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PROGRAMMING LOGIC
AND DESIGN
COMPREHENSIVE
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
NINTH EDITION
PROGRAMMING LOGIC
AND DESIGN
COMPREHENSIVE
JOYCE FARRELL
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Brief Contents
v
Pref ace ������� ��� �� ��� ��� ��� ���� �� ��� ��� ��� ������ ��� ��� xvi
CHAPTER 1 An Over view of Computers and Programmi ng ��� 1
CHAPTER 2 Elem en t s o f H i gh- Qual i ty Programs ����� ��� ���� ��� 38
CHAPTER 3 U n der s t an din g Structure ����� � ����� ��� ��� ��� ���� ��� 87
CHAPTER 4 M akin g Decis ions ������ ��� ��� ��� � ����� ��� ��� ��� ���� � 124
CHAPTER 5 Lo o pin g ������ � �� ��� ������ ��� ��� ��� � ����� ��� ��� ��� ���� � 176
CHAPTER 6 Ar r ays �� ������ � �� ��� ������ ��� ��� ��� � ����� ��� ��� ��� ���� � 227
CHAPTER 7 F ile Han dlin g and Appl i cati ons����� ��� ��� ��� ���� � 272
CHAPTER 8 Advan ced Dat a Handl i ng Concepts ��� � �� � �� � �� � �� 321
CHAPTER 9 Advan ced M o dul ari z ati on Techni ques ����� ���� � 366
CHAPTER 10 Object -Or ien t ed Programmi ng ����� ��� ������ ��� �� 420
CHAPTER 11 M o re Object -Ori ented Programmi ng
Co n cept s ������ ��� �� ��� ��� ��� ���� �� ��� ��� ��� ������ ��� �� 464
CHAPTER 12 Even t -Dr iven G UI Programmi ng,
M u lt it h readin g, and Ani mati on�� ��� ��� ������ ��� �� 507
APPENDIX A U n der s t an din g Numberi ng Sy stems
an d Co m pu t er Codes����� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ������ ��� �� 539
APPENDIX B So lvin g Dif f icu l t Structuri ng Probl ems ��� ��� �� 547
Glo s s ar y ��� �� � ��� �� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ���� �� ��� �� 556
In dex������ �� ���� ��� ��� �� ��� ��� ��� ���� �� ��� ��� ��� ������ �� 571
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
Contents
vii
Pref ace ������� ��� �� ��� ��� ��� ���� �� ��� ��� ��� ������ ��� ��� xvi
CHAPTER 1 An Over view of Computers and Programmi ng ��� 1
Understanding Computer Systems��������������������������������������� 2
Understanding Simple Program Logic ���������������������������������� 5
Understanding the Program Development Cycle��������������������� 8
Understanding the Problem ��������������������������������������������� 8
Planning the Logic ��������������������������������������������������������10
Coding the Program �����������������������������������������������������10
Using Software to Translate the Program into Machine
Language ������������������������������������������������������������������11
Testing the Program �����������������������������������������������������12
Putting the Program into Production��������������������������������13
Maintaining the Program������������������������������������������������14
Using Pseudocode Statements and Flowchart Symbols ���������15
Writing Pseudocode ������������������������������������������������������15
Drawing Flowcharts ������������������������������������������������������17
Repeating Instructions ��������������������������������������������������19
Using a Sentinel Value to End a Program�����������������������������20
Understanding Programming and User Environments ������������23
Understanding Programming Environments�����������������������23
Understanding User Environments�����������������������������������25
Understanding the Evolution of Programming Models������������27
Chapter Summary �����������������������������������������������������������28
Key Terms�����������������������������������������������������������������������29
Exercises �����������������������������������������������������������������������32
CHAPTER 2 Elem en t s o f H i gh- Qual i ty Programs ����� ��� ���� ��� 38
Declaring and Using Variables and Constants�����������������������39
Understanding Data Types ���������������������������������������������39
Understanding Unnamed, Literal Constants�����������������������39
Working with Variables ��������������������������������������������������40
Understanding a Declaration’s Data Type��������������������������41
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
CONTENTS
Understanding a Declaration’s Identifier ���������������������������42
Assigning Values to Variables �����������������������������������������45
Declaring Named Constants��������������������������������������������46
Performing Arithmetic Operations ��������������������������������������47
The Integer Data Type ���������������������������������������������������50
viii Understanding the Advantages of Modularization �����������������51
Modularization Provides Abstraction��������������������������������52
Modularization Helps Multiple Programmers to Work
on a Problem��������������������������������������������������������������53
Modularization Allows You to Reuse Work��������������������������53
Modularizing a Program ������������������������������������������������54
Declaring Variables and Constants within Modules�����������������58
Understanding the Most Common Configuration
for Mainline Logic�����������������������������������������������������������60
Creating Hierarchy Charts ���������������������������������������������64
Features of Good Program Design��������������������������������������66
Using Program Comments ���������������������������������������������67
Choosing Identifiers������������������������������������������������������69
Designing Clear Statements��������������������������������������������71
Writing Clear Prompts and Echoing Input��������������������������72
Maintaining Good Programming Habits��������������������������������74
Chapter Summary �����������������������������������������������������������75
Key Terms�����������������������������������������������������������������������76
Exercises �����������������������������������������������������������������������79
CHAPTER 3 U n der s t an din g Structure ����� � ����� ��� ��� ��� ���� ��� 87
The Disadvantages of Unstructured Spaghetti Code��������������88
Understanding the Three Basic Structures ��������������������������90
The Sequence Structure ������������������������������������������������90
The Selection Structure��������������������������������������������������91
The Loop Structure ������������������������������������������������������92
Combining Structures ���������������������������������������������������93
Using a Priming Input to Structure a Program�����������������������99
Understanding the Reasons for Structure��������������������������� 106
Recognizing Structure���������������������������������������������������� 107
