LESSON 1:

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After reading of this Information Sheet, you should be able to:
1. Identify the basic precautions and procedures in planning, preparing,
installing and testing of computer hardware and software.

2. Determine the effects of computers to the people, health risk, and to the
environment.

During installation and initial test, careful planning and preparation are
to be done. To avoid personal injury and damages to wiring due to sharp pins on
connectors and printed circuit assemblies, rough chassis edges and corners, and
hot components.
Adhere to warnings and limitations regarding accessibility into areas
designated only for authorized technical personnel.
CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT:
SOME BASIC PRECAUTIONS AND PROCEDURES:
 Before starting the installation, read carefully the documentation and
procedures on any hardware and software settings that may be required.
 Failure to do the proper jumper setting may cause damage to your CPU.
 Without an effective cooling fan, the CPU can overheat and cause damage
to both CPU and the motherboard.
 Each bank must have the same size and type of memory installed in pairs.

 Before adding and removing any other system components, make sure
that you unplug your power supply. Failure to do so may cause damage to
your motherboard and in the system component.
  Test the computer, insuring that it meets the necessary system
requirements before booting up.
 If the computer does not pass any of the power on self-test (POST), the
computer will receive an irregular power on self-test. An irregular POST
is a beep code which is different from the standard beep which can either
be no beeps at all or a combination of different beeps.

EFFECTS OF COMPUTERS
Some effects of computers relating to the violation of privacy, the impact on
the labor force, health risks, and the impact on the environment.

1. Violation of Privacy
Nearly every life event is stored in a computer somewhere--in medical records,
credit reports, tax records, etc. It is crucial that personal and confidential
records be protected properly. In many instances, where these records were not
properly protected, individuals have found their privacy violated and identities
stolen.
2. Impact on Labor Force
Although computers have improved productivity in many ways and created an
entire industry with hundreds of thousands of new jobs, the skills of millions of
workers and managers have been replaced by computers. Thus, it is crucial that
workers keep their education up-to-date. A separate impact on the labor force is
that some companies are outsourcing jobs to foreign countries instead of
keeping their homeland labor force employed.

3. Health Risks
Prolonged or improper computer use can lead to injuries or disorders of
the hands, wrists, elbows, eyes, necks, and back. Computer users can protect
themselves from these health risks through proper workplace design, good
posture while at the computer, and appropriately spaced work breaks. Another
health risk, called computer addiction, occurs when someone becomes obsessed
with using the computer. Once recognized, computer addiction is a treatable
disorder.
4. Public Safety
Adults, teen, and children around the world are using computers to share
publicly their photos, videos, journals, music, and other personal information.
Some of these unsuspecting, innocent computer users have fallen victim to
crimes committed by dangerous strangers. Protect yourself and your
dependents from these criminals by being cautious. For example, do not share
information that would allow others to identify or locate you.
5. Impact on Environment
Computer manufacturing processes and computer waste are depleting
natural resources and polluting the environment. The amount of resources
required to manufacture a personal computer equals that of a mid-sized
car. When computers are discarded in landfills, they release toxic materials and
potentially dangerous levels of lead, mercury, and flame retardants. Strategies
that can help protect the environment include recycling, regulating
manufacturing processes, extending the life of computers, and immediately
donating replaced computers
 INFORMATION SHEET NO. 1.1-2
BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR A PLANNED INSTALLATION

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After reading this Information Sheet, you should be able to:
1. Prepare the required documents or forms before you do a well-planned
installation

2. Identify the qualifications to be a certified hardware professional so that

you could be allowed and authorized to do a well-planned installation

Are you the person everyone calls when they have a computer problem? Have
you considered getting paid for fixing near-fatal errors and turning your PC
prowess into a business? According a recent report, sales of computer services
are expected to exceed $47 billion this year in the U.S. alone, with PC repair
leading the way. But there are some requirements that you need to know before
joining the bandwagon of Computer Hardware Servicing trade, like
document/forms (e.g. Job Orders, Request Forms, and Report Sheets) and
qualifications for personnel in repairing computers.

