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Digital Signal Processing Laboratory Second Edition
Kumar Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Kumar, B. Preetham
ISBN(s): 9781439817391, 1439817391
Edition: 2nd ed
File Details: PDF, 1.95 MB
Year: 2011
Language: english
Digital Signal
ProceSSing
laboratory
Second edition
Digital Signal
ProceSSing
laBoratory
Second edition

B. Preetham Kumar
MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not
warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® soft-
ware or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular
pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software.

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 To Veena and Vasanth

and

In memory of my parents
Contents

Preface.................................................................................................................... xiii
Note to Readers on Structure of Book and Exercises.................................... xvii
Author.................................................................................................................... xix

1 Introduction to Digital Signal Processing.................................................1

1.1 Brief Theory of DSP Concepts..............................................................1
1.2 Applications of DSP...............................................................................1
1.3 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems.....................................................3
1.4 DSP Software and Programming........................................................6
1.4.1 MATLAB® Basics.......................................................................6
1.4.2 Simulink Basics.........................................................................9
1.5 DSP Hardware and Equipment......................................................... 13
1.5.1 Sources...................................................................................... 13
1.5.2 Measurement Devices............................................................ 13
1.5.3 Digital Signal Processors....................................................... 15
1.6 Problem Solving................................................................................... 15
1.7 Computer Laboratory.......................................................................... 15
1.8 Hardware Laboratory.......................................................................... 17
Bibliography.................................................................................................... 20

2 Discrete-Time LTI Signals and Systems................................................... 21

2.1 Brief Theory of Discrete-Time Signals and Systems....................... 21
2.1.1 Linear Convolution................................................................. 21
2.1.2 Linear Constant Coefficient Difference Equation.............. 23
2.2 Introduction to Z-Transforms and the System Function H(z)........ 24
2.3 System Frequency Response H(ejω).................................................... 27
2.4 Important Types of LTI Systems........................................................ 29
2.5 Problem Solving................................................................................... 33
2.6 Computer Laboratory..........................................................................34
References........................................................................................................ 40

3 Time and Frequency Analysis of Communication Signals.................. 41

3.1 Evolution of the Fourier Transform................................................... 41
3.2 Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)........................................ 41
3.3 Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)..................................................... 45
3.4 Circular Convolution........................................................................... 48
3.5 The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)..................................................... 51
3.6 Problem Solving................................................................................... 57
3.7 Computer Laboratory.......................................................................... 58

vii
viii Contents

3.8 Hardware Laboratory.......................................................................... 61

References........................................................................................................ 62

4 Analog to Digital (A/D) and Digital to Analog (D/A) Conversion......65

4.1 Brief Theory of A/D Conversion.......................................................65
4.2 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)..........................................................65
4.2.1 Time Sampling........................................................................65
4.2.2 Amplitude Quantization....................................................... 67
4.2.3 Binary Encoding..................................................................... 74
4.3 Problem Solving................................................................................... 76
4.4 Computer Laboratory..........................................................................77
4.5 Hardware Laboratory.......................................................................... 81
References........................................................................................................ 82

5 Digital Filter Design–I: Theory and Software Tools.............................83

5.1 Brief Theory of Digital Filter Design.................................................83
5.2 Analog and Digital Filters..................................................................84
5.3 Analytical Design Techniques for FIR and IIR Digital Filters.......85
5.3.1 Analytical Techniques for IIR Digital Filter Design.......... 86
5.3.2 Analytical Techniques for FIR Filter Design...................... 88
5.4 Computer Aided Design (CAD) Techniques for FIR and
IIR Digital Filters.................................................................................. 94
5.4.1 CAD of FIR Filters................................................................... 94
5.4.2 CAD of IIR Filters................................................................... 97
5.4.3 Conversion of Analog to Digital Filters............................... 98
5.5 Digital Filter Structures....................................................................... 98
5.5.1 Generalized Filter Structures for IIR Systems.................. 101
5.5.2 Generalized Filter Structures for FIR Systems................. 105
5.6 Problem Solving................................................................................. 109
5.7 Computer Laboratory........................................................................ 110
References...................................................................................................... 112

6 Digital Filter Design–II: Applications.................................................... 113

6.1 Applications of Digital Filtering...................................................... 113
6.2 Brief Introduction to Digital Video Processing............................. 113
6.2.1 Two-Dimensional Discrete Signals.................................... 113
6.2.2 Two-Dimensional Discrete Systems................................... 115
6.3 Two-Dimensional Discrete-Time Fourier Transform
(2-D DTFT)........................................................................................... 116
6.4 Two-Dimensional Discrete Fourier Transform (2-D DFT)........... 118
6.5 Two-Dimensional Fast Fourier Transform (2-D FFT)................... 120
6.6 Simulation of the Two-Dimensional Imaging Process................. 120
6.7 Problem Solving................................................................................. 122
6.8 Computer Laboratory........................................................................ 123
References...................................................................................................... 130
Contents ix

7 DSP Hardware Design–I............................................................................ 133

7.1 Background of Digital Signal Processors (DSPs)........................... 133
7.1.1 Main Applications of DSPs.................................................. 133
7.1.2 Types and Sources of DSP Chips........................................ 133
7.2 Evolution of Texas Instruments (TI) TMS320 DSP Chips............. 134
7.2.1 TMS320C6711 DSP Starter Kit (DSK)................................. 135
7.2.2 Programming Languages.................................................... 135
7.3 Software/Hardware Laboratory Using the TI TMS320C6711
DSK (or ‘C6711 DSK).......................................................................... 137
7.3.1 Study and Testing of the Code Composer Studio (CCS).... 138
7.3.2 Experimenting the ‘C6711 DSK as a Signal Source.......... 145
7.3.3 Experimenting the ‘C6711 DSK as a Real-Time
Signal Source......................................................................... 161
7.3.4 Experimenting the ‘C6711 DSK as a Sine Wave
Generator................................................................................ 166
7.3.5 Experimenting the ‘C6711 DSK for Math Operations..... 168
7.4 End Notes............................................................................................ 169
References...................................................................................................... 170

8 DSP Hardware Design–II.......................................................................... 171

8.1 Overview of Practical DSP Applications in
Communication Engineering........................................................... 171
8.2 Filtering Application to Extract Sinusoidal Signal from a
Combination of Two Sinusoidal Signals......................................... 172
8.3 Filtering Application to Extract Sinusoidal Signal from a
Noisy Signal........................................................................................ 177
8.4 Comparative Study of Using Different Filters on Input
Radio Receiver Signal........................................................................ 182
References...................................................................................................... 190
Appendix A: Agilent Synthesized Function/Arbitrary Waveform
Generators............................................................................................................ 191
A.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 191
A.2 Technical Specifications.................................................................... 192
A.2.1 Waveforms............................................................................. 192
A.2.2 Frequency Characteristics................................................... 192
A.2.3 Sinewave Spectral Purity..................................................... 193
A.2.4 Signal Characteristics........................................................... 193
A.2.5 Output Characteristics......................................................... 194
A.2.6 Modulation............................................................................ 194
A.2.7 Burst........................................................................................ 195
A.2.8 Sweep...................................................................................... 195
A.2.9 System Characteristics......................................................... 196
A.2.10 Trigger Characteristics......................................................... 196
A.2.11 Clock Reference..................................................................... 197
x Contents

A.2.12 Sync Output........................................................................... 197