Structuring and Modularizing Unstructured Logic ��������������� 110
Chapter Summary ��������������������������������������������������������� 115
Key Terms��������������������������������������������������������������������� 115
Exercises ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 117
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 4 M ak in g Decis ions ������ ��� ��� ��� � ����� ��� ��� ��� ���� � 124
The Selection Structure�������������������������������������������������� 125
Using Relational Comparison Operators ���������������������������� 129
Avoiding a Common Error with Relational Operators��������� 133
Understanding AND Logic������������������������������������������������ 134 ix
Nesting AND Decisions for Efficiency ���������������������������� 137
Using the AND Operator ���������������������������������������������� 139
Avoiding Common Errors in an AND Selection������������������ 141
Understanding OR Logic ������������������������������������������������� 143
Writing OR Selections for Efficiency ������������������������������ 145
Using the OR Operator ������������������������������������������������ 147
Avoiding Common Errors in an OR Selection������������������� 147
Understanding NOT Logic������������������������������������������������ 153
Avoiding a Common Error in a NOT Expression ��������������� 154
Making Selections within Ranges ������������������������������������� 155
Avoiding Common Errors When Using Range Checks ������� 157
Understanding Precedence When Combining
AND and OR Operators��������������������������������������������������� 160
Understanding the case Structure ���������������������������������� 163
Chapter Summary ��������������������������������������������������������� 165
Key Terms��������������������������������������������������������������������� 166
Exercises ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 167
CHAPTER 5 Lo o pin g ������ � �� ��� ������ ��� ��� ��� � ����� ��� ��� ��� ���� � 176
Appreciating the Advantages of Looping ��������������������������� 177
Using a Loop Control Variable������������������������������������������ 179
Using a Definite Loop with a Counter������������������������������ 179
Using an Indefinite Loop with a Sentinel Value ���������������� 181
Understanding the Loop in a Program’s Mainline Logic������ 183
Nested Loops ��������������������������������������������������������������� 185
Avoiding Common Loop Mistakes ������������������������������������ 190
Mistake: Failing to Initialize the Loop Control Variable ������ 190
Mistake: Neglecting to Alter the Loop Control Variable������ 191
Mistake: Using the Wrong Type of Comparison When
Testing the Loop Control Variable ������������������������������� 192
Mistake: Including Statements Inside the Loop Body
that Belong Outside the Loop ������������������������������������� 194
Using a for Loop ���������������������������������������������������������� 199
Using a Posttest Loop ��������������������������������������������������� 201
Recognizing the Characteristics Shared
by Structured Loops ���������������������������������������������������� 203
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CONTENTS
Common Loop Applications��������������������������������������������� 205
Using a Loop to Accumulate Totals ������������������������������� 205
Using a Loop to Validate Data��������������������������������������� 209
Limiting a Reprompting Loop ��������������������������������������� 209
Validating a Data Type ������������������������������������������������ 212
x Validating Reasonableness and Consistency of Data��������� 213
Comparing Selections and Loops������������������������������������� 214
Chapter Summary ��������������������������������������������������������� 218
Key Terms��������������������������������������������������������������������� 218
Exercises ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 220
CHAPTER 6 Ar r ays �� ������ ��� ��� ������ ��� ��� ��� � ����� ��� ��� ��� ���� � 227
Storing Data in Arrays���������������������������������������������������� 228
How Arrays Occupy Computer Memory��������������������������� 228
How an Array Can Replace Nested Decisions��������������������� 231
Using Constants with Arrays ������������������������������������������� 238
Using a Constant as the Size of an Array������������������������ 238
Using Constants as Array Element Values ���������������������� 239
Using a Constant as an Array Subscript ������������������������� 239
Searching an Array for an Exact Match������������������������������ 240
Using Parallel Arrays������������������������������������������������������ 244
Improving Search Efficiency������������������������������������������ 248
Searching an Array for a Range Match������������������������������ 250
Remaining within Array Bounds���������������������������������������� 255
Understanding Array Size��������������������������������������������� 255
Understanding Subscript Bounds ���������������������������������� 255
Using a for Loop to Process an Array������������������������������ 258
Chapter Summary ��������������������������������������������������������� 260
Key Terms��������������������������������������������������������������������� 261
Exercises ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 261
CHAPTER 7 F ile Han dlin g and Appl i cati ons����� ��� ��� ��� ���� � 272
Understanding Computer Files ���������������������������������������� 273
Organizing Files ��������������������������������������������������������� 274
Understanding the Data Hierarchy������������������������������������ 275
Performing File Operations ��������������������������������������������� 277
Declaring a File Identifier��������������������������������������������� 277
Opening a File������������������������������������������������������������ 278
Reading Data from a File and Processing It��������������������� 278
Writing Data to a File��������������������������������������������������� 281
Closing a File������������������������������������������������������������� 281
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CONTENTS
A Program that Performs File Operations������������������������ 282
Understanding Control Break Logic ���������������������������������� 285
Merging Sequential Files ������������������������������������������������ 290
Master and Transaction File Processing ���������������������������� 299
Random Access Files������������������������������������������������������ 308