REQUIRED DOCUMENTS/FORMS:
A. Job Order
A Job order (known as works order outside of the United States because
the work is produced in a manufacturing area known as the works) or job
order (sometimes job ticket or work ticket, as it often has some type of
ticket attached) is an order received by an organization from a customer or
client, or an order created internally within the organization. A work order may
be for products or services.
 In a manufacturing environment, a work order is converted from a sales
order to show that work is about to be begin on the manufacture, building or
engineering of the products requested by the customer. In a service
environment, a work order can be equivalent to a service order where the WO
records the location, date and time the service is carried out and the nature of
work that is done. The type of personnel (e.g. job position) may also be listed on
the WO. A rate (e.g. $/hr, $/week) and also the total amount of hours worked
and total value is also shown on the work order.
A work order may be a maintenance or repair request from students,
faculty or staff in a university.
Orders received from outside an organization are
often dispatched (reviewed and scheduled) before being executed. Work orders
may be for preventive maintenance.
Contractors may use a single job work order and invoice form that
contains the customer information, describes the work performed, lists charges
for material and labor, and can be given to the customer as an invoice.
A job order is an internal document extensively used by projects-based,
manufacturing, building and fabrication businesses. A job order may be for
products and/or services. In a manufacturing environment, a job order is used
to signal the start of a manufacturing process and will most probably be linked
to a bill of material. Hence, the job order will probably state:
1. the quantity of the product to be manufactured, built or fabricated
2. the amount of raw material to be used, its price and amount
3. the types of labor required, rate (per hour or per unit) and amount
4. the machine utilization for each machine during the routing process, its
rate and amount
In a service environment, a job order can be the equivalent to a work or
service order where the job order records the location, date and time the service
is carried out and the nature of service that was carried out. The type of
personnel (e.g. job position) may also be listed on the job order. A rate (e.g.
$/hr, $/week) and also the total amount of hours worked and total value is
also shown.
Sample Job Order Form
Computer Repair Job Order Form

Teacher Client’s Name School CBSAA

Date Sept 2, 2017 Computer # 001

Service Tag# 001 Model Intel i5

Serial # abcd1234
Computer Problem: (Brief Description of the Problem)

***Blue Screen Error***

For Technical Department Used Only Fax No. (032)

434 4875
Computer Fixed By: John Doe

Date Sent Back to School:

Memory Transcend 2 GHz Processor Pentium Dual-Core 2 GHz
Hard Drive Space Hitachi Sata 80 GigWindows Windows 7 Ultimate

B. Request Form and Report Sheet

Computer Hardware Servicing maintenance, which includes planned
installation, main objective is to keep and improve production facilities, to keep
and improve production facilities stable and efficient at the lowest life cycle cost
with the active participation of all members in the company. A Request Form is
used to put this objective into action. And the Report Sheet and Request Form
bring to life this maintenance’s purposes which are:

 To increase productivity through maximum utilization and improvement

of all equipment

 To develop maintenance system to reduce life cycle cost of machinery and

equipment through the involvement of everybody in the organization

 To develop the operator’s capability to be competent in maintenance

activities through education, training and motivation.

 To enhance capability for advanced and sophisticated technology that

would reinforce competitive power.

Sample Request Form

UNIT NO. 5-2

Description: Acer Aspire abcd1234 Laptop Computer

Observation/s:

***Corrupted Operating System*** Date Reported:

Sept 04, 2017

Reported by:
John Doe

Activity: Reformat Laptop

Date Completed: Sept 05, 2017

Sign:
Sample Report Sheet

Repair Report Sheet

Area/Section: DHS Computer Laboratory

Facility Type Nature of Recommendation

Breakdown

Laptop No Viral Corruption

Operating System
Error
Refer to the
Technical
Department for
Reformatting of
the Operating
System

Reported by: Juan Dela Cruz

Date: September15, 2017

REQUIRED QUALIFICATION FOR A COMPUTER HARDWARE PERSONNEL:
What Qualifications Do You Need to Become a PC Repair Technician?