A.2.13 General Specifications.......................................................... 197
A.3 Operating Instructions of HP 3324A Synthesized
Function/Sweep Generator.............................................................. 198
Reference........................................................................................................ 199
Appendix B: Agilent RF Spectrum Analyzers.............................................. 201
B.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 201
B.2 Technical Specifications.................................................................... 202
B.2.1 Frequency Specifications..................................................... 202
B.2.2 Bandwidth Filters.................................................................. 203
B.2.3 Amplitude Specifications..................................................... 203
B.3 General Specifications....................................................................... 204
B.3.1 System Options..................................................................... 205
B.3.2 General Options.................................................................... 206
B.4 Operating Instructions...................................................................... 207
Reference........................................................................................................ 208
Appendix C: Agilent Dynamic Signal Analyzers........................................ 209
C.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 209
C.2 Technical Specifications.................................................................... 210
C.2.1 Frequency Specifications..................................................... 210
C.2.2 Single Channel Amplitude.................................................. 211
C.2.3 FFT Dynamic Range............................................................. 212
C.2.4 Input Noise............................................................................ 212
C.2.5 Window Parameters............................................................. 213
C.2.6 Single Channel Phase........................................................... 213
C.2.7 Cross-Channel Amplitude.................................................. 213
C.2.8 Cross-Channel Phase........................................................... 213
C.2.9 Input........................................................................................ 214
C.2.10 Trigger.................................................................................... 215
C.2.11 Tachometer............................................................................. 215
C.2.12 Source Output....................................................................... 216
C.2.13 Digital Interfaces................................................................... 217
C.2.14 Computed Order Tracking—Option 1D0......................... 217
C.2.15 Real-Time Octave Analysis—Option 1D1......................... 218
C.2.16 Swept Sine Measurements—Option 1D2.......................... 219
C.2.17 Arbitrary Waveform Source—Option 1D4....................... 219
C.3 General Specifications....................................................................... 219
C.4 Operating Instructions....................................................................... 221
C.4.1 Single Channel Mode Operation........................................ 221
C.4.2 Dual Channel Mode Operation.......................................... 221
Reference........................................................................................................222
Appendix D: Agilent Digitizing Oscilloscopes.............................................223
D.1 Introduction........................................................................................223
Contents xi

D.2 Performance Characteristics............................................................. 224

D.2.1 Acquisition: Analog Channels............................................ 224
D.2.2 Acquisition: Digital Channels (54621D, 54622D,
54641D, and 54642D Only)...................................................225
D.2.3 Vertical System: Analog Channels.....................................225
D.2.4 Vertical System: Digital Channels (54621D, 54622D,
54641D, and 54642D Only)................................................... 228
D.2.5 Horizontal.............................................................................. 229
D.2.6 Trigger System....................................................................... 230
D.2.7 Analog Channel Triggering................................................ 232
D.2.8 Digital (D15 - D0) Channel Triggering (54621D,
54622D, 54641D, and 54642D).............................................. 232
D.2.9 External (EXT) Triggering................................................... 233
D.2.10 Display System...................................................................... 233
D.2.11 Measurement Features.........................................................234
D.2.12 FFT..........................................................................................234
D.2.13 Storage.................................................................................... 235
D.2.14 I/O........................................................................................... 235
D.2.15 General Characteristics........................................................ 236
D.2.16 Power Requirements............................................................ 236
D.2.17 Environmental Characteristics........................................... 237
D.2.18 Other Information................................................................ 237
D.3 Operating Instructions...................................................................... 238
References...................................................................................................... 238
Appendix E: Texas Instruments DSPs and DSKs........................................ 239
E.1 Introduction to Digital Signal Processors (DSPs).......................... 239
E.1.1 Alternative Solutions to Digital Signal Processors.......... 240
E.2 Texas Instruments DSP Product Tree.............................................. 241
E.3 TMS320C6000™ Platform Overview Page..................................... 242
E.3.1 Code-Compatible Generations............................................ 242
E.3.2 C Compiler............................................................................. 243
E.3.3 C6000 Signal Processing Libraries and Peripheral
Drivers.................................................................................... 243
E.4 TMS320C6711 DSP Chip.................................................................... 243
E.4.1 Timing.................................................................................... 244
Polling..................................................................................... 244
Interrupts............................................................................... 245
E.5 TMS320C6711 Digital Signal Processing Starter Kit (DSK)......... 246
E.5.1 Hardware and Software Components of the DSK........... 246
Software Hardware............................................................... 246
E.6 C Files for Practical Applications Using the ‘C6711 DSK............. 248
E.6.1 Signal Generation Applications Using the ‘C6711 DSK..... 248
E.6.2 Spectral Analysis Applications Using the ‘C6711 DSK..... 252
E.6.3 Digital Filtering Applications Using the ‘C6711 DSK........ 255
References...................................................................................................... 260
xii Contents

Appendix F: List of DSP Laboratory Equipment Manufacturers............. 261

F.1 Introduction to DSP Laboratory Equipment.................................. 261
F.2 Digitizing Oscilloscopes................................................................... 261
F.3 Synthesized Signal Generators........................................................ 262
F.4 Dynamic Signal Analyzers............................................................... 268
F.5 Spectrum Analyzers.......................................................................... 269
References...................................................................................................... 272
Index...................................................................................................................... 273
Preface

The motivating factor in the preparation of this book was to develop a practical
and readily understandable laboratory volume in Digital Signal Processing
(DSP). The intended audience is primarily undergraduate and graduate
­students taking DSP for the first time as an elective course. The book is very
relevant at the present time, when software and hardware developments in
DSP are very rapid, and it is vital for the students to complement theory with
practical software and hardware applications in their curriculum.
This book essentially evolved from the study material in two courses
taught at the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
California State University, Sacramento (CSUS). These courses, Introduction
to Digital Signal Processing, and Digital Signal Processing Laboratory, have
been offered at CSUS for the past several years. During these years of DSP
theory and laboratory instruction for senior undergraduate and graduate
students, often with varied subject backgrounds, we gained a great deal of
experience and insight. Students who took these courses gave very useful
­feedback, such as their interest for an integrated approach to DSP teaching
that would be comprised of side-by-side training in both theory and practi-
cal software/hardware aspects of DSP. In their opinion, the practical com-
ponent of the DSP course curriculum greatly enhances the understanding
of the basic theory and principles.
The factors above guided us to prepare each chapter of this book to include
the following components: a brief theory to explain the underlying math-
ematics and principles, a problem solving section with a reasonable num-
ber of problems to be worked by the student, a computer laboratory with
programming examples and exercises in MATLAB® and Simulink®,* and
finally, in applicable chapters, a hardware laboratory with exercises using
test and measurement equipment, and the Texas Instruments TMS320C6711
DSP Starter Kit.
In Chapter 1, we go into a brief theory of DSP applications and systems,
with solved and unsolved examples, followed by a computer lab, which
introduces the students to basic programming in MATLAB, and creation of
system models in Simulink. This chapter concludes with a hardware section,
which contains instructions and exercises on usage of basic signal sources,
such as synthesized sweep generators, and measuring equipment, such as
oscilloscopes and spectrum analyzers.
Chapter 2 is a more detailed description of LTI discrete-time signals and
systems, and the mathematical tools used to describe these systems. Basic
concepts such as z-transform, system function, discrete-time convolution,

* MATLAB® and Simulink® are registered trademarks of The Mathworks, Inc.

