1 CSS for Styling
HTML
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<p>
<font face="Arial">Shashdot.</font>
News for <b>nerds!!</b> You will <i>never</i>, <u>EVER</u>
be
<font size="+4" color="red">BORED</font> here!
</p> HTML
Slashdot. News for nerds!! You will never, EVER be BORED
here!
output
Tags such as b, i, u, and font are discouraged in
strict XHTML
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Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
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Describes the appearance, layout, and presentation
of information on a web page
HTML describes the content of the page
Describes how information is to be displayed, not
what is being displayed
Can be embedded in HTML document or placed
into a separate .css file
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With style sheets we can
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Add style markup to individual HTML elements
(called inline style).
Create sequences of style instructions in the head
of an HTML document (called an internal style
sheet).
Refer to a separate stand-alone style sheet via a
link or other reference (called an external style
sheet) inside your HTML document.
Style an HTML document differently depending on
whether it's being viewed on a desktop computer
or a mobile phone.
Inline styles: the style attribute
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<p style="font-family: sans-serif; color: red;">
This is a paragraph</p>
HTML
This is a paragraph
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Higher precedence than embedded or linked styles
Used for one-time overrides and styling a particular element.
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Advantages of CSS
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CSS saves time - You can write CSS once and then
reuse same sheet in multiple HTML pages. You can
define a style for each HTML element and apply it
to as many web pages as you want.
Pages load faster - If you are using CSS, you do
not need to write HTML tag attributes every time.
Just write one CSS rule of a tag and apply to all the
occurrences of that tag. So, less code means faster
download times.
Advantages of CSS
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Easy maintenance - To make a global change,
simply change the style(s) in CSS file, and all
elements in all the web pages will be updated
automatically.
Superior styles to HTML - CSS has a much wider
array of attributes than HTML so you can give far
better look to your HTML page in comparison of
HTML attributes. Multiple device compatibility -
Style sheets allow content to be optimized for more
than one type of device.
Create dynamic pages: With CSS, anyone can
easily animate HTML elements with just a couple
Disadvantages of CSS
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Browser Compatibility: CSS works differently on
different browsers. Internet Explorer and Opera
supports CSS as different logic.
Lack of Variables: CSS contain no variables. This
makes it necessary to do a "replace-all" when one
desires to change a fundamental constant, such as
color schemes or various heights and widths.
Disadvantages of CSS
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Different Syntax to HTML: CSS was developed
independently of HTML and uses a different
syntax, so a web developer has to learn two sets of
formatting syntax instead of one. CSS syntax is
also rather clumsy and user-unfriendly.
Lack of Security: CSS is an open text-based
system. There is no security built-in, and anyone
with read/write access to a website can disrupt the
formatting by changing the CSS files.
4.2.3 CSS Syntax / CSS Rule
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A CSS comprises of style rules (CSS Rules) that are
interpreted by the browser and then applied to the
corresponding elements in your document.
A CSS rule has two main parts:
Selector: A selector is an HTML tag at which style will be
applied. This could be any tag like <h1> or <table> etc.
Declaration: Each declaration consists of a property and a value.
The property is the style attribute you want to change. Each
property has a value. A CSS declaration always ends with a
semicolon, and declaration groups are surrounded by curly brackets.
Basic CSS rule syntax
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selector {
property: value;
property: value;
...
property: value;
} CSS
p {
font-family: sans-serif;
color: red;
} CSS
Syntax of CSS style rule is as follows:
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Example: Selectors{property: value}
h1
{
color : blue;
font-size : 12px;
}
Syntax of CSS style
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You can also apply a style to many selectors by
adding a comma.
Ex
H1,H2,H3
{
color : blue;
font-size : 12px;
text-transform : lowercase;
}
Attaching a CSS file <link>
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<head>
...
<link href="filename" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" />
...
