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 START
PROGRAMMING
using HTML, CSS,
and JAVASCRIPT
 CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC
TEXTBOOKS IN COMPUTING

Series Editors

John Impagliazzo Andrew McGettrick

Professor Emeritus, Hofstra University Department of Computer
and Information Sciences
University of Strathclyde

Aims and Scope

This series covers traditional areas of computing, as well as related technical areas, such as
software engineering, artificial intelligence, computer engineering, information systems, and
information technology. The series will accommodate textbooks for undergraduate and gradu-
ate students, generally adhering to worldwide curriculum standards from professional societ-
ies. The editors wish to encourage new and imaginative ideas and proposals, and are keen to
help and encourage new authors. The editors welcome proposals that: provide groundbreaking
and imaginative perspectives on aspects of computing; present topics in a new and exciting
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systems; capture new developments and applications in emerging fields of computing; and
address topics that provide support for computing, such as mathematics, statistics, life and
physical sciences, and business.

Published Titles

Paul Anderson, Web 2.0 and Beyond: Principles and Technologies

Henrik Bærbak Christensen, Flexible, Reliable Software: Using Patterns and Agile Development
John S. Conery, Explorations in Computing: An Introduction to Computer Science
John S. Conery, Explorations in Computing: An Introduction to Computer Science and Python
Programming
Iztok Fajfar, Start Programming Using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript
Jessen Havill, Discovering Computer Science: Interdisciplinary Problems, Principles, and
Python Programming
Ted Herman, A Functional Start to Computing with Python
Pascal Hitzler, Markus Krötzsch, and Sebastian Rudolph, Foundations of Semantic Web
Technologies
Mark J. Johnson, A Concise Introduction to Data Structures using Java
Mark J. Johnson, A Concise Introduction to Programming in Python
Lisa C. Kaczmarczyk, Computers and Society: Computing for Good
Mark C. Lewis, Introduction to the Art of Programming Using Scala
Efrem G. Mallach, Information Systems: What Every Business Student Needs to Know
Bill Manaris and Andrew R. Brown, Making Music with Computers: Creative Programming in
Python
Uvais Qidwai and C.H. Chen, Digital Image Processing: An Algorithmic Approach with MATLAB®
David D. Riley and Kenny A. Hunt, Computational Thinking for the Modern Problem Solver
Henry M. Walker, The Tao of Computing, Second Edition
 Chapman & Hall/CRC
TEXTBOOKS IN COMPUTING

START
PROGRAMMING
using HTML, CSS,
and JAVASCRIPT

Iztok Fajfar
University of Ljubljana
Slovenia
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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To my family
 Contents

Acknowledgments xi

Introduction xiii

About the Author xvii

1 Content and Structure 1

1.1 Opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Introducing HTML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 The Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Minimal HTML Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 Formatting a Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6 Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2 Building a Sound Structure 15

2.1 Homework Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2 Lists and Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3 Generic <div> and <span> Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.4 Sectioning Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.5 Hyperlinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.6 Character Entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.7 Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

3 Presentation 35
3.1 Homework Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.2 Setting up a Web Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.3 Introducing CSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.4 CSS Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.5 CSS Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.6 CSS Pixel Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.7 Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

4 More Control over Style 51

4.1 Homework Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

vii
 4.2 Class Selectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.3 ID Selectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.4 Grouping Selectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.5 Nesting Selectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.6 The HTML Ancestry Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.7 Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.8 Determining Style Specificity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.9 Relative Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.10 Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

5 Understanding CSS Boxes 71

5.1 Homework Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.2 CSS Box Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.3 Element Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.4 Positioning and Element Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.5 Containing Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.6 Hiding Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.7 Floated Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.8 Special Selectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.9 Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

6 Behavior 101
6.1 Homework Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
6.2 Server Side Includes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
6.3 Introducing JavaScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.4 Values and Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6.5 Operators and Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.6 Concluding Remarks and Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

7 Controlling Program Flow 127

7.1 Homework Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.2 Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
7.3 Design a Simple Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
7.4 Type Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
7.5 Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

8 Introducing Objects 147

8.1 Homework Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
8.2 switch Conditional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
8.3 Math Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
8.4 do/while Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
8.5 Date Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
8.6 Concluding Thoughts and Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

9 Understanding Arrays and Strings 165

9.1 Homework Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
9.2 Array Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
9.3 for Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
9.4 Array Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

viii Contents
 9.5 String Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
9.6 Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

10 Understanding Functions 187

10.1 Homework Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
10.2 Writing Function Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
10.3 References to Function Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
10.4 Variable Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
10.5 Passing Function Arguments by Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
10.6 The Scope Chain and Closures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
10.7 Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

11 Building Your Own Objects 205

11.1 Homework Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
11.2 JavaScript Objects Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
11.3 Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
11.4 Constructor Overloading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
11.5 Factory Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
11.6 The prototype Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
11.7 More on Setting and Querying Object Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
11.8 Sudoku Puzzle Helper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
11.9 Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

12 Using JavaScript to Control the Browser 227

12.1 Homework Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
12.2 Deeper into the Browser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
12.3 Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
12.4 Scripting Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
12.5 Timer Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
12.6 Scripting Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
12.7 Introducing Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
12.8 Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

