism, and Virtual Functions

The study of classes continues in this chapter with the subjects of inheritance, polymor-
phism, and virtual member functions. The topics covered include base and derived class con-
structors and destructors, virtual member functions, base class pointers, static and dynamic
binding, multiple inheritance, and class hierarchies.

Chapter 16: Exceptions, Templates, and the Standard

Template Library (STL)
The student learns to develop enhanced error trapping techniques using exceptions. Discus-
sion then turns to function and class templates as a method for reusing code. Finally, the
student is introduced to the containers, iterators, and algorithms offered by the Standard
Template Library (STL).

Chapter 17: Linked Lists

This chapter introduces concepts and techniques needed to work with lists. A linked list
ADT is developed and the student is taught to code operations such as creating a linked list,
appending a node, traversing the list, searching for a node, inserting a node, deleting a node,
and destroying a list. A linked list class template is also demonstrated.

Chapter 18: Stacks and Queues

In this chapter the student learns to create and use static and dynamic stacks and queues. The
operations of stacks and queues are defined, and templates for each ADT are demonstrated.

Chapter 19: Recursion

This chapter discusses recursion and its use in problem solving. A visual trace of recursive
calls is provided, and recursive applications are discussed. Many recursive algorithms are
presented, including recursive functions for finding factorials, finding a greatest common
 Preface xxi

denominator (GCD), performing a binary search, and sorting (QuickSort). The classic Tow-
ers of Hanoi example is also presented. For students who need more challenge, there is a
section on exhaustive algorithms.

Chapter 20: Binary Trees

This chapter covers the binary tree ADT and demonstrates many binary tree operations. The
student learns to traverse a tree, insert an element, delete an element, replace an element, test
for an element, and destroy a tree.

Appendix A: Getting Started with Alice

This appendix gives a quick introduction to Alice. Alice is free software that can be used to
teach fundamental programming concepts using 3D graphics.

Appendix B: ASCII Character Set

A list of the ASCII and Extended ASCII characters and their codes.

Appendix C: Operator Precedence and Associativity

A chart showing the C++ operators and their precedence.

The following appendices are available online at www.pearsonhighered.com/gaddis.

Appendix D: Introduction to Flowcharting

A brief introduction to flowcharting. This tutorial discusses sequence, selection, case, repeti-
tion, and module structures.

Appendix E: Using UML in Class Design

This appendix shows the student how to use the Unified Modeling Language to design
classes. Notation for showing access specification, data types, parameters, return values,
overloaded functions, composition, and inheritance are included.

Appendix F: Namespaces
This appendix explains namespaces and their purpose. Examples showing how to define a
namespace and access its members are given.

Appendix G: Passing Command Line Arguments

Teaches the student how to write a C++ program that accepts arguments from the command
line. This appendix will be useful to students working in a command line environment, such
as Unix, Linux, or the Windows command prompt.

Appendix H: Header File and Library Function Reference

This appendix provides a reference for the C++ library functions and header files discussed
in the book.

Appendix I: Binary Numbers and Bitwise Operations

A guide to the C++ bitwise operators, as well as a tutorial on the internal storage of integers.
xxii Preface

Appendix J: Multi-Source File Programs

Provides a tutorial on creating programs that consist of multiple source files. Function
header files, class specification files, and class implementation files are discussed.

Appendix K: Stream Member Functions for Formatting

Covers stream member functions for formatting such as setf.

Appendix L: Answers to Checkpoints

Students may test their own progress by comparing their answers to the checkpoint exer-
cises against this appendix. The answers to all Checkpoints are included.

Appendix M: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Review Questions

Another tool that students can use to gauge their progress.