Chapter Summary ��������������������������������������������������������� 309 xi
Key Terms��������������������������������������������������������������������� 310
Exercises ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 312
CHAPTER 8 Advan ced Dat a Handl i ng Concepts ��� � �� � �� � �� � �� 321
Understanding the Need for Sorting Data��������������������������� 322
Using the Bubble Sort Algorithm��������������������������������������� 324
Understanding Swapping Values������������������������������������ 324
Understanding the Bubble Sort ������������������������������������� 325
Sorting Multifield Records ���������������������������������������������� 340
Sorting Data Stored in Parallel Arrays ��������������������������� 340
Sorting Records as a Whole������������������������������������������ 341
Other Sorting Algorithms ������������������������������������������������ 342
Using Multidimensional Arrays������������������������������������������ 345
Using Indexed Files and Linked Lists��������������������������������� 351
Using Indexed Files ���������������������������������������������������� 352
Using Linked Lists ������������������������������������������������������ 353
Chapter Summary ��������������������������������������������������������� 356
Key Terms��������������������������������������������������������������������� 357
Exercises ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 358
CHAPTER 9 Advan ced M o dul ari z ati on Techni ques ����� ���� � 366
The Parts of a Method ��������������������������������������������������� 367
Using Methods with no Parameters ���������������������������������� 368
Creating Methods that Require Parameters������������������������ 371
Creating Methods that Require Multiple Parameters ��������� 377
Creating Methods that Return a Value������������������������������� 379
Using an IPO Chart������������������������������������������������������ 384
Passing an Array to a Method������������������������������������������ 386
Overloading Methods������������������������������������������������������ 394
Avoiding Ambiguous Methods ��������������������������������������� 397
Using Predefined Methods ���������������������������������������������� 400
Method Design Issues: Implementation Hiding, Cohesion,
and Coupling��������������������������������������������������������������� 402
Understanding Implementation Hiding ���������������������������� 402
Increasing Cohesion ��������������������������������������������������� 403
Reducing Coupling������������������������������������������������������ 404
Understanding Recursion������������������������������������������������ 405
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CONTENTS
Chapter Summary ��������������������������������������������������������� 410
Key Terms��������������������������������������������������������������������� 411
Exercises ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 412
CHAPTER 10 Object -Or ien t ed Programmi ng ����� ��� ������ ��� �� 420
xii
Principles of Object-Oriented Programming������������������������ 421
Classes and Objects ��������������������������������������������������� 421
Polymorphism ������������������������������������������������������������ 424
Inheritance ���������������������������������������������������������������� 426
Encapsulation ������������������������������������������������������������ 426
Defining Classes and Creating Class Diagrams ������������������ 428
Creating Class Diagrams ��������������������������������������������� 430
The Set Methods��������������������������������������������������������� 433
The Get Methods��������������������������������������������������������� 434
Work Methods������������������������������������������������������������ 435
Understanding Public and Private Access��������������������������� 437
Organizing Classes��������������������������������������������������������� 440
Understanding Instance Methods ������������������������������������� 441
Understanding Static Methods������������������������������������������ 447
Using Objects ��������������������������������������������������������������� 448
Passing an Object to a Method ������������������������������������� 449
Returning an Object from a Method ������������������������������� 450
Using Arrays of Objects ���������������������������������������������� 453
Chapter Summary ��������������������������������������������������������� 455
Key Terms��������������������������������������������������������������������� 456
Exercises ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 458
CHAPTER 11 M o re Object -Ori ented Programmi ng
Co n cept s ��������� �� ��� ��� ��� ���� �� ��� ��� ��� ������ ��� �� 464
Understanding Constructors ������������������������������������������� 465
Default Constructors��������������������������������������������������� 466
Non-default Constructors��������������������������������������������� 468
Overloading Instance Methods and Constructors ������������� 469
Understanding Destructors ��������������������������������������������� 472
Understanding Composition��������������������������������������������� 474
Understanding Inheritance ���������������������������������������������� 475
Understanding Inheritance Terminology��������������������������� 478
Accessing Private Fields and Methods
of a Parent Class������������������������������������������������������ 481
Overriding Parent Class Methods in a Child Class������������ 486
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
CONTENTS
Using Inheritance to Achieve Good Software Design��������� 486
An Example of Using Predefined Classes:
Creating GUI Objects ��������������������������������������������������� 487
Understanding Exception Handling������������������������������������ 488
Drawbacks to Traditional Error-Handling Techniques��������� 489
The Object-Oriented Exception-Handling Model���������������� 491 xiii
Using Built-in Exceptions and Creating
Your Own Exceptions ������������������������������������������������ 493
Reviewing the Advantages of Object-Oriented Programming 494
Chapter Summary ��������������������������������������������������������� 495
Key Terms��������������������������������������������������������������������� 496
Exercises ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 497
CHAPTER 12 Even t -Dr iven G UI Programmi ng,
M u lt it h readin g, and Ani mati on�� ��� ��� ������ ��� �� 507
