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MORE FROM A BOOK APART Briefs

Pricing Design
Dan Mall
Visit abookapart.com for our full list of titles.
Copyright © 2019 Rachel Andrew
First edition published 2016
All rights reserved

Publisher: Jeffrey Zeldman

Designer: Jason Santa Maria
Executive Director: Katel LeDû
Managing Editor: Lisa Maria Martin
Editor: Caren Litherland
Copyeditor: Katel LeDû
Proofreader: Katel LeDû
Book Producer: Ron Bilodeau

ISBN: 978-1-937557-91-1

A Book Apart
New York, New York
http://abookapart.com
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover

Foreword

Chapter 1. What is CSS Layout?

Chapter 2. Laying Things Out the Grid

Chapter 3. CSS Grid Layout and Design

Chapter 4. Grid, Another Tool in Our Kit

Chapter 5. What’s Next for Grid?

Resources

References

Index

About A Book Apart

About the Author
Foreword

What does it look like,

when a new web feature is tested for years, honed to a fine edge, and
launched in multiple browsers almost simultaneously, catapulting its
global support from nothing to well over eighty percent in the space of a
few weeks?

It looks like CSS Grid.

For those of us who have watched web standards develop for lo these
many years, what happened with Grid was almost incomprehensible.
We’re used to watching one browser pick up a new standard, and then
wait years for the others to join the fun. We’re used to seeing these slowly
emerging implementations riddled with gaps, or having to change defined
behaviors midstream because flaws in the specification were uncovered
long after shipping. Flexbox this.

But Grid—no, Grid arrived in a fusillade of browser updates, with robust

consistency and a small rump of glitches and oddities that were quickly
smoothed out. The ship that Internet Explorer (yes!) launched in 2012 set
sail as an armada in the of 2017.

That was then. What about now?

Now we have two years of slowly growing experience with Grid. Sites
have shipped using it for layout almost unheralded, because there was no
need for clever hackery to make it work. It does what it claims to do, what
it was designed to do, with efficiency and elegance.

And now, with that experience behind us, the specification is being
updated to address some of the rare limitations that existed in the first
version of Grid. That’s why you’re lucky to have this book in front of you.
No one is better qualified than Rachel Andrew to explain the basics and
the evolution of Grid. Whether this is your first foray into Grid or a
refresher course on a technology you already rely on, you’ll find what you
need here. And, quite probably, you’ll find nearly everything you might
want in a layout language. Savor it. We may not see its again.

—Eric Meyer
Introduction

When I began working on the web

in 1996, the only real skill a front-end developer had to master was
chopping up images into tiny bits and reassembling them into a table to
create a layout.

Netscape 4 still held a huge market share when I started using CSS for
layout. The browser’s implementation of absolute positioning was so poor
that when a user resized their screen, all of the positioned elements would
stack up in the top left corner. I’ve watched CSS evolve from a simple
single specification—concerned primarily with changing text colors and
adding borders to things—to the increasingly complex language it is
today. We live in a very different world from the one in which I learned
my craft!

Along the way, I’ve witnessed browser wars, and, during my time as a
Web Standards Project member, have encouraged browser and tool
vendors alike to innovate through the standards process. We can now see
that process playing out in many of the specifications currently wending
their way the

One such specification, CSS Grid Layout, is the subject of this little book.
The specification debuted under this name as a proposal by Microsoft in
April This early version of the specification appeared in Internet Explorers
10 and 11 and was adopted by the Updated versions of the specification
ultimately shipped in Chrome, Firefox, and Safari within weeks of one
another in March 2017. Microsoft Edge updated from the old Internet
Explorer specification in October of year.

I began experimenting with CSS Grid Layout as soon as I discovered the

IE10 implementation. For several years, I’ve been frustrated that layout
hasn’t advanced much, despite our ability to round corners, create drop
shadows, use a wider variety of fonts, and even animate things in CSS. We
now have better ways to cope with floating and positioning elements, and
our browsers are less buggy—yet the techniques we use for layout are not
far removed from the ones we used in the early days of CSS. As soon as I
started experimenting with Grid Layout, I could see its potential. I really
believe that Grid Layout is the layout method we’ve been for.

The first edition of this book was written in 2015, before Level 1 of the
specification shipped in browsers. As I write this update four years later,
Level 2 of the specification is being implemented in Firefox, and Grid
Layout support hovers around eighty-nine percent according to The
second edition, like the first, is an ode to the elegance and power of the
specification. And now that Grid has shipped in browsers, I hope this
book can also serve as your guide as you start using Grid Layout in your
today.
The CSS Grid Layout Module
defines a two-dimensional grid layout system. Once a grid has been
established on a containing element, the children of that element can be
placed into a flexible or fixed layout grid. The grid can be redefined using
media queries. This makes CSS Grid Layout an incredibly powerful tool—
one that the web has been waiting for ever since we began doing layout with
CSS instead of tables.

Rather than talk about CSS Grid Layout (or just plain “Grid,” as I will call it
often throughout this text) in abstract terms, I’ll demonstrate its functionality
through a series of examples. The example code is linked so you can use it as
a starting point for your own explorations. Everything described—with the
exception of the final section on Grid Layout Level 2—is supported in
Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge, plus the myriad Chromium-based
browsers today.

Grid Basics

In this first chapter, I want to use some simple examples to provide a

rundown of the essential concepts of the CSS Grid Layout Module. Grid is a
very flexible module, so there are a number of ways to use it. In the following
chapters, we’ll look at some more “real-world” examples, building on what I
here.

a grid

A grid is defined using a new value of the display property,

In my HTML markup, I want to create a grid on the wrapper and position the
child elements on that grid.

class=”wrapper”>

class=”box a”>A

class=”box b”>B

class=”box c”>C

class=”box d”>D

class=”box e”>E

class=”box f”>F

In my CSS, I start by declaring a grid on the element with a class of making

this element our grid

.wrapper {
 display: grid;

Next, I need to describe what the grid looks like. Grids have rows and
columns, which the CSS Grid Layout Module gives us new properties to
describe:

.wrapper {

display: grid;

grid-template-columns: 100px 100px 100px;

grid-template-rows: 100px 100px;

Code example: http://bkaprt.com/cgl-2/01-01/

You can find this, and all of the examples in this book, on I’ll reference the
file below each example, like I’ve above.

Here, I’ve created a grid with three 100-pixel-wide columns, and two rows.
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