Features of the Text

Concept Each major section of the text starts with a concept statement.
Statements This statement summarizes the ideas of the section.
Example Programs The text has hundreds of complete example programs, each
designed to highlight the topic currently being studied. In most
cases, these are practical, real-world examples. Source code for
these programs is provided so that students can run the programs
themselves.
Program Output After each example program there is a sample of its screen
output. This immediately shows the student how the program
should function.
In the Spotlight Each of these sections provides a programming problem and a
detailed, step-by-step analysis showing the student how to
solve it.
VideoNotes A series of online videos, developed specifically for this book, is
available for viewing at www.pearsonhighered.com/gaddis.
Icons appear throughout the text alerting the student to videos
about specific topics.
Checkpoints Checkpoints are questions placed throughout each chapter as
a self-test study aid. Answers for all Checkpoint questions can
be downloaded from the book’s Companion Web site at www.
pearsonhighered.com/gaddis. This allows students to check how
well they have learned a new topic.
Notes Notes appear at appropriate places throughout the text. They are
short explanations of interesting or often misunderstood points
relevant to the topic at hand.
Another Random Scribd Document
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Paradise, Grandfather. In reality great-grandfather: οἵ. 1x8. 4. A
voice. This is the command in ver. 6. Fell on my face, Asinix.3. 6.
‘Those who dweH on the earth. This phrase is borrowed from the
Similitudes: cf. xxxvili, 5 (note). Because they know all the secrets of
the angels, &o.: of. vii ; viii; Ixix. ‘The power of witchcraft : of. vii. 1.
“πῆς
 Sect. IT] Chapter LXV. 2-11. 171: for the whole earth : 7.
And how silver is produced from the dust of the earth, and how soft
metal originates on the earth. 8, For lead and tin are not produced
from the earth like the first: it is a fountain which produces them,
and an angel stands therein, and that angel is an eminent one.’ 9.
And after that my grandfather took hold of me with his hand and
raised me up, and said unto me: ‘Go, for I have asked the Lord of
Spirits as touching this commotion on the earth. io. And He said unto
me: “ Because of their unrighteousness their judgment has been
finally decided and will be executed speedily (lit. ‘it will no longer be
reckoned before me’) because of the months which they have
searched out, and through which they know that the earth and
those who dwell upon it will be destroyed.” 11. And for these tive;
but the context requires this rendering. 171. AN wanting in G. 8. An
angel stands therein. So GM, omitting H before £m-9°, Other MSS.
and Din. ‘ There is an angel which stands therein.’ And that angel is
an eminent one. Hallévi (Journ. Aviat. 373 ; 1867) reproduces this in
Hebrew "wn san BIPM. He supposes Ἵ was read by mistake for in
op. Hence we get BM Hiph. from ἋΡ with 3rd pl. maso. suffix. Then
comparing Jer. vi. 7 he translates, ‘the angel who stands therein and
makes them to cool is the chief.’ But the Hiph. more likely means ‘to
cause to spring up.’ Hence ‘the angel who...causes them to spring up
is the chief.’ 9. With his hand. So all MSS. but G, which gives ‘by my
hand.’ 10. Because of the months which they have searched out, and
through which they know that, ἄτα, Hallévi (Journ. Asiat. 374-5;
1867) objects that δα» ἐν signifies months, and never astrology, and
that the knowledge of the future could hardly be regarded as
criminal by the writers of Enoch, and that the Deluge was generally
regarded as a secret: cf. x. 2; Ixxxix. 5. He thinks that the corruption
arose through reading pwn (=sorceries, Is, iii. 3) as DwIN=‘ months,’
and ‘? moreover = ὅτι or yp. Hence he would translate, ‘ Because of
the sorceries which they have searched out and know; for the earth,’
&c. Observe that the dentruction of the wrought through the angels.
ὀ10. earth is sscribed to the corruption Sec Crit. Note. 11. Enoch
here
 172 The Book of Enoch. [Sect. TT. there will be no place of
refuge for ever because they have shown them what was hidden,
and (none) for those who are condemned; but as for thee, my son,
the Lord of Spirits knows that thou art pure and guiltless of this
reproach concerning the secrets. 12. And He has destined thy name
to be among the holy, and will preserve thee from those who dwell
on the earth, and has destined thy seed in righteousness to kingship
and great honours, and from thy seed will proceed a fountain of the
righteous and holy without number for ever.’ LXVL 1. And after that
he showed me the angels of punishment who are prepared to come
and let loose all the powers of the waters which are beneath in the
earth in order to bring judgment and destruction on all who live and
dwell on the earth, 2. And the Lord of Spirits gave commandment to
the angels who went forth, that they should not raise their hands
but should wait; for those angels were over the powers of the
waters. 3. And I went away from the presence of Enoch. LXVII. 1.
And in those days the word of God came unto me, and He said unto
me: ‘Noah, thy lot has come up before Me, a lot without blame, a lot
of love and uprightness. 2, And now the angels are making a
wooden building, and 11, For those who. The syntax requires ὦ to
be supplied before AA, as in MAM: in preceding line. Din. wrongly
takes Af to be Adt, and so translates ‘they.’ | As for thee. So G. Din.
inserts ἃ negative. LXVIL. 1. Noah, thy lot. So GM. Other MSS, and
Din. ‘Noah, behold thy lot.” A lot without blame, Wanting in G.
addresses Noah. ὀ 13. Noah is ἐο misconception as the agents of the
bbe the founder of α new and righteous generation. Fountain: of.
Deut. xxxili, 28; Ps, Ixvili. 26, LXVI.1. He, i.e. Enoch. Angels of
punishment. We have here an illegitimate use of this phrase. These
angels have to do solely with the second judgment in the
Similitudes, and are employed here only through Deluge or first
judgment, and as angels over the waters: of. xl. 7 (note); liv. 7. 2.
Angels over the powers of the waters: cf. Rev. xvi. 5. LXVUi. 1. The
character of Nosh here is based on Gen. vi. 9. 3. This account differs
from ᾿χχχίχ, 1, where it is said that Noah himself
 8οοί. 11] Chapters LXV,12—LX VII. 4. 173 when they have
completed that task, I will place My hand upon it and preserve it,
and there will come forth from it a seed of life, and the earth will
undergo a change so that it will not remain without inhabitant, 3.
And I will make fast thy seed before Me for ever and ever, and I will