Understanding Event-Driven Programming ������������������������� 508
User-Initiated Actions and GUI Components������������������������ 511
Designing Graphical User Interfaces��������������������������������� 514
The Interface Should Be Natural and Predictable������������� 514
The Interface Should Be Attractive, Easy to Read,
and Nondistracting ��������������������������������������������������� 515
To Some Extent, It’s Helpful If the User Can Customize
Your Applications������������������������������������������������������ 516
The Program Should Be Forgiving ��������������������������������� 516
The GUI Is Only a Means to an End��������������������������������� 516
Developing an Event-Driven Application������������������������������ 517
Creating Wireframes ��������������������������������������������������� 518
Creating Storyboards��������������������������������������������������� 518
Defining the Storyboard Objects in an Object Dictionary��� 519
Defining Connections Between the User Screens������������� 520
Planning the Logic ������������������������������������������������������ 520
Understanding Threads and Multithreading ������������������������ 525
Creating Animation��������������������������������������������������������� 528
Chapter Summary ��������������������������������������������������������� 531
Key Terms��������������������������������������������������������������������� 532
Exercises ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 533
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
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References 1: Study tips and learning strategies
Learning Objective 1: Study tips and learning strategies
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 2: Ethical considerations and implications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 5: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 5: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 7: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Section 2: Ethical considerations and implications
Practice Problem 10: Study tips and learning strategies
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 11: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 12: Key terms and definitions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 13: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 14: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 15: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 18: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Section 3: Current trends and future directions
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 24: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 27: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 27: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 30: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Topic 4: Experimental procedures and results
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 32: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 32: Research findings and conclusions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 34: Experimental procedures and results
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 35: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 36: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 39: Literature review and discussion
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Summary 5: Interdisciplinary approaches
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 43: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 44: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 45: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 49: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 50: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Module 6: Historical development and evolution
Practice Problem 50: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 58: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 58: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 59: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Lesson 7: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 67: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 67: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Test 8: Experimental procedures and results
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 71: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 72: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 73: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 73: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 74: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 77: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 78: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 78: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Results 9: Fundamental concepts and principles
Example 80: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 84: Current trends and future directions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 88: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice 10: Interdisciplinary approaches
Example 90: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 91: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 93: Historical development and evolution
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 96: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 98: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 100: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Summary 11: Fundamental concepts and principles
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 106: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 106: Case studies and real-world applications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 108: Ethical considerations and implications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 110: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Lesson 12: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 113: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 115: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 116: Study tips and learning strategies
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 117: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 118: Best practices and recommendations
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 119: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Unit 13: Best practices and recommendations
Example 120: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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