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2014

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Current Affairs

European Union
Origin & Evolution
Organization of European countries dedicated to increasing economic integration and
strengthening cooperation among its members. The European Union headquarters is
located in Brussels, Belgium. As of 2014 there are 28 countries in the EU.
The European Union was formally established on November 1, 1993.
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) of 1951, which became the European
Community (EC) in 1967. The original members of the EC were Belgium, France, West
Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, and Netherlands. Subsequently these nations
were joined by Denmark, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Portugal, and Spain.
In 1991 the governments of the 12 member states signed the Treaty on European Union
(commonly called the Maastricht Treaty).
The Maastricht Treaty transformed the EC into the EU. In 1995 Austria, Finland, and
Sweden joined the EU. In May 2004, 10 more countries were added, bringing the total
number of EU member countries to 25. The 10 new members were Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Two
more countries in Eastern EuropeRomania and Bulgariajoined the EU on January 1,
2007. Croatia being the 28th country joined in 2013.
Goals and Objectives
to promote and expand cooperation among member states in economics and trade,
social issues, foreign policy, security and defense, and judicial matters.
European citizenship to citizens of each member state.
Relaxing Border controls. Customs and immigration agreements to allow European
citizens greater freedom to live, work, and study in any of the member states.
Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), which introduced a single currency, the euro, for
EU members. In January 2002 the euro replaced the national currencies of 12 EU
member nations. As of 2014, 18 countries using Euro
Structure of EU
Three Pillars of European Union: Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and Justice
and Home Affairs (JHA) and European Community (EC) pillar.
Standing above the three pillars and in a position to coordinate activities across all of
them is the European Council.
The council is in strict legal terms not an EU institution.
It is the meeting place of the leaders of the national governments.
Its decisions are almost always unanimous but usually require intense bargaining.

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The council shapes the integration process and has been responsible for almost all EU
developments.
The European Commission is the highest administrative body in the EU.
It initiates, implements, and supervises policy. It is also responsible for the general
financial management of the EU and for ensuring that member states adhere to EU
decisions.
The commission is meant to be the engine of European integration, and it spearheaded
preparations for the single market and moves toward establishing the euro.
Commissioners are appointed by member governments and are supported by a large
administrative staff. One Commissioner from each country.
The Council of the European Union represents the national governments.
It is the primary decision-making authority of the EU and is the most important and
powerful EU body.1
Decision-making in the council is complex. A few minor questions can be decided by a
simple majority. Many issues, however, require what is called qualified majority voting
(QMV)2.
The Council of the European Union adopts proposals and issues instructions to the
European Commission.
The European Parliament (EP) is made up of 751 members who are directly elected by
the citizens of the EU. There are 13 recognized Euro parties.
Direct elections to the EP were implemented in 1979. Before that time, members were
appointed by the legislatures of the member governments. 8th in May 2014
It must be consulted about matters relating to the EU budget, which it can reject; it can
remove the European Commission as a body through a vote of no confidence; and it can
veto the accession of potential member states.
The European Parliaments influence is essentially negative:
a)
b)
c)
d)

It can block but rarely initiate legislation.

Its consultative opinions can be ignored.
It has no power over the Council of the European Union.
Its effectiveness is limited coz it conducts its business in 24 official languages,
with consequent huge translation costs.
e) Frequent calls for expanding the powers of the European Parliament, which
would increase the democratic accountability of the EU.

When the Council of the European Union meets, one government minister from each member state is present.
However, the minister for each state is not the same for every meeting. Each member state sends its government
minister who is most familiar with the topic at hand. For example, a council of defense ministers might discuss foreign
policy, whereas a council of agriculture ministers would meet to discuss crop prices
2 In QMV each country has an indivisible bloc of votes that is roughly proportional to its population. It takes two-thirds of the
total number of votes to make a qualified majority. QMV was introduced in some policy areas to replace the need for a
unanimous vote. This has made the decision-making process faster and easier because it prevents any one state from
exercising a veto. Since the Single European Act, QMV has been steadily extended to more areas. Many important
decisions, however, still require unanimous support.
1

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The European Court of Justice (ECJ) is the judicial arm of the EU. Each member country
appoints one judge to the court.
The ECJ is responsible for the law that the EU establishes for itself and its member
states.
It also ensures that other EU institutions and the member states conform to the
provisions of EU treaties and legislation.
The court has no direct links with national courts and no control over how they apply
and interpret national law, but it has established that EU law supersedes national law.
No appeal against it, have given the ECJ a powerful role in the EU. This role has, on
occasion, drawn criticism from both national governments and national courts
The Court of Auditors is made up of 28 members, one from each EU member state.
The court oversees the finances of the EU and ensures that all financial transactions are
carried out according to the EU budget and laws.
The court issues a yearly report to the Council of the European Union and the European
Parliament detailing its findings.
The European Central Bank (ECB) began operations in 1998. It is overseen by an
executive board that is chosen by agreement of EU member governments and includes
the ECB president and vice president. The ECB has exclusive authority for EU monetary
policy.
Problems in EU Structure
One of the major objectives of the European Union is to speak with one voice and to
have a unified policy position on world issues. This has been easier to achieve in
economics and trade than on political problems.
Common political positions have been hindered by conflicts between national interests,
despite close collaboration among EU member states and the development of common
foreign policy statements.
Such collaboration has not always resulted in common action. EU countries were
divided over the 1991 Persian Gulf War, the post-1991 crises in the former Yugoslavia,
and future relations with Russia and Eastern Europe.
In each instance, differences arose between members over how and to what extent the
EU should become involved in foreign policy problems, and what the results of any EU
action would be for members economies and political relationships.
The EU and Non-European Nations
Relations between the EU and the non-European industrialized countries, especially
the United States and Japan, have been both rewarding and frustrating. The EU follows
a protectionist policy, especially with respect to agriculture, which on occasion has led
the United States in particular to adopt retaliatory measures. The United States and
Japan are the largest markets outside Europe for EU products and are also the largest
non-European suppliers.

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The EU has been less protectionist when dealing with developing countries, which
receive more than one-third of its exports.
By the mid-1990s all underdeveloped countries could export industrial products to EU
nations duty free; many agricultural products that competed directly with those of the
EU could also enter duty free. In addition, the EU has reached special agreements with
many countries in Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific (so-called ACP countries).
In 1963 it signed a convention in Cameroon, offering commercial, technical, and
financial cooperation to 18 African countries.
In 1975 it signed a convention in Lom, Togo, with 46 ACP countries, granting them free
access to the EU for virtually all of their products, as well as providing industrial and
financial aid.
The Lom convention was renewed and extended to a total of 69 in 1989.
In 2000 the Lom convention was superseded by the Cotonou Agreement, which
provides a more wide-ranging and longer-term basis for the EUs relationship with ACP
countries.
Pakistan and European Union
The EU being Pakistan's most important trading partner taking 21.2% of Pakistan's total
exports.
EU-Pakistan trade with EU increased by almost 4.7% annually between 2007 and 2011.
Pakistani exports to the EU are dominated by textiles and clothing as well as leather
products. Textiles and clothing account for just under 75% of Pakistan's exports to the
EU.
Pakistan's imports from the EU mainly comprise mechanical and electrical machinery as
well as chemical and pharmaceutical products.
The EU supported the integration of Pakistan with the global economy by granting
Pakistan's exports to the EU reduced tariffs under the EU's Generalised Scheme of
Preferences. As a result around 80% of the textiles and clothing articles imported to the
EU from Pakistan enter the EU at a preferential tariff rate.
Trade diversification programs have been launched by the EU, to reduce the country's
reliance on the textiles and clothing sector.
GSP+ in a nutshell
The EU's "Generalised Scheme of Preferences" (GSP) allows developing country exporters to pay less
or no duties on their exports to the EU. This gives them vital access to EU markets and
contributes to their economic growth. The reformed GSP, which applies as from 1 January 2014,
focuses support on developing countries most in need. There are three main variants
(arrangements) of the scheme:
the standard/general GSP arrangement, which offers generous tariff reductions to
developing countries. Practically, this means partial or entire removal of tariffs on two
thirds of all product categories.

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the "GSP+"enhanced preferences means full removal of tariffs on essentially the same
product categories as those covered by the general arrangement. These are granted to
countries which ratify and implement international conventions relating to human and
labour rights, environment and good governance;
In December 2012, the EU identified a list of products that had become so competitive
that they no longer need support to be successfully exported to the EU. These products
will no longer receive GSP preferences as from 1 January 2014 until 31 December 2016
First ten countries qualified for the enhanced GSP+ preferences and started to benefit
from them as from 1 January 2014: including Pakistan.
Home Work:
a. Who leads EP and his name?
b. Who leads European Commission and his name?
c. Which 18 countries are using EURO as currency?
d. How many countries have applied for EU and their requests are pending?
e. What is Pakistan's current trade volume with EU and expected increase due to GSP+?
f. How many Pakistani items received GSP+?
g. NATO also has 28 members. EU, too, has 28 members. Are they same? If different then how
many and what are their names?
h. Out of total 751 seats of EP, which six countries have more than 50 number of seats?
Assignment Question:
a. SAARC can become an effective body if re-developed on EU model. Discuss

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Pakistan India Relations

1. Contextualizing Indo-Pak Conflict

a. Four Wars and two war like situations
b. Fundamental reason; Kashmir
c. 1971 episode put Pak into an insecure zone which led towards Militarization in
the region.
d. Idea of National Security State
e. 1st decade of 21st century as serious blow. 8 agendas stalled { Peace and Security
including CBMs, Jammu and Kashmir, Siachin, Sir Creek, Water projects,
terrorism and drug trafficking, economic and commercial cooperation,
promotion of friendly exchanges in many fields.}
f. Toxic relations but glimpses of peace ; 19 Agreements 1948-2009
g. On some recent dimensions.
2. Irritants in Indo-Pak Relations
a. Foreign Policy perspectives
Nehruvian School of thought
Indias Regional Policy
Indias Neighborhood policy
Pakistans Theory of Balance of Power
b.
c.
d.
e.

Disputed Territories
Cross Border Terrorism
The Water Bomb
Element of Mistrust

3. Can India Pakistan Peace Possible?

a. A peace process can be defined as concrete efforts by parties in dispute to seek
a resolution of their conflicts through dialogue and negotiations.
b. Peace process may be bilateral or with the support of third party.
c. Indo Pak peace process: Not a myth
d. Existence of an Indo-Pak peace process is evidenced by four reasons;
both countries regularly engaged in bilateral talks to
resolve issues i.e. border demarcations, boundary
adjustments, water distribution, trade and commerce,
protection of minorities, Kashmir, conventional and
nuclear CBMs.
Indo Pak talks yielded a large number of agreements that
has a fair compliance record, if not up to mark, by each
country
Despite lack of Agreement on Kashmir both since mid of
1990s made attempts to push peace process forward.

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Nuclearisation and World pressure; Washingtons role in
defusing crisis.

e. Hurdles in the path of Peace

Clash of opposing Ideologies
Pakistans India Fear
Legacy of Partition
Kashmir Factor
Extremist elements on both sides

f.