</head> HTML
<link href="style.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="http://www.google.com/uds/css/gsearch.css"
rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
HTML
A page can link to multiple style sheet files
In case of a conflict (two sheets define a style for the same HTML
element), the latter sheet's properties will be used
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Ex:
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<STYLE>
P, H2, H3
{
TEXT-ALIGN : CENTER;
COLOR: BULE;
FONT-WEIGHT: BOLD;
}
</STYLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<H2> HEADING-2 IS AFFECTED BY STYLE </H2>
<H3> HEADING-3 IS AFFECTED BY STYLE </H3>
<P> THIS PARAGRAPH IS AFFECTED BY STYLE </P>
</BODY>
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</HEAD>
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CSS properties for colors
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p {
color: red;
background-color: yellow;
}
CSS
This paragraph uses the style above output
property description
color color of the element's text
color that will appear behind the
background-color
element
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Specifying colors
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p { color: red; }
h2 { color: rgb(128, 0, 196); }
h4 { color: #FF8800; }
CSS
This paragraph uses the first style above
This h2 uses the second style above.
This h4 uses the third style above.
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color names: aqua, black, blue, fuchsia, gray, green, lime, maroon,
navy, olive, purple, red, silver, teal, white (white), yellow
RGB codes: red, green, and blue values from 0 (none) to 255 (full)
hex codes: RGB values in base-16 from 00 (0, none) to FF (255,
Grouping styles
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p, h1, h2 {
color: green;
}
h2 {
background-color: yellow;
} CSS
This paragraph uses the above style.
This h2 uses the above styles.
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A style can select multiple elements separated by commas
The individual elements can also have their own styles
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CSS comments /*…*/
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/* This is a comment.
It can span many lines in the CSS file. */
p {
color: red; background-color: aqua;
} CSS
CSS (like HTML) is usually not commented as rigorously as
programming languages such as Java
The // single-line comment style is NOT supported in CSS
The <!-- ... --> HTML comment style is also NOT supported
in CSS
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CSS properties for fonts
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property description
font-family which font will be used
font-size how large the letters will be drawn
font-style used to enable/disable italic style
font-weight used to enable/disable bold style
Complete list of font properties CSS Fonts (w3schools.com)
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font-family
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p {
font-family: Georgia;
}
h2 {
font-family: "Courier New";
} CSS
This paragraph uses the first style above.
This h2 uses the second style above.
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Enclose multi-word font names in quotes
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More about font-family
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p {
font-family: Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif;
} CSS
This paragraph uses the above style.
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We can specify multiple fonts from highest to lowest priority
Generic font names:
serif, sans-serif, cursive, fantasy, monospace
If the first font is not found on the user's computer, the
next is tried
Placing a generic font name at the end of your font-family
value, ensures that every computer will use a valid font
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font-size
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p {
font-size: 24pt;
} CSS
This paragraph uses the style above.
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units: pixels (px) vs. point (pt) vs. m-size (em)
16px, 16pt, 1.16em
vague font sizes: xx-small , x-small , small , medium, large, x-large, xx-
large, smaller, larger
percentage font sizes, e.g.: 90%, 120%
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font-size
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p {
font-size: 24pt;
} CSS
This paragraph uses the style above.
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pt specifies number of point, where a point is 1/72 of an
inch onscreen
px specifies a number of pixels on the screen
em specifies number of m-widths, where 1 em is equal to the
font's current size
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font-weight, font-style
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p {
font-weight: bold;
font-style: italic;
} CSS
This paragraph uses the style above.
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Either of the above can be set to normal to turn them off (e.g.
headings)
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CSS properties for text
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property description
text-align alignment of text within its element
text-decoration decorations such as underlining
line-height,
gaps between the various portions of
word-spacing,
the text
letter-spacing
indents the first letter of each
text-indent
paragraph
Complete list of text properties (http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_reference.asp#text)
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text-align
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blockquote { text-align: justify; }
h2 { text-align: center; }
CSS
The Gollum’s Quote
We wants it, we needs it. Must have the precious. They stole it from us.
Sneaky little hobbitses. Wicked, tricksy, false!
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text-align can be left, right, center, or
justify
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text-decoration
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p {
text-decoration: underline;
} CSS
This paragraph uses the style above.