xiii
xiv Preface

and difference equations are reviewed in the theory section. Practical types
of LTI systems, such as inverse systems and minimum phase systems are also
discussed, with example problems. This is followed by a computer lab,
which has guidance and exercises in the creation and simulation of LTI
­system models.
Chapter 3 covers the practical time and frequency analysis of discrete-time
signals, with emphasis on the evolution of the Discrete Fourier Transform
(DFT) and the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The software lab includes spec-
tral analysis, using the FFT, of practical periodic and nonperiodic signals
such as noisy signal generators and Amplitude Modulation (AM) systems.
The hardware lab involves actual measurement of harmonic distortion in
signal generators, spectrum of AM signals, and the comparison of measured
results with simulation from the computer lab section.
Chapter 4 is a practical discussion of the Analog-to Digital (A/D) process, with
an initial brief review of sampling, quantization (uniform and nonuniform),
and binary encoding in the Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) process. The soft-
ware lab includes MATLAB/Simulink A/D process simulation of practical audio
­signals, and advanced systems such as Differential PCM. The hardware lab gives
­guidance of the construction and testing of a FET Sample and Hold circuit.
Chapters 5 and 6 are devoted to design and application of digital filters.
Chapter 5 reviews the basic concepts of digital filters, and analytical design
techniques for Finite Impulse Response (FIR) and Infinite Impulse Response
(IIR) digital filter design. The second edition also includes a section on FIR
and IIR digital filter structures. The computer lab details Computer Aided
Design (CAD) techniques for FIR and IIR digital filters, and has a series of
rigorous exercises in usage of these techniques. Chapter 6 deals with the
application of digital filters to one-dimensional (audio) and two-dimensional
(video) signals. The computer lab has a set of practical exercises in the appli-
cation of one- and two-dimensional digital filters for practical purposes,
such as audio recovery from noise, and image deblurring.
Chapters 7 and 8 are focused on the application of practical DSP applica-
tions through the Digital Signal Processor (DSP) hardware. The hardware
used in this book is the Texas Instruments TMS320C6711 Digital Signal
Processor Starter Kit. Chapter 7 deals in detail with the organization and
usage of the 6711 DSK, with a set of practical introductory exercises, such
as signal generation and filtering. Chapter 8 is more applied and covers the
hardware application and programming of the 6711 DSK for practical filter-
ing applications of noise from audio signals.
There are six appendices. The first four appendices give detailed hardware
description and user instructions of the equipment used in this book. The
four equipment models covered are synthesized sweep generators, spec-
trum analyzers, dynamic signal analyzers, and digitizing oscilloscopes in
Appendices A, B, C, and D, respectively. Appendix E gives detailed schemat-
ics, hardware description, and user instructions on the Texas Instruments
6711 DSK. Finally, Appendix F gives brief descriptions of alternate equipment
Preface xv

and manufacturers, who produce equipment with similar capabilities as the

ones described in Appendices A through D.
I would like to thank a number of people without whom this book
could not have been completed. First, I greatly appreciate the help of Stan
Wakefield, publishing consultant, who initiated my contact with CRC
Press. I am very thankful to CRC acquisitions editor, Nora Konokpa, for
her constant advice and encouragement throughout the manuscript prep-
aration process. I would also like to thank Helena Redshaw and Jessica
Vakili of CRC Press for guiding me in the preparation of the different
chapters of the book. I would like to thank all the students at CSUS, who,
over the years, gave important feedback on the DSP courses, which formed
the basis of this book. I am particularly grateful to my student, Nilesh Lal,
who tested and debugged all the experiments on the TI C6711 DSP starter
kit, which constitutes the last, but most practical sections of the book.
Finally, I am indebted to my wife, Priya, who took time off from her
already very busy schedule to proofread the chapters before submission to
CRC Press. Above all, I am fortunate to have received her constant encour-
agement to whatever I have attempted, over all these years.

Note for the Second Edition

As in the first edition, the second edition has drawn upon some very useful
feedback from students and faculty who used this book in their DSP courses.
One addition was the inclusion of more worked examples in Chapters 1–6,
to better demonstrate the mathematical techniques in every section. A new
­section on digital filter structures has also been added in Chapter 5 to com-
plement the topics on digital filter design.
I would like to sincerely thank CRC publisher of engineering and environ-
mental sciences, Nora Konokpa, for her constant help and encouragement
to get going on this second edition. I would also like to thank CRC senior
project coordinator Jill Jurgensen for guiding me in the preparation of the
new edition.
As always, I am grateful to my family for their inspiration and support.
Note to Readers on Structure of
Book and Exercises

This book is organized into eight chapters and six appendices, with each
chapter typically having the following three sections: brief theory, computer
­laboratory, and hardware laboratory. All eight chapters have theory and com-
puter laboratory sections; however Chapters 2, 5, and 6 do not have a hard-
ware section. Generally, each chapter includes a brief theory section, followed
by a MATLAB® and Simulink® simulation section and, finally, the hardware
­section, which includes experiments on generation and measurement of sig-
nals using signal generators, digital oscilloscopes and spectrum analyzers,
and the Texas Instruments TMS320C6711 Digital Signal Processor Starter Kit.
This three-pronged approach is aimed at taking students from theory to
simulation to experiment in a very effective way. Additionally, instructors
have the option of selecting only the computer laboratory or hardware labo-
ratory or both for their individual classes, based on availability of software
or hardware.

Guidelines for Instructors

Please note that in each chapter, each of the three sections (theory, computer
lab, and hardware lab) have exercises for students. However, these exercises are
numbered starting from the theory section and proceeding sequentially until
the hardware section. Hence each chapter typically has about 4 to 5 ­exercises,
and the instructor can assign any or all of the exercises for the student.

Guidelines for Students

Please attempt all exercises systematically, or as assigned by your instructor,
after reviewing the theory material in each chapter. Clarify all doubts with
the instructor before proceeding to the next section, since each section draws
information from the previous material.

xvii
Author

B. Preetham Kumar received his B.E. (electronics) degree in 1982, his

M.E. (communications systems) degree in 1984, both from the College of
Engineering, Guindy, Chennai, India, and his Ph.D. in electrical engineering
from the Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, India in 1993. He worked
as researcher/lecturer in the RF and Microwave Laboratory, University of
California, Davis, and also as a part-time faculty member in the Department
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, California State University,
Sacramento (CSUS) from 1993 to 1999. He joined CSUS on a full-time basis in
August 1999, where he is currently professor and graduate coordinator in the
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering.
Dr. Kumar is actively involved in the teaching and development of
undergraduate and graduate courses in microwave engineering and
wireless communications and digital signal processing. He has advised
approximately 130 master’s student projects, which has led to the publica-
tion of more than 60 papers in peer-refereed journals and international
conferences in the areas of antenna design and RF and microwave circuits­.
He has recently completed a book Digital Signal Processing Laboratory
(CRC Press) and has also coauthored two book chapters on power dividers
and microwave/RF multipliers for the John Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering.
On the research side, he has worked on funded projects from Lockheed
Martin, Agilent Technologies, National Semiconductor, Intel, and Antenna
Wireless, Inc. Currently he is heading an effort to expand the use of hyper-
thermia, or microwave heating, as an adjuvant tool along with radiation
and chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer. As part of this effort, he was
awarded the Research and Creativity Award grant in 2006 to initiate a pilot
clinical trial involving an improved radiation and hyperthermia treat-
ment protocol at two cancer centers in India. He was recently awarded the
International Cancer Technology Transfer (ICRETT) Fellowship from the
International Union against Cancer (UICC) in Geneva, Switzerland, to com-
plete the clinical trial in India.
Dr. Kumar has received many awards, including the Tau Beta Pi Out-
standing Faculty Award in 1999, the Outstanding Teaching Award in 2000,
and the Outstanding Scholar Award in 2005 from the College of Engineer-
ing and Computer Science, CSUS. His main areas of research are design of
antenna array systems for near-field medical hyperthermia applications and
­miniaturized passive/active devices for wireless applications. He is a senior
­member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), with