Remedies/ Suggestions
Revisiting Traditional stands: Kashmir first
Broader cooperation
Trade as tool
Addressing LoC skirmishes
Avoiding Blame game
Promoting Harmony of Interest
Reconstructing National narratives
Cultural exchange programs
Cultural contacts
Using SAARC as tool
Sports Diplomacy

4. Pakistan-India and Kashmir

a. contextualizing Kashmir issue

b. Article 370, Indra-Shaikh Accord 1974
c. Solutions on Kashmir
The Status Quo {acceptable for Indian, not for Pakistan}
Dixon Plan 1950
An Independent Kashmir 1960s
Chenab Line Formula 1960s {now impractical}
Musharaf Plan
5. Most Favored Nation Debate

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PAK-IRAN RELATIONS

Contextualizing Relations: Pre-Islamic revolution era

The first Country
a. first to accept
b. First visit to Iran
c. Shahs first visit to Pakistan
d. 1950 Oil agreement: Treaty of Friendship
Pro-US approach
a. CENTO 1955
Irans support in Wars
Economic ties: RCD 21st July 1964
Cultural and Academic Exchange Program 1965
Irans stand on Kashmir
Post-Islamic Revolution era
Pakistans support for Islamic regime
Support during Iran-Iraq War
Khomainis demise and Pakistans response
Bilateral trade agreement 1988
Energy security agreement 1995
Atom for Peace Cooperation 1987
Conflict of Interest on Afghanistan
Iran-US strand off and Pakistans response
Current Economic Standings
Trade volume 3 billion US dollar, expected to reach 5
Per capita Income as of 2013-14 economic survey 6000: 1400 approx.
Pakistan is the fifth largest economic and trade partner of Iran
Iran is the second largest market of Basmati rice of Pakistan
Power Sector: 34 MW daily + 1000 MW has finalized
Iran Pakistan gas pipeline project
Common border markets in Taftan, Gwadar.
Irritants in Relations
Jundallah 2003 and Blame game
Cross-Border Terrorism: Recent Aspects
Balochistan factor: Shia/ Hazara sympathy by Iran
Gwadar vs Chabahar: An Indo-China rivalry

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PAK-TURKEY RELATIONS

Contextualizing Relations: Similarities and Dissimilarities

Idea of State
Military Interventions 60,71,80
Role and Image of Army: Different
Geo Strategic Location: Turkey the meeting point of civilizations

Similarities in Foreign Policy

Early Pro-western and Anti Soviet policy: CENTO
Rapprochement with USSR 1960s: analyzing the factors
Support in Wars
Support on East Pakistan
Turkish Kashmir stand
Perceptions on major international issues
a. Bosnian crisis
b. Gulf War
c. Soviet War
d. Palestine Issue
e. Cyprus issue

Economic ties
11000 1400
RCD 1964
Defense production and technical assistance agreement 1987
Current trade volume near 1 billion US dollars
Turkeys principal exports are air transportation vehicles, textiles,
defense industry products, chemicals, machinery, cereals and
prefabricated house. Fabric, garments, plastics and chemicals dominate
Pakistani exports to Turkey
Pakistani exports include rice, leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods,
and medical equipment.
The Train Service project 2009
Recent development GUL Train (isbtehran. Istanbul)
FDI from Turkey nearly 4 billion US dollars
Other aspects: Cultural and Academic Exchange
1954, CounterTerrorism, recent developments

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UNITED NATIONS {UNO}

Origin & Evolution

UNO is created to promote world peace and cooperation. UN was founded 24th October 1945 after World War II
ended in 1945. Its mission is to maintain world peace, develop good relations between countries, promote
cooperation in solving the worlds problems, and encourage respect for human rights. As of 2014 the UN had
193 members. It was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001. UN day 24th October
The League of Nations and its problems. Atlantic Charter 1941 a more effective system to keep world peace and
promote cooperation. Yalta Conference 1945 called for a conference of nations to complete their work. October
24, 1945, with 51 member countries-the 50 represented at the conference and Poland, which had not been able
to
send
a
delegate.
The UN Structure
The UNs charter established six distinct bodies that serve different functions: (1) the General Assembly, (2) the
Security Council, (3) the Secretary General, (4) the Economic and Social Council, (5) the International Court of
Justice, and (6) the Trusteeship Council.
General Assemly is made up of all 193 member countries, each with one vote.
It undertakes all major discussions and decisions about UN actions.
The Assembly can discuss and make recommendations on any issue covered by the UNs charter.
However, the recommendations are not binding and the Assembly has no authority to enforce them.
Members decide routine matters with a simple majority vote. Important decisions require a two-thirds majority.
The General Assembly meets annually in regular sessions that generally run from mid-September to midDecember.
Functions:
a. The General Assembly has the power to admit new members to the UN.
b. It approves the budget for UN programs and operations.
c. The Assembly can establish agencies and programs to carry out its recommendations.
d. It elects members to serve on certain agencies and programs, and it coordinates those programs through
various committees.
Security Council is the most powerful body in the UN.
It is responsible for maintaining international peace and for restoring peace when conflicts arise.
Its decisions are binding on all UN members and have the force of international law.
the Council may impose economic sanctions, such as halting trade with a country it considers an aggressor.
The Council convenes any time when there is a threat to peace.
The Security Council has 15 members, 5 of which hold permanent seats. The General Assembly elects the other
10 members for rotating two-year terms. The 5 permanent membersthe United States, the United Kingdom,
France, Russia (formerly the Soviet Union), and Chinahave the most power.

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Decisions of the Council require nine votes. But any one of the permanent members can veto an important
decision. This authority is known as the veto right of the great powers.
there has been growing controversy over which countries should have permanent seats on the Council {India,
Germany, Brazil, Japan}
Secretary General is a powerful public figure who can bring to the Security Council any matter that might
threaten world peace.
The secretary general has the authority to serve as a neutral mediator in international conflicts and to bring
hostile parties together to negotiate. The secretary generals personal attention to a problem can often help
bring about a resolution.
The secretary general also works to build consensus among the five permanent members of the Security
Council, knowing that without it the Council cannot act.
Current secretary general is Ban Ki-moon of South Korea, who took office on 1 January 2007. His first term
expired on 31 December 2011. He was re-elected, unopposed, to a second term on 21 June 2011
In total 8 served with Trygve Lie 1st
The secretary general is formally chosen by the General Assembly. But the secretary general must first be
nominated by the Security Council and win the consent of all five of its permanent members.
The secretary general serves a five-year term, which may be renewed.
. No woman has yet served in this position.
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) works under the authority of the General Assembly to coordinate the
economic and social work of the UN.
54 member countries elected by the General Assembly for three-year terms.
ECOSOC coordinates studies and recommends actions on international topics such as medicine, education,
economics, and social needs.
It promotes higher living standards, full employment, respect for human rights, and economic and social
progress.
It oversees the work of a large number of UN programs and agencies.
ECOSOC coordinates the work of many specialized agencies which operate independently but work with other
programs in the UN.
Those agencies include the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Bank, the International Monetary
Fund; the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the International Labor
Organization (ILO), & the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
ECOSOC also works closely with the private sector and with more than 2,000 nongovernmental organizations.
International Court of Justice also known as the World Court, is the judicial arm of the UN. It is located in The
Hague, Netherlands.
The court hears cases brought by nations against each other.
It has 15 judges, elected by the Security Council and the General Assembly.
A country is not required to participate in the courts proceedings, but if it agrees to participate, it must abide by
the courts decisions.
Trusteeship Council was established to oversee the transition of a handful of colonies to independence. The last
of those colonies, the Palau Islands, gained independence in 1994, making the Trusteeship Council obsolete.
\

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Charter of UN
19 chapters and a preamble with Article 1 highlighting the purpose and objectives of UN. The Purposes of the
United Nations are:

To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention
and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and
to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or
settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace;
To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self -determination
of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace;
To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or
humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms
for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and
To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends.

Effectiveness of UN
The UNs influence on international politics is significant and cannot be ignored.
The main goal of the UNs founders was to avoid a third world war, and in that respect, the organization has
succeeded.
The UN has peacefully resolved numerous international disputes since its founding and has established a set of
rules for the use of force in the contemporary world.
The UN has been involved in every major war and international crisis since World War II in one fashion or
another. It authorized the international coalitions that fought the Korean War (1950-1953) and the Persian Gulf
War of 1991.
A UN has been both a forum for debate and an active mediator in the Arab-Israeli conflict.
In the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, the United States used the UN as a forum to challenge the Soviet Union in
front of the whole world.
Problems and Failures of UN
UN failed to stop the 1994 genocide in Rwanda that killed hundreds of thousands of civilians.
In other cases, great powers such as the United States take action on their own when they cannot get the UN to
grant the authority they wish. In 2003 the United States sought but did not receive explicit Security Cou c ncil
approval of military action against Iraq. The United States nevertheless led an invasion of Iraq.
Certain tensions constrain the UNs influence and effectiveness. The first is the tension between the UNs role as
an autonomous actor and its role as a collection of nations. The UN can call on member nations for action, but it
has a hard time enforcing its own resolutions because it is also committed to the principle of sovereignty, which
asserts each countrys right to set its own policies.

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The UN requires member nations to contribute to its peacekeeping operations and relief missions, but when no
nation wants to contribute, it is an impotent body.
the UN cannot do anything without the expressed approval of its members, particularly the great powers.
The UNs authority comes from the countries that join the organization, sign the charter, and provide the UN
with the resources it needs to accomplish its mission.The UN also faces the tension of the gap between the
developed and developing world.
There is a constant tension between the International Law of the UN Charter and the diplomacy that the
member nations conduct on a daily basis. The UN Charter only has value to the extent that members follow its
provisions. Nations can ignore elements of the charter and can also work outside the charter.
Failures of UN: Rwanda, Darfur, The Cold war, Khmer Rouge, Bosnian Massacre, The Veto Power, Child Sex
abuse, Sri Lanka, Nuclear Proliferation, terrorism, and Gaza.
Pakistan and UNO
30th Sep 1947
Became Non permanent member of Security Council 1952, last 2012-13
Pakistan has become non permanent member of Security Council for 7 times. Brazil Japan 10 times each with
Argentina 9 times, Germany 5 times
Largest contributor to UN peace keeping missions followed by Bangladesh and India
Sir Zafar Ullah Khan 1962, Argentina twice

ASSIGNMENT
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
o.
p.

League of Nations
Atlantic Charter
Yalta Conference
Darfur issue
Khmer Rouge
How many times India became non-permanent member of UN?
IMF, In charge designation and name?
World Bank, In charge designation and name?
Which country took the responsibility of President ship of General Assembly in 2014?
Names of Secretary Generals in chronological order?
What is G 77?
What is G 24?
What is G4?
What is Coffee Club?
How many UN resolutions are there concerning Pakistan?
What is World Zero?

QUESTION:
Indian bid to UNSC will disturb balance of power in the region. Discuss in detail the options for
Pakistan in this context.

Discuss in detail the idea of "Reforms in UN", covering all aspects.

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PAK-CHINA RELATIONS: Economic context

Contextualizing Relations Sino Pak Relations

Geo strategic significance of Pakistan with economic crisis and China as
an economic giant in search of geo strategic locations are natural allies
in the 21st century.
9 January 1950, first Muslim country
4 major events resulted into intimate cooperation and friendly relations;
Boundary Agreement 1963, Chinese support in 1965, facilitating link in
1970, Chinese veto in 1972.
Current Economic Standings
Trade volume nearly 13 billion US dollar 2013, expected to reach 15 in
2014
Per capita Income 6800: 1400 approx.
China 2nd largest trade partner of Pakistan
Net assets of PakChina Investment Company in Pakistan 1st Jan- 31st Dec
2013 , 1.25 billion US dollars approx.
Gwadar port is handed over to Chinese Overseas Port Holdings. May
2013
Trade between China and Pakistan hit a 12-month figure of $12 billion
for the first time in 2012
Pak-China Economic corridor which will link Pakistans Gwadar Port on
the Arabian Sea and Kashghar. $18 billion project.
Construction of a major nuclear power project in Karachi. 6.5
$ Dec
2013. 1100MW
China announced investment of
$31.5 billion in Lahore-Karachi
motorway, Gwadar Port expansion and energy sector projects; Gadani
and six coal projects near Thar coalfield. 2014.
Agreement to start a metro train project in Lahore, Orange Line, cost of
$1.27 billion. 2014 May
November 2014: agreement to construct
440km KKH II RaikotIslamabad section, Karachi-Lahore Motorway, Havelian Dry Port, Cross
Border Optical Fiber Cable and Hari-Ruba Economic Zone, Sino Hydro
Resource Limited and Al Mirqab Capital
The important projects to be completed with the Chinese help include
1320MW Sino Hydro Resource Project, two 660MW Sahiwal Coal Fired
Projects, 2,330MW Engro Thar Coal Fired Project, 1320MW each
Muzaffargarh Coal Power, Rahim Yar Khan, SSRL Thar Coal Projects
and Thar Mine Mouth Oracle Projects.
Other big projects include 1,000MW SSRL Thar Coal Block
6,
2,640MW Gaddani Power Park Project, 300MW Gwadar Coal, 100MW
Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park, 50MW Dawood Wind Farm, 100MW UEP
Wind Farm, 50MW Sachal Wind Farm, 50MW Sunnec Wind Farm,

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870MW Suki Kinari Hydropower Station,720MW Karot Hydropower
Station among others.