disperse those who dwell with thee over the face of the earth lest
they tempt (thy seed), and (thy seed) will be blessed and will
multiply on the earth in the name of the Lord.’ 4. And 2. Completed
that task. So G δὰ. M @.24, which should evidently be read @.2%.
This is clearly the right text as against Din.’s WA ‘have gone forth to
this task.’ This latter reading is out of harmony both with the words
before and after. For KOPN G reads OPN. 4. All the best MSS,
ACEFGHIKMN read ALAPHC after J*th or CH. We cannot, therefore,
simply omit it as Din. As it stands, it is unmeaning. It is perhaps best
to emend it into hav: A.fovhg. ‘lest they should tempt’ or ‘lead
astray,’ and render AHCAaD ‘I will disperse.’ Thus we should have a
reference to the dispersion of mankind: ef, Gen. xi, makes the ark.
Completed: sec Orit. Note. Din.’s corrupt reading obliges him to
make the angels of punishment build the ark and then 0 to let loose
the waters! It is evidently » class of good angels we have here, 8.
Οὗ Ἰχν.12, 4-LXIX, 1, This section deals with the punishment of the
fallen angels and its significance in regard to the kings and the
mighty. It is very confused. Part of the confusion is owing to an
original confusion of thought on the part of the writer, and much to
the corruptness of the text. Tho latter is largely obviated by the
sscertainment of a better text: see Crit. Notes on vy. 8,11, 13. As for
the former, it has been caused by the writer describing the first
judgment in features characteristic of the final, and in identifying
localities in the SimiliDio.’s text runs, ‘and I will spread abroad those
tudes whioh are absolutely distinct : 1.8. the burning valley of
Gehenna is placed among the metal mountains, πατῇ! 4, though it is
definitely said to We in another direction, liv. 1, in the Similitudes. It
is obvious, therefore, that no weight is to be attached to phrases
denoting locality in this section. 4. After treating of the judgment of
mankind through the Deluge, the writer proceeds to describe the
judgment of the angels, who were the real cause of man’s
corruption. In contradiction with x, the fallen angels are cast into a
burning valley—really the Gehenna valley of liv, ‘There is 4 twofold
confusion here. It is not said that the angels in liv. were cast into the
valley of Gehenna, but into s ‘burning furnace’; and, in the second
place, this was the final place of punishment, not the pre 
 174 The Book of Enoch. (Sect. IT. He will imprison those
angels who have shown unrighteousness in that burning valley
which my grandfather Enoch had ' formerly shown to me in the west
among the mountains of gold and silver and iron and soft metal and
tin. 5 And I saw that valley in which there was a great convulsion
and a swelling of the waters. 6, And when all this took place, there
was produced from that fiery molten metal and from the convulsion
wherewith they were convulsed in that place, a smell of sulphur, and
it was connected with those waters, and that valley of the angels
who had seduced (mankind) burned continually under the earth
there, 7. And through the valleys of that land proceed streams of
fire, where those angels are punished who had led astray those who
dwell upon the earth. 8. But these waters will in those days serve for
the kings and the mighty and the exalted and those who dwell on
the earth for the healing of the body, and who dwell with thee over
the face of the earth’ 4. He will imprison, So FGM. Other MSS. ‘they
will imprison” 5, For tUa-h G reads Yoh (sic); Moh. 6. For @Ua-havy
HVo-hov- G reads Οἴαν ἴσο; M wher: Vorhor, 8. For the healing of the
body. SoG: and this reading is obviously liminary. But, agnin, the
burning valley is aid to be amongst the metal mountains in the west.
This, as wo have shown above, is a misleading combination of
utterly disparate ideas, and should prove » warning against falling
into the error of Hilgenfeld and Drummond, and basing oonclusions
on such equivocal or rather demonstrably groundless statements as
appear in this verse. In the weet. Borrowed from lii. 1,08 other
phranes from the adjoining oontert, and with just as little real
significance. The phrase is no real note of looality but only another
meaningless plagiarian of this interpolator, For others see Pp-15,16;
lx. 10 (note), Hilgenfeld’s excursion to Vesuvius in search of a
burning valley in the west in α bootless and unealled-for errand. 5,6.
‘These verses combine features of the Deluge and of voleanic
disturbances. The latter are connested with the punishment of the
angels, Burned under the earth there. Not merely the immediate
neighbourhood of the Geheana valley is here designated, but, as
Din. points out, the adjacent country down to and beyond the Dead
Son, A subterranean fire was believed to exist under the Gehenna
valley: οἵ. xxvii. τ (note). 8. In those days, Those of the writer.
Those waters will serve ... for the healing of the body. The hot
springs
 Sect. IL] Chapter LX VII, 5-11. 175 for the punishment of
the spirit, because their spirit is full of lost, that they may be
punished in their body; for they have denied the Lord of Spirits and
see their punishment daily, and yet believe not in His name. 9. And
in proportion as the burning of their bodies becomes severe, a
corresponding change will take place in their spirit for ever and ever
; for before the Lord of Spirits there will be none to utter a lying
word. το. For the judgment will come upon them, because they
believe in the lust of their body and have denied the Spirit of the
Lord. 11. And those same waters will undergo a change in those
days; for when those angels are punished in these waters, these
water-springs will change their temperature, right ; for the office of
the sulphur springs is medicinal in this world, but punitive in the
next. Other MSS. ‘for the healing of the soul and body.’ Believe not.
G omits the negative. 9. A corresponding change will take place. G
reads hov: Hfavy tom. 11. Are punished in these waters. So GM,
reading 972. Other MSS. ‘in those days.’ These water-springs will
change their temperature: lit. ‘will be changed as to their
temperature.’ So GM, reading £TCAar instead of LTCAT resulted from
the meeting of the water and fire underground by which the angels
were punished. As an instance of such 5 hot spring Din mentions
Kallirrhoe to the east of the Dead Sea, to which Herod the Great
resorted, Jos. Ant. xvii. 6.5; Bell, Jud. i. 33. 5. It bas been objected
that according to the latter passage these waters were sweet and
not sulphurous, So far as this objeotion is valid, it cannot hold
against the hot springs of Machserus, Bell. Jud, vii. 6. 3, which were
bitter, and in te neighbourhood of which there were sulphur mines,
