introduction to html and css for beginners

HTML
CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION OF HTML
• OBJECTIVE OF HTML
• WORLD WIDE WEB
• HTML TOOLS
• HTML TERMINOLGY
• HOW TO CREATE AN HTML
DOCUMENT
• SAVING & VIEWING A HTML
DOCUMENT
• TEXT TEGS
• SPECIAL CHARTACTER
• ADVANTAGES OF HTML
• DISADVANTAGES OF HTML

INTRODUCTION
OF HTML
HTML is a language for describing
web pages.
HTML stands
for Hyper Text Markup Language
HTML is not a programming
language, it is a markup language
A markup language is a set
of markup tags
HTML uses markup tags to describe
web pages

• HTML is used to create
documents on the World Wide
Web. It consists of key words
called 'tags' that help structure
the content for display in a web
browser.
• HTML is platform-independent,
compatible with Windows, Linux,
Macintosh, and others. It marks
up elements such as headings,
paragraphs, tables, etc.,
essential for web display.
• To view a marked-up document,
users open it in a browser. The
browser interprets HTML tags,
identifies document structure,
and determines presentation.
• HTML also includes tags for
enhancing document
appearance with graphics, font
sizes, and colors. Users can
create Hypertext Links
(Hyperlinks) to link to other
documents or different sections
within the same document.

OBJECTIVE OF HTML
create, save and view a HTML document
format a web page using section heading tags
describe Ordered and Unordered lists
explain graphics in HTML document
describe hypertext links and making text/image link

WORLD WIDE
WEB
• The World Wide
Web (abbreviated
as WWW or W3 and commonly
known as the Web) is a system of
interlinked hypertext documents
accessed via the Internet. With
a web browser, one can
view web pages that may contain
text, images, videos, and
other multimedia and navigate
between them via hyperlinks.

HTML TOOLS
There are two primary tools
essential for working with HTML:
HTML Editor: This software is used to
create and save HTML documents. HTML
editors can be categorized into two types:
• Text-based or code-based editors: These allow
users to directly manipulate and view the HTML
code while creating documents. Examples include
Notepad and Netscape Composer.

HTML TOOLS
Web Browser: This application is used to
view and test HTML documents. Web
browsers interpret HTML-encoded files and
render them as text, images, sounds, and
other multimedia elements visible to users
Web browsers are essential software that must
be installed on a user's computer to access and
interact with content on the World Wide Web.

HTML
TERMINOLGY
1. Tag: Tags are enclosed in angle
brackets and define elements
within an HTML document. For
example, `<HTML>` signifies the
start of an HTML document. Tags in
HTML can be categorized into two
types:
- Paired Tags: These consist of an
opening tag and a closing tag, with
content placed between them. The
opening tag identifies the beginning
(`<tag>`) and the closing tag
identifies the end (`</tag>`).
- Unpaired Tags: Also known as
singular or stand-alone tags, these
do not require a closing tag and are
self-contained within a single tag,
such as ` `, `<hr>`, etc.
Commonly Used Terms in HTML

HTML
TERMINOLGY
2. Attribute: An attribute is a property of a
tag specified within the opening angle
brackets. Attributes provide additional
information to the browser about how the
tag should be displayed or behave.
Common attributes include `height`,
`color`, `width`, `src`, `border`, `align`, etc.
3. DTD (Document Type Definition): DTD is
a set of rules written in Standard
Generalized Markup Language (SGML) that
defines the structure and attributes of
HTML. It encompasses details about HTML
tags, entities, and the overall document
structure.
4. Element: An element represents a
structural component within an HTML
document, such as a title, paragraph, or
list. It consists of an opening tag, content
(which can include text, other elements, or
multimedia), and a closing tag
(`<tag>content</tag>`).
These terms are fundamental to understanding and effectively using HTML for
creating structured web documents.

HOW TO
CREATE AN
HTML
DOCUMENT
The essential tags that are
required to create a HTML
document are:
•
<HTML>.............</HTML>
• <HEAD>.............</HEAD>
• <BODY>.............</BODY>

HTML Tag
<HTML>
The <HTML> tag encloses all other HTML tags
and associated text within your document. It is
an optional tag. You can create an HTML
document that omits these tags, and your
browser can still read it and display it. But it is
always a good form to include the start and stop
tags. The format is:
<HTML>
Your Title and Document goes here
</HTML>
Most HTML tags have two parts, an opening tag
and closing tag. The closing tag is the same as
the opening tag, except for the slash
mark e.g. </HTML>.
The slash mark is always used in closing tags.

An HTML document has two distinct parts
<HTML>
<HEAD>
.............
.............
.............
</HEAD>
<BODY>
.............
.............
.............
</BODY>
</HTML>

HEAD Tag <HEAD>
The <HEAD> tag comes after the opening <HTML> tag in
an HTML document. It contains the <TITLE> tag, which is
used to give the document a title that displays on the
browser's title bar at the top. The format is:
The <TITLE> tag is essential for providing a brief and
descriptive title for the webpage. It helps users identify
and differentiate the webpage when multiple tabs are
open in a browser and is also used by search engines for
indexing purposes.