Potential Fields of Cooperation and future economic ties

Chinas trade volume with world is about 1.32 trillion US dollars
India China trade volume as of 2013 nearly 80 billion US dollars
Indias trade deficit with China 31 billion approx
Pakistans trade deficit 2001= .25, 2010= 5.2, recent exceeding 6.5
Reason = Free trade agreement 2006
Challenges in Pak China trade
a. P products to C are simple and primary
b. Most P products does not satisfy or fulfill C markets
c. Textile products, minerals, leather, plastic, chemical products,
sporting items, medical equipments
d. Problems of C private sector: poor knowledge of P
e. Security concerns
Western development strategy KEZ, US exit and peace in Afghanistan
along with peaceful Balochistan may boost economic ties
Energy and Minerals: energy shortage a major issue in eco dev. Oil and
gas imports are more than 30% foreign exchange consumption of
Pakistans total imports
In Oil and gas exploration and exploitation C has world class technology,
human resource and equipments
Cooperation in this field not only P can use its resources effectively but
training of technical staff and knowledge of machinery and equipments
can be shared.
Trade Corridor: P can play imp role as a passage route, reference
President Zardari visit 2009, by linking C with Central Asia, West Asia,
Africa and Europe
Speed up constructions required roads and railways networks to link
Arabian sea with Xinjiang
Constructing Oil and gas pipelines from G to X
Chinas New Silk Route policy may benefit both
Improving Air capacity: K,L,Isb with Kashgar and Urumqi
Employment opportunities: C can help P to develop its labour intensive
industries. By taking advantage of C capital and technology P can
improve its technological thrust like Textile, food processing and other
manufacturing items
P can also explore International markets together with C to increase
employment opportunities and income for ppl of P
C adjusting its economic structure an Eastern zone industrial setup
shifting Western zone. An opportunity for P to become part of KEZ.
Cheap labor and abundance of social capital can benefit a lot.
Disaster Management: C dm strategies are par excellence. P can learn
from C. Special example of Sichuan post-earthquake reconstruction
experience 2008

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Post dm needs of P are about 10 b $. C enterprises should make use of
relaxed policy of P, reference Chinese PM visit 2013 an understanding
was concluded in this context.
Appliances and Manufacturing: C is world largest home appliances n
automobile producer. It has mastered in Core Technology. Comparing
with J and West its cost is comparatively less.
C should estb production houses in P as P offers cheap labor.
It will help both; P in terms of transfer of technology, opportunities and
revenue. C will be benefited by monopoly in P market and potential to
capture SAARC coz of SAFTA 1995.
Agricultural production and Processing: both in C n P Agriculture is an
imp basic industry. Reasons: large population. So must ensure selfsufficiency in food supply.
P can benefit from improved technology of C in cultivation, planting
technology, R&D, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and agricultural
products processing
P through this can expand export of vegetables, fruits and most imp sea
food to C.
Centers for Cultural Exchange: estb of city clusters like Urumqi,
Kashgar, K,I and L
Efforts are required to make these cities into imp industial hubs,
industrial and trading centers and centers for cultural exchange in
central and West asia and for Africa.
Examples of Bangkok, Singapore, Hong Kong, Kaula Lumpur

Chinas growth and Pakistan3

Since the reform and opening-up was initiated in 1978, China has made remarkable
achievements in development.
former President of the World Bank, Mr. Robert Zoellick comments, "China's economic
performance is a unique development success story. Not only did the economic growth soar
with the annual rate of 10%, but hundreds of millions of people were lifted out of poverty.
China has become the second-largest economy in the world and shifted to a middle-income
country from a low one".
Last year, China contributed to nearly 30% of the global economic growth. Our prosperity is
certainly a boon to the world.
At present, China's economy is generally stable, with steady progress of structural
adjustment. In the first half of this year, China's GDP growth rate has reached 7.4%, a little
lower than that of 1980s and 1990s.
In the backdrop of slow recovery and weak growth of the global economy, China's growth
rate is relatively high. It is really remarkable to win such achievements.

Extracts from the speech of H.E.Ambassador Sun Weidong China: her development will definitely benefit

Pakistan 2014/08/28

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China's economy can be regarded as a blue chip, a rising and potential stock, with a big
economy, large foreign exchange reserves and broad market.
China seek not only expansion but strength of the industrial economy; not only "Made in
China", but "Created in China"; not only reasonable price but good quality.
Although China's economy as a whole ranks second, its per capita is only 6800 US dollars,
ranking after 80 in the world. There are 200 million people living under the poverty level.
China is still a developing country over long period of time. The risks and challenges like
downward economic pressure and uneven development cannot be ignored.
In the long run, there are conditions in place for China's economy to achieve sustained
sound growth and embrace bright prospects
China is able and also confident to keep the economy running in a reasonable range with
high quality and efficiency, in order to realize the "China Dream", which means, to achieve
national prosperity, revitalization and people's happiness.
What does a peaceful and progressive China mean to Pakistan? It means more opportunities
for development, strong mutual support and expanding common interests. Pakistan is
bound to benefit from China's development.
The China-Pakistan relationship will also be consolidated, enhanced and upgraded in the
course of China's development.
Both China and Pakistan are developing countries, shouldering the shared task of
development. As a close and friendly neighbor, China expects a Pakistan that lives up to its
full potential, a Pakistan that is stable, strong and prosperous, a Pakistan realizing its own
vision and dreams.
Linked by the ancient Silk Road, China and Pakistan has a long history of friendly exchanges.
China-Pakistan relationship, over the changing times and international politics sets a good
example for state-to-state relations. Over the past year, it has made much new progress:
First are the mutual exchanges in political area. Leaders of our two nations have frequently
and successfully exchanged visits in recent years. These high-level exchanges have injected
impetus for China-Pakistan strategic cooperation. China will maintain high-level exchanges,
and improve existing dialogue and cooperation mechanism.
Second are mutual benefit and win-win results in economy. The Bilateral trade volume has
reached 7.3 billion US dollars from January to June in 2014, with growth rate of 9.97%.
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor goes well with substantive results. Currently, China is
actively promoting construction and operation of Gwadar Port, starting to construct RuYiMasood Textile Industrial Park in Faisalabad and lots of power plants like Thermal Power
Plant in Port Qasim and Solar Power in Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park in Bahawalpur. Some other
projects are being implemented or soon to be implemented in other parts of Pakistan.
These have made significant contributions to the enhancement of local economies and
people's livelihood. Chinese government will continue to encourage Chinese enterprises to
invest in Pakistan, support Pakistan's economic and promote social development.
Third is sharing security. China supports Pakistan to formulate and implement counterterrorism strategy based on its own national conditions and for the efforts to maintain the
independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity. With the construction of China-Pakistan
Economic Corridor, more and more Chinese citizens have come to live and work in Pakistan.
China appreciates Pakistan's efforts to provide a good environment for cooperation and
security.
Fourth is the close exchange in culture. After Islamabad and Karachi, the third Confucius
Institute is being built in Faisalabad. Another
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scholarships has gone to China as exchange students. Both should further expand friendly
exchanges, inherit and carry forward the traditional friendship between the two countries.
Fifth is strengthening regional and international cooperation. China and Pakistan play
important roles in maintaining peace and justice in the region and the world. Both has
worked together to promote Afghanistan reconciliation process, and achieve peace, stability
and development. China supports Pakistan playing a greater constructive role in regional
and international affairs. China would like to work with Pakistan to safeguard peace,
stability, development and prosperity in the world.

PAK-CHINA RELATIONS: Strategic Context

New Great Game

History of Silk Route: It has historical significance as a trade route

connecting Eastern Europe and Africa to Southern & Eastern Asia
encompassing the geographical region known as Central Asia or
Eurasia.
It spanned 7000 miles long route over land and water from northern
India, Central Asia to Roman Empire.
During the Age of Discovery Sea routes became major means of
International trade and importance of Silk Route eroded but remains
operative until early 20th century when USSR absorbed all states of
Central Asia.
Calls for Revival of Silk Route:
In the post disintegration of USSR calls for revival of Silk route were
voiced to develop commercial ties with abundantly held resources of
Central Asia.
It is pertinent to highlight that 1st effort of revival was seen in the
form of joint venture of Pak China KKH
Another effort was The Traffic in Transit Agreement between Pak-CKazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. 1995
Two major ideas founded in the post cold war era; a) New Silk Route
Initiative b) Chinese Silk Route policy.
NSRI developments:
UNESCAPs idea of TARs in 1950
US Initiatives of supporting CARs in PfP 1994
1990s Greater-Central Asia Partnership
1999, Silk Road strategic Act provided assistance to CARs
Manifestations of NSRI : TAPI and CASA 1000
Analysis on NSRI: Minimize the role of China, Keep Russian element
away.

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Challenges for NSRI:
a.
Security and Stability
b.
Financial Issues
c.
Pak India Relations
d.
Internal concerns of CARs

Chinas New Silk Route Policy

Started with the visit of Chinese Premier to Central Asia in 1994

Idea: Road and railway links with CARs but extending it to work with
CIS
Major Manifestions: The Kazakhstan-China oil pipeline 1997-2009,
The Central Asia-China gas pipeline or Turkmenistan-China gas
pipeline 2007-2009
KEZ 2010
Three main corridors: Linking Europe with China through Central Asia;
a) 13000 km Eastern Russia to Rotterdam b) Jiangsu province to
Rotterdam 10,900 km c) Shenzhen to Rotterdam 15000 km
Continental Bridges Program: Asia Europe Highway link, ChinaEurasian-Eastern Europe-Mediterranean
Gwadar-Kashgar Economic Corridor (double edged sword)
Maritime Silk Road and Importance of Gwadar: Sting of Pearls.
Options for Pakistan

Strategic significane of NSRI

Economic significance of CSRP
Analyzing National Interests of Pakistan
Problems with NSRI
Isuues in CSPR

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Pakistan-Russia
Introduction
SINCE independence, Pakistans relations with Moscow have been mostly adversarial.
Pakistan was Americas most allied ally.
India aligned with the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
Moscows veto in the UN Security Council to block Kashmiri self-determination, the U2 flight from
Peshawar, Soviet support in 1971 for Indias war to dismember Pakistan and Islamabads collaboration
with the US in the anti-Soviet war in Afghanistan punctuated the hostile relationship.
Although the hostility slowly dissipated after the collapse of the Soviet Union, friendship eluded
Moscow and Islamabad, for several reasons: Russias continuing defence relationship with India,
Pakistans support for the Afghan Taliban and by extension their Chechen and Uzbek associates
Moscows alignment with the Northern Alliance and Pakistans post 9/11 alliance with the US.
However, the new Cold War in Europe, ignited by the Ukraine crisis, has profound strategic
implications not only for Europe but also for other theatres where Russias interests and objectives
intersect with those of the US and Europe.
Sino-Russian relations have become dramatically closer. Moscow is reasserting its role in the Middle
East. It is also likely to do so in East and South Asia.
On some Recent Dimensions
Pakistan-Russia relations have been evolving in positive directions during recent months.
Pakistan is acting against Central Asian terrorists.
As India has moved closer to the US, Russia has warmed to Pakistan.
The closer Sino-Russian relationship has reinforced this trend.
There are clear recent signs that Moscow is now open to substantive security collaboration with
Pakistan.
Russias aims are: to secure Pakistans cooperation to stabilise Afghanistan, combat Chechen and
Central Asian terrorist groups present in the region, compensate for Indias tilt towards America and
thereby retain leverage in New Delhi.
Defense Deal Nov 2014: (Contextualizing Putin visit of India Dec 2014)
Future Possibilities and Prospects
There are a number of areas where mutually beneficial cooperation can be promoted between
Islamabad and Moscow.
Afghanistan
Over the past year, quiet talks between Pakistan, China and Russia have been under way to consider
ways to stabilise Afghanistan.
Russias old relationship with the Northern Alliance and influence with Iran; Pakistans influence with
the Pakhtuns and the Afghan Taliban; and Chinas financial and economic capacity can be a powerful
combination to promote reconciliation and peace in Afghanistan as the US disengages from that
country.
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As Indias major defence partner and a member of BRICS, Moscow continues to enjoy considerable, if
reduced, influence in India despite New Delhis tilt towards the US.
Russia desires Indo-Pakistan normalisation to prevent a disastrous conflict, limit American influence
and develop new avenues for energy, trade and industrial cooperation with the South Asian region.
Given the new global political alignments, Moscows mediation between India and Pakistan could be
more even-handed and effective than the skewed policies presently pursued by Washington.
Defence
Russias defence industry is still among the best in the world.
Moscow may now be willing to lift its self-imposed embargo on defence supplies to Pakistan.
The dimensions of such cooperation will depend considerably on Pakistans ability to pay for defence
equipment and, to a lesser extent, on the vigour of New Delhis anticipated objections.
Oil and gas
Russia is the worlds largest producer of oil and gas.
The expertise of Russias Rosneft and Gazprom can contribute significantly to developing Pakistans
oil and gas potential, onshore and offshore.
Western sanctions have enhanced the incentive of these giant Russian companies to find new frontiers
of cooperation.
Gas supplies
In the wake of the Western embargoes, Russia is looking for alternate markets for its abundant gas
production. Its $400 billion gas deal with China has been the most prominent response.
Moscow is also interested in building gas supply routes to India and Pakistan.
Russian gas could be added to supplies from the proposed TAPI pipeline.
New pipelines can be built to Pakistan and India through China.
Russias Gazprom could also help in executing the projected Iranian gas pipeline to Pakistan (and
India).
Nuclear reactors
So far, Russia has refused to supply nuclear power reactors to Pakistan due to the restrictions imposed
by the Nuclear Suppliers Group on non-members of the NPT with the significant exception of
India.
It is possible that in the new strategic circumstances, and in exchange for appropriate safeguards,
Russia, like China, may consider the sale of nuclear power plants to Pakistan, especially if India
acquires its new plants from the US.
Trade
If Afghanistan can be stabilised, it would open the way for expanded trade between Pakistan, Central
Asia and Russia.
While Pakistan requires Russian oil, gas and industrial products, Pakistan can be a competitive source
of agricultural and textile goods to Russia.
Pakistan could also offer Russia trade access to India in exchange for its help in normalising PakistanIndia ties.
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Russia retains some of the industrial prowess of the Soviet Union.