Holtzmann (ψαλεῦ. 7, D. 7. xii. 391) refers to the eruptions of Mount
Epomeo in Ischia in 46 and 35 8.0. (quoted by Sohodde), but, as we
have seen above, there is τ no need to go to the west for an
explanation. For the punishment of the spirit, i.e. in the final
judgment, Punished in their body. In Gehenna they will suffer in the
body as well as in the spirit, Denied the Lord of Spirite: of. xxviii. 2
(note); liv. 7 (note). See their punishment daily. The hot springs are
testimony to the present punishment of the angels: 8 testimony
likewise to the punishment that will befall the kings and the mighty.
9. The punishment will work repentance in the kings, but it will be
unavailing. A lying word: οἵ. xlix. 4 (note). 10. Denied the Bpirit of
the Lord. ‘This expression is unique in Enoch. 11. The removal of the
angele to another place of punishment is fol 
 176 The Book of Enoch. (Sect. II, and when the angels
ascend, this water of the springs will change and become cold. 12.
And I heard Michael answering and eaying: ‘This judgment
wherewith the angels are judged ia a testimony for the kings and
the mighty and for those who possess the earth. 13. Because these
waters of judgment minister to the healing of the body of the kings
and to the lust of their body ; therefore they will not see and will not
believe that those waters will change and become a fire which burns
for ever.’ LXVIIL(1. And after that my grandfather Enoch gave and
AAI instead of AAAHE. Other MSS. give ‘the temperature of these
water-springs will change.’ 12. Michael. So GM. . Other MSS. read
‘the holy Michael.’ 13. Minister to the healing of the body of the
kings and to the lust of their body ; therefore they will not see, &. So
GM, reading Ado σαν. Nahant: OATI°4Lt: /IVor, save that I have
substituted the word ‘kings’ for ‘angels.’ This change is absolutely
necessary, 88 Hallévi (Journ. Asiat. 366-7; 1867) has pointed out ;
for it wgld be absurd to suppose that the angels were healed hy the
chemical action of the waters. The mistake arose through the
confusion of DYSROD ‘angels’ with O20) ‘kings’ Hallévi thinks that
‘angels’ in verse 11 should similarly be changed into ‘kings,’ but
wrongly. The reading of G is evidently the right one; it is supported
throughout by M, and in the first clause ‘ to the healing of the body’
by all MSS. but BC: the text of its second clause “to the lust of their
body’ could readily be corrupted into the unintelligible reading of the
remaining MSS. ‘to the death of their body,’ Atw-54 into ATT through
the influence of verses 9 and το. Din’s ‘ for the healing of the angels’
has all MSS. but BC against it: his reading ‘for the death of the body’
has the support of FHIKLN. Gis text gives, ‘For these waters of
judgment minister to the healing of the angels and to the death of
their body ; but they will not eee,’ &. lowed by « cooling of the
waters. verse the Similitudes already exist as 18, See Crit, Note,
Din’s text is un- 8. oomplote work in the hands of the intelligible, but
the text of G as interpolator. The meaning of this followed above is
quite clear, chapter is difficult to determine. It ΙΙΧΎΤΙΙ, 1. According
to this hus probably to do with the Satans or
 Sect. 11.) Chapters LXVII,12—LXVII.4. 177 the signs of all
the secrets in a book and the Similitudes which had been given to
him, and he put them together for me in the words of the book of
the Similitudes. ) 2, And in those days Michael answered Rufael and
said : ‘The power of the spirit transports and provokes me: yet as
regards the rigour of the judgment of the secrets, the judgment over
the angels, who can endure the rigorous judgment which is passed,
before which they melt away ?” 3. And Michael answered again and
spake to Rufael: ‘Who is he whose heart is not softened concerning
it, and whose reins are ποῦ troubled by this word of judgment that
has been passed upon them— upon those whom they have thus led
out?’ 4. And it came to pass when he stood before the Lord of
Spirits, Michael spake thus to Rufael: ‘I will not take their part under
the eye of the Lord, for the Lord of Spirits is angry with them
because they do as if they were like the Lord. LXVIIL 2. Michael. So
GM. Din. ‘the holy Michael.’ ‘The power of the spirit transports and
provokes me. Can this mean ‘the spirit of God provokes my wrath
against the fallen angels’? It would perhaps be better to read $2(t:
σον ἢ: the € might have fallen out before the initial & in 2ovims. We
should thus haye: ‘the vehemence of my feelings transports me... for
as regards,’ &. Is passed. SoGM. Other MSS. and Din, add ‘and
abides’ 3. Michael So GM. Din. ‘the holy Michael.’ So also in ver. 4;
lxix. 14, 15. Heart is not softened. GM read ALéNdh: At. Word of
judgment. 80 G reading #f\ instead of #A as in Din.: ‘ who is he . . .
whose reins are not troubled by this word? A judgment has been
passed chiefs of the angels, 9, Thedia- from the preliminary to the
final place logue between Michael snd Rufsel in designed to set forth
the severity of the judgment over the fallen angels. Judgment of the
secrets. This may mean the judgment on account of the secrets
divulged by the angels. 8. Upon those whom they have thus led out.
Din. thinks this may mean those angels who are conducted of
punishment. It might perhaps be better to translate ‘judgment which
hhas been passed upon them because of those whom they have
thus led forth.’ In this case wo should have the judgment of the
Satans who are rigorously punished because they seduoed the
angels into sin. The words “They do as if they were like the Lord”
 178 The Book of Enoch. {Sect. IZ. 5. Therefore all that is
hidden will come upon them for ever and ever; for neither angel nor
man will have his portion (in it), but alone they undergo their
judgment for ever and ever.’ LXIX. τ. And after this judgment they
will inspire fear and anger in them because they have shown this to
those who dwell on the earth. a. And behold the names of those
angels! and these are their names: the first of them is Semjaz4, the
second Arestiqifi, the third Armén, the fourth Kokabaél, the fifth
Tfrél, the sixth Rimjal, the seventh Danél, the eighth Naq@él, the
ninth Barigél, the tenth Azé&zél, the eleventh Armers, the twelfth
Batarjil, the thirteenth Basasiél, the fourteenth Anfnél, the fifteenth
Tarjal, the sixteenth SimApistél, the seventeenth Jetarél, the
eighteenth Tdmaél, the nineteenth Tarél, the twentieth Rfméél, the
twenty-first Izézéél. 3: And these are the chiefs of their angels and
the names of their chief ones over a hundred and over fifty and over
ten. 4. The name of the first, Jeqfin : that is the one who led astray