xix
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sermo multimodus de reddenda civitate" (Cont. Flor. Wig.,
131).
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Londoniensibus, comitantibus secum præsulibus multis et
principibus, secura properavit ad urbem, et apud
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(ibid.).
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the Chronicles of the Mayors of London, which record how, a
century later (1257), upon the king approaching Westminster,
"exierunt Maior et cives, sicut mos est ad salutandum ipsum
usque ad Kniwtebrigge" (p. 31). The Continuator (p. 132)
alludes to some such reception by the citizens ("cum honore
susceperunt").
[264] "Videns itaque David rex multa competere in
imperatricis neptis suæ promotionem, post Ascensionem
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rex ad neptem suam, plurimosque ex principibus sibi
acquiescentes habuit ut ipsa promoveretur ad totius regni
fastigium" (Sym. Dun., ii. 309). As he did not join her till after
her election, I have taken this latter phrase as referring to her
coronation (see p. 80). Cf. p. 5, n. 5.
[265] "Vix paucis ante Nativitatem beati Johannis diebus."
[266] "Cives ... Imperatricem ... favorabiliter susciperunt
undecimo [al. Sexto] Kal. Maii."
[267] See the Liber de Antiquis Legibus: "Tandem a
Londonensibus expulsa est in die Sancti Johannis Bapt." So also
Trivet.
[268] "Ibique aliquantis diebus ... resedit" (p. 131).
[269] "[Legatus] rem exanimans, præscriptam factionem
invenit, fautoribusque ipsius dignâ animadversione interdixit ne
Willelmum in Episcopum nisi canonicâ electione susciperent.
Ipsi quoque Willelmo interdixit omnem ecclesiasticam
communionem, si Episcopatum susciperet nisi Canonice
promotus. Actum id in die S. Johannis Baptistæ. Pactus erat
Willelmus ab Imperatrice baculum et annulum recipere; et data
hæc ei essent, nisi, facta a Londoniensibus dissentione, cum
omnibus suis discederet ipso die a Londonia Imperatrix."—
Continuatio Historiæ Turgoti (Anglia Sacra, i. 711). This
passage further proves (though, indeed, there is no reason to
doubt it) that the legate remained in London till the actual
flight of the Empress. It also illustrates their discordance.
[270] "Literas Imperatricis directas ad Capitulum, quarum
summa hæc erat: Quod vellet Ecclesiam nostram de Pastore
consultam esse, et nominatim de illo quem Robertus
Archidiaconus nominaret, et quod de illo vellet, et de alio
omnino nollet. Quæsitum est ergo quis hic esset. Responsum
est quod Willelmus" (ibid.). This has, of course, an important
bearing on the question of episcopal election. Strong though
the terms of her letter appear to have been, the Empress here
waives the right, on which her father and her son insisted, of
having the election conducted in her presence and in her own
chapel, and anticipated the later practice introduced by the
charter of John.
[271] Add. MSS., 31,943, fol. 97. So too fol. 115: "After June
24, 1141, when the Empress was received in London; before
July 25, when Milo was created Earl of Hereford."
[272] Mandate to Sheriff of Essex in favour of William fitz Otto
(Journ. B. A. A., xxxi. 387). It is possible that the charter to
Christ Church, London (ibid., p. 388), may also belong to this
occasion; but, even if so, it is of no importance.
[273] A charter to Roger de Valoines. See Appendix G.
[274] Journ. B. A. A., pp. 384-386.
[275] The portions which are wanting in the charter and
which are supplied from my transcript will be found enclosed in
brackets.
[276] Robert, Earl of Gloucester, and William the chancellor
are omitted altogether, and Ralph Lovell becomes Ralph de
London. Dugdale has, of course, misled Mr. Birch.
[277] Appended (as the "Degrees of England") to Gibson's
well-known edition of the Britannia (1772), vol. i. p. 125.
[278] Second edition, p. 647.
[279] Appendix V., p. 1 (ed. 1829).
[280] Page 164.
[281] "Ego Matildis filia regis Henrici et Anglorum domina do
et concedo Gaufredo de Magnavilla pro servicio suo et
heredibus suis post eum hereditabiliter ut sit Comes de Essexia,
et habeat tertium denarium Vicecomitatus de placitis sicut
Comes habere debet in comitatu suo" (Camden).
[282] Mr. Birch reads "tenuit bene," omitting the intervening
words.
[283] Mr. Birch for "eandem terram" (rectius "turrem")
conjectures "illam".
[284] Mr. Birch conjectures "Preterea."
[285] Newport (the name hints at a market-town) was ancient
demesne of the Crown. It lay about three miles south-west of
(Saffron) Walden.
[286] There was still a toll bridge there in the last century. For
table of tolls and exemptions, see Morant's Essex.
[287] Apparently, the high road on the left bank, and the way
on the right bank, of the Cam.
[288] Neither this market nor this fair are, it would seem, to
be traced afterwards.
[289] Mr. Birch conjectures "vigiliam."
[290] This was presumably a grant of the borough of Maldon
(i.e. the royal rights in that borough), though Peverel's fee in
Maldon was an escheat at the time. The proof of this is not
only that it is here described as a "borough" (burgus), but also
that its annual value was to be deducted from the sheriff's
ferm, which could only be the case if it formed part of the
corpus comitatus, i.e. was Crown demesne. In Domesday,
Peverel's fee in Maldon was valued at £12, and the royal manor
at £16 ("ad pondus"), though it had been £24. It was probably
the latter which Henry II. granted to his brother William as
representing ("pro") £22 ("numero") (see Pipe-Rolls).
[291] Depden, three miles south of Walden. It had formed
part, at the Survey, of the fief of Randulf Peverel.
[292] Catlidge, according to Morant.
[293] Mr. Birch conjectures "tenentibus ibidem pro."
[294] Bonhunt, now part of Wickham Bonhunt, adjoining
Newport. It had been held by Saisselinus at the Survey. In
1485 it was held of the honour of Lancaster.
[295] Mr. Birch conjectures "ipse habuit."