It can modernize the Soviet-supplied Pakistan Steel Mills.
Similar cooperation can be pursued in a number of high-tech sectors, such as biotechnology, aviation
and space, where Russia possesses competitive capabilities.
Conclusion
While Pakistan no longer requires, nor is likely to receive, US arms supplies or nuclear power plants,
its ability to resist Western objections to cooperation with Moscow could be constrained by its
financial and trade dependence on the West.
Pakistans financial stress may also restrict its ability to pay for Russian supplies of defence and other
equipment.
Pakistan needs to identify realistic goals for its new relationship with Russia, evolve sustainable ways
to minimise its financial vulnerability (including greater financial integration with China) and deploy
adroit diplomacy to capitalise on the emerging global and regional strategic realities.
In some areas such as Afghanistan, Indo-Pakistan normalization and counterterrorism the
objectives of the US and its allies are convergent with Russias. In other areas energy, defense,
nuclear generation opposition can be expected from the West to Pakistan-Russian cooperation.
India may also object, although its opposition may not be decisive.

Origin & Evolution

SCO formerly the Shanghai Five appeared in the arena in June 2001
Shanghai Five was established in 1996: C, R, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan
Uzbekistan joined in 2001 and it was renamed SCO
currently 6 permanent members with 5 observer status: I,P,Afg,Mangolia, Iran
3 dialogue partners: Turkey, Belarus, SL and 3 guest attendances: Turkmenistan, ASEANi
and CISii
14th summit held in Dushanbe in Sep 2014
Goals and Objectives
(i) strengthen relations among member states;
(ii) promote cooperation in political affairs, economics and trade, scientific-technical,
cultural, and educational spheres as well as in energy, transportation, tourism, and
environmental protection;
(iii) safeguard regional peace, security, and stability;
(iv) create a democratic, equitable international political and economic order

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Pakistan and SCO

Rationale of Pakistan joining SCO
Importance of Pakistan
Trade and Energy Corridor
SCO can play role in solving disputes with India
Benefits for SCO member countries
Terrorism and Extremism: Chechens, Uyghur and Islamic extremists of Farghana valley
Disaster Management
Access to South
Maintaining Strategic Balance
SCO- ECO Collaboration
Free Trade Agreement
Benefits for Pakistan
Security Benefits: Counter Terrorism Benefits under RATSiii
Military to Military Cooperation: 10 joint military practices till now
Transfer of Military Technology: 2012 visit of Kiyani to Russia, November Defense Deal
2014
Anti Drug Trafficking
Economic Benefits: ...
Indo Pak relations
Image building
further strengthening ties with member countries
Challenges for Pakistan
Requires diplomatic skills to balance : Pragmatic diplomacy
membership uncertainty: reference 14th summit

iAsean

is a political and economic organisation of ten countries located in Southeast Asia, which was
formed on 8 August 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Since then,
membership has expanded to include Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar (Burma) and Vietnam. Its aims
include accelerating economic growth, social progress, socio cultural evolution among its members,
protection of regional peace and stability, and opportunities for member countries to discuss differences
peacefully. ASEAN covers a land area of 4.46 million km, which is 3% of the total land area of Earth, and
has a population of approximately 600 million people, which is 8.8% of the world's population. The sea
area of ASEAN is about three times larger than its land counterpart. In 2012, its combined nominal GDP
had grown to more than US$2.3 trillion. If ASEAN were a single entity, it would rank as the sixth largest
economy in the world, behind the US, China, India, Japan and Germany.

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ii

Common Wealth of Independent States is a regional organisation whose participating countries are
former Soviet Republics, formed during the breakup of the Soviet Union. The CIS is a loose association of
states. Although the CIS has few supranational powers, it is aimed at being more than a purely symbolic
organisation, nominally possessing coordinating powers in the realm of trade, finance, lawmaking, and
security. It has also promoted cooperation on cross-border crime prevention. Some of the members of
the CIS have established the Eurasian Economic Community with the aim of creating a fully fledged
common market. Nine full member states: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan. Two participating States: Ukraine and Turkmenistan. Georgia left
in 2008.
iii

Besides Russia and China, SCOs other members are Central Asian states: Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kirgizia
and Kazakhstan. Joint struggle with terrorism, separatism and extremism is considered to be one of the
main SCO purposes. In 2004 RATS was created especially for the mentioned purposes; actually it was
formed for coordinating the actions of mutual giving up the suspects. Its main objective is helping special
services of the states-members to bypass the obstacles presented by national legislations and by the
norms of the international law about giving up the suspects. The Regional anti-terrorist structure (RATS) is
permanent acting agency of Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), officially launched in January 2004.
Its main function is to coordinate SCO member activities against terrorism, separatism and extremism.

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Understanding Theories & Concepts

These headings will addressing broad range topics: Failure of Democracy in Pakistan, Problems
in Political Culture of Pakistan, factors behind Crisis of Federation, Causes of Military
interventions in Pakistan, Issue of National Integration, Characteristics of Political Parties in
Pakistan, Causes of lack of Good Governance, Pakistan: A failed state,
1. Over Developed State Structure
2. Hyper Extended State Structure
3. Military Bureaucratic Oligarchy
4. Centralization of Power
5. Patron Client Relationship
6. Weak Civil Society
7. Absence of Electoral Culture
8. Absence of National level political parties
9. De-Politicized Society
10. Crisis of Federalism
11. Fragile Political system
12. Multi Party system
13. Undemocratic Attitude of Political parties
14. Personality based Politics
15. Politics of Agitation
16. Power Politics
17. Politics of Ethnicity/ Ethno-Nationalism
18. Weak Political Culture
19. Role of Media
20. Crisis of National Identity
21. Lack of Good Governance
22. Row over distribution of resources
23. Lack of Pluralism
24. Unplanned Migrations
25. Delay in constitution making & subsequent developments
26. Role of defeated and displaced leadership
27. Role of Ambitious leadership

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`Problem faced by Women in Pakistan

Introduction
Major Problems faced by Women
Domestic Violence
Honour killings
Male Dominance and Discriminations
various forms of Harassments
Problems in Law: women protection bill
issues related to Women empowerment
Factors
Conservative outlook of society
Illiteracy
Religious factors
Addressing the Issue
Measures taken by Government
Role of NGOs
Women Rights activists
Suggestions/ Recommendations
Social support
Developing consensus
Role of Media
More steps by Govt
Social Engineering
Improve in Social environment
Political
Removal of discriminatory laws
empowerment of Rural women
Sustainable development
political power and role of women in decision making
direct participation in electoral process

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Conclusion
Complex issue, Slogans can not address the issue.

Good Governance
Introduction
Miss Governance a hallmark of Pakistan and root cause of major problems
Pakistan not a poor country but poorly manage
Miss Governance is owing to our misplaced priorities of state, absence of rule of law and
absence of institutional mechanism
pre-requisites of GG are not effectively addressed
Characteristics of GG are misinterpreted here
several reasons behind crisis of GG and various manifestations can be seen
solid and concrete steps are required
Most recent debates of GG/ Democracy
Survival of Pakistan in 21st century depends upon its ability, capacity and will of people
as well as of leaders to overcome this crisis
What is Good Governance?
GG promotes rule of Law and respect for Human rights- Dictionary of Politics
It refers to a legal, judicial system in which all laws are clear and are uniformly applied
through one independent and objective mechanism- Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
The term also carries legal, judicial framework for economic development- Javed Burki
GG means art or manner of governance or exercising control or authority over the
action of the subjects through a system of regulations. In essence, how people are ruled
and how the affairs of state are administered and regulated. - Globalization of World
Politics by John Baylis
Evolution of Good Governance
Chronic economic backwardness of 3rd world countries
Failure of Socialist economies led under authoritarian rule of state. It popularized
Capitalistic solutions
Rise of Pro-democratic movements in Africa and other counties accompanied with GG (
growing concerns with widespread corruption and its disastrous consequences)
Characteristics of Good Governance
Transparency: public access to the knowledge of policies and strategies of Govt
Public participation in Govt policies and implementations
Accountability: holding responsible, elected and appointed individuals and
organizations charge with a public mandate to account for specific actions, activities,
decisions and communicate it to public from which they derive their authority.

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it focuses on the ability and account for the allocation, use and control of public
spending and resources in accordance with the legally accepted standards i.e.
Budgeting, PAC etc
Combating Corruption: key indicator of a commitment to GG
Prerequisites of GG
Effective States: creates political and economic conducive environment for growth
Mobilized Societies: which generates Social Capital
Efficient Private Sector: which generates opportunities
Crisis of Governance in Pakistan: Factors
Absence of Democracy
Absence of rule of Law
Weak Political culture
Lack of public accountability
De-politicized society
Domination of Elite and lack of public participation
Manifestations of Lack of Good Governance
Corruption
Institutional Decay
Negative Image of Pakistan
Economic Crisis
Misuse of Aid
repercussions on FDI
Inflation
Lack of Institutional checks
Ineffective delivery mechanism of State
Suggestions
Will Factor: State and Society
Need to prioritize
Political Institutionalization
Rule of Law
Transparency: Right to information right be more effective and strengthening PAC
Regular practice of holding Elections
Decentralization and empowering of LG system

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Governance and leadership are the yin and the yang of successful organizations. If you
have leadership without governance you risk tyranny, fraud and personal fiefdoms. If
you have governance without leadership you risk atrophy, bureaucracy and
indifference. - Mark Goyder

Good governance never depends upon laws, but upon the personal qualities of those
who govern. The machinery of government is always subordinate to the will of those
who administer that machinery. The most important element of government, therefore,
is the method of choosing leaders. Frank Herbert

The whole art of government consists in the art of being honest. Only aim to do your
duty,
and mankind will
give
you credit
where you fail.
Thomas Jefferson

The legislator should direct his attention above all to the education of youth; for the
neglect of education does harm to the constitution. The citizen should be molded to suit
the form of government under which he lives. For each government has a peculiar
character which originally formed and which continues to preserve it. The character of
democracy creates democracy, and the character of oligarchy creates oligarchy.
Aristotle

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Future of Pakistan
Introduction
Pessimistic Outlook
Economic crisis put to bankruptcy
crisis of federation
Sectarianism tearing Social Fabric
Regional Challenges (internal)
Issues over Sovereignty
Corruption
Poverty
Human Rights violations
Reasons for Optimism
Human Resource 10% best in world
Geo Strategic location of Pakistan
Potential of a Transit Economy
Hub of Energy
Natural Resources
Democracy on track
Role of China
Re defined Civil Military relations
Growing Middle Class
Conclusion

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ENERGY CRISIS
Introduction
Horrific proportions: agenda point of all political parties in May 2013
Crisis turned out major economic problem owing to Oil & Gas crisis, absence of
timely conversion to coal and nuclear sources along with failure to encourage
Alternative Energy Sources
Disastrous consequences on economic growth and competitiveness of Pakistans
exports
It may accentuate crisis of federation if not addressed
Socio-political ramifications of energy crisis
Governments though took steps and initiatives in past but fell flat in the wake of
security concerns and absence of investment
Policies of current government

Factors/ Reasons
Growing demand of Electricity: 1500 MW/year since last decade
Lack of Planning
1. Overlooked suggestions of World Bank 1980s
2. Policy makers failed to grasp intensity of crisis 1990s
3. Fault lines in Pakistan energy policy
a. dependence on Oil imports
b. reliance on cheap oil from Arab world
c. 80% energy requirements through imports
Deteriorated Law and Order situation: difficulties in getting access to
rich energy resources of CARs
Line Losses and Power theft: 19.3 % as of 2013-14 , 1/5th of total
installed capacity
Failures in Alternative Energy Development Plans: first step too late in
2003. target set was 10,000 MW by 2010 and achievement was just
1200 MW in 2013
Silting of Dams: Tarbela, Chasma, Mangla lost 30% or 5.0 MAF of its
capacity in 2002. 6.0 MAF as of 2010 and current silting ratio is
equivalent to total storage capacity of Kalabagh dam 6.7 MAF. 7-8 MAF
expected as of 2015
Absence of comprehensive energy conservation strategy

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a. No logical plans by governments in past and even
private sector has not paid attention
b. Modern buildings have most inefficient air conditioning
systems

c. No concept of energy efficient home appliances and

energy efficient insulation wires: example of Canada
Circular Debt: _____________________
International Oil Prices
Politics of Ethnicity/ Provincial prejudices
Lack of Research and exploration