all the children of the angels, upon them.’ δ. All that is hidden. So
GM. Other MSS, and Dln, ‘the judgment that is hidden.’ LXIX. 1.
Inspire fear and anger. As Din. remarks, there must be 8 corruption
here. Hallévi (Journ. Asiat. p. 383; 1867) thinks 49°00 is a
translation of the Hiphil 1273 which means (1) to cause to tremble,
(2) to irritate. The Greek translator took . the latter meaning, which
is unsuitable to the context. Hence tranalate, ‘inspire fear and
trembling.’ 2. G differs considerably from Dln.’s text in the spelling of
the angels’ names, but mainly in the matter of vowels, favour this
interpretation of. Ia.xiv.1118. δ. In this rigorous punishment in store
for them neither angel nor man suffers but those Satans(1) only.
LXIX. 1. See Crit. Note. 3. The list of names here is essentially the
same as in vi.7, but that the thirteenth name is superfluous: see Din.
on vi. 7. In vi. 7 the names are anid to be thove of the chiefs, but
here they sre 4. The angela, So FGHM. not so described. 4. It is to
be observed that in the Similitudes the Satans and the fallen angels
are carefully distinguished: the latter fall in the days of Jared
according to ixzrvi and xoi-civ. In this chapter, however, the functions
of these two classes are confused, It is Azazel in i-xxxvi who is the
cause of all the corruption upon earth, and Semjara
 Sect. Π] Chapters LXVITI.5—LXIX.12. 179 and brought
them down to the earth and led them astray through the daughters
of men. 5. And the second is called Asbeél: he imparted to the
children of the holy angels the evil counsel and led them astray so
that they defiled their bodies with the daughters of men. 6. And the
third is called Gadreél: he it is who has taught the children of men
all the blows of death, and he led astray Eve, and showed to the
sons of men the weapons of death and the coat of mail, and the
shield, and the sword for battle, and all the weapons of death to the
children of men. 7. And from his hand they have proceeded over
those who dwell on the earth from that hour for evermore. 8. And
the fourth is called Pénémie: he taught the children of men the bitter
and the sweet, and taught them all the secrets of their wisdom. ὃς
9. And he instructed mankind in writing with ink and paper, 14. and
thereby many sinned from eternity to eternity and until \. this day.
10. For it was not intended when man was: 1... created (lit. ‘men are
not created to the end’) that he should " « Ste h Yy give
confirmation to his good faith with pen and ink in euch} \\..- yf, .1."
wise. 11. For man was created exactly like the angels to, ... the
intent that he should continue righteous and pure, and death which
destroys everything could not have taken hold of him, but through
this their knowledge they are perishing and through this power (of
knowledge) it (death) is consuming me. 12. And the fifth is called
Kasdejé: he has taught Other MSS. ‘the holy angels.’ in the
interpolated passage vi. 3. Jeqin=‘the inciter’: Asbetl=‘the deserter
from God.’ 8. Gadredl is evidently « Satan as he led astray Eve. In
viii. x the making of weapons of war is ascribed to Asasel. 9, 10.
Thongh the invention of the art of writing is ascribed to an evil spirit,
the writer does not seem to condemn it save in βὸ far as it is used
as a safeguard against the bad faith of men, 1L Man was oreated 12.
For 0°9467 G reads wah}, exactly like the angels. Man was originally
righteous and immortal : ef. Book of Wisdom, i. 13, 14; ii. 23, 24.
This ia also the doctrine of the Talmud, Weber, L.d.T. 208, 214, 239.
Man lost his uprightness and immortality through the envy of the
devil, Wisdom ii. 24, through the evil knowledge introduced by the
Satans oe angels, En. Ixix. 11, through his own evil act, xcvili. 4. 18.
Of. Rosenmilller’s Seholéa on Ps. xci. 5, 6, Na
 180 The Book of Enoch. (Sect. IT. the children of men all
the wicked smitings of spirits and demons, and the smitings of the
embryo and the babe, that it may,pass away, and the smitings of the
soul, the bites of the serpent, and the smitings which befall at noon,
the son of the serpent named Tabi’t. 13. And this is the number of
Kesbeél, who showed the head of the oath to the holy ones when he
dwelt high above in glory, and its name is Béq. 14. And this (angel)
requested Michael to show him the hidden name, that they might
mention it in the oath, so that those who revealed all that was
hidden to the children of men might quake before that name and
oath. 15. And this is the power of that oath, for it is powerful and
strong, and he placed this oath Akde in the hand of Michael. 16. And
these are the secrets of this oath, and the heaven was made strong
through the oath, and was suspended before the world was created
and for ever : 17, And through it the earth was founded upon the
water, and from the secret recesses of the mountains come beautiful
waters from the creation of the world unto eternity. 18. And through
that and this I have followed. 13. The number of Kesbeél. Hallévi
(Journ. Asiat. p. 383; 1867) suggests that for A? there stood T7pa
which means either ‘number’ or ‘charge.’ Hence, ‘this is the charge of
Kesbetl,’ i.e. to remind the other angels of the oath by which they
were bound. 14. Show him the hidden name. So GM. Other MSS.
give ‘show them the hidden name.’ After these words Din. and all
MSS. but GM insert ‘that thus they might see that hidden name and.’
I have followed G. M has a clause peculiar to itself. τό. Was made
strong. So G 64. Din. reads R30: ‘they were strong... and the heaven
was suspended.’ 17. Beautiful waters. So AEFGHIN and practically M.
Din. which according to sncient Jewish interpretation treated of
demonic dangers. The serpent named Tabs’t. I know nothing about
this name. 18, See Crit, Note: of. xi. I do not pretend to interpret
this and many of the following verses. 16. Heaven was suspended:
of. Job xavi. 7 for ἃ similar expression regarding the earth. 17. Barth
was founded upon the water: cf. Pes. xxiv. 2; oxxxvi.6, From the
secret Tecesses of the mountains come besutiful waters: οἵ. Ps. civ.
10, 13.
 Chapter LXIX. 13-26. 181 oath the sea was created, and as
its foundation He laid for it the sand against the time of (its) anger,
and it dare not pass beyond it from the creation of the world unto
eternity. 19. And through that oath are the depths made fast, and
abide and stir not from their place from eternity to eternity. 20. And
through that oath the sun and moon complete their course, and
deviate not from the path prescribed to them from eternity to
eternity. 41. And through that oath the stars complete their course,
and He calls them by their names, and they answer Him from
eternity to eternity. 22, And in like manner the spirits of the water,