[296] This, apparently, refers to Depden, as forming part of
Peverel's fief, which had been an escheat, in the king's hands,
as early as 1130 (Rot. Pip., 31 Hen. I.).
[297] Hasculf de Tany was ancestor of the Essex family of
Tany, of Stapleford-Tany, Theydon Bois, Elmstead, Great
Stambridge, Latton, etc. He appears repeatedly in the Pipe-Roll
of 31 Hen. I. (pp. 53, 56, 58, 60, 99, 152), when he was in
litigation with William de Bovill and Rhiwallon d'Avranches.
[298] "Graelengus" is proved to be identical with "Graelandus
de Thania," the Essex tenant-in-capite of 1166, by Stephen's
second charter (Christmas, 1141), which gives his holding as
7½ fees, the very amount at which he returns it in his Carta
(see p. 142). But his contemporary, Graeland "fitz Gilbert" de
Tany, on the Pipe-Rolls of Henry II., was probably so styled for
distinction, being a son of Gilbert de Tany who figures on the
Essex Pipe-Roll of 1158.
[299] Compare the phrase "superplus militum" in Rot. Pip. 31
H. I. (p. 47).
[300] "Predictis;" "ei quod omnia;" "et sint inforciata" (Mr.
Birch).
[301] Bushey in Hertfordshire. Part of Mandeville's Domesday
fief.
[302] Mr. Birch reads "pertinuerunt."
[303] "Pertinuit"—Mr. Birch's conjecture.
[304] "Quod aliquando"—Mr. Birch's conjecture.
[305] Mr. Birch reads "placito hac teneat."
[306] Mr. Birch reads "tre mee."
[307] Mr. Birch conjectures "ponantur in (placitum)."
[308] Mr. Birch conjectures "Baldewino Comite Devonie."
[309] On Robert Arundell, see Yeatman's History of the House
of Arundel, p. 49 (where too early a date is suggested for this
charter), and p. 105 (where it is implied that he was a tenant
of the Earl of Gloucester). He occurs repeatedly in the Pipe-Roll
of 31 Hen. I., and again in the Westminster charters (1136) of
Stephen. (See Appendix C.)
[310] Robert Malet also was a west-country baron. He figures
in connection with Warminster in the Pipe-Roll of 31 Hen. I.,
and is among the witnesses to the Westminster charters
(1136), being there styled "Dapifer" (see Appendix C.). The
carta of the Abbot of Glastonbury (1166) proves that he was
the predecessor of William Malet, dapifer to Henry II.
[311] Another west-country baron. He was one of the rebels
of 1138, when he held Castle Carey against the king (Hen.
Hunt., p. 261; Ord. Vit., v. 310; Gesta, p. 43). According to Mr.
Yeatman, he was son of "William Gouel de Percival, called
Lovel," Lord of Ivry (History of the House of Arundel, p. 136).
He is however wrongly termed by him "Robert (sic) Lovel" on p.
268. He witnessed an early charter of the Empress to
Glastonbury (Journ. B. A. A., xxxi. 390).
[312] Ralph Paynell had instigated the Earl of Gloucester's
raid on Nottingham the previous September (Cont. Flor. Wig.,
128), and was one of the rebels in 1138, when he held Dudley
against the king (ibid., 110). He was presumably identical with
the "Rad[ulfus] Paen[ellus]" of 1130 (Rot. Pip, 31 Hen. I.). He
witnessed the charter to Roger de Valoines (see p. 286), and
three other charters of the Empress (Journ. B. A. A., xxxi. 391,
395, 398), including the creation of the earldom of Hereford
(25 July, 1141).
[313] Walchelin Maminot had been among the witnesses to
the above Westminster charters of (Easter) 1136, but had held
Dover against the king in 1138 (Ord. Vit., v. 310). when
Ordericus (v. 111, 112) speaks of him as a son-in-law of Robert
de Ferrers (Earl of Derby). He witnessed the charter to Roger
de Valoines (see p. 286), and five other charters of the
Empress (Journ. B. A. A., xxxi. 388, 391, 394 bis, 398),
including the creation of the earldom of Hereford (25 July
1141), and he appears in the Pipe-Rolls and other records
under Henry II. from 1155 to 1170.
[314] Robert, natural son of Henry I. by Edith (afterwards
married to Robert d'Oilli of Oxford), and uterine brother, as Mr.
Eyton observes (Addl. MSS., 31,943, fol. 115), "to Henry d'Oilli
of Hook-Norton." He appears in connection with Devonshire in
the Pipe-Roll of 31 Hen. I., and is probably identical with Robert
"brother" of Earl Reginald of Cornwall (vide ante, p. 82). He is
mentioned as present (as "Robert fitz Edith") at the siege of
Winchester, a few weeks later (Sym. Dun., ii. 310), and he was
among the witnesses to the Empress's charters (Oxford, 1142)
to the earls of Oxford and of Essex, and to her charter
(Devizes) to Geoffrey de Mandeville the younger (vide post). He
subsequently witnessed Henry II.'s charter (? 1156) to Henry
de Oxenford (Cart. Ant. D., No. 42). See also Liber Niger.
Working from misleading copies, Mr. Eyton wrongly identifies
this Robert "filius Regis," as a witness to three charters of the
Empress, with a Robert fitz Reginald (de Dunstanville) (History
of Shropshire, ii. 271).
[315] Robert fitz Martin occurs in the Pipe-Roll of 31 Hen. I. in
connection with Dorset. Dugdale and Mr. Eyton (Addl. MSS.,
31,943, fol. 90) affiliate him as son of a Martin of Tours, who
had established himself in Wales. He witnessed two other
charters of the Empress (Journ. B. A. A., xxxi. 391, 395), both
of them at Oxford. A son of his (filius Roberti filii Martini) held
five knights' fees of Glastonbury Abbey in 1166.
[316] Robert fitz Hildebrand witnessed the Empress's second
charter to Geoffrey with that to the Earl of Oxford (vide post).
See for his adultery, treason, and shocking death (? 1143),
Gesta Stephani, pp. 95, 96, where he is described as "virum
plebeium quidem, sed militari virtute approbatum." He is also
spoken of as "vir infimi generis, sed summæ semper malitiæ
machinator" (ibid., p. 93). He is affiliated by the editors of
Ordericus (Société de l'Histoire de France) as "Robert fils de
Herbrand de Sauqueville" (iii. 45, iv. 420), where also we learn
that he had refused to embark upon the White Ship. He was
perhaps a brother of Richard fitz Hildebrand, who held five fees
from the Abbot of Sherborne and five from the Bishop of
Salisbury in 1166.
[317] As the closing names vary somewhat in the two
transcripts, I give both versions:—