Energy Capacity of Pakistan: {economic survey of Pakistan 2013-14}

Total Installed
capacity 22812 MW

Hydro generation
6773 MW
29.7 %

Nuclear & Coal

Thermal

750MW

15289 MW

3.3 %

67 %

Implications of Energy Crisis

Desastrous consequences of Shortfall: average 5000 MW, Current

short fall _______________
Wapdas deficit rose to _____________
By 2030 required energy would be 1,62,590 MW, 8 fold from
current capacity: a big question mark
100 billion US dollars requied to complete projects like Bhasha,
Akhori, Manda, Skardu, Neelum-Jehlum.
Crisis of Oil and Gas further increases the cost

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Industrial sector crying on recent atmosphere: repeated requests by
APTMA
Per capita consumption in Pakistan is 14-16 MBTU; a fraction of
other industrial counties like Thailand and Malaysia
40% of households have yet to receive electricity in Pakistan

Measure taken by Governments 1996-2013

Governments in the past planned to construct six major projects
a. Diamer-Bhasha 4500 MW
b. Akhori 600 MW {proposed}
c. Munda 740 MW {proposed}
d. Skardu 84 MW {proposed}
e. Neelam- Jehlum 969 MW
f. Nandipur 425 MW
Kalabagh dam 3600 MW closed due to socio-political consequences:
an example of crisis of federation
Energy Security Plan under Musharaf regime: cost 150 billion US
dollars
TAPI, Iran-Pakistan pipeline project, CASA 1000
Steps taken by Current Government
Payment of 480 billion Circular debt
Addition of 1700 MW in National Grid
19 projects of 25000 MW launched
Completion of Nandipur Project in 8 months
Quaid e Azam Solar Park in Cholistan
35 billion US dollar by China in energy sector
Grant of 12 billion US dollar by World Bank for energy projects
Jamshoro power plant project: 1 billion US dollar from Asian
Development Bank
Sahiwal Coal Project
Launching of Thar coal project
Gaddani Coal project
Deduction of payments from provincial accounts {CCI: May 2014
meeting}
National energy Security plan : Strong check on power theft
Focus on renewable energy resources: Wind, Solar, Bio with a plan
for 9700 MW
Construction of small dams: Gomal, Sawan, Zohb, Sunakzai
Installation of six nuclear power plants with collaboration of China
Chinese proposed investment in 21 projects: November 2014
include more...

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Suggestions
Reliance on COAL: 2nd largest reserves of coal. Pakistan would have
produced 10,000 MW since last 10 years if resorted to COAL: may
fulfill 50% requirements. Prospects of 20,000 MW from Thar Coal
Project
15 million MW worlds energy through Coal
Pakistan can resort to CBL {Coal Based Liquefied Gas} used in South
America and China. US even used it in B-52
Pakistan can use Ethanol mixed with petrol in cars already in use in
Brazil, US. Environment friendly
Hydro potentials of Pakistan 50,000 MW but using only about 7000
MW
Promotion of Energy Efficient Home Appliances
World Banks suggestion of 40,000 small dams 2009
Strong legislation are required

Salient Features of National Power Policy 2013

. To achieve the long-term vision of the power sector and overcome its challenges, following nine
goals have been set:
i. Build a power generation capacity that can meet Pakistans energy needs in a sustainable
manner.
ii. Create a culture of energy conservation and responsibility
iii. Ensure the generation of inexpensive and affordable electricity for domestic, commercial, and
industrial use by using indigenous resources such as coal (Thar coal) and hydel.
iv. Minimize pilferage and adulteration in fuel supply
v. Promote world class efficiency in power generation vi.
Create a cutting edge transmission network

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vii. Minimize inefficiencies in the distribution system viii.

Minimize financial losses across the system
ix. Align the ministries involved in the energy sector and improve the governance of all related
federal and provincial departments as well as regulators

Targets:
a. eliminate load shedding
b. to decrease cost of generation
c. to decrease transmission losses and Power thef 25 to 16
d. improve collection of bills to 95 percent.

Poverty
Introduction
What is Poverty?
Poverty is defined as a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the
financial resources and essentials to enjoy a minimum standard of life and well-being
that's considered acceptable in society Economic Survey of Pakistan 2013-14
Poverty is pronounced deprivation in well-being, and comprises many dimensions. It
includes low incomes and the inability to acquire the basic goods and services necessary
for survival with dignity. Economic Survey of Pakistan 2013-14
Low income per person. The state of being below an income level and regarded as poor
by a particular society. When a society up- grades, it immediately statistically enlarges
the poor sector of its population. In less developed countries, with large agricultural
sectors, income and earnings figures are not always available so indirect measures, e.g.

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the rates of change of unemployment and food consumption, and the lack of technical
progress are used as poverty indicators. Routledge Dictionary of Economics
Measurement of Poverty
Most of the countries of the world define poverty in a uni-dimensional way, using
income or consumption level. In developing countries, consumption is more appropriate
than income as welfare indicator.
Consumption is measured better than income in developing countries because of
difficulties in defining and measuring income for self-employed.
In Pakistan household consumption is used as a welfare indicator.
Poverty lines are the thresholds which separate the poor from non- poor.
The level of INCOME just sufficient to provide minimum subsistence for an individual or
family. The social security legislation of a country usually defines it for the purposes of
paying out benefits. There is always much controversy over the appropriate minimum.
Even SMITH and RICARDO were reluctant to define it in terms of physical survival alone.
Routledge Dictionary of Economics
Ministry of Planning and Development measures poverty on consumption based
approach using data from Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES)
According to the World Banks Poverty Head Count Analysis 2014, if income per adult
in Pakistan is taken as $ 1.25 per day, then 21.04 percent of the population falls below
poverty line. But if the poverty line is raised to $ 2 per day in line with international
standards for middle income countries, then 60.19 percent of the population fall below
poverty line. Better than Bangladesh, India but SL, China in good position than Pakistan.
Economic Survey of Pakistan 2013-14
Reasons
Economic Underdevelopment
Misplaced priorities of State
Post Independence state's nature
Lack of access to basic infrastructure: 8%
Lack of Uniform education system
Flow of Capital?
Implications
Political:
a. Underrepresentation of poor in govt system
Economic:
a. Theory of Base and Super structure (see Annexure)
b. Phenomenon of Money loss aversion

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Social:
a. social behaviors
b. proceeds all types of socially unaccepted behaviors
Human:
a. poor more venerable to die of hunger/famine
b. social evils
Religious:
a. Extremism
b. Sectarianism
National:
a. Politicization of Ethnicity
b. Intra-regional disparities

Government Measures
Expansion of Social Safety Netsiii
Benazir Income support programiii
Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund (PPAF)iii
a. Waseela-e-Haq targeted at 18,000 ultra-poor women/households, offers a soft loan of Rs.
300,000/- to female beneficiaries after graduating from 10 days enterprise development
training.

b. Waseela-e-Haq Sindh: targeted on 30,000 youth of Sindh, A project of Rs. 12.0 billion was
launched to give interest free loans to every single deserving youth. The loan is given to
applicants after verifications that they have no source of income

c. Waseela-e-Haq (Micro-finance): Aiming to break the vicious cycle of poverty, provides

long-term interest free financial assistance of Rs. 300,000 to the randomly selected
beneficiaries to start their own business. So far, 41 draws have been held and an amount of Rs.
2.6 billion has been disbursed to 16,119 beneficiaries, while 9193 beneficiaries have started their
own businesses.

d. Waseela-e-Rozgar

(Vocational & Technical Training):empowering the female

beneficiary to become economically independent through acquiring demand-driven vocational

skill and technical education. Waseela-e- Rozgar provides free of cost vocational training for

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every beneficiary woman between the age of 18 and 45. So far, around 57,000 individuals have
been trained under this initiative.

e. Waseela-e-Sehet (Life & Health Insurance): The Life Insurance scheme was launched to
provide insurance coverage of Rs. 100,000 to the life of bread-earners of every beneficiary
family. Over 4.1 million beneficiary families till now. To facilitate the beneficiaries, Benazir
Health Cards have been issued to the more than 58,000 enrolled families.

f. Waseela-e-Taleem: encourages beneficiary families, with children in the age group of 5 to 12

years, to send their out of school children to schools for Primary Education. So far, a total of
33,067 children have been confirmed

f. Zakat: is that portion of a persons wealth, designate for the poor by ALLAH Almighty. Its
a compulsory levy imposed on wealthy and plays an important role in poverty alleviation. Zakat
system in Pakistan was introduced through an Ordinance called Zakat and Ushr Ordinance,
1980. Zakat aims to take surplus money or wealth from the comparatively well-to-do members
of the society and utilize to assist the needy, indigent, poor, orphans, widows, handicapped
and disabled. These poor segments of society are provided Zakat funds either directly through
respective local Zakat Committees or indirectly through institutions i.e. educational,
vocational, social institutions and hospitals, etc. Total amount of Rs. 4,053.569 million was
placed in bulk on the disposal of provinces and other administrative areas for further
distribution among the deserving families/persons during the year 2013-14

g. Pakistan Bait-ul-Mall (PBM) is an autonomous body set up under 1991 Act of the
Government of Pakistan. The purpose of establishment of this institution is eradication of
poverty through indiscriminate provision of assistance of various kinds to most deprived
individuals in the society. PBM provides financial assistance for fighting hunger, getting
medical treatment, getting education and setting up self employment activities. Major
Projects/Achievements of PBM are Individual Financial Assistance, Establishment of Pakistan
Sweet Homes (Orphans) and Endowment Fund (Institutional Rehabilitation for NGOs)

h. Prime Ministers Interest Free Loan Scheme initiated to support micro enterprise
activities for the poor youth, with an allocation of Rs. 3.5 billion, which will be disbursed
through Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund. This scheme is meant to provide interest free loans
up to Rs. 50,000 to the vulnerable and poverty ridden urban and rural youth for setting up
their own small scale business. The amount returned by the borrowers will be accumulated in
permanent fund available to community for further lending. This scheme will benefit one
million beneficiaries in developing the livelihood skills and opportunities.

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i. Business Loan Scheme: Skilled and trained youth is provided subsidized financing at 8.0
percent mark up. This scheme is intended to provide business loans with tenure up to 8 years,
with first year grace period and debt equity ratio of 90:10 through designated branches of
National Bank of Pakistan and First Women Bank Limited. This scheme will help to reduce the
poverty and boost productive activities in the unemployed youth and women. To engulf the
vision of including women and deprived in the development process fifty percent quota is
reserved for women and five percent for families of shaheeds, widows and disabled
persons.

Problems in Govt measures

Ineffective Labor law and lack of implementations
Lack of participation and Interest
BISP not a holistic solution
Transparency?

Factors worsening situation

Privatization
implementation of IMF packages

Remmedies
Economic development
Micro credit financing
equal distribution of sources
role of private sector
women empowerment
Focus on Education
MDG I

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Contextualizing Minority Rights

Article 20 of Constitution:

Freedom to profess religion and to manage religious institutions.

Subject to law, public order and morality:(a) every citizen shall have the right to profess, practice and propagate his religion; and
(b) every religious denomination and every sect thereof shall have the right to establish,
maintain and manage its religious institutions.