and of the winds, and of all zephyrs, and the paths of all the bands
of the spirits. 23. And in it are preserved the voices of the thunder
and the light of the lightnings ; and in it are preserved the chambers
of the hail and of the hoar-frost, and the chambers of the mist and
the chambers of the rain and the dew. 24. And all these believe and
give thanks before the Lord of Spirits and glorify (Him) with all their
power, and their food is nothing save thanksgiving: they thank and
glorify and extol the name of the Lord of Spirits for ever and ever.
25. And this oath is mighty over them and through it they are
preserved, and their paths are preserved, and their course is not
destroyed.} 46. And there was great joy amongst them, and they
blessed and glorified and extolled because the name Sect. I1.] gives
‘beautiful waters for the living.’ 20. To eternity: wanting in G. 22. For
winds G gives wrongly ‘souls,’ by a change in one letter. 23. The
voices of the thunder. So GM. Other MSS., ‘the chambers of the
voices of the thunder’ 26. And extolled : 18, As its foundation He laid
for similar thought. 26-29. These it the sand, &.: of. Jer. v. 22; Job
xvi 10; Paciv.9,& 19. The depths made fast: of. Prov. viii, 28. 31.
Calls them by their names: of. xliii. 1 (note). 39. Of. Crit. Note.
Chambers of the hail, &0.: cf. lx. 11, 19-21. 24. Cf. xii, 7 for a verses
form the conclusion of the third similitude. We have again returned
to the chief theme of the third similitude. It is not improbable that
the interpolator omitted part of this similitude and replaced it with
his own additions, 30, Because the
 ght doit 182 The Book of Enoch. (Sect. IT. of the Son of
Man was revealed unto them: 27. And he sat on the throne of his
glory, and the sum of judgment was committed unto him, the Son of
Man, and he caused the sinners and those who have led the world
astray to pass away and be destroyed from off the face of the earth,
28. With chains shall they be bound, and in their assemblage-place
of destruction shall they be imprisoned, and all their works vanish
from the face of the earth. 29. And from henceforth there will be
nothing that is corruptible; for the Son of Man has appeared and sits
on the throne of his glory, and all evil will pass away before his face
and depart ; but the word of the Son of Man will be strong before
the Lord of Spirits. This is the third Similitude of Enoch. LXX. 1. And
it came to pass after this that his name was carried aloft during his
lifetime to the Son of Man and to the Lord of Spirits from amongst
those who dwell on the earth. 2. And he was carried aloft on the
chariots of the spirit and wanting in G@. 41. For £09N7: STAE G
wrongly LO7N?. 48. Imprisoned. Before £T06@. G M insert H. 29.
The word. For ¥7% F G1MO and originally N read £47%; and for
£30 rend DLR. For AO. G reads A(T ‘Son of the Woman.’ LXX. τ. And
to the Lord. So G. Other MSS. omit ‘and.’ name of the Son of Man
was revealed.+This is obscure. Cf. for a different use of the phrase,
xlviii. 7; Init. 7. Ξ7. He, ie. the Messiah. On the throne of his glory :
see xiv. 3 (note). The sum of judgment, i.e. all judgment: of. St.
John v. 23, 27. ‘The sinners. Though the Similitudes are directed
chiefly against the kings and the mighty ones, the author returns
repeatedly to the judgment of sinners in general : of. xxxviii. 1, 2, 33
xi. a5 xlv. 2, 5, 6; [L953] ΒΜ. 2,75 Ixii. 2,13. From off the faoe of the
earth : of. xxxvili. 1 (note). 38. Cf. lii-vi, 29, ‘This verse summarises
shortly such » chapter as xlix. LXX. This chapter forms the
conclusion as xxxvii forms the introduction of the Similitudes. There
is certainly some awkwardness in the author making Enoch describe
his own ‘translation; but this in itself forms πὸ valid reason for
obelizing the chapter, as in every other respect it in quite in keeping
with the thought of the Similitudes. 1. His name. ‘The name here
stands for the person. ‘The actual pre-existence of the Son of ‘Man is
here supposed: of. xiviii. 2 (note), Son of Man: of, xlvi. a (note).
Those who dwell on the earth: of. xxvii. § (note). 3. Chariots of the
spirit: cf. a Kings
 Sect. 11.) Chapters LXIX, 27 —LXX1.1. the name vanished
amongst men (lit.‘them’). 3. And from that day I was no longer
numbered amongst them, and he set, me between the two winds,
between the North and the West, where the angels took the cords to
measure for me the place for the elect and righteous. 4. And there I
saw the first fathers and the righteous who from the beginning dwell
in that place. (LXXI. 1. And it came to pass after this that my spirit
183 3: Was no longer numbered amongst them. So G ΤΠ» by a slip
for Tchfth. This is obviously the right reading, of which Tdyie='I was
drawn or dragged’ (80 Din.) is a corruption. IM give the same text as
Dln., but by a later hand. ii. τι. This is an account of Enoch’s
translation: of. xxvii. 3, 4; lxxxix. 52. 8. Numbered : see Crit. Note.
Between the North and the West. According to xxxli. 2-6 Paradise lay
in the East: according to Ixxvil. 3 in the North: see Ix. 8 (note). ‘The
cords: of. Ii, 4, Paradise is already peopled with his righteous
forefathers. This agrees perfectly with Ini. 12, which speaks of the
elect being already in Paradise. Thus in the Similitudes the
chronology of the ‘LXX. is followed, whereas in the Interpolations ft
is the Samaritan reckoning that is adopted. Cp. liv. 7 (note). LXXL
This chapter is most oer tainly @ later addition. It is alien alike in
thought and phraseology to the Similitades, Outwandly indeed there
is a resemblance in phraseology bat it is not real, for the technical
terms of the Similitudes which are incorporated in this chapter are
wrongly used in almost every instance. This chapter was probably
added by the same hand that inter. polated the Nosshio fragments.
Some of the grounds for the above conclasion are:—(1) The
transcendence of God, of which we have hardly any conscioumess in
the Similitudes, is here portrayed in the severest manner. ‘The
distance between God and even the righteous Euoch in this chapter
ia immeasurable, whereas in the Similitudes earth and heaven are
made one community through the Messiah, and God and the Son of
‘Man dwell with men. (2) The desaription of the crystal palace of
fire, Ixxi. 5, 6, is borrowed from xiv. 9-17, but in the hands of the
interpolator this account of the theophany becomes an idle
transformation scene, a mere tableau vivant—God utters not κα
word, it is only an angel that addresses Enoch. (3) There is
abeolutely no evidence to show that the writer of the Similitudes
was acquainted with i-xxxvi, though Din, has thrown out this
supposition, Herzog, B. Ἐ. xii. 351, whereas the dependence of the