Dugdale MS. Ashmole MS.

"Rad Lond' et Rad' painel et W. "Rad lovell et Rad Painell et W.
Maminot et Rob' fil. R. et Rob' Maminot et Roberto filio R. et
fil. Martin et Rob' fil Roberto filio Martin Roberto
Heldebrand' apud filio Haidebrandi apud Oxford."
Westmonasterium."
The three last words are
 added in a different hand, and
"Oxford" appears to have been
substituted for "Westmr" by
yet another hand.
[318] William de Moiun (Mohun) had attested eo nomine the
charter to Glastonbury (Journ. B. A. A., xxxi. 389; Adam de
Domerham) which probably passed soon after the election of
the Empress (April 8) at Winchester (see p. 83). He now
attests, among the earls, as "Comite Willelmo de Moion." This
fixes his Creation as April-June, 1141. Courthope gives no date
for the creation, and no authority but his foundation charter to
Bruton, in which he styles himself "Comes Somersetensis." Dr.
Stubbs, following him, gives (under "dates and authorities for
the empress's earldoms") no date and no further authority
(Const. Hist., i. 362). Mr. Maxwell Lyte, in his learned and
valuable monograph on Dunster and its Lords (1882), quotes
the Gesta Stephani for the fact "that at the siege of Winchester,
in 1140, the empress bestowed on William de Mohun the title
of Earl of Dorset" (p. 6). But Winchester was besieged in
(August-September) 1141, not in 1140, and though the writer
does speak of "Willelmus de Mohun, quem comitem ibi statuit
Dorsetiæ" (p. 81), this charter proves that he postdates the
creation, as he also does that of Hereford, which he assigns to
the same siege (cf. pp. 125, n., 194). Mr. Doyle, with his usual
painstaking care, places the creation (on the same authority)
"before September, 1141" (which happens, it will be seen, to be
quite correct), and assigns his use of the above style ("comes
Somersetensis") to 1142. See also, on this point, p. 277 infra.
[319] See p. 143.
[320] The grant of the earldom of Hereford to Miles of
Gloucester.
[321] "Erecta est autem in superbiam intolerabilem ... et
omnium fere corda a se alienavit" (Hen. Hunt., 275).
[322] "Interpellavit dominam Anglorum regina pro domino suo
rege capto et custodiæ ac vinculis mancipato. Interpellata
quoque est pro eadem causa et a majoribus seu primoribus
Angliæ; ... at illa non exaudivit eos" (Cont. Flor. Wig., 132).
[323] All this, however, is subject to the assumption that this
charter passed at Westminster. That assumption rests on
Dugdale's transcript and his statement to that effect in his
Baronage. There is nothing in the charter (except, of course,
the above difficulty) inconsistent with this statement, which is
strongly supported by the Valoines charter; but, unfortunately,
the transcript I have quoted from gives Oxford as the place of
testing. But, then, the word (vide supra) appears to have been
added in a later hand, and may have been inserted from
confusion with the Empress's second charter to Geoffrey, which
did pass at Oxford. Still, there is no actual reason why this
charter may not have passed at Oxford, though its subject
makes Westminster, perhaps, the more likely place of the two.
Personally, I feel no doubt whatever that Westminster was the
place.
[324] See p. 42.
[325] See Appendix H: "The Tertius Denarius."
[326] Const. Hist., i. 362.
[327] This, however, raises the question of comital rights, on
which see pp. 143, 169, 269, and Appendix H.
[328] Cf. William of Malmesbury: "Hi prædia, hi castella,
postremo quæcunque semel collibuisset, petere non
verebantur."
[329] See also Mr. S. R. Bird's valuable essay on the Crown
Lands in vol. xiii. of the Antiquary. He refers (p. 160) to the
"extensive alienations of these lands during the turbulent reign
of Stephen, in order to enable that monarch to endow the new
earldoms."
[330] "Quod auferat de summâ firma vicecomitatus quantum
pertinuerit ad Meldonam et Niweport que ei donavi."
[331] Select Charters.
[332] Const. Hist., i. 326, 327.
[333] Domesday Studies, vol. i. (Longmans), 1887.
[334] It is in this case alone, in the Empress's charter, that we
can compare the value with that in Domesday. The charter
grants it "pro xl solidis." In Domesday we read "Tunc et post
valuit xl solidos. Modo lv" (ii. 93).
[335] See an illustration of this principle, some years later, in
the Chronicle of Ramsey (p. 287): "Sciatis me concessisse
Abbati de Rameseia ut ad firmam habeat hundredum de
Hyrstintan reddendo inde quoque anno quatuor marcas argenti,
quicunque sit vicecomes ita ne vicecomes plus ab eo requirat."
[336] "Die quâ dedi Manerium illud [de Meldonâ] Comiti
Theobaldo."—Westminster Abbey Charters (Madox's Baronia, p.
232, note).
[337] Const. Hist., i. 260. See my articles on the "Introduction
of Knight Service into England" in English Historical Review,
July and October, 1891, January, 1892. See also Addenda (p.
439).
[338] The lands were granted "pro tanto quantum inde reddi
solebat," and the knights' service (of Graaland de Tany) "pro
tanto servicii quantum de feodo illo debent," which amount is
given in Stephen's charter as 7½ knights' service (as also in the
Liber Niger).
[339] "Et si quid defuerit ad C libratas perficiendas, perficiam
ei in loco competenti in Essexiâ aut in Hertfordescirâ aut in
Cantebriggscirâ ... et totum superplus istorum xx. militum ei
perficiam in prenominatis tribus comitatibus."
[340] Dr. Stubbs writes: "From the reign of Henry I. we have
distinct traces of a judicial system, a supreme court of justice,
called the Curia Regis, presided over by the king or justiciary,
and containing other judges also called justiciars, the chief
being occasionally distinguished by the title of 'summus,'
'magnus,' or 'capitalis'" (Const. Hist., i. 377). But, in another
place, he points out, of the Great Justiciar, Roger of Salisbury,
that "several other ministers receive the same name
[justitiarius] even during the time at which he was actually in
office; even the title of capitalis justitiarius is given to officers
of the Curia Regis who were acting in subordination to him" (i.
350). Of this he gives instances in point (i. 389). On the whole
it is safest, perhaps, to hold, as Dr. Stubbs suggested, that the
style "capitalis" was not reserved to the Great Justiciar alone till
the reign of Henry II. (i. 350).
[341] Const. Hist., i. 389, note.
[342] See Appendix I.
[343] I cannot quite understand Gneist's view that "A better
spirit is infused into this portion of the legal administration by
the severance of the farm-interest (firma) from the judicial
functions, which was effected by the appointment of royal
justitiarii in the place of the vicecomes. The reservation of the
royal right of interference now develops into a periodical
delegation of matters to criminal judges" (i. 180). It is probable
that this eminent jurist has a right conception of the change,
and that, if it is obscured, it is only by his mode of expression.
But, when arguing from the laws of Cnut and of Henry, as to
pleas "in firma," he might, if one may venture to say so, have
added the higher evidence of Domesday. There are several
passages in the Great Survey bearing upon this subject, of
which the most noteworthy is, I think, this, which is found in
the passage on Shrewsbury:—"Siquis pacem regis manu propria
datam scienter infringebat utlagus fiebat. Qui vero pacem regis
a vicecomite datam infringebat, C solidos emendabat, et
tantundem dabat qui Forestel vel Heinfare faciebat. Has iii
forisfacturas habebat in dominio rex E. in omni Angliâ extra
firmas" (i. 152).
[344] See Appendix I: "Vicecomites" and "Custodes."
[345] Select Charters, 141.
[346] Foss's Judges, i. 145.
[347] Const. Hist., i. 470.
[348] "Nulli sint in civitate vel burgo vel castello, vel extra,
nec in honore etiam de Walingeford, qui vetent vicecomites
[sic] intrare in terram suam vel socam suam." Strictly speaking,
this refers to sheriffs, but à fortiori it would apply to the king's
"justicia."
[349] The Assize of Clarendon describes itself as passed "de
consilio omnium baronum suorum."
[350] Notice the "justicia ... quæ videat," as answering to the
"aliquis ... qui audiat" in Geoffrey's charter.
[351] These are the words of the Assize itself, which deals
throughout with "robatores," "murdratores," and "latrones."
[352] This charter is limited, by the names of the witnesses,
to 1163-1166. It can only, therefore, refer to the Assize of
Clarendon, which conclusion is confirmed by its language. It
must consequently have been granted immediately after it,
before the king left England in March. Observe that the two last
witnesses are the very justices who were entrusted with the
execution of the Assize, and that "Earl Geoffrey," by the irony
of fate, was no other than the son and successor of Geoffrey
de Mandeville himself.
 CHAPTER V.
THE LOST CHARTER OF THE QUEEN.
It was at the very hour when the Empress seemed to have
attained the height of her triumph that her hopes were dashed to
the ground.[353] The disaster, as is well known, was due to her own
behaviour. As Dr. Stubbs has well observed, "She, too, was on the
crest of the wave and had her little day ... she had not learned
wisdom or conciliation, and threw away opportunities as recklessly
as her rival."[354] Indeed, even William of Malmesbury hints that the
fault was hers.[355]
The Queen, having pleaded in vain for her husband, resolved to
appeal to arms. Advancing on Southwark at the head of the forces
which she had raised from Kent, and probably from Boulogne, she
ravaged the lands of the citizens with fire and sword before their
eyes.[356] The citizens, who had received the Empress but grudgingly,
and were already alarmed by her haughty conduct, were now
reduced to desperation. They decided on rising against their new
mistress, and joining the Queen in her struggle for the restoration of
the king.[357] There is a stirring picture in the Gesta of the sudden
sounding of the tocsin, and of the citizens pouring forth from the
gates amidst the clanging of the bells. The Empress was taken so
completely by surprise that she seems to have been at table at the