Introduction
Status of Minorities in Islam
Rights in Islam
Examples of Judicious treatment of Non-Muslims under Caliphate
Status of minorities under Muslim rule
Contextualizing Minorities and State of Pakistan
Jinnah's vision of Pakistaniii
Objectives Resolutioniii
Phenomenon of Islamic Ideology
Tehrik e Khatam-e- Nabuwat
Munir Report 1954
Politicization of Religion
a. A case study of Ahmadisiii
b. Blasphemy Lawsiii
c. Impact of negative Interpretations
d. Modernism under Musharaf
e. On some recent aspects
Problems faced by Minorities in Pakistan
Misuse of Blasphemy Laws
Discriminations
Threats from Puritanical brand of Islam
Problem of Integration into State
Social Segregations

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How to address problems of Minorities in Pakistan

Re-structuring Laws
Role of Media
Role of Ulema
Developing Strong Civil Society
Politicization of Islam be dismantled
Pluralistic interpretation of Islam
Removing discriminations
need of Ijtihad
following exmaples set by Prophet and Caliphs
iii

I cannot emphasize it too much. We should begin to work in that spirit and in course of time all these
angularities of the majority and minority communities, the Hindu community and the Muslim community,
because even as regards Muslims you have Pathans, Punjabis, Shias, Sunnis and so on, and among the
Hindus you have Brahmins, Vashnavas, Khatris, also Bengalis, Madrasis and so on, will vanish. Indeed if
you ask me, this has been the biggest hindrance in the way of India to attain the freedom and independence
and but for this we would have been free people long long ago. No power can hold another nation, and
specially a nation of 400 million souls in subjection; nobody could have conquered you, and even if it had
happened, nobody could have continued its hold on you for any length of time, but for this. Therefore, we
must learn a lesson from this. You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your
mosques or to any other place or worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste
or creed that has nothing to do with the business of the State... Now I think we should keep that in front of
us as our ideal and you will find that in course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims
would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual,
but in the political sense as citizens of the State. Jinnah's presidential address to the Constituent Assembly
of Pakistan August 11, 1947

iii

when it was debated in the session of the Constituent Assembly, it was opposed and criticized by
minorities leaders. A non Muslim, Prem Hari proposed that the motion should be first circulated for
evoking public opinion and should then be discussed in the house on April 30, 1949. He was supported by
Sris Chandra Chattopadhyaya, who proposed some amendments in the resolution. To him, since the
committee of Fundamental Rights had finalized their report, there was no need for this resolution to
recommend these rights. He added that the Objectives Resolution was amalgamation of religion and
politics; hence it would create ambiguities with relation to its application in constitutional framework. He
wanted time to study and understand the Objectives Resolution. While discussing rights of religious
minorities, Chandra Mandal opposed the resolution by saying that why ulemas are insisting on this
principle of Islam whereas India has Pandits but they did not demand things like that. Individual do have
religion but state had not. So we think it a great deviation in our beloved Pakistan. Kumar Datta opposed
it by saying that if this resolution came in life of Jinnah it would not have come in its present form. Let us
not do anything which lead our generation to blind destiny. Other Hindu members also proposed some

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amendments in the resolution and recommended that some words like sacred trust, within the
limits prescribed by Him, and as enunciated by Islam should be omitted. Some new words should be
inserted like as prescribed by Islam and other religions, and National sovereignty belongs to the people
of Pakistan, etc. Mian Muhammad Iftikharuddin was the only Muslim member in the house who opposed
the resolution. To him the resolution was vague and many words used in it do not mean anything. He
further suggested that such a resolution should not only be the product of Muslim League members
sitting in the assembly alone. Rather it was supposed to be the voice of seventy million people of Pakistan.
On the other hand Objectives Resolution was strongly supported by Dr. Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi, Maulana
Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, Sardar Abdurrab Nishter, Noor Ahmad, Begam Shaista, Muhammad Hussain and
others. In order to counter the allegations they argued that Islam governs not only our relations with God
but also the activities of the believers in other spheres of life as Islam is complete code of life.
iii

CONSTITUTION (SECOND AMENDMENT) ACT, 1974: in Article 106, in clause (3), after the words
"communities" the words and brackets "and persons of Quadiani group or the Lahori group (who call
themselves 'Ahmadis')" shall be inserted.
In the Constitution, in Article 260, after clause (2) the following new clause shall be added, namely-(3) A person who does not believe in the absolute and unqualified finality of The Prophethood of
MUHAMMAD (Peace be upon him), the last of the Prophets or claims to be a Prophet, in any sense of
the word or of any description whatsoever, after MUHAMMAD (Peace be upon him), or recognizes
such a claimant as a Prophet or religious reformer, is not a Muslim for the purposes of the Constitution
or law.

iii

OF OFFENCES RELATING TO RELIGION

295. Injuring or defiling place of worship, with Intent to insult the religion of any class:
Whoever destroys, damages or defiles any place of worship, or any object held sacred by any class of
persons with the intention of thereby insulting the religion of any class of persons or with the
knowledge that any class of persons is likely to consider such destruction damage or defilement as an
insult to their religion. shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may
extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.
295- Deliberate and malicious acts intended to outrage religious feelings of any class by insulting Its
A.
religion or religious beliefs:
Whoever, with deliberate and malicious intention of outraging the 'religious feelings of any class of the
citizens of Pakistan, by words, either spoken or written, or by visible representations insults the religion
or the religious beliefs of that class, shall be punished with imprisonment of either
description for a term which may extend to ten years, or with fine, or with both.

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Defiling, etc., of Holy Qur'an:

Whoever wilfully defiles, damages or desecrates a copy of the Holy Qur'an or of an extract
therefrom or uses it in any derogatory manner or for any unlawful purpose shall be punishable
with imprisonment for life.

295- Use of derogatory remarks, etc., in respect of the Holy Prophet:

C.
Whoever by words, either spoken or written, or by visible representation or by any imputation,
innuendo, or insinuation, directly or indirectly, defiles the sacred name of the Holy Prophet
Muhammad (peace be upon him) shall be punished with death, or imprisonment for life, and shall
also be liable to fine.
296. Disturbing religious assembly:
Whoever voluntarily causes disturbance to any assembly lawfully engaged in the performance of
religious worship, or religious ceremonies, shall be punished with imprisonment of either
description r a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both.
297. Trespassing on burial places, etc.:
Whoever, with the intention of wounding the feelings of any person, or of insulting the religion of
any person, or with the knowledge that the feelings of any person are likely to be wounded, or that
the religion of any person is likely to be insulted thereby, commits any trespass in any place of
worship or on any place of sculpture, or any place set apart for the performance of funeral rites or
as a, depository for the remains of the dead, or offers any indignity to any human corpse or causes
disturbance to any persons assembled for the performance of funeral ceremonies, shall be punished
with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or
with both.
298. Uttering words, etc., with deliberate intent to wound religious feelings:
Whoever, with the deliberate intention of wounding the religious feelings of any person, utters any
word or makes any sound in the hearing of that person or makes any gesture in the sight of that
person or places any object in the sight of that person, shall be punished with imprisonment of either
description for a term which may extend to one year or with fine, or with both.
298- Use of derogatory remarks, etc., in respect of holy personages:
A.
Whoever by words, either spoken or written, or by visible representation, or by any imputation,
innuendo or insinuation, directly or indirectly, defiles the sacred name of any wife (Ummul
Mumineen), or members of the family (Ahle-bait), of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him), or any of
the righteous Caliphs (Khulafa-e-Rashideen) or companions (Sahaaba) of the Holy Prophet (peace be
upon him) shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may
extend to three years, or with fine, or with both.

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298- Misuse of epithets, descriptions and titles, etc., reserved for certain holy personages or places:
B.
(1) Any person of the Quadiani group or the Lahori group (who call themselves 'Ahmadis' or by any
other name who by words, either spoken or written, or by visible representation(a) refers to or addresses, any person, other than a Caliph or companion of the Holy Prophet
Muhammad (peace be upon him), as "Ameer-ul-Mumineen", "Khalifatul- Mumineen",
Khalifa-tul-Muslimeen", "Sahaabi" or "Razi Allah Anho";
(b) refers to, or addresses, any person, other than a wife of the Holy Prophet Muhammad
(peace be upon him), as "Ummul-Mumineen";
(c) refers to, or addresses, any person, other than a member of the family "Ahle -bait" of the
Holy Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), as "Ahle-bait"; or
(d) refers to, or names, or calls, his place of worship a "Masjid";
shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to
three years, and shall also be liable to fine.
(2) Any person of the Qaudiani group or Lahori group (who call themselves "Ahmadis" or by any
other name) who by words, either spoken or written, or by visible representation refers to the
mode or form of call to prayers followed by his faith as "Azan", or recites Azan as used by the
Muslims, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may
extend to three years, and shall also be liable to fine.

298- Person of Quadiani group, etc., calling himself a Muslim or preaching or propagating his faith:
C.
Any person of the Quadiani group or the Lahori group (who call themselves 'Ahmadis' or by any
other name), who directly or indirectly, poses himself as a Muslim, or calls, or refers to, his faith as
Islam, or preaches or propagates his faith, or invites others to accept his faith, by words, either
spoken or written, or by visible representations, or in any manner whatsoever outrages the religious
feelings of Muslims shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may
extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine.

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Education in Pakistan
On Some Aspects of Education
Parties in Teaching; the teacher, the learner and Program (subject)
A student learns from prevalent human culture
Misconceptions of progress through memorizing, associating, and practicing.
Growth of the pupil's intellectual powers must include a large element of
development through different phases.
Education must pace development, not follow it and not ignore it.
The components in a student's overall educational growth are physical and mental
maturation, experience, formal teaching through language, and an urge in the
learner to learn.
Teacher must enjoy teaching. A teacher by choice can make Subject
understandable
Teacher must understand his role. Difference between a genuine teacher and a
teacher joined this profession as having no other alternate available.
Qualities of a teacher: Mature, have humor with a sense of status, be firm yet
unruffled, and be sympathetic but not over personal, leadership and be a manager
as well. Teachers may be self-conscious and self-critical. Should develop a
sustained interest in the subject or field
Foreknowledge about students and objectives; teacher must be reasonably clear
about two things: (1) the capabilities, achievements, strengths and weaknesses,
background, and interests of his learners; and (2) the short- and long-term
objectives he hopes to achieve in his lesson and series of lessons
What is Subject? Its categorization helps Teacher and the learner. Emphasis on
Inter-disciplinary approach.
Role of a subject; Languages, humanities, sciences, mathematics, Arts and
literature.
Impact of social forces on Learning process; home, neighborhood, teachers
psychology, his private life and wider social groupings.
Education is a compact phenomenon. The promotion of a person capable of
taking a responsible, active role in society. Intellectual abilities, social insights
and role of cognition in learning process.
What is Effective Learning? Cognitive training produces a thinker, say no to
cramming.
Objective is to produce a thinker, critic, organizer, and creator.
Emphasis on psychomotor learning; it includes painting, games, workshop skills,
and practical science
Inculcation of emotional responses; theoretical, aesthetic, social, economic,
political, hedonistic, and religious values encompass the curriculum.

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Role of Literature, art, the humanities, and religious teaching, teaching of science
and mathematics can bring about a positive attitude toward cognitive and
theoretical values.
A student's emotional structure is the pattern of his values and attitudes. Dont
criticize it, rather develop it.
Idea of Students readiness speeds up the process of learning
Drawbacks of chalk and talk teaching method
Problems of Assessment of results; Marks, Grading do not signify learners
capability
Proposed Solution on Assessment; Individualistic not collective. Adopting Non
Grading Scheme as in U.S.
Idea of Team teaching represents an attempt to make better use of every teacher's
potential in any subject as in Singapore National University.
Role of Instructional Media; Speaking-listening media, Visual and observational
media, reading-writing media and computer based instruction. All above are
known as ICT4E (Information Communication Technology for Education).
Education in Pakistaniii
Education is the most important factor which plays a leading role in human resource
development.
It promotes productive and informed populace and creates opportunities for the
socially and economically deprived sections of society.
Educational philosophy stresses on a learning process through which knowledge, skills
and experience are transferred from one generation to the next generation through
teaching, training, research and development that ultimately replicate the socioeconomic development of the country.
Education prevails over behaviors of the individuals and institutional managers working
for the development/poverty alleviation and fundamental change of society and
sustainable economic development which is a key to opening of venues for
development towards the competitive international community as well.
Globalization has made economic life more competitive and demanding, making
human expertise development more significant. Only as educated workforce equipped
with modern skills can compete and benefit from exploiting the opportunities created
by globalization.
United Nations International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966
guarantees the right to Education under its Article 13.
Pakistan is signatory of UNESCO under the Education for All program.
Pakistan is committed to achieve universal enrolment in Primary Education by 2015.
Government of Pakistan has made Education free and compulsory up to Grade 10.
Parliament of Pakistan has passed a bill for free and compulsory education following
Article 25-A of the constitution that entitled the right of education to every child of age
5 to 16 years.

