UNIT - II
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
Style Sheet Languages
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
Applies to (X)HTML as well as XML documents
in general.
Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL)
Often used to transform one XML document to
another form, but can also add style.
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CSS Introduction
A styled HTML document
produced by the style sheet style1.css:
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CSS Introduction
link element associates style sheet with doc.
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CSS Introduction
type attribute specifies style language used
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CSS Introduction
href attribute provides style sheet URL
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CSS Introduction
title attribute provides style sheet name
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CSS Introduction
Alternative, user selectable style sheets
can be specified
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CSS Introduction
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CSS Introduction
A styled HTML document
produced by the style sheet style2.css:
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CSS Introduction
Single document can be displayed on multiple
media platforms by tailoring style sheets:
This document will be printed differently than it
is displayed.
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CSS Syntax
Parts of a style rule (or statement)
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CSS Syntax:
Selector Strings
Single element type:
Multiple element types:
All element types:
Specific elements by id:
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CSS Syntax:
Selector Strings
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CSS Syntax:
Selector Strings
Elements belonging to a style class:
class selector: begins with a period .
Referencing a style class in HTML:
Elements of a certain type and class:
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CSS Syntax:
Selector Strings
Elements belonging to a style class:
Referencing a style class in HTML:
this span belongs to three style classes
Elements of a certain type and class:
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CSS Syntax:
Selector Strings
Elements belonging to a style class:
Referencing a style class in HTML:
Elements of a certain type and class:
This rule applies only to span’s belonging to class special
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CSS Syntax:
Selector Strings
Source anchor elements:
pseudo-classes
Element types that are descendents:
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CSS Syntax:
Selector Strings
Source anchor elements:
Element types that are descendants:
rule applies to li element that is
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CSS Syntax:
Selector Strings
Source anchor elements:
Element types that are descendants:
rule applies to li element that is
part of the content of an ol element
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CSS Syntax:
Selector Strings
Source anchor elements:
Element types that are descendants:
rule applies to li element that is
part of the content of an ol element
that is part of the content of a ul element
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CSS Syntax
Style rules covered thus far follow ruleset
syntax
At-rule is a second type of rule
URL relative to style sheet URL
Reads style rules from specified URL
Must appear at beginning of style sheet
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Style Sheets and HTML
Style sheets referenced by link HTML element
are called external style sheets
Style sheets can be embedded directly in HTML
document using style element
Most HTML elements have style attribute (value
is list of style declarations)
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Style Sheets and HTML
Rules of thumb:
Use external style sheets to define site-wide style
Prefer style sheets (either external or embedded)
to style attributes
XML special characters
Must use references in embedded style sheets and
style attribute
Must not use references in external style sheets
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CSS Rule Cascade
What if more than one style declaration
applies to a property of an element?
The CSS rule cascade determines which
style rule’s declaration applies.
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CSS Rule Cascade
To find the value for an element/property
combination, user agents must apply the
following sorting order:
1- Find all declarations that apply to the
element and property in question, for the
target media type. Declarations apply if the
associated selector matches the element in
question.
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CSS Rule Cascade
2- The primary sort of the declarations is by weight
and origin: for normal declarations, author style
Five origin / weight
sheets override user style sheets which override the levels:
default style sheet. 1. user/important
2. author/important
For "!important" declarations, user style sheets 3. author/normal
4. user/normal
override author style sheets which override the
5. user agent/
default style sheet. "!important" declaration override normal
normal declarations. An imported style sheet has the
same origin as the style sheet that imported it. 27
CSS Rule Cascade
3- The secondary sort is by specificity of selector: more
specific selectors will override more general ones. Pseudo-
elements and pseudo-classes are counted as normal elements
and classes, respectively.
Specificity:
1.style attribute
2. rule with selector:
1. ID
2. class/pseudo-class
3. descendant/element type
4. universal
3. HTML attribute
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CSS Rule Cascade
4- Finally, sort by order specified: if two rules have the same
weight, origin and specificity, the latter specified wins. Rules in
imported style sheets are considered to be before any rules in the
style sheet itself.