time, and she and her followers, mounting in haste, had scarcely
galloped clear of the suburbs when the mob streamed into her
quarters and rifled them of all that they contained. So great, we are
told, was the panic of the fugitives that they scattered in all
directions, regardless of the Empress and her fate. Although the
Gesta is a hostile source, the evidence of its author is here
confirmed by that of the Continuator of Florence.[358] William of
Malmesbury, however, writing as a partisan, will not allow that the
Empress and her brother were thus ignominiously expelled, but
asserts that they withdrew in military array.[359]
The Empress herself fled to Oxford, and, afraid to remain even
there, pushed on to Gloucester. The king, it is true, was still her
prisoner, but her followers were almost all dispersed; and the legate,
who had secured her triumph, was alienated already from her cause.
Expelled from the capital, and resisted in arms by no small portion of
the kingdom, her prestige had received a fatal blow, and the
moment for her coronation had passed away, never to return.[360]
Here we may pause to glance for a moment at a charter of
singular interest for its mention of the citizens of London and their
faithful devotion to the king.
"Hugo dei gratia Rothomagensis archiepiscopus senatoribus inclitis civibus
honoratis et omnibus commune London concordie gratiam, salutem eternam. Deo
et vobis agimus gratias pro vestra fidelitate stabili et certa domino nostro regi
Stephano jugiter impensa. Inde per regiones notæ vestra nobilitas virtus et
potestas."[361]
It is tempting to see in this charter—unknown, it would seem, to
the historians of London—a mention of the famous "communa," the
"tumor plebis, timor regni," of 1191. But the term, here, is more
probably employed, as in the "communa liberorum hominum" of the
Assize of Arms (1181), and the "communa totius terre" of the Great
Charter (1215). At the same time, there are two expressions which
occur at this very epoch, and which might support the former view.
One is conjuratio, which, as we have seen, the Continuator applies
to the action of the Londoners in 1141,[362] and which Richard of
Devizes similarly applies to the commune of 1191.[363] The other is
communio, which William of Malmesbury applies to their government
in the previous April, and which the keen eye of Dr. Stubbs noted as
"a description of municipal unity which suggests that the communal
idea was already in existence as a basis of civil organization."[364] But
he failed, it would seem, to observe the passage which follows, and
which speaks of "omnes barones, qui in eorum communionem
jamdudum recepti fuerant." For in this allusion we recognize a
distinctive practice of the "sworn commune," from that of Le Mans
(1073),[365] to that of London (1191), "in quam universi regni
magnates et ipsi etiam ipsius provinciæ episcopi jurare coguntur."[366]
Meanwhile, what of Geoffrey de Mandeville? A tale is told of him
by Dugdale, and accepted without question by Mr. Clark,[367] which,
so far as I can find, must be traced to the following passage in
Trivet:—
"Igitur in die Nativitatis Precursoris Domini [June 24], obsessâ turri, fugatur
imperatrix de Londoniâ. Turrim autem Galfridus de Magnavillâ potenter defendit, et
egressu facto, Robertum civitatis episcopum, partis adversæ fautorem, cepit apud
manerium de Fulham."[368]
It is quite certain that this tale is untrustworthy as it stands. We
have seen above that Trivet's date for the arrival of the Empress at
London is similarly, beyond doubt, erroneous.[369] That the citizens,
when they suddenly rose against the Empress, may also have
blockaded Geoffrey in his tower, not only as her ally, but as their
own natural enemy, is possible, nay, even probable. But that he
ventured forth, through their ranks, to Fulham, when thus
blockaded, is improbable, and that he captured the bishop as an
enemy of the Empress is impossible, for the Empress herself had just
installed him,[370] and we find him at her court a month later.[371] At
the same time Trivet, we must assume, cannot have invented all
this. His story must preserve a confused version of the facts as told
in some chronicle now lost, or, at least, unknown.[372] On this
assumption it may, perhaps, be suggested that Geoffrey was indeed
blockaded in the Tower, but that when he accepted the Queen's
offers, and thus made, as we shall see, common cause with the
citizens, he signalized his defection from the cause of the Empress
by seizing her adherent the bishop,[373] and holding him a prisoner
till, as Holinshed implies, he purchased his freedom, and so became
free to join the Empress at Oxford.[374]
And now let us come to the subject of this chapter, the lost
charter of the Queen.
 That this charter was granted is an historical fact hitherto
absolutely unknown. No chronicler mentions the fact, nor is there a
trace of any such document, or even of a transcript of its contents.
And yet the existence of this charter, like that of the planet Neptune,
can be established, in the words of Sir John Herschel, "with a
certainty hardly inferior to ocular demonstration." The discovery,
indeed, of that planet was effected (magnis componere parva) by
strangely similar means. For as the perturbations of Uranus pointed
to the existence of Neptune, so the "perturbations" of Geoffrey de
Mandeville point to the existence of this charter.
We know that the departure of the Empress was followed by the
arrival of the Queen, with the result that Geoffrey was again in a
position to demand his own terms. Had he continued to hold the
Tower in the name of the Empress, he would have made it a thorn in
the side of the citizens now that they had declared for her rival. We
hear, moreover, at this crisis, of offers by the Queen to all those
whom bribes or concessions could allure to her side.[375] We have,
therefore, the strongest presumption that Geoffrey would be among
the first to whom offers were made. But it is not on presumption
that we depend. Stephen, we shall find, six months later, refers
distinctly to this lost charter ("Carta Reginæ"),[376] and the Empress
in turn, in the following year, refers to the charters of the king and of
the queen ("quas Rex Stephanus et Matildis regina ei dederunt ...
sicut habet inde cartas illorum").[377] Thus its existence is beyond
question. And that it passed about this time may be inferred, not
only from the circumstances of the case, but also from the most
significant fact that, a few weeks later, at the siege of Winchester,
we find Geoffrey supporting the Queen in active concert with the
citizens.[378]
What were the terms of the charter by which he was thus
regained to his allegiance we cannot now tell. To judge, however,
from that of Stephen, which was mainly a confirmation of its terms,
it probably represented a distinct advance on the concessions he had
wrung from the Empress.
 It is an interesting fact, and one which probably is known to few,
if any, that there is still preserved in the Public Record Office a
solitary charter of the Queen, granted, I cannot but think, at this
very crisis. As it is not long, I shall here quote it as a unique and
instructive record.
"M. Regina Angl[ie] Omnibus fidelibus suis francis et Anglis salutem. Sciatis
quod dedi Gervasio Justiciario de Lond[oniâ] x marcatas terræ in villâ de
Gamelingeia pro servicio suo ... donec ei persolvam debitum quod ei debeo, ut
infra illum terminum habeat proficua que exibunt de villa predictâ ... testibus
Com[ite] Sim[one] et Ric[ardo] de Bolon[iâ] et Sim[one] de Gerardmot[a] et
Warn[erio] de Lisor[iis]. apud Lond[oniam].[379]
The first of the witnesses, Earl Simon (of Northampton), is known
to have been one of the three earls who adhered to the Queen
during the king's captivity.[380] Richard of Boulogne was possibly a
brother of her nepos, "Pharamus" of Boulogne, who is also known to
have been with her.[381] Combining the fact of the charter being the
Queen's with that of its subject-matter and that of its place of
testing, we obtain the strongest possible presumption that it passed
at this crisis, a presumption confirmed, as we have seen, by the
name of the leading witness. The endeavour to fix the date of this
charter is well worth the making. For it is not merely of interest as a
record unique of its kind. If it is, indeed, of the date suggested, it is,
to all appearance, the sole survivor of all those charters, such as that
to Geoffrey, by which the Queen, in her hour of need, must have
purchased support for the royal cause. We see her, like the queen of
Henry III., like the queen of Charles I., straining every nerve to
succour her husband, and to raise men and means. And as Henrietta
Maria pledged her jewels as security for the loans she raised, so
Matilda is here shown as pledging a portion of her ancestral
"honour" to raise the sinews of war.[382]
But this charter, if the date I have assigned to it be right, does
more for us than this. It gives us, for an instant, a precious glimpse
of that of which we know so little, and would fain know so much—I
mean the government of London. We learn from it that London had
then a "justiciary," and further that his name was Gervase. Nor is
even this all. The Gamlingay entry in the Testa de Nevill and Liber
Niger enables us to advance a step further and to establish the
identity of this Gervase with no other than Gervase of Cornhill.[383]
The importance of this identification will be shown in a special
appendix.[384]
Among those whom the Queen strove hard to gain was her
husband's brother, the legate.[385] He had headed, as we have seen,
the witnesses to Geoffrey's charter, but he was deeply injured at the
failure of his appeal, on behalf of his family, to the Empress, and was
even thought to have secretly encouraged the rising of the citizens
of London.[386] He now kept aloof from the court of the Empress,
and, having held an interview with the Queen at Guildford, resolved
to devote himself, heart and soul, to setting his brother free.[387]