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of Education: Pakistan is also fully committed

towards the achievement of the MDGs Goal 2 and Goal 3 which focus towards
development of education.
Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education (UPE) Target: Ensure that by 2015,
children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of
primary schooling. literacy target 88 percent
Goal 3: Promoting Gender Equality and Women Empowerment Target: Eliminating
gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005 and to all levels of
education not later than 2015. 70:47
Education System in Pakistan.
The educational system of Pakistan is among the least-developed in the world.
The system was based on the British colonial educational system, which lasted until
1947.
The colonial system was elitist; it was meant to educate a small portion of the
population to run the government.
Pakistani educational system has retained its colonial elitist character, a factor
preventing the eradication of illiteracy.
Formal Education: Primary, Secondary, Higher, Professional and Technical Education
Informal Education: Non-formal Basic Education School scheme, nearly 7000
Religious Education
Problems and Flaws in Education System
Aimless Education
Inadequate Education facilities
Parallel systems of education
Lack
of Job Oriented Education
Character Building Ignored
Unemployment
Budgeting and Finance
Medium of Instruction
School Environments
Unskilled teachers
High dropout
Low enrollment rate
Inadequate physical and other facilities

Suggestions/ Remmedies (Assignment)

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Statistics on Education
Education plays a vital role to set moral, social and economic standards of any nation and has a
very strong effect on thoughts, beliefs and planning of future policies of any country.
Developed nations are marching towards economic and political stability because they have an
organized structure for education.
Education ` According to the latest Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey
2012- 13, the literacy rate (10 years and above) is estimated at 60 percent as compared to 58
percent in 2011-12.
` Literacy remained much higher in urban areas than in rural areas and higher among male.
` Province-wise data suggest that Punjab leads with 62 percent, followed by Sindh with 60
percent, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with 52 percent and Balochistan 44 percent. `
Government of Pakistan is currently spending 2.0 percent of its GDP on education sector and is
fully committed to 2.0 percent of GDP to 4.0 percent of GDP by 2018. `
The federal government is spending huge amount of Rs. 59.28 billion during current year 201314, in addition to the provincial allocation of Rs. 59.440 billion to accelerate the pace of
education at all levels and to achieve the MDGs targets. `
Gross Enrolment Rates (GER) at the primary level excluding Katchi (prep) for the age group 5-9
years at national level during 2012-13, remained 91 percent. `
Amongst the provinces, Punjab remains stable with Primary level GER at 98 percent; Sindh
shows improvement to 81 percent in 2012-13 from
79 percent in 2011-12 and Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa also improved to 91 percent in 2012-13 from 89 percent in 2011-12 while
Balochistan witnessed improvement of 70 percent in 2012-13 from 69 percent in 2011-12. `
Net Enrolment Rates (NER) at the national level during 2012-13 remained at 57 percent. `
At national level, the total number of enrolments during 2012-13, stood at 41.1 million as
compared to 40.3 million during the same period last year. This shows an increase of 2.0 percent.
It is estimated to increase to 42.2 million during 2013-14. `
At national level, the overall number of institutes stood at 240.3 thousands during 2012 - 13, as
compared to 234.5 thousands during the last year. This shows an increase of 2.5 percent.
However, the number of institutes is estimated to increase to 243.8 thousands during 2013-14. `
During July-March 2013-14, a total of 6,677 youth received Vocational & Technical training under
the President Fanni Maharat Programme and Prime Ministers Hunermand Pakistan Programme
and 2,687 are still under training. `
HEC is also contributing to play its role in running different scholarship programmes to enhance
academic qualification at various levels on merit basis in line with specified criteria.
During the period 2008-13, a total number of 7,731 scholarships were awarded under different
programmes of HEC. `
The federal government, on the direction of the Prime Minister of Pakistan has launched a
scheme to support the students from less developed areas.
Under this innovative and special scheme, apart from tuition fee, the federal government have
paid other academic, incidental, or mandatory fees charged by educational institutions as one-off
or on a per semester basis of Masters, MS/ M. Phil and Ph.D. students of selected/backward
areas.
Under the programme, Rs.1200 million will be paid as fee for 35,000 students. `

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The development portfolio of HEC, includes 129 on-going development projects and Government
of Pakistan has included 33 new development projects at an estimated cost of Rs. 26.3 billion,
having an allocation of Rs. 2.6 billion for current year 2013-14.

Vision 2025
the first duty of a government is to maintain law and order, so that the life, property, and religious
beliefs of its subjects are fully protected by the Stateif we want to make this great State of Pakistan
happy and prosperous we should wholly and solely concentrate on the well-being of the people, and
especially of the masses and the poor.
Pakistan Vision 2025 is designed to represent an aspirational destination.
It will serve as a critical guide-post for the development of an effective strategy and roadmap to reach our national goals and aspirations.
It is not meant to represent the resultant strategy and programme itself.
The Vision will be realized through strategies and programmes defined in associated fiveyear and annual plans.
Pakistan today faces formidable social, economic, security and governance challenges.
Many nations have faced similar challenges in history and successfully turned them into
opportunities through sound economic planning, good governance and consistency in policy
implementation.

Objectives
Education
Increase Primary school enrollment and completion rate to 100% & literacy rate to 90%.
Increase Higher Education coverage from 7% to 12 %, PhDs from 7,000 to 15,000.
Women Empowerment
Female workforce participation rate from 24% to 45%.
Health
Reduce infant mortality rate to less than 40 and reduce maternal mortality rate to less than 140
Reduce the incidence/prevalence of Hepatitis, Diahorrea, Diabetes and Heart Disease by 50%.

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Building Image of Pakistan

Place in the top 50th percentile for Political Stability (from bottom 1 percentile), No
Violence/Terrorism (from bottom 1 percentile), and Control of Corruption (from bottom 13th
percentile) as measured by the World Banks Worldwide Governance Indicators.
Pakistan will be World Champions in 2 sports and will win at least 25 medals in the Asian games.
Become one of the largest 25 economies in the World
Rank in the top 50 countries on the World Banks Ease of Doing Business Rankings.
Create at least 5 global Pakistani brands (having more than 50% salescoming from consumers outside
Pakistan), and make Made in Pakistan a symbol of quality.
Join the ranks of the top 50 countries as measured by the World Economic Forums Global
Competitiveness Report.
Improve Pakistans score on the World Bank Institutes Knowledge Economy Index from 2.2 to 4.0, and
increase internet penetration to over 50%.
Increase the number of tourist arrivals to 2 million.
Improved Standard of Living
Reduce poverty level by half.
Reduce food insecure population from 60% to 30%.
Economy
Increase annual exports to US$ 150 billon.
Increase annual Foreign Direct Investment to over USD 15 billion.
Increase tax to GDP ratio from 9.8% to 18%.
Increase Diaspora investment (via remittances) in the private sector from USD 14 billion to USD 40
billion.
Triple labor and capital productivity.
Energy and Water

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Energy: double power generation to 45,000 MW to provide uninterrupted and affordable electricity, and
increase electricity access from 67% to over 90% of the population.
Energy: (a) reduce average cost per unit by over 25% by improving generation mix (15%) and
reducing distribution losses (10%); (b) increase percentage of indigenous sources of power generation to
over 50%; (c) Address demand management by increasing usage of energy efficient
appliances/products to 80%.
Water: increase storage capacity to 90 days, improve efficiency of usage in agriculture by 20%, and
ensure access to clean drinking water for all Pakistanis.
Infrastructure
Increase road density from 32 km/100 km2 to 64 km/ 100 km2, and share of rail in transport from 4% to
20%.
Increase proportion of population with access to improved sanitation from 48% to 90%.

Projects under Vision 2025

a. National Human Resource Endowment Fund
The fund will provide research scholarships on merit to students from local universities and in
international universities to realize their dreams and to enable them to become agents of
innovation and development in the country. The fund has been started with an allocation of 10
billion of which 1 billion is allocated for year 2014-2015.
The endowment fund will be used for
Scholarships for needy students on merit.
Training and development of human resource in areas critical to Vision 2025.
Promoting skills based education and training programs in areas critical to Vision 2025.

b. Science Talent Farming Scheme

Pakistans education system is failing to produce an adequate number of students equipped
with world class skills in the disciplines of science and technology. The Science Talent Farming
Scheme is part of the initiatives of Pakistan Vision 2025 and with an initial funding of Rs. One
billion
Science Talent Farming Scheme will:

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Support top science talent through scholarships

Generate Global exposure opportunities in the field of science and technology
Arrange international visits to leading science and technology institutes
Assist schools in updating science curricula and teachers training
Create a nationwide pool of volunteers for science popularization

c. Technology Development Fund

No country, however poor, can insulate its productive sector from new technologies.
Technology-intensive activities have enhanced development and spillover benefits in
terms of creating useful knowledge, skills and capabilities for other activities resulting in
more sustained and deeper learning.
These offer more prospects for continued productivity increase but unfortunately the
missing link between industry and academia has always been the bane of Pakistans
economy.
Over 8000 PhDs produced in recent years are primarily pursuing a career in academia
but unfortunately because of the missing link between academia and industry Pakistan
could not reap the benefits of this tremendous knowledge base that resides in the
brains of these scholars.
Planning Commission is cognizant of the fact that there is a need for realignment of our
knowledge platform and production platform to bridge the gap between industry and
academia.
This will turn PhDs into a catalyst for economic growth having direct impact on industry
and agriculture in particular and the economy in general.
The Technology Development Fund with an initial amount of Rs. five billion has been
established in support of one of the key policy priorities defined in Pakistan Vision 2025.
This priority has been set to enhance the effectiveness of public money by supporting
technological development and research for the benefit of innovation in the economy.
The objectives of the fund are to:
Support the application of new technologies in industry and in the rest of the
development sector
Support the development of start-up companies by scholars who return after the
completion of their PhDs
Finance initiatives and development programs in specific technical areas to strengthen
the technical foundations of business
Support small technology projects by individuals and small businesses that are likely to
generate employment and income
Implementation Structure:
The Fund will operate on a competitive mode and will provides grants to returning PhD
scholars and other actors of the research community in various institutional
settings: firms, universities and public research institutes. The Fund will be allowed to
enter into cooperation with venture capital suppliers

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The fund will be placed under the responsibility of a Technology Development Board,
whose members will be eminent technology experts, economists, and professionals
selected in a transparent manner
The grants will be allocated on the basis of calls for applications
Applications to the Technology Development Fund will be assessed through peer review.
Selection criteria will include:
Quality of the project
Relevance for Pakistan
Competence of individuals involved and facilities available for conducting the project
International collaboration and partnerships

Extremism in Pakistan
"If there is one thing which has been conclusively demonstrated in this inquiry, it is provided that
you can persuade the masses to believe that something they are asked to do is religiously right
or enjoined by religion, you can set them to any course of action, regardless of all considerations
of discipline, loyalty, decency, morality or civic sense. Pakistan is being taken by the common
man as though it is not an Islamic state. This belief has been encouraged by the ceaseless
clamour for Islam and Islamic state that is being heard from all quarters since the establishment
of Pakistan."- Munir Report 1954
Contextualizing Extremism
Munir Report of 1954 to investigate the Punjab disturbances of 1953 is a through report
which offers deep insight into the causes of extremism and fundamentalism and its ally,
violence. The horrible crimes committed during 1949-53 sowed the seeds of extremism
in Pakistan
The state of Pakistan is far away from the ideas of its founding fathers. The process of
"Legal Islamization" started with the passing of Islamic oriented Objectives Resolution in
1949 has since continued. It went on during the Ayub era, intensified during the Bhutto
era and was given an extremist look by Genera Zia-ul-Haq.
It is pertinent to highlight that the founding father M.A.Jinnah had made it clear that
Pakistan would not be a theocratic state to be ruled by Mullahs with a divine mission.
Yet, 67 years after it came into existence, Pakistan resembles Jinnah's vision only in the
breach. Jihadi terrorism seeks precisely to turn Pakistan into a theocracy based on
narrowest possible interpretation of Islam.

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Pakistan is, today, facing 5th generation warfareiii which means loosely organized
networks practicing violence and attacking nation states in the name of unified cause
while being empowered by contemporary political, economic, social and technological
changes.
since 9/11 a total of more than 50 thousand persons affected by various forms of
extremism acts. Waves of violent acts in the form of bomb blasts, target killings,
sabotage activities, attacks on security personals and state institutions, attacking soft
targets like worship placees of opponent sects.
it is worth mentioning that extremism is not an issue of law and order rather an
outcome of socio-political unrest that requires a matching approach to solve it.
Some recent developments, manifestations, incidents etc...
Causes/ factors
Failure of Democracy and growing disillusionment in the society
Educational Inequalities and growing social differences
Poverty and Socio-economic disparities
Anti-Americanism
Short comings in Madrassah educational system
Role of state in militarization of society
Weak civil society
Problems of Pan-Islamic exclusiveness and Nation State system
Role of militant media
Lack of good governance

Critical Analysis
State misery in the context of "Requests"
Analyzing short-term measures
Begins with grievances and ends in Violence

Recommendations/ Suggestions
Lesson from other countries
DDR Strategy
Following Saudi and Indonesian Model
Soft Power Humane Approach
Role of Media
Role of Ulema
Democracy
Good Governance
Poverty
Education
Unemployment