writer of this chapter on i-xxxvi is demonstrable. (4) Exioch’s guide is
no longer the angel of peace as in the Similitudes, bat Michael, Ixxi.
3. (5) The title “Son of Man’ is used in an absolutely different sense
inthis chapter—exactly indeed as ἐξ is in the Nonchio fragments: see
lx. 10 (note). We may
 184 The Book of Enoch. was hidden and it ascended into
the heavens : (there) I saw the sons of the holy angels stepping on
flames of fire: their garments were white and their raiment and their
faces shone like snow. 2. And I saw two streams of fire, and the
light of that fire shone like hyacinth, and I fell on my face before the
Lord of Spirits. 3. And the angel Michael, one of the archangels,
seized me by my right hand and lifted me up and introduced me to
all the secrets of mercy and the secrets of righteousness. 4. And he
showed me all the secrets of the ends of the heaven, and all the
chambers of all the stars, and of the luminaries, whence they
proceed into the presence of the holy ones. 5. And the spirit
translated Enoch unto [Sect. Π. LXXI. 1. Sons of the holy angels. So
AEFGHIMN. Other MSS. and Dln. ‘sons of the angels.’ Their faces
shone like snow. CGO and originally 1, 1%-7%. Other MSS. and Din.
‘the light of their faces was like snow.’ indeed have here α' deliberate
parversion of this phrase as it appears in the Similitudes: see xlvi. 2,
3 (notes), and this is possible for the following reason, (6) lxxi. 14,
‘Thou art the Son of Man who art born unto righteousness and
righteousness abides over thee,’ is an application to Enoch of the
words used of the Son of Man in xlvi. 3. (7) The writer of the
Similitudes uses Daniel's phrase, ‘Head of Days,’ most appositely in
connexion with the question of jadgment; of xlvi. 1 (note). Not so
the interpolator; he violates the technical sense of the phrase, and
incorporates it merely to give verisimilitude to his additions. (8) Ixxi,
17 betrays the hand of an interpolator who either did not know or
else ignored the fact that eternal life was the lot of the righteous in
the Similitudes: see xxvii. 4 (note). This verve probably shows the
writer's acquaintance with i 55 x.17; xxv. 6. (9) Finally, it is quite
unfitting that Enoch should 5. For σνἼ ἢ: have visions such as are
recounted in this chapter after his translation into ‘Paradise. 1. The
note of time here is meaningless with regard to the Similitudes. Sons
of the holy angels, This is practically the same phrase κα in Ἰχίχ, 5:
cf. Ixix. 4 ‘children of the angels,’ and cvi. 5 ‘children of the angels of
heaven.’ The expression is to be referred to ὈΥς 23, where the
Elohim are int asangels, 3. Streams of fire: οἵ, xiv. 19; Dan. vii. 10;
also ver. 6 of this chapter. These streams really proceed from
beneath the throne, 8. Beorets of mercy. The mercy of God is often
referred to in the additions: of. 1. 3-5; Ix. 5,25. @. We havo seen
that it was necessary to regard the verses and chapters dealing with
natural phenomena, such as xii. 3-8, xliii, xliv, as introsions into the
text. The reference here to physical secrete oon neota the writer of
this chapter more or ees directly with those just mentioned.
 Sect. 111 Chapter LX XT, 2-14. the heaven of heavens, and
I saw there in the midst of that light a structure built of crystals, and
between those crystals flames of living fire. 6. And my spirit saw
how a fire girt that house around—on its four sides streams full of
living fire, and how they encircled that house. 7. And round about
were Seraphim, Cherubim, and Ophanim: these are they who sleep
not and guard the throne of His glory. 8. And I saw angels who
could not be counted, a thousand thousands, and ten thousand
times ten thousand (and they) encircled that house, and Michael and
Gabriel and Rufael and Fanuel and the holy angels who are above in
the heavens go in and out of that house, g. And there came forth
from that “house Michael and Gabriel, Rufael and Fanuel, and many
holy angels without number. 10, And with them the Head of Days,
His head white and pure as wool and His raiment indescribable. 11.
And I fell on my face and my whole body melted away, but my spirit
was transfigured ; and I cried with a loud voice with the spirit of
power and blessed and glorified and extolled. 12, And these
blessings * which went forth out of my mouth were well pleasing
before that Head of Days. 13. And that Head of Days came with
Michael and Gabriel, Rufael and Fanuel, and with thousands and ten
thousand thousands —angels without number, 14. And he came to
me and greeted me with his voice, and said unto me: ‘Thou art the
son of man who art 185 AZPH G reads avtéNe: OYPh. 14. He. So
GM. Other MBS. and Din. read ‘that angel.’ δ, 6. Of. xiv. 9-17. 7.
Cherubim, Seraphim, and Ophanim: of. Int, το, 12; xxix. 135 xl. 2. 8.
A thousand thousands, δο.: of. xiv. aa; αἰ. 1. Goinand out, This is not
go in xiv. 23. Michsel, Gabriel, δο.: see xl, 4-7. 10, The Head of
Days: see (7) of the introductory criticism on this chapter, aleo xlvi. 1
(note); Dam. vii.g, 11. The first ‘Who art born. Din. wrongly two
clauses are practically word for word the same as the last two
clauses ofix.3. Spirit was transfigured. Distingaish this from xxxix.
14, and of. Asc. Is. vii. 25. Spirit of power: of.Ixi.11, 14, And he, i.e.
‘Michael’: see Crit. Note. It is not God Himself who speaks: οἵ.
ver.15, Thou art the son of man: see (5) and (6) of the introductory
 SAM 186 The Book of Enoch. born unto righteousness, and
righteousness abides over thee and the righteousness of the Head of
Days forsakes thee not.’ 15. And he said unto me: ‘His word for thee
is (lit. ‘He calls unto thee’) peace in the name of the world to come ;
for from thence proceeds peace since the creation of the world, and
so will it be with thee for ever and ever and ever. 16, And all who in
the time to come walk in thy ways—thou whom righteousness never
forsaketh—their dwelling-places will be with thee and their heritage
will be with thee, and they will not be separated from thee for ever
and ever and ever. 17. And so there will be length of days with that
Son of Man and the righteous will have peace, and the righteous his
path of uprightness in the name of the Lord of Spirits for ever and
ever.’} ‘der ... geboren ist.’ And righteousness: wanting in G. criticism
on this chapter and the ‘The world to come, i.e. the Olam references
there given. 16. He habba, the Messianic kingdom. 1717. calls unto
thee peace. Quoted Length of days. See (8) of the in Test. Dan. 5
βοῶν ὑμῖν εἰρήνην. introductory ariticism on this chapter.
 SECTION III. (CHAPTERS LXXII—LXXXII.) THE BOOK OF
CELESTIAL PHYSICS. INTRODUCTION. A. Its Critical Structure and