Education
Employers prefer applicants who have completed formal electronics
training in a vocational school, community college or similar setting, reports the
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Training programs may last from 6 months to two
years. Some employers require at least a high school diploma or GED.

Certifications
Trainees can take the TESDA NC II Computer System Servicing
assessment to demonstrate their competency for entry-level jobs to employers.
The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority or TESDA offers a
variety of certification programs. In addition, technicians can achieve
certifications even for trainership.

Physical and Personal Traits

PC technicians must be able to squat, bend and reach to access the
computer equipment requiring repair. They should be physically able to lift at
least 50 pounds of computer components. Employers look for technicians who
can stand for long periods of time and have the ability to perceive a variety of
colors. Employers want technicians who think analytically, are organized and
pay attention to detail. They should feel comfortable working under tight
deadlines, and companies may expect them to work overtime or on weekends.

Knowledge and Skills

Applicants should know how to use a variety of standard office software, and
some jobs also require knowledge of networking. Companies prefer candidates
with previous PC repair experience, and they may look for candidates with
experience repairing specific brands of computers. Technicians need strong oral
communication skills and should be able to explain their findings to customers
using common terms.
 INFORMATION SHEET 1.1-3
FUNDAMENTALS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

After reading this Information Sheet, you should be able to:

1. Identify fundamentals of operating systems
2. Determine the different types of operating systems

An Operating System (OS) is a set of programs that manage computer

hardware resources and provide common services for application software. The
operating system is a vital component of the system software in a computer
system. Application programs require an operating system which are usually
separate programs, but can be combined in simple systems.

Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system
and may also include accounting for cost allocation of processor time, mass
storage, printing, and other resources.

For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the
operating system acts as an intermediary between application programs and the
computer hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly
by the hardware and will frequently make a system call to an OS function or be
interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on almost any device that
contains a computer from cellular phones and video game consoles to
supercomputers and web servers.
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS:
Real-time

A real-time operating system is a multitasking operating system that aims

at executing real-time applications. Real-time operating systems often use
specialized scheduling algorithms so that they can achieve a deterministic
nature of behavior. The main objective of real-time operating systems is their
quick and predictable response to events. They have an event-driven or time-
sharing design and often aspects of both. An event-driven system switches
between tasks based on their priorities or external events while time-sharing
operating systems switch tasks based on clock interrupts.

Multi-user

A multi-user operating system allows multiple users to access a computer

system concurrently. Time-sharing system can be classified as multi-user
systems as they enable a multiple user access to a computer through the sharing
of time. Single-user operating systems, as opposed to a multi-user operating
system, are usable by a single user at a time. Being able to use multiple accounts
on a Windows operating system does not make it a multi-user system. Rather,
only the network administrator is the real user. But for a Unix-like operating
system, it is possible for two users to login at a time and this capability of the
OS makes it a multi-user operating system.

Multi-tasking vs. Single-tasking

When only a single program is allowed to run at a time, the system is

grouped under a single-tasking system. However, when the operating system
allows the execution of multiple tasks at one time, it is classified as a multi-
tasking operating system. Multi-tasking can be of two types: pre-emptive or co-
operative. In pre-emptive multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU
time and dedicates one slot to each of the programs. Unix-like operating
systems such as Solaris and Linux support pre-emptive multitasking, as does
Amiga OS. Cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to
give time to the other processes in a defined manner. 16-bit versions of
Microsoft Windows used cooperative multi-tasking. 32-bit versions, both
Windows NT and Win9x, used pre-emptive multi-tasking. Mac OS prior to OS X
used to support cooperative multitasking.

Distributed

A distributed operating system manages a group of independent

computers and makes them appear to be a single computer. The development of
networked computers that could be linked and communicate with each other
gave rise to distributed computing. Distributed computations are carried out on
more than one machine. When computers in a group work in cooperation, they
make a distributed system.