[353] "Ecce, dum ipsa putaretur omni Anglia statim posse

potiri, mutata omnia" (Will. Malms., p. 749).
[354] Early Plantagenets, p. 22; Const. Hist., i. 330.
[355] "Satisque constat quod si ejus (i.e. comitis) moderationi
et sapientiæ a suis esset creditum, non tam sinistrum postea
sensissent aleæ casum" (p. 749).
[356] "Regina quod prece non valuit, armis impetrare
confidens, splendidissimum militantium decus ante Londonias,
ex alterâ fluvii regione, transmisit, utque raptu, et incendio,
violentiâ, et gladio, in comitissæ suorumque prospectu,
ardentissime circa civitatem desævirent præcepit" (Gesta
Stephani, p. 78). These expressions appear to imply that she
not only wasted the southern bank, but sent over (transmisit)
her troops to plunder round the walls of the city itself (circa
civitatem). Mr. Pearson strangely assigns this action not to the
Queen, but to the Empress: "Matilda brought up troops, and
cut off the trade of the citizens, and wasted their lands, to
punish their disaffection" (p. 478).
[357] The Annals of Plympton (ed. Liebermann, p. 20) imply
that the city was divided on the subject:—"In mense Junio facta
est sedicio in civitate Londoniensi a civibus; sed tamen pars
sanior vices imperatricis agebat, pars vero quedam eam
obpugnabat."
[358] "Facta conjuratione adversus eam quam cum honore
susceperunt, cum dedecore apprehendere statuerunt. At illa a
quodam civium præmunita, ignominiosam cum suis fugam
arripuit omni sua suorumque supellectili post tergum relicta."
[359] "Sensim sine tumultu quadam militari disciplina urbe
cesserunt." This is clearly intended to rebut the story of their
hurried flight (see also p. 132, infra).
[360] See Appendix J: "The Great Seal of the Empress."
[361] Harl. MS. 1708, fo. 113.
[362] "Conjuratione facta."
[363] "In indulta sibi conjuratione ... quanta quippe mala ex
conjuratione proveniunt" (ed. Howlett, p. 416).
[364] Const. Hist., i. 407.
[365] "Facta conspiratione quam communionem vocabant
sese omnes pariter sacramentis adstringunt, et ... ejusdem
regionis proceres quamvis invitos, sacramentis suæ
conspirationis obligari compellunt."
[366] Richard of Devizes (ed. Howlett, p. 416).
[367] Mediæval Military Architecture, ii. 254.
[368] Trivet's Annals (Eng. Hist. Soc., p. 13).
[369] See p. 84.
[370] "Primo quidem [apud Westmonasterium] quod decuit,
sanctæ Dei Ecclesiæ, juxta bonorum consilium, consulere
procuravit. Dedit itaque Lundoniensis ecclesiæ præsulatum
cuidam Radingensi monacho viro venerabili præsente et
jubente reverendo abbate suo Edwardo" (Cont. Flor. Wig., 131).
[371] See p. 123.
[372] We have, indeed, a glimpse of this incident in the Liber
de Antiquis Legibus (fol. 35), where we read: "Anno predicto,
statim in illa estate, obsessa est Turris Londoniarum a
Londoniensibus, quam Willielmus (sic) de Magnavilla tenebat et
firmaverat."
[373] The city, it must be remembered, lay between him and
Fulham, so that, obviously, he is more likely to have made this
raid when the city was no longer in arms against him.
[374] We have a hint that the bishop was disliked by the
citizens in the Historia Pontificalis (p. 532), where we learn (in
1148) that they had disobeyed the papal authority: "Quando
episcopus bone memorie Robertus expulsus est, cui hanc
exhibuere devocionem ut omni diligentia procurarent ne patri
exulanti in aliquo prodessent."
[375] "Regina autem a Londoniensibus suscepta, sexusque
fragilitatis, femineæque mollitiei oblita, viriliter sese et virtuose
continere; invictos ubique coadjutores prece sibi et pretio
allicere, regis conjuratos ubi ubi per Angliam fuerant dispersi ad
dominum suum secum reposcendum constanter sollicitare"
(Gesta Stephani, 80). "Regina omnibus supplicavit, omnes pro
ereptione mariti sui precibus, promissis, et obsequiis sollicitavit"
(Sym. Dun., ii. 310).
[376] See p. 143.
[377] See p. 167.
[378] "Gaufrido de Mandevillâ (qui jam iterum auxilio eorum
cesserat, antea enim post captionem regis imperatrici
fidelitatem juraverat) et Londoniensibus maxime annitentibus,
nihilque omnino quod possent prætermittentibus quo
imperatricem contristarent" (Will. Malms., p. 752).
[379] Royal Charters (Duchy of Lancaster), No. 22. N.B.—The
above is merely an extract from the charter.
[380] Waleran of Meulan, William of Warrenne, and Simon of
Northampton (Ord. Vit., v. 130).
[381] See p. 147.
[382] Gamlingay, in Cambridgeshire, had come to the Queen
as belonging to "the honour of Boulogne."
[383] "Gamenegheia valet xxx li. Inde tenent ... heredes
Gervas[ii] de Cornhill x li." (Liber Niger, 395; Testa, pp. 274,
275). This entry also proves that the loan (1141?) to the Queen
was not repaid, and the property, therefore, not redeemed.
[384] See Appendix K: "Gervase de Cornhill."
[385] "Nunc quidem Wintoniensem episcopum, totius Angliæ
legatum, ut fraternis compatiens vinculis ad eum liberandum
intenderet, ut sibi maritum, plebi regem, regno patronum, toto
secum nisu adquireret, viriliter supplicare" (Gesta, 80).
[386] Gesta, 79.
[387] Will. Malms., p. 750; Cont. Flor. Wig., 132; Gesta, 80;
Annals of Winchester.
 CHAPTER VI.
THE ROUT OF WINCHESTER.
The Empress, it will be remembered, in the panic of her escape, on
the sudden revolt of the citizens, had fled to the strongholds of her
cause in the west, and sought refuge in Gloucester. Most of her
followers were scattered abroad, but the faithful Miles of Gloucester
was found, as ever, by her side. As soon as she recovered from her
first alarm, she retraced her steps to Oxford, acting upon his advice,
and made that fortress her head-quarters, to which her adherents
might rally.[388]
To her stay at Oxford on this occasion we may assign a charter to
Haughmond Abbey, tested inter alios by the King of Scots.[389] But of
far more importance is the well-known charter by which she granted
the earldom of Hereford to her devoted follower, Miles of Gloucester.
[390] With singular unanimity, the rival chroniclers testify to the

faithful service of which this grant was the reward.[391] It is an

important fact that this charter contains a record of its date, which
makes it a fixed point of great value for our story. This circumstance
is the more welcome from the long list of witnesses, which enables
us to give with absolute certainty the personnel of Matilda's court on
the day this charter passed (July 25, 1141), evidence confirmed by
another charter omitted from the fasciculus of Mr. Birch.[392] From a
comparison of the dates we can assign these documents to the very
close of her stay at Oxford, by which time her scattered followers
had again rallied to her standard. It is also noteworthy that the date
is in harmony with the narrative of the Continuator of Florence. This
has a bearing on the chronology of that writer, to which we have
now in the main to trust.
William of Malmesbury, who on the doings of his patron is likely to
be well informed, tells us that the rumours of the legate's defection
led the Earl of Gloucester to visit Winchester in the hope of regaining
him to his sister's cause. Disappointed in this, he rejoined her at
Oxford.[393] It must have been on his return that he witnessed the
charter to Miles of Gloucester.
The Empress, on hearing her brother's report, decided to march
on Winchester with the forces she had now assembled.[394] The
names of her leading followers can be recovered from the various
accounts of the siege.[395]
The Continuator states that she reached Winchester shortly before
the 1st of August.[396] He also speaks of the siege having lasted
seven weeks on the 13th of September.[397] If he means by this, as
he implies, the siege by the queen's forces, he is clearly wrong; but
if he was thinking of the arrival of the Empress, this would place that
event not later than the 27th of July. We know from the date of the
Oxford charter that it cannot well have been earlier. The Hyde
Cartulary (Stowe MSS.) is more exact, and, indeed, gives us the day
of her arrival, Thursday, July 31 ("pridie kal. Augusti"). According to
the Annals of Waverley, the Empress besieged the bishop the next
day.[398]
Of the struggle which now took place we have several
independent accounts. Of these the fullest are those given by the
Continuator, who here writes with a bitter feeling against the legate,
and by the author of the Gesta, whose sympathies were, of course,
on the other side. John of Hexham, William of Malmesbury, and
Henry of Huntingdon have accounts which should be carefully
consulted, and some information is also to be gleaned from the Hyde
Cartulary (Stowe MSS.).
It is John of Hexham alone who mentions that the bishop himself
had commenced operations by besieging the royal castle, which was
held by a garrison of the Empress.[399] It was in this castle, says the
Continuator, that she took up her quarters on her arrival.[400] She at
once summoned the legate to her presence, but he, dreading that
she would seize his person, returned a temporizing answer, and
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