13 User Interface 245

13.1 Homework Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
13.2 Using Family Relations to Manipulate Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
13.3 Completing Math Worksheet Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
13.4 Completing Sudoku Puzzle Helper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
13.5 Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

A Solution to the Last Homework: Sudoku Generator 265

B Ways to Continue 271

B.1 Graphics with Canvas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
B.2 Local Data Storage through Web Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
B.3 Ajax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
B.4 jQuery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
B.5 Go Mobile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

Contents ix
C HTML Mini Reference 305
C.1 Root Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
C.2 Document Metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
C.3 Scripting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
C.4 Sections and Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
C.5 Grouping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
C.6 Text-Level Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
C.7 Embedded Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
C.8 Tabular Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
C.9 Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
C.10 Global Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
C.11 Event-Handler Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338

D CSS Mini Reference 339

D.1 CSS Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
D.2 inherit keyword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
D.3 Text Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
D.4 List Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
D.5 Borders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
D.6 Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
D.7 Background Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
D.8 Table Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
D.9 Size Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
D.10 Positioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
D.11 Pseudo-Classes and Pseudo-Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

E JavaScript Mini Reference 373

E.1 Operator Precedence and Associativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
E.2 arguments[] (Core JavaScript) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
E.3 Array (Core JavaScript) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
E.4 Boolean (Core JavaScript) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
E.5 console (Client-Side JavaScript) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
E.6 Date (Core JavaScript) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
E.7 document (Client-Side JavaScript) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
E.8 Element (Client-Side JavaScript) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
E.9 Event (Client-Side JavaScript) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
E.10 Function (Core JavaScript) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
E.11 Global Variables, Functions, and Objects (Core JavaScript) . . . . . . 406
E.12 Math (Core JavaScript) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
E.13 Node (Client-Side JavaScript) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
E.14 Number (Core JavaScript) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
E.15 Object (Core JavaScript) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
E.16 String (Core JavaScript) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
E.17 window (Client-Side JavaScript) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

x Contents
 Acknowledgments

A huge thank you goes to the guys at Taylor and Francis, especially to my editor Randi
Cohen for her enthusiasm for the whole project, my project coordinator Ashley We-
instein, who oversaw production attentively, and technical reviewers for their detailed
comments making the whole book more enjoyable. Many thanks also to the proof-
reader for correcting typos and grammar. Indeed, it was a great pleasure to work with
such a professional team.

Honestly, all this wouldn’t have happened were it not for Igor and the other guys from
the morning-coffee crew, who suggested that I should really write a book. Thanks,
chaps, it cost me a year of my life. Thank you to all my amazing students for sitting
through my programming lectures and asking nasty questions. Man, how should I
know all that? I shall not forget to also thank the other teaching staff from the team.
The joy of working together is immeasurable. I’m deeply indebted to Žiga, who had
painstakingly read the whole manuscript before releasing it to the wild. (I sincerely
hope you spotted all the silly mistakes so I don’t make a fool of myself.) Thank you,
Andrej, for technical advice on preparing the camera-ready PDF. Those are really
details that make a difference. A thousand thanks go to Tanja and Tadej for that little
push that did the trick. You are terrific!

I also wish to extend my considerable gratitude to everyone that gave away their pre-
cious time, energy, and invaluable expertise answering questions on forums, posting
on blogs, and writing all those wonderful LATEXpackages. It’s impossible to list you
all by name because I’m contracted for only 400 or so pages.

A colossal thank you goes out to my mom and dad for instantiating and personalizing
me. It wasn’t the easiest assignment in the world but you did a marvelous job! Many
thanks to my second parents, Dana and Ivo, for telling me that I should also eat if I am
ever to finish the book. A zillion thanks go out to my close family. Thank you, Erik, for
patiently checking which page I am on with an I-want-my-daddy-back determination;
and thank you, Monika, for tons of understanding and supportive coffee mugs. I love
you!

I am also thankful for the support of the Ministry of Education, Science, and Sport of
the Republic of Slovenia within the research program P2-0246—Algorithms and Opti-

xi
mization Methods in Telecommunications, which made possible some of the research
for this book.

And, of course, thank you, the reader. Without you, this book wouldn’t make much
sense, would it?

—Iztok Fajfar (iztok.fajfar.eu), March 2015

xii Acknowledgments
 Introduction

Easy to Use
Normally, putting honey in my tea is not a particularly demanding task, but that morn-
ing my hand was paralyzed in astonishment, trying to do its routine job of pouring
some honey in the steaming cup. Honey labels usually say things like “All Natural,”
“Contains Antioxidants,” or “With Grandma’s Recipe Book.” Over time, I’ve got used
to more absurd labels like “Improved New Flavor” or “Gathered by Real Bees.” The
label that knocked me out was surprisingly plain, with an award-winning message
printed on it: “Easy to Use.” I don’t recall honey ever being hard to use, except maybe
when it crystallizes, or when I was six months old, but that’s probably not exactly
what the author of the message had in mind.