Embedded

Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded

computer systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs
with less autonomy. They are able to operate with a limited number of
resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient by design. Windows
CE and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems.
EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS:
Unix and Unix-like operating systems

Ken Thompson wrote B, mainly

based on BCPL, which he used to write
Unix, based on his experience in
the MULTICS project. B was replaced by C,
and Unix developed into a large, complex
family of inter-related operating systems
which have been influential in every
modern operating system (see History).
The Unix-like family is a diverse group of operating systems, with several major
sub-categories including System V, BSD, and GNU/Linux. The name "UNIX" is
a trademark of the Open Group which licenses it for use with any operating
system that has been shown to conform to their definitions. "Unix-like" is
commonly used to refer to the large set of operating systems which resemble the
original Unix.
Unix-like systems run on a wide variety of computer architectures. They are
used heavily for servers in business, as well as workstations in academic and
engineering environments. Free Unix variants, such as GNU/Linux and BSD,
are popular in these areas.
Four operating systems are certified by the The Open Group (holder of the Unix
trademark) as Unix. HP's HP-UX and IBM's AIX are both descendants of the
original System V Unix and are designed to run only on their respective vendor's
hardware. In contrast, Sun Microsystems's Solaris Operating System can run on
multiple types of hardware, including x86 and Sparc servers, and PCs.
Apple's Mac OS X, a replacement for Apple's earlier (non-Unix) Mac OS, is
a hybrid kernel-based BSD variant derived from NeXTSTEP, Mach, and
FreeBSD.
Unix interoperability was sought by establishing the POSIX standard. The
POSIX standard can be applied to any operating system, although it was
originally created for various Unix variants.
BSD and its descendants
A subgroup of the Unix family is the Berkeley
Software Distribution family, which
includes FreeBSD,
NetBSD, and OpenBSD, PC-BSD. These operating
systems are most commonly found on web servers,
although they can also function as a personal
computer OS. The Internet owes much of its existence
to BSD, as many of the protocols now commonly used
by computers to connect, send and receive data over
a network were widely implemented and refined in
BSD. The world wide web was also first demonstrated
on a number of computers running an OS based on
BSD called NextStep.
BSD has its roots in Unix. In 1974, University of California, Berkeley installed
its first Unix system. Over time, students and staff in the computer science
department there began adding new programs to make things easier, such as
text editors. When Berkely received new VAX computers in 1978 with Unix
installed, the school's undergraduates modified Unix even more in order to take
advantage of the computer's hardware possibilities. The Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency of the US Department of Defense took interest, and
decided to fund the project. Many schools, corporations, and government
organizations took notice and started to use Berkeley's version of Unix instead
of the official one distributed by AT&T.
Steve Jobs, upon leaving Apple Inc. in 1985, formed NeXT Inc., a company that
manufactured high-end computers running on a variation of BSD
called NeXTSTEP. One of these computers was used by Tim Berners-Lee as the
first web server to create the World Wide Web.
Developers like Keith Bostic encouraged the project to replace any non-free code
that originated with Bell Labs. Once this was done, however, AT&T sued.
Eventually, after two years of legal disputes, the BSD project came out ahead
and spawned a number of free derivatives, such as FreeBSD and NetBSD
Mac OS X