BODY Tag <BODY>
The `<BODY>` tag in HTML contains all the text,
graphics, and other HTML tags that format the
content of a web page:
HTML documents are created and edited using
text editors like Notepad or WordPad, with the
file extension `.htm` or `.html`. Web browsers
such as Internet Explorer or Netscape
Navigator are used to view these pages.

Attributes used with
<BODY>
BGCOLOR: This attribute is used to set the background
color for the entire HTML document. Example:
In this example, the background color of the document is set to
yellow.
TEXT: This attribute sets the color of the text within the HTML document.
Example:
Here, the color of the text in the document is changed to red.
These HTML attributes (`BGCOLOR` and `TEXT`) are used within the
`<BODY>` tag to define the visual appearance of the
background and text colors for the entire document.

Attributes used with <BODY>
LEFTMARGIN: Sets the left-hand margin of the document. Example:
This attribute controls the indentation from the left edge of the browser window.
TOPMARGIN: Sets the top margin of the document. Example:
This attribute controls the spacing from the top edge of the browser window.
These attributes (`LEFTMARGIN` and `TOPMARGIN`) can be used within the
`<BODY>` tag to adjust the layout and positioning of content within an HTML
document.`

BACKGROUND: This attribute is used to specify an image file (such as `.gif` or
`.jpeg`) that will be used as the background of the document. The specified
image will be tiled across the entire document. Example:
The `BACKGROUND` attribute in the `<BODY>` tag allows you to enhance the
visual appearance of your webpage by using an image as the background,
which is repeated across the document.
In this example, `filename.gif` is the image file that will be tiled as the
background of the HTML document.

Follow the steps to create and view in browser
Step 1: Open text editor
Step 2: Enter the following lines of code
These steps and code will create a basic HTML document with a title ("My First
Page") and body content ("WELCOME TO MY FIRST WEB PAGE"). Save this file
with a `.html` extension (e.g., `first_page.html`) and open it in a web browser to view
your first web page.

S A V I N G A N D V I E W I N G A H T M L
DOCUMENT
• Step-3: Save the file as myfirstpage.html (go to
File-Save As give File name: myfirstpage.html-
choose save as type: All Files-click save)
• Step-4: Viewing document in web browser
(open Internet Explorer-click on File-Open-
Browse-select the file myfirstpage.html-click
open-click ok

TEXT TEGS
• Text tag are dividing into two categories as:
-Character-level tags and attributes which
applies to formatting of individual letters or
words.
-Paragraph level tags and attributes which apply
=To formatting of sections of text.

Character Formatting Tag
• The character formatting tags are used to
specify how a particular text should be
displayed on the screen to distinguish certain
characters within the document.

The most common character
formatting tags are
• Boldface : displays text in BOLD
Example: Welcome to the Internet World 
Output: Welcome to the Internet World
• Italics : displays text in Italic
Example: Welcome to the Internet World 
Output: Welcome to the Internet World
• Subscript : displays text in Subscript
• Superscript : displays text in Superscript
• Small : displays text in smaller font as compared to normal font
• Big <BIG>: displays text in larger font as compared to normal font
• Underlinespecifies that the enclosed text be underline
Example: hello
Output: hello

Font Colors and Size:
• By using Tag one can specify the colors,
size of the text. Example:
 Your text goes here 
Attributes of are:
- COLOR: Sets the color of the text that will appear
on the
screen. It can be set by giving the value as #rr0000
for red (in RGB hexadecimal format), or by name.
Example: Your text goes
here

Font Colors and Size:<FONT
• SIZE: Sets the size of the text, takes value between 1 and
7, default is 3. Size can also be set relative to default size
for example; SIZE=+X, where X is any integer value and it
will add with the default size.
• Example:
 Font Size changes to 5 
• FACE: Sets the normal font type, provided it is installed on
the user’s machine.
• Example:
• the text will be displayed in
Arial

An HTML document formatText.html shows the use of
Character Formatting Tags.
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>
Use of Character Formatting Text Tags
</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<H1> Welcome to the world of Internet</H1>
It is a

Network of Networks

</BODY>
</HTML>

OUTPUT
Welcome to the world of Internet
It is a Network of Networks

MARQUEE TAG
• This tag is used text horizontally across the
screen.it is mainly used to deliver a specfic
message to the visitor or to scroll Ads on a
page.
• Example: <marquee> hello world></marquee>

Attributes of marquee tag
• Bgcolor : Sets the background color of the
marquee.
• Direction :Sets the direction of the marquee box
to either left-to-right, right-to-left, up-to-down
and down-to-up.
• Width: This sets how wide the marquee should
be.
• Loop: This sets how many times the marquee
should 'Loop' its text. Each trip counts as one
loop.

paragraph Formatting Tag
• Paragraph level formatting applies to
formatting of an entire portion of text unlike
character level tags where only individual
letters or words are formatted.