Conceptually, create one long style sheet.
Later style rules have higher priority than
earlier rules.
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CSS Inheritance
Generally, the property value is inherited
from the nearest ancestor element that has a
value for the property.
If no ancestor has a value (or the property
does not inherit) then CSS defines an initial
value that is used.
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CSS Inheritance
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CSS Inheritance
Property values:
Specified: value contained in declaration
Absolute: value can be determined without reference to
context (e.g., 2cm)
Relative: value depends on context (e.g., larger)
Computed: absolute representation of relative value
(e.g., larger might be 1.2 x parent font size)
Actual: value actually used by browser (e.g.,
computed value might be rounded)
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CSS Inheritance
Most properties inherit computed value.
Example : line-height
A little thought can usually tell you
whether a property inherits or not
Example: height does not inherit
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CSS Font Properties
A font is a mapping from code points to glyphs.
Glyph (visual representation)
Character cell
(content area) 34
CSS Font Properties
A font is a mapping from code points to glyphs.
Glyphs do not necessary stay inside cells!
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CSS Font Properties
A font family is a collection of related fonts
(typically differ in size, weight, etc.)
font-family property can accept a list of
families, including generic font families.
First choice font
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CSS Font Properties
A font family is a collection of related fonts
(typically differ in size, weight, etc.)
font-family property can accept a list of
families, including generic font families.
Second choice font
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CSS Font Properties
A font family is a collection of related fonts
(typically differ in size, weight, etc.)
font-family property can accept a list of
families, including generic font families.
Generic
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CSS Font Properties
Generic
fonts are
system-
specific
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CSS Font Properties
Note that most generic font can be easily
set on Firefox and Chrome, but such option
doesn’t seem to be available on IE 7 and 8.
IE will still default to something.
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CSS Font Properties
Many properties, such as font-size, have a value that is
a CSS length.
All CSS length values except 0 need units.
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CSS Font Properties
Computed value of
font-size
property
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CSS Font Properties
Reference font defines em and ex units
Normally, reference font is the font of the
element being styled.
Exception: Using em/ex to specify value for
font-size.
Parent element’s font is
reference font
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CSS Font Properties
Other ways to specify value for
font-size :
Percentage (of parent font-size)
Absolute size keyword : xx-small, x-small,
small, medium (initial value), large,
x-large, xx-large
User agent specific; should differ by ~ 20%
Relative size keyword : smaller, larger
Relative to parent element’s font.
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CSS Font Properties
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CSS Font Properties
Text is rendered using line boxes
Height of line box given by line-height
Initial value: normal (i.e., cell height; relationship with
em height is font-specific)
Other values (following are equivalent):
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CSS Font Properties
When line-height is greater than cell height
:
Inheritance of line-height:
Specified value if normal or unit-less number.
Computed value otherwise.
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CSS Font Properties
font shortcut property :
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CSS Font Properties
font shortcut property:
Initial values used if no value specified
in font
property list (that is, potentially reset)
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CSS Font Properties
font shortcut property:
specifying line-height (here, twice cell height)
any order size and family required,
order-dependent 50
CSS Text Formatting
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CSS Text Color
Font color specified by color property.
Two primary ways of specifying colors:
Color name: black, gray, silver, white, red, lime,
blue, yellow, aqua, fuchsia, maroon, green, navy,
olive, teal, purple, full list at
http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/types.html#Color
Keywords
red/green/blue (RGB) values
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CSS Text Color
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CSS Text Color
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CSS Box Model
Every rendered element occupies a box:
(or outer edge)
(or inner edge)
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CSS Box Model
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CSS Box Model
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CSS Box Model
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CSS Box Model
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CSS Box Model
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CSS Box Model
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CSS Box Model
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CSS Box Model
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CSS Box Model
If multiple declarations apply to a property,
the last declaration overrides earlier
specifications
Left border is 30px wide,
inset style, and red
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Backgrounds
background-color
Specifies background color for content, padding,
and border areas
Margin area is always transparent
Not inherited; initial value transparent
background-image
Specifies (using url() function) image that will be
tiled over an element.