Mac OS X is a line of open

core graphical operating systems
developed, marketed, and sold by Apple
Inc., the latest of which is pre-loaded on
all currently shipping Macintosh
computers. Mac OS X is the successor to
the original Mac OS, which had been
Apple's primary operating system since
1984. Unlike its predecessor, Mac OS
X is a U N I X operating system built on
technology that had been developed at NeXT through the second half of the
1980s and up until Apple purchased the company in early 1997.
The operating system was first released in 1999 as Mac OS X Server 1.0, with a
desktop-oriented version (Mac OS X v10.0 "Cheetah") following in March 2001.
Since then, six more distinct "client" and "server" editions of Mac OS X have
been released, the most recent being OS X 10.8 "Mountain Lion", which was
first made available on February 16, 2012 for developers, and to be released to
the public late summer 2012. Releases of Mac OS X are named after big cats.
The server edition, Mac OS X Server, is architecturally identical to its desktop
counterpart but usually runs on Apple's line of Macintosh server hardware. Mac
OS X Server includes work group management and administration software
tools that provide simplified access to key network services, including a mail
transfer agent, a Samba server, an LDAP server, a domain name server, and
others. In Mac OS X v10.7 Lion, all server aspects of Mac OS X Server have been
integrated into the client version.
Linux and GNU

Linux (or GNU/Linux) is a Unix-like operating system that was

developed without any actual Unix code, unlike BSD and its variants. Linux can
be used on a wide range of devices from supercomputers to wristwatches.
The Linux kernel is released under an
open source license, so anyone can read
and modify its code. It has been modified
to run on a large variety of electronics.
Although estimates suggest that Linux is
used on 1.82% of all personal computers,
it has been widely adopted for use in
servers and embedded systems (such as cell phones). Linux has superseded
Unix in most places, and is used on the 10 most powerful supercomputers in
the world. The Linux kernel is used in some popular distributions, such as Red
Hat, Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint and Google's Android.
The GNU project is a mass collaboration of
programmers who seek to create a completely free
and open operating system that was similar to Unix
but with completely original code. It was started in
1983 by Richard Stallman, and is responsible for
many of the parts of most Linux variants. Thousands
of pieces of software for virtually every operating
system are licensed under the GNU General Public
License. Meanwhile, the Linux kernel began as a side
project of Linus Torvalds, a university student from
Finland. In 1991, Torvalds began work on it, and
posted information about his project on a newsgroup
for computer students and programmers. He received
a wave of support and volunteers who ended up
creating
a full-fledged kernel. Programmers from GNU took notice, and members of both
projects worked to integrate the finished GNU parts with the Linux kernel in
order to create a full-fledged operating system.
Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows is a family of proprietary operating systems designed
by Microsoft Corporation and primarily targeted to Intel architecture based
computers, with an estimated 88.9 percent total usage share on Web connected
computers. The newest version is Windows 7 for workstations and Windows
Server 2008 R2 for servers. Windows 7 recently overtook Windows XP as most
used OS.
Microsoft Windows originated in 1985 as an application running on top of MS-
DOS, which was the standard operating system shipped on most Intel
architecture personal computers at the time. In 1995, Windows 95 was released
which only used MS-DOS as a bootstrap. For backwards compatibility, Win9x
could run real-mode MS-DOS and 16 bits Windows 3.x drivers. Windows Me,
released in 2000, was the last version in the Win9x family. Later versions have
all been based on the Windows NT kernel. Current versions of Windows run
on IA-32 and x86-64 microprocessors, although Windows 8 will
support ARM architecture. In the past, Windows NT supported non-Intel
architectures.

Server editions of Windows are widely used. In recent years, Microsoft has
expended significant capital in an effort to promote the use of Windows as a
server operating environment. However, Windows' usage on servers is not as
widespread as on personal computers, as Windows competes against Linux and
BSD for server market share.
 INFORMATION SHEET NO. 1.1-4
COMPUTER COMPONENTS AND DEVICES

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After reading this Information Sheet, you should be able to:
1. Classify of the hardware and software components of a computer with its
corresponding functions.
2. Determine the various computer components and peripherals

A computer system is a special subsystem of an organization's overall

information system. It is an integrated assembly of devices, centered on at least
one processing mechanism utilizing digital electronics, which are used to input,
process, store, and output data and information.
Putting together a complete computer system, however, is more involved
than just connecting computer devices. In an effective and efficient system,
components are selected and organized with an understanding of the inherent
tradeoffs between overall system performance and cost, control, and complexity.