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Politicization of Society

Islamic Extremism in
Muslim World
57 members of OIC however 47 countries in the world has Muslim population more than 50 %.
Key Players
Islamic State: which previously called itself the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, also mentioned as Daulat e Islamia AlIraq o Alshaam. Da'esh.,
established in 1999 as Jamat al-Tawd wa-al-Jihd renamed Islamic State of Iraq 2006, ISIL in
2013... . IS in 2014, founded by Al Zarqawi and current leader is Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Goal:
Foundation of Islamic State under Caliphate system in Iraq and Syria. Currently engaged in War with
Syrian and Iraqi forces
Boko Haram: established in 2002 by Muhammad Yousaf but came into limelight in 2009.
Nigerian based Militant movement which has killed 5000 people since 2009. Currently headed by Abu
Bakar Shekau. 40 to 50 percent Nigeria in control of Boko Haram. Goal: establishment of an Islamic
state in Nigeria, and opposes the Westernizing of Nigerian society, more than 2000 people were killed
in 2014
Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan: umbrella organization of 13 religious groups. founded by Bait
ullah Mehsud in 2007. Current head is Maulana Fazlulah . Goal: enforcement of their interpretation of
Shariah, currently split into five groups. strong connections with other militant groups: example 2014
karachi attack.
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan: founded in 1998 by Tahir Yuldashev and Juma
Namangani. Goal: creating Islamic state under Shariah. current leader Usman Ghazi, strongest ally of
TTP and Al Qaeda. Islamic Jehad Union is a split group of IMU
Other Groups: Ansar al-Sharia in Libya 2012, Ansar al-Sharia in Tunisia 2011, Ansar Bait alMaqdis 2011, Jund al-Khalifa fi Ard al-Jazayer 2014 and Jemaah Islamiah 1969
Abu Sayyaf: founded in 1991, establishment of an Iranian-style Islamic theocracy in the
southern Philippines
Theoretical contextualization of Extremism:

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Hizb ut-Tahrir
an international pan-Islamic political organisation. They are commonly associated with the
goal of all Muslim countries unifying as an Islamic state or caliphate ruled by sharia and with a caliph
head of state elected by Muslims. founded in 1953 as a Sunni Muslim organization in Jerusalem by
Taqiuddin al-Nabhani, an Islamic scholar, a non violent group but deep rooted connections with nearly
all groups struggling for Islamic State, spread to more than 40 countries and by one estimate has about
one million members. Ata Abu Rashta is the current leader of HuT
Sayyid Qutb
Milestones written in 1965. A source of academic inspiration for Islamic terrorism
Idea of Takfir a dangerous product

Factors behind Extremism in Muslim World

Traditional Islamists vs New Islamists
Absence of Democracy
Transmitted vs Intellectual Knowledge: the breakdown within Islam
External Actors
Failure of Governments: rapid social, demographic, and economic changes
The vicious Trinity: Absence of Good Governance
Problems in Parallel Nationalisms?
Factories of terrorism?: three set of Madaris
Impact of 70s
Territorial Disputes
Human Rights violations of Authoritarian regimes
Role of Militant Media
Anti- Americanism
Weak Civil Societies
Suggestions to eliminate Extremism
True Interpretation of Jehad
Nationwide Intellectual debates

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Amnesty Programs
Holistic Interpretation of Religion
Countering Online Radicalization
Alternative channels to vent frustration
Re structuring Education systems
Vocal support of Poor

Corruption
Introduction
What is Corruption?
Corruption is derived from the Latin verb rumpere, to break. According to this approach,
corruption is where the law is clearly broken. This requires that all laws must be
precisely stated, leaving no doubts about their meaning and no discretion to the public
officials.
A legal interpretation of corruption provides a clearly demarcated boundary between
what is a corrupt activity and what is not. If an officials act is prohibited by laws
established by the government, it is corrupt; if it is not prohibited, it is not corrupt even
if it is abusive or unethical
Dishonest behavior by those in positions of power, such as managers or government
officials. Corruption can include giving or accepting bribes or inappropriate gifts, double
dealing, under-the-table transactions, manipulating elections, diverting funds,
laundering money and defrauding investors
dishonest or illegal behavior especially by powerful people (such as government officials
or police officers), the act of corrupting someone or something that has been changed
from its original form- Merriam Webster
Corruption is the abuse of entrusted power for private financial or non-financial gain. It
diverts resources from their proper use, distorts competition and creates gross
inefficiencies in both the public and private sectors.
Different forms of Corruption

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Systemic corruption: endemic or systemic corruption is when corruption is an integrated

and essential aspect of the economic, social and political system
when it is embedded in a wider situation that helps sustain it.
Systemic corruption is a situation in which the major institutions and processes of the
state are routinely dominated and used by corrupt individuals and groups
most people have no alternatives to dealing with corrupt officials.
Sporadic (individual) Sporadic corruption is the opposite of systemtic corruption
it occurs irregularly and therefore it does not threaten the mechanisms of control nor
the economy as such.
It is not crippling, but it can seriously undermine morale and sap the economy of
resources.
Political corruption is any transaction between private and public sector actors through
which collective goods are illegitimately converted into private-regarding payoffs.
it takes place at the high levels of the political system, when politicians and state agents
entitled to make and enforce the laws in the name of the people, are using this
authority to sustain their power, status and wealth.
Political corruption not only leads to the misallocation of resources, but it also perverts
the manner in which decisions are made.
Political corruption is when the laws and regulations are abused by the rulers, sidestepped, ignored, or even tailored to fit their interests.
It is when the legal bases, against which corrupt practices are usually evaluated and
judged, are weak and furthermore subject to downright encroachment by the rulers.
Grand High level or grand corruption takes place at the policy formulation end of
politics. It refers not so much to the amount of money involved as to the level in which it
takes place
it is at the top levels of the public sphere, where policies and rules are formulated in the
first place.
Petty Small scale, bureaucratic or petty corruption is the everyday corruption that takes
place at the implementation end of politics, where the public officials meet the public.
Petty corruption is bribery in connection with the implementation of existing laws, rules
and regulations, and thus different from grand or political corruption.
Petty corruption refers to the modest sums of money usually involved, and has also
been called low level and street level to name the kind of corruption that people
can experience more or less daily, in their encounter with public administration and
services like hospitals, schools, local licensing authorities, police, taxing authorities and
so on.
Corruption in Pakistan
Corruption Reception Index 2014 126/177.
According to calculations performed by Transparency International, Pakistan has lost an
unbelievably high amount, more than Rs8.5 trillion (US $94 billion), in corruption, tax
evasion and bad governance during the last four years .An adviser of Transparency
International acknowledged that Pakistan does not need even a single penny from the
outside world if it effectively checks the menace of corruption and ensures good
governance.

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Causes
Lack of Rule of Law
Weak democratic system
Impassive role of ACU
role of Judiciary
unawareness among masses
education
Weak civil society
NGOs
No reforms in institutions
Prevalence of culture conducive for corruption
Transparency
Politicization of Public departments
Inflation

Effects of Corruption
Bad Governance
Economic Underdevelopment
Crimes in Society
Decay of Institutions

Suggestions

Current Affairs

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Local Government System;

needs & expectations: A
critical review
Introductory Remarks

All provincial governments have constitutional binding to conduct local government elections and have local
government system. But question is whether any mode of local government system has answer to the problems of
governance in Pakistan or not.

There is a basic flaw in understanding what was missing in Local Government Ordinance 2001 or local government
system of 1979 and what Pakistan needs exactly. This is the only reason due to which these systems could not sustain.
Certainly, a unanimous system of local governance in all units of federation is not feasible and that is not even needed;
not constitutionally at least. But still there can be one commonality and that is the purpose of it.

Unfortunately, in Pakistan the concept of Good Governance could never gain eventuality and authenticity. Solution
providers of this nation have other motives behind every policy, plan and system than service delivery. National
Interest and Public Good are just words for them.

Resultantly, only thing that permanently exists is crisis of governance.

Fifth largest population and one of the nuclear powers of the world has become host of every possible crisis that can
happen. Starting from crisis of federation to activism of institutions, from energy shortfall to economic crunches, from
unemployment to unforeseen urban poverty, from absenteeism to nepotism, from corruption to non professionalism,
from price hike to adulteration, and from security crisis to target killings and suicide bombings, all are the outcomes of
bad governance.

It is impertinent to discuss what a dictator wants from a local bodies system and why do politicians in parliament shy
away from local government elections. What is important to ponder about is that why so far every system of
governance has failed to deliver and do local government systems have any solutions to the problems of governance in
Pakistan.
A Critical Review:

Let's have an in depth analysis of administrative changes that took place in Pakistan in recent history and understand
why they failed to deliver. To begin with, let us discuss LGO 2001. This local government system brought in by the
then leadership was alien to the masses, indigestible for politicians and thorny for bureaucracy as well.
The concept of three tier government at district level and devolution of administrative and financial powers was a
nave idea.

Civil administration was given a changed and a different role. From a controlled, centralized and authoritative role it
was entrusted with a consultative and coordinating role.

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Office of DM was abolished. It was a huge set back. System failed barring few exceptions. There is no second opinion
to it. Not because doctrine of devolution of authority and resources is bad or LGO 2001 was a faulty piece of
legislation; but, its implementation and intention was faulty.
Pakistan has never grown up to be called a mature and developed democracy. Infant democracy still breaths among
wolfs called establishment and agencies.

Political leadership is still far from gaining the status of a visionary and a policy maker. With such emaciated and
feeble political system, it was poor assessment of the then President Mr. Musharaf and his think tanks to expect LGO
2001 to deliver.

Fundamentally, when a dictator introduces anything even with good intentions and immaculately perfect that is
looked upon with contempt. It is so because those who had to run the system were not taken into confidence and
perhaps they felt insecure.
Had LGO 2001 being implemented in phases and with minor amendments in all provinces, it could have delivered
beyond expectations. What is suitable for Lahore cannot be equally good for Khuzdar. Things cannot be same every
where.

Moreover, quite unfortunately, this local government system was considered as a big sword for the mighty and
untamed civil bureaucracy; specifically, those serving in districts and were belonging to federal and provincial
services. Abolition of the office of Deputy Commissioner was believed to be the downfall of district administration.
Many officers left their service due to this change.

One of the top ranked group of Central Superior Services, the then District Management Group and now Pakistan
Administrative Service, dropped at third or fourth preference. Administration lost luster. That was a big set back again.
It was not intended of course, but that is how it was perceived.

Why this misconception took birth; because unconventional roles given to civil bureaucracy made it look so ordinary
at first. Again it is pertinent to mention that there was no problem with the system but as it was new to culture it could
not gain acceptance and applause of bureaucracy. That factor added magnanimously to bad governance. For making
administrative reforms or for doing better accountability it is not needed to temper the very skeleton of administrative
structure.

Many provisions of the system were violated and many were not even implemented. This resulted in absence of good
governance and ultimately system could not deliver as it was expected. First and fundamental violation was that it is
given in law that elections should be on non party basis; but it did not happen. 2005 elections were blatant rebuttal of
this provision. Provisions of Village and Neighbourhood Councils, Citizen Community Board, Masalhiti Anjuman,
District Mashavirat Committee and Local Government Responsibility for Enforcement of Laws were not implemented
fully.

A part from local government system, Police Order 2002 and amendments in Criminal Procedure Code 1898 also
played their part in deteriorating situation of governance in Pakistan.

It does not say that changes were faulty rather they were immature and before time. Probably those changes were
made to depoliticize police; but more than 70 amendments in less than 6 months killed the purpose. Fore front role of
police exposed it to new and unforeseen challenges. As a result of it, Pakistan has arrived at a point where judiciary
and media are doing administration, investigation, trial and decision as well.
Center pillars of governance like civil administration and police have lost their directions and are bewildered.
Concluding Remarks:
Effective and vibrant local government system is one answer and a part of solution to woes of governance in Pakistan.
Without local government system good governance will remain a distant dream.
Supreme Court of Pakistan is pushing hard for local government elections. But provincial governments and Election
Commission of Pakistan has regretted the conduct of elections in September 2013.
It is so because provincial governments are yet to decide what they want. Only thing that is expected and desired by
general public is Good Governance.

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Local government is a provincial subject constitutionally. Every province can come up with a system that is most
suitable to its culture; politically and socially.
In Khyber Pakhtoon Khwa, currently, Local Government System 2011 is implemented. But new government is trying
to come up with a new system that will be more in line with LGO 2001.
Similarly, recently Local Government Ordinance 2013 has been passed in Sindh.
Administrative loopholes exist in every system but they need to be done away with. Purpose should be same i.e. good
governance.
Good governance has fundamental principles that ensure service delivery. Things will not change only by conducting
elections. All institutions must behave in a prescribed manner and must only perform duties they are entrusted with.
Redefining certain roles of institutions is also need of hour.

Pakistan is facing a huge challenge of terrorism and police is struggling hard to combat it. This is happening because
police is unable to come out of its conventional role and perform counter terrorism activities. Legislation in this regard
is the dire need of time.

Reenactment of magistracy will be a very beneficial step. The offices of Sub Divisional Magistrate and District
Magistrate were great support to police and judiciary. Their absence has created an unbridgeable gap that has not only
resulted in bad governance but also effected positive working relation among these.
Similarly, concept of Alternate Dispute Resolution must also be promoted at all possible levels in order to avoid
maximum litigations and court cases.
These are few very major steps that can be done in order to ensure good governance in Pakistan.
Pakistan is a blessed country; naturally, physically, demographically and geographically as well. Some serious steps, if
taken, to correct the wrong doings will ensure economic growth and political stability in Pakistan.