Object. B. Its Independence of i-xxxvi. ©. Its Calendar and the
knowledge therein implied. A. Critical Stractare and Object. Chapter
Ixxii introduces us to a scientific treatise. In this. treatise the writer
attempts to bring the many utterances regarding physical
phenomena into one system, and puts this forward as the genuine
and biblical one as opposed to all other systems. The paramount,
and indeed the only aim of this book according to Ixxii. 1, is to give
the laws of the heavenly bodies, and this object it pursues
undeviatingly from its beginning to Ixxix. 1, where it is said that the
treatise is finished and all the laws of the heavenly bodies set forth.
Through all these chapters there is not a single ethical reference.
The author has no other interest save a scientific one coloured by
Jewish conceptions and beliefs. As a Jew he upholds the accuracy of
the moon as a divider of time, Ixxiv. 12: ‘The moon brings in all the
years exactly, so that their position is not prematurely advanced or
delayed by 8 single day unto eternity. And this order is inflexible:
there will be no change in it till the new creation, lxxii. 1. So far,
then, we have to deal with a complete and purely scientific treatise,
in which there is no breach of uniformity till the new creation. But
the moment we have done with Ixxix, we pass into a new
atmosphere. The whole interest is ethical and nothing else: there is,
indeed, such a thing as an order of nature, but, owing to the sin of
men, this order is more conspicuous in its breach than in its
observance, Ixxx. 2-8, and even that infallible luminary the moon
(Ixxiv. 12) becomes a false guide and misleader of men, Ixxx. 4.
 188 The Book of Enoch. [Sect. TI. Chapter Ixxx, therefore,
is manifestly an addition, made to give an ethical turn to a purely
scientific treatise, and so furnish it with some fitness for its present
collocation, Before passing on .to Ixxxi, we may remark that not only
does the general tendency of Ixxx. 1-6 conflict with the preceding
chapters, but the only exact specification ventured on by the
interpolator in Ixxx. 5 is in glaring contradiction with Ixxvi. 13. Yet
see notes on Ixxx. 5. Nor, again, can Ixxxi belong to this book.
Before entering on this question, however, let us consider Ixxxii. 1-8,
which forms, according to most critics, the close of this treatise, vv.
9-20 being regarded as a Noachic interpolation, but wrongly: see
Ixxxii. 9 (note). These verses Ixxxii. 1-8 manifestly do belong to
IxxiiIxxix. The same formula occurs in Ixxxii. 1, ‘my son Methuselah,’
as in Ixxvi. 14 and in xxix. 1 (according to some MSS.). The wisdom
dealt with in Ixxxii. 1-8 is the same scientific lore as in Ixxii-lxxix.
And the blessing of the author of lxxxii. 1-8 is for the man who sins
not in calculating the seasons, Ixxxii. 4. Ixxii-Ixxix and lxxxii
constitute the original book of Celestial Physics. But, whereas the
blessing of the author of Ixxii-lxxix, lxxxii is for the man who knows
the right reckoning of the years, the blessing of lxxxi. 4 is for the
man ‘ who dies in righteousness, concerning whom no book of
unrighteousness is written.’ These two blessings, in fact, give the
keynote of their respective contents of the book of Celestial Physics
and Ixxxi, and disclose the motives of their respective authors. This
chapter did not, any more than Ixxx, belong to this treatise
originally. In fact, we find on examination that it is of the nature of a
mosaic, and came probably from the editor of the complete Enoch.
The phrase ‘Those three angels,’ in lxxxi. 5, points to some previous
statement apparently ; but none such is to be found. The words are
evidently drawn from Ixxxvii. 3, where they occur exactly as here,
but with an explanation. The heavenly tables in Ixxxi. 1, 2 come
from xciii. 2, οἶδ, 2, The expression ‘Lord of the world’ may be
suggested by Ixxxii. 7, ‘Lord of the whole creation of the world.’ The
‘books of judgment’ in Ixxxi. 4 are drawn from Ixxxix. 61, 64, &c.
Again, we observe that Ixxxi. 5, 6 are written with reference to
Ixxxii. 1, 2 and xci. 1. This latter verse introduces the section
beginning in the present form of Enoch with xci. We shall see later
that xci does not really form the beginning of the last book
 Sect. III.) Introduction. 189 of Enoch, but that it has been
dislocated from its right position by the author of Ixxxi to serve his
editorial purposes. Finally, with regard to Ixxxii, it is evident that it
does not stand in its original position. The Book of Celestial Physics
rightly concludes with Ixxix, which closes thus: ‘This is the picture
and sketch of every luminary as they were shown to me by their
leader, the great angel Uriel.’ Ixxxii must have preceded this chapter
originally, and probably immediately. After the long disquisition on
the stars in Ixxxii, the first words of Ixxix would come in most
appropriately: ‘And now, my son, I have shown thee everything, and
the law of all the stars of the heaven is completed.’ If Ixxxii does not
precede, these words have practically no justification in Ixxii-lxxviii.
The final editor of the whole book was fond of such dislocations.
There has been a like rearrangement of xci-xciii. B. Its Independence
of i-xxxvi. (1) In i. 2 the revelation of Enoch is not for the present,
but for remote generations : in xciii. 10 it is to remain a secret till
the seventh week of the world: in civ. 12 it is one day to be
disclosed. But in lxxxii. 1 the revelations are entrusted to Methuselah
to be transmitted to the generations of the world. (2) In xxxiii. 3
Uriel writes down everything for Enoch, but in Ixxii. 1, Ixxiv. 2, Ixxv.
3, Ixxix. 2-6 Uriel only shows the celestial phenomena to Enoch, and
Enoch himself writes them down, Ixxxii. 1. (3) The description of the
winds coming from different quarters in xxxiv-xxxvi differs from that
in Ixxvi. (4) The heavenly bodies are partly conscious in i-xxxvi: οἵ,
xviii. 12-16, xxi. 1-6; but not so in Ixxii-Ixxxii. (5) The portals of the
stars in xxxvi. 2 are described as small portals above the portals of
the winds. As in Ixxii-lxxxii these portals are also those of the sun
and moon, they can hardly be called ‘ small,’ being each equal to
thirty degrees in width. Besides, though described at great length in
lxxii-lxxxii, they are never said to be ‘above’ those of the winds. (6)
The river of fire in xxiii, in which the luminaries set and recruit their
exhausted fires, has no point of connexion with Ixxii-Ixxxii. (7) In
xxxii. 2, 3 the Garden of Eden lies in the east: in Ixxvii. 3 in the
north. There is undoubtedly some relationship between the later
chapters of i-xxxvi and Ixxii-lxxxii; but it is not that of one and
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