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT:
Basic Hardware Components of Computer System
Today, almost everyone in our information society has a basic
understanding of what a computer is and what it can do. A contemporary
computer system consists of a central processing unit, primary storage,
secondary storage, input devices, output devices, and communications devices
that work together with software to perform calculations, organize data, and
communicate with other computers.
A computer is an electronic machine, operating under the control of instructions
stored in its own memory, that can be programmed to accept data (input),
process it into useful information (output), and store it away in a secondary
storage device (store) for safekeeping or later reuse. The processing of input
into output is directed by the software but performed by the hardware. Figure
below shows some common computer hardware components.

Common computer hardware components

Computer system hardware components include devices that perform the

functions of input, processing, data storage; output and communication. The
devices responsible for these five areas are as follows:
 Input devices. Input devices allow you to enter data or commands in a
form that the computer can use; they send the data or commands to the
processing unit. Commonly-used input devices include keyboard, mouse,
microphone, scanner, digital camera, and PC camera.

 Output devices. Output devices show people the processed data--

information --in understandable and useful form. Four commonly used
output devices are a printer, a monitor, speakers, and a portable media
player. Input/output devices are playing an increasingly significant role in
our lives. The number and variety of input/output devices are expanding.

 Processing devices. Processing devices are the computer electronic

circuitry housed in the system unit. The circuitry in the system unit is
part of a circuit board called the motherboard. Two major components on
the motherboard are the processor and memory. The processor, formally
known as the central processing unit (CPU), has electronic circuitry that
manipulates input data into the information people want. Computer
instructions are actually are executed in the central processing unit.
Memory is a series of electronic elements that temporarily holds data and
program instructions while they are being processed by the CPU. Both the
processor and memory consist of chips. A chip is an electronic device that
contains many microscopic pathways designed to carry electrical current.
  Storage devices. Storage usually means secondary storage that can store
data and programs outside the computer itself. Storage devices hold data,
information, and programs permanently. These devices supplement
memory (also called primary storage) that can hold data and programs
only temporarily. Common storage devices include a hard disk, USB flash
drives, CDs, DVDs, and memory cards. A drive is a device that reads from
and writes onto a storage medium. A storage medium is the physical
material on which data, information, and program are stored. Some
portable devices, such as digital cameras, use memory cards as the storage
media.