The most common paragraph
formatting tags are
• Using paragraph tag: 
T h i s t a g i n d i c a t e s a p a r a g r a p h ,u s e d
t o s e p a r a t e two paragraphs with a blank line.
• Example:
 Welcome to the world of HTML 
 First paragraph. Text of First paragraph goes here
• Output:
Welcome to the world of HTML
First paragraph. Text of First paragraph goes her

Using Line Break Tag: 
• The empty tag is used, where the text needs to start
from a new line and not continue on the same line. To get
every sentence on a new line, it is necessary to use a line
break.
• Example:
<BODY>National Institute of Open Schooling 
B-31B, Calipash Colony 
New Delhi-110048</BODY>
• Output:
National Institute of Open Schooling
B-31B, Calipash Colony
New Delhi-11004

Using Preformatted Text Tag: <PRE>
• <PRE> tag can be used, where it requires total control over s p a c i
n g a n d l i n e b r e a k s s u c h a s t y p i n g a p o e m . B
r o w s e r preserves your space and line break in the text written
inside the tag.
• Example:
<PRE>
B-31B, Kailash Colony
New Delhi-110048
</PRE>
• Output:
B-31B, Kailash Colony
New Delhi-11004

An HTML document control.html shows the use of ,
 and <PRE>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>
Use of Paragraph, Line break and preformatted text Tag
</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
HTML Tutorial

HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language
It is used for creating web page. It is very simple
and easy to learn.

An HTML document control.html shows the use of ,
 and <PRE>


HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. 
It is used for creating web page. It is very simple 
and easy to learn. 

<PRE>
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language
and easy to learn.
</PRE>
</BODY>
</HTML>

OUTPUT
• HTML Tutorial
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. It is used for
creating web page. It is very simple and easy to learn.
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language.
and easy to learn.
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language.
and easy to learn.

Using Horizontal Rule Tag: <HR>
• An empty tag <HR> basically used to draw lines and
horizontal rules. It can be used to separate two sections of
text.
• Example:
<BODY>
Your horizontal rule goes here. <HR>
The rest of the text goes here.
</BODY>
• Output:
Your horizontal rule goes here.
The rest of the text goes her

<HR> accepts following attributes
• SIZE: Determines the thickness of the horizontal rule. The value is given as a pixel
value.
Example: <HR SIZE="3">
• WIDTH: Specifies an exact width of HR in pixels, or arelative width as percentage of
the document width.
Example: <HR WIDTH="50%">, horizontal rule a width a 50 percent of the page width.
• ALIGN: Set the alignment of the rule to LEFT, RIGHT and CENTER. It is applicable if
it is not equal to width of the page.
• NOSHADE: If a solid bar is required, this attribute is used; it specifies that the
horizontal rule should not be shaded at all.
• COLOR: Set the color of the Horizontal rule.
Example: <HR COLOR="BLUE“>
Example of <HR> with its attribute:
<HR ALIGN=' 'CENTER' ' WIDTH=' '50%' ' SIZE=' '3" NOSHADE
COLOR="BLUE“>

HEADING: <H1>.............<H6>tags
HTML has six header tags <H1>,
<H2>...........<H6> used to specify section
headings. Text with header tags is displayed in
larger and bolder fonts than the normal body
text by a web browser. Every .header leaves a
blank line above and below it when displayed
in browse.

Example: An HTML document, headings.html shows
the different section headings
.
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>
Section Heading
</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<H1> This is Section Heading 1 </H1>
</BODY>
</HTML>

Viewing output of HTML document
headings.html in browse
This is Section Heading 1

SPECIAL CHARTACTER
• There are certain special characters that can be used
while creating document.Following are some special
character:
• Symbols Entity
©, ® &copy, &reg
¼, ½, ¾ &frac14, &frac12, &frac34
÷, <, >, ≤,≥ &divide, &lt, &gt, &le, &ge
& &amp
♣ ♠ ♥ &spades, &clubs, &hearts
All these special character must be ended with a
semicolon;

Example:
<PRE>
The copyright symbol is: &COPY;
The registered rank is: &REG;
</PRE>
• Output:
The copyright symbol is:©
The registered rank is:®

ADVANTAGES OF HTML
• Easy to use
• Loose syntax (although, being too flexible will not
comply with standards).
• Supported on almost every browser, if not all browsers.
• Widely used; established on almost every website, if
not all websites.
• Very similar to XML syntax, which is increasingly used
for data storage.
• Free - You need not buy any software.
• Easy to learn & code even for novice programmers.

DISADVANTAGES OF HTML
• It cannot produce dynamic output alone, since it is a static
language
• Sometimes, the structuring of HTML documents is hard to
grasp
• You have to keep up with deprecated tags, and make sure not
to use them
• Deprecated tags appear because another language that works
with HTML has replaced the original work of the tag; thus the
other language needs to be learned (most of the time, it is
CSS)
• Security features offered by HTML are limited

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