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can also be overline, line-through, blink, or
none
effects can be combined:
text-decoration: overline underline;
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The list-style-type property
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ol { list-style-type: lower-roman; }
CSS
Possible values:
i. none : No marker
ii. disc (default), circle, square
iii. Decimal: 1, 2, 3, etc.
iv. decimal-leading-zero: 01, 02, 03, etc.
v. lower-roman: i, ii, iii, iv, v, etc.
vi. upper-roman: I, II, III, IV, V, etc.
vii. lower-alpha: a, b, c, d, e, etc.
viii. upper-alpha: A, B, C, D, E, etc.
x. lower-greek: alpha, beta, gamma, etc.
others: hebrew, armenian, georgian, cjk-ideographic, hiragana…
Body styles
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body {
font-size: 16px;
}
CSS
Applies a style to the entire body of your page
Saves you from manually applying a style to each element
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Cascading Style Sheets
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Properties of an element cascade together in this
order:
browser's default styles
external style sheet files (in a <link> tag)
internal style sheets (inside a <style> tag in the page's
header)
inline style (the style attribute of the HTML element)
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Inheriting styles
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body { font-family: sans-serif; background-color:
yellow; }
p { color: red; background-color: aqua; }
a { text-decoration: underline; }
h2 { font-weight: bold; text-align: center; }
CSS
This is a heading
A styled paragraph. Previous slides are available on the website.
• A bulleted list
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when multiple styles apply to an element, they are inherited
a more tightly matching rule can override a more general
inherited rule
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Styles that conflict
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p, h1, h2 { color: blue; font-style: italic; }
h2 { color: red; background-color: yellow; }
CSS
This paragraph uses the first style above.
This heading uses both styles above.
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when two styles set conflicting values for the same property,
the latter style takes precedence
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CSS properties for backgrounds
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property description
background-color color to fill background
background-image image to place in background
placement of bg image within
background-position
element
whether/how bg image should be
background-repeat
repeated
background-attachment whether bg image scrolls with page
shorthand to set all background
background
properties
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background-position
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body {
background-image: url("images/draft.jpg");
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-position: 370px 20px;
} CSS
value consists of two tokens, each of which can be top, left,
right, bottom, center, a percentage, or a length value in px, pt,
etc.
value can be negative to shift left/up by a given amount
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All CSS Simple Selectors
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Selector Example Example description
#id #firstname Selects the element with id="firstname"
.class .intro Selects all elements with class="intro"
element.class p.intro Selects only <p> elements with class="intro"
* * Selects all elements
element p Selects all <p> elements
element,element div, p Selects all <div> elements and all <p> elements
,..
Selector Example Example description
.class .intro Selects all elements with class="intro"
.class1.class2 .name1.name2 Selects all elements with both name1 and name2 set
within its class attribute
.class1 .class2 .name1 .name2 Selects all elements with name2 that is a descendant
of an element with name1
#id #firstname Selects the element with id="firstname"
[attribute$= a[href$=".pdf"] Selects every <a> element whose href attribute value
value] ends with ".pdf"
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Id and Class Selectors
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In addition to setting a style for a HTML element,
CSS allows you to specify your own selectors
called "id" and "class".
(a) Id Selector: You can define the style rules based
on the Id attribute of the HTML elements. All the
elements having that Id will be formatted according
to the defined rule.
The id selector uses the Id attribute of the HTML
element, and is defined with a "#" symbol.
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<STYLE>
#P1
{
TEXT-ALIGN: CENTER;
COLOR: RED;
</STYLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<P>ID="P1">GOOD MORNING</P>
<P>THIS PARAGRAPH IS NOT AFFECTED BY THE STYLE.
</P>H2 ID="P1">HAVE A NICE DAY</H2>
<H2> THIS HEADING IS NOT AFFECTED BY THE STYLE </H2>
</BODY>
</HTML>
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Class Selector
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You can also define style rules based on the class
attribute of the <HTML> elements. All the
elements having that class will be formatted
according to the defined rule. This allows you to
set a particular style for many HTML elements
with the same class. The class selector uses the
HTML class attribute, and is defined with a ”.”
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<HTML>
<HEAD>
<STYLE>
.CLS
{
TEXT-ALIGN: CENTER;
}
</STYLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<H2 CLASS="CLS">
CENTER-ALIGNED HEADING
</H2>
<P CLASS="CLS">CENTER-ALIGNED PARAGRAPH.
</P>
</BODY>
</HTML>
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