 Communications devices. Communications devices provide connections

between the computer and communications networks, and enable
computer users to communicate and to exchange data, information, and
programs with other computers. Communications devices transmit these
items over transmission media such as cables, telephone lines, satellites,
and cellular radio. A widely used communications device is a modem.
In summary, we communicate with computers through input/output devices.
Input devices translate our data and communications into a form that the
computer can understand. The computer then processes these data, and an
output device translates them back into a form we can understand. The central
processing unit manipulates data and controls the other parts of the computer
system. Memory (primary storage) temporarily stores data and program
instructions during processing, while secondary storage feeds data and
instructions into the central processor and stores data for future use.
The System Unit
The Motherboard
The system unit is a box-like case that houses the processor, memory and other
electronic components of the computer that are used to process data. All other
computer system devices, such as the monitor, keyboard, and mouse, are linked
either directly or indirectly into the system unit.
 Figure below shows some of the components inside the system unit on a
typical PC, including the processor, memory, expansion cards, drive bays, power
supply, ports and connectors. The processor is the device that executes
program instructions. The memory device is a package that holds temporarily
data and program instructions during processing. An expansion card is a
circuit board that adds devices or capabilities to the computer. Finally, devices
outside the system unit, such as a keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer, or
microphone, are attached by a cable to a port or connector on the system unit.
To conserve on space, all-in-one computer houses the system unit in the same
physical case as the monitor. On notebook computers, the keyboard and
pointing device often occupy the area on the top of the system unit. The display
attaches to the system unit by a hinge. The system unit on a handheld computer
usually consumes the entire device. On these devices, the display is part of the
system unit too.
When the cover of a system unit is removed, the motherboard, also called
system board, can be seen inside the housing. The motherboard, a single circuit
board, provides the path through which the processor communicates with
memory components, other components, and peripheral devices. In a typical
personal computer, the components attached to the motherboard include
processor, memory chips, support electronic circuitry, and expansion boards. It
is the processor that is the most important component of the motherboard.
 Many electronic components attach to the motherboard
A computer chip is a small piece of semi conducting material, usually silicon, on
which one or more integrated circuits are etched. The various chips have
standard-sized pin connectors that allow them to be attached to the
motherboard and, there, to a common electrical path, called bus, that enables
data flow between the various system components.
An integrated circuit (IC) contains many microscopic pathways capable of
carrying electrical current. Each integrated circuit can contain millions of
elements such as resistors, capacitors, and transistors. Transistors act as
electronic switches that may or may not allow current to pass through. If current
passes through, the switch is on, representing the 1 bit. If current does not pass
through, the switch is off, representing a 0 bit. Thus, combinations of transistors
can stand for combinations of bits, which represent numbers, letters, and other
characters. The motherboard in the system unit contains many different types
of chips. A miniaturized central processing unit can be etched on a chip, then
the term computer on a chip.
 A central processing unit on a chip is called a microprocessor. On a
personal computer, the central processing unit (CPU) usually is contained on a
single chip. On the larger computers such as mainframes and supercomputer,
the various functions performed by CPU are spread across many separate chips.
Today's popular Pentium microprocessor contains more than one hundred
million transistors.
Ultimately, the type of processor and the amount of RAM placed on the
motherboard define the computer’s speed and capacity. The processor is
generally not made by the manufacturers of PCs. It is made by companies that
specialized in the development and manufacture of microprocessors. A number
of companies make microprocessors, including Intel, IBM, Motorola, Advanced
Micro Devices (AMD), and Cyrix. Most chips are no bigger than one-half-inch
square. Manufacturer’s package chips so the chips can be attached to a circuit
board such as a motherboard, memory module, or adapter card.
A variety of chip packages exist.
One type, called a dual inline
package (DIP), consists of two
parallel rows of pints that attach
the chip package to the circuit
board. A pin grid array (PGA)
package holds a larger number of
pins because the pins are
mounted
on the surface of the package. A
flip chip-PGA (FC-PGA) package is
a higher-performance PGA
packaging that places the chip on
the opposite side of the pins.
Another high performance
packaging technique does not use
pins. A single edge contact (SEC)
cartridge connects to the Some common chip packages
motherboard on one of its edges.
The Central Processing Unit
The central processing unit (CPU), also called processor, interprets and carries out the
basic instructions that operate a computer. The CPU significantly impacts
overall computing power and manages most of a computer's operations. On
larger computers, such as mainframes and supercomputers, the various
functions performed by the processor extend over many separate chips and
often multiple circuit boards. On a personal computer, all functions of the
processor usually are on a single chip.
Most processor chip manufacturers now offer multi-core processors. A multi-
core processor is a single-chip with two or more separate processors. Two
common multi-core processors used today are dual-core and quad-core. A dual-
core processor is a chip that contains tow separate processors. Similarly, a
quad-core processor is a chip with four-separate processors. Each processor on
a multi- core chip generally runs at a slower clock speed than a single-core
processor, but multi-core ships typically increase overall performance.
Memory
While performing a processing operation, a processor needs a place to
temporarily store instructions to be executed and the data to be used with those
instructions. The CPU cannot process data on an input device or disk directly;
the data must first be available in memory. A computer's memory in the system
unit, located physically close to the CPU (to decrease access time), provides the
CPU with a working storage area for program instructions, data and
information. Memory is also known as primary storage or internal storage.
Memory usually consists of one or more chips on the motherboard or some
other circuit
board in the computer.
The major feature of memory is that it rapidly provides the instructions and
data to the CPU. Memory stores three basic categories of items: (1) the operating
system and other system software that control or maintain the computer and its
devices; (2) application programs that carry our a specific task such as word
processing; and (3) the data being processed by the application programs and
resulting information.
This role of memory to store both data and programs is known as the stored
program concept.
Memory and storage sizes
Programs and data are placed in memory before processing, between processing
steps, and after processing has ended, prior to being returned to secondary
storage or released as output. Recall that a character is stored in the computer
as a group of 0s and 1s, called a byte. Thus, a byte is the basic storage unit in
memory. Like the CPU, memory components contain thousands of circuits
imprinted on a silicon chip. Each circuit is either conducting electrical current
(on) or not (off). By representing data as a combination of on or off circuit
states, the data is stored in memory. When application program instructions
and data are transferred into memory from storage devices, each of bytes is
placed in a
precise location in memory, called an address. This address is simply a unique
number identifying the location of the byte in memory. To access data or
instructions in memory, the computer references the addresses that contain
bytes of data. The size of memory is measured by the number of bytes available
for use (Figure 4-17). A kilobyte of memory is equal to exactly 1,024 bytes. To
make storage definitions easier to identify, computer users often round a
kilobyte down to 1,000 bytes. A megabyte (MB) is equal to approximately 1
million bytes. A gigabyte (GB) equals approximately 1 billion bytes. A terabyte
(TB) is equal to approximately 1 trillion bytes.
The system unit contains two types of memory: volatile and nonvolatile. The
contents of volatile memory are lost when the computer power is turned off. In
nonvolatile memory, the combination of circuit states is fixed, and therefore the
contents of nonvolatile memory are not lost when power is removed from the
computer. RAM is the most common type of volatile memory. Examples of
nonvolatile memory include ROM, flash memory and CMOS. The following sub-
sections discuss these types of memory.