You can also buy programming books that promise easy and quick learning, even as
fast as in 24 hours. An average adult can read a novel in 24 hours. But let’s face it, no
one can read—let alone understand and learn—a 500-page technical book in 24 hours.
While using honey is not difficult even when it doesn’t explicitly say so, learning to
program is not easy. It can be fun if you’re motivated and have decent material to
study from, but it’s also an effort. If you’re not ready to accept that, then this book
is not for you. Otherwise, I invite you to join Maria, Mike, and me at exploring the
exciting world of computer programming. It’s going to be fun but it’s also going to be
some work.

About the Book

This handbook is a manual for undergraduate students of engineering and natural
science fields written in the form of a dialog between two students and a professor
discovering how computer programming works. It is organized in 13 thematic meet-
ings with explanations and discussions, supported by gradual evolution of engaging
working examples of live web documents and applications using HTML, CSS, and
JavaScript. You will see how the three mainstream languages interact, and learn some
of the essential practices of using them to your advantage. At the end of each meeting
there is a practical homework, which is always discussed at the beginning of the next
meeting. There is also a list of related keywords to help you review important topics

xiii
of each meeting.

The general structure of the book is multilayered: the basic language syntax and rules
are fleshed out with contents and structure while still keeping things simple and man-
ageable, something that many introductory textbooks lack.

The main body of the text is accompanied by five appendices. The first of them con-
tains a solution of the last homework, the second summarizes (also with examples)
some major directions in which you can continue your study, including hints on some
of the relevant sources. The last three appendices are abbreviated references of the
three languages used in the book.

There will be situations when you need to use yet more languages and technologies in
order to get the job done. Some such situations are gently dealt with in this book. For
example, you will learn just enough about a Server Side Includes language to be able
to include external HTML code, which will save you a tremendous amount of time
and energy.

Is This Book for Me?

If you know absolutely nothing about computer programming and want to learn, this
is the book for you. It has been written with a complete beginner in mind in the first
place.

If you have been exposed to programming before, you might find the book useful
as well. Today, many people learn from examples and forums, and thus acquired
knowledge is mostly skills and not much theory. If you ever want to build more
serious software, you need a firm and systematic understanding of what is going on.
You need a framework to which you can systematically attach your partial skills to
form a sound structure of connected knowledge. Hopefully, this book can give you
this as well.

Last but not least, if you’re a teacher of an introductory programming course, you
might find a handful of useful examples and approaches for your classes on the few
hundred pages that follow.

But most likely, as there are as many learning styles as there are learners, you will
have to find out for yourself whether or not this book is for you.

How to Avoid Reading the Whole Book

Don’t panic! If you are only up to JavaScript programming, you can just read Meeting
1 to get a basic idea of what HTML is (you need this in order to be able to run the
JavaScript examples in this book), and then you can immediately skip to Meeting
6—more specifically, Section 6.3. There are some examples involving CSS in the
JavaScript part but they won’t stand in the way of your learning JavaScript. Later, if
you feel like it, you can just as well skim over Meeting 3, where you can get the basic
idea of what CSS is all about.

xiv Introduction
For Your Safety
This book is not about cutting-edge web technologies, so you don’t need any pro-
tective equipment. It is more about general computer programming and some web-
related principles using the mainstream web languages HTML, CSS, and JavaScript
as examples. Some of the principles are over 40 years old, but are extremely important
because they allow you to write cleaner and more easily maintainable code, and they
will not go away just like that.

It’s a busy world, and the sixth edition of ECMAScript standard (the standardized
version of JavaScript) has just entered the official publication process. The good news
is that it only introduces additions to its predecessor, so the essential concepts stay.
Also, while CSS3 isn’t completely finished yet, there already exist some so-called
“level 4” CSS modules. Fortunately, they are also just additions to the CSS standard
and there are no serious plans for a single CSS4 specification on the horizon. This
book pays attention to the basic concepts that have matured with the latest HTML5,
CSS3, and ECMAScript 5 standards to the point where it seems these concepts are
going to persist for some time.

The Software Used

In researching this book, I used Google Chrome and Notepad++ v6.5.3 (notepad-plus-
plus.org ) on a Windows 7 Professional SP1 64bit operating system. I also used the
EasyPHP DevServer 13.1 VC11 web development server (www.easyphp.org ). How-
ever, you will be able to follow most of the examples and experiments in this book
using any modern browser and plain text editor. They are already installed on your
computer, so you can start experimenting right away.

Conventions Used in This Book

The following typographical conventions are used in this book:

A monospaced font is used for all code listings and everything that you normally
type on a keyboard, including keys and key combinations.

A monospaced italic font is used as a general placeholder to mark items that

you should replace with an actual value or expression in your code.

An italic font is used to indicate the first appearance of a term, or as an emphasis.

A sans serif font is used to indicate a menu item.

A sans serif italic font is used to indicate URLs and file names and extensions.

Feedback and Supporting Online Material

I deeply appreciate having any comments, suggestions, or errors found brought to my
attention at the email address start-programming@fajfar.eu. You will find source code
of the examples in this book and some additional materials and problems for each
chapter at fajfar.eu/start-programming.

Introduction xv
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