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Backgrounds
<body style="background-image:url('CucumberFlowerPot.png')">
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Normal Flow Layout
In normal flow processing, each displayed element
has a corresponding box
html element box is called initial containing block and
corresponds to entire document
Boxes of child elements are contained in boxes of parent
Sibling block elements are laid out one on top of the
other
Sibling inline elements are one after the other
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Normal Flow Layout
(body)
(html)
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Normal Flow Layout
Block
elements
only
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Normal Flow Layout
html
body
div d1
div d2
div d3
div d4
Top edges of
block boxes are
in document order
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Normal Flow Layout
Block element :
Element with value block specified for its
display property.
User agent style sheet (not CSS) specifies default
values; typical block elements include html, body,
p, pre, div, form, ol, ul, dl, hr, h1 through
h6.
Most other elements except li and table-related have
inline specified for display.
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Normal Flow Layout
When blocks stack, adjacent margins are
collapsed to the size of the larger margin.
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Normal Flow Layout
Initial value of width property is auto, which
for block boxes means to make the content area as
wide as possible within margin/padding constraints:
Width of block boxes
increases as browser
client area is widened
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Normal Flow Layout
Can also specify CSS length or percentage
(of parent’s content width) for width
property
By default, width of right margin is
adjusted to accommodate a change
to width
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Normal Flow Layout
Can also specify CSS length or percentage
(of parent’s content width) for width
property
Centering can be achieved by setting
both margins to auto
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Normal Flow Layout
Boxes corresponding to character cells and
inline elements are laid out side by side in line
boxes that are stacked one on top of the other
Heights
based on
content
Character cells aligned by baseline
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Normal Flow Layout
Padding/borders/margins affect width but
not height of inline boxes
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Normal Flow Layout
Specify value for vertical-align to position
an inline element within line box:
initial
value of
vertical-
align
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Beyond Normal Flow
CSS allows for boxes to be positioned
outside the normal flow:
Relative positioning
span’s shifted backwards relative to normal flow
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Beyond Normal Flow
CSS allows for boxes to be positioned
outside the normal flow:
Float positioning
span taken out of normal
flow and “floated” to the
left of its line box
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Beyond Normal Flow
CSS allows for boxes to be positioned
outside the normal flow:
Absolute positioning
span’s removed from
normal flow and
positioned relative
to another box
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Beyond Normal Flow
Properties used to specify positioning:
position: static (initial value), relative, or
absolute
Element is positioned if this property not static
Properties left, right, top, bottom apply to positioned
elements
Primary values are auto (initial value) or CSS length
float: none, left, or right
Applies to elements with static and relative
positioning only
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Beyond Normal Flow
Relative positioning
Specifying positive value for right property of
relatively positioned box moves it to left
<span style="background-color:red">
</span><span class="right">Red</span>
span
containing
text moves
left
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Beyond Normal Flow
Relative positioning
Specifying negative value for left property
also moves box to left
<span style="background-color:red">
</span><span class="right">Red</span>
same
effect as
before
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Beyond Normal Flow
Float positioning
Specify value for float property
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Beyond Normal Flow
Float positioning
Specify value for float property
Floated element becomes a CSS block
element (e.g., can set height and width)
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Beyond Normal Flow
Absolute positioning
Specify location for corner of box relative to
positioned containing block
p elements are positioned (but don’t move!)
margin area
padding area
containing This second paragraph has a
block note.
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Beyond Normal Flow
Absolute positioning
Specify location for edges of box relative to
positioned containing block
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Beyond Normal Flow
Absolute positioning
10em padding top
edge
padding left
edge
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Beyond Normal Flow
Absolute positioning
8em
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Beyond Normal Flow
Absolutely positioned box does not affect
positioning of other boxes!
Second absolutely
positioned box
obscures first
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CSS Position-Related Properties
z-index: drawing order for overlaid
boxes (largest number drawn last)
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CSS Position-Related Properties
display: value none means that element
and its descendants are not rendered and do
not affect normal flow
visibility: value hidden (initial
value is visible) means that element and its
descendants are not rendered but still do affect
normal flow
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