RAM
Random Access Memory (RAM) is the memory chips that are mounted directly on
the motherboard or mounted on peripheral cards that plug into the
motherboard. The RAM chips consist of millions of switches that are sensitive to
changes in electric current. When the computer is powered on, certain operating
system files are loaded from a storage device such as a hard disk into RAM.
These files remain in RAM as long as the computer is running. As additional
programs and data are requested, they are read from storage into RAM. The
processor acts upon the data while it is in RAM. During the running time, the
contents of RAM may change as the program is executed.
RAM comes in many different varieties. Three basic types of RAM are dynamic
RAM, static RAM, and magnetoresistive RAM. Dynamic RAM (DRAM) must be
refreshed (or recharged) constantly by the CPU or it loses its contents. Many
variations of DRAM chips exist, most of which are faster than the basic DRAM.
One type of DRAM is Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), which is much faster than
DRAM because it is synchronized to the system clock. Double Data Rate (DDR)
SDRAM chips are eve faster than SDRAM chips because they transfer data twice
for each clock cycle, instead of just once, and DDR2 and DDR3 are even faster
than DDR. Dual channel SDRAM is faster than single channel SDRAM because
it delivers twice the amount of data to the processor. Rambus DRAM (RDRAM) is
yet another type of DRAM that is much faster than SDRAM because it uses
pipelining techniques. Most personal computers today use some form of
SDRAM chips or RDRAM chips.
Static RAM (SRAM) is faster and more reliable than any form of DRAM. The
term static refers to the fact that it does not have to be re-energized as often as
DRAM. SRAM is much more expensive than DRAM, thus it is usually used for
special purpose, such as used in cache.
A newer type of RAM, called magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM), stores data using
magnetic charges instead of electrical charges. Manufacturers claim that MRAM
has greater storage capacity, consumes less power, and has faster access times
than electronic RAM. Also, MRAM retains its contents after power is removed
from the computer, which could prevent loss of data for users. As the cost of
MRAM declines, experts predict MRAM could replace both DRAM and SRAM.
RAM chips usually are packaged on opposite sides of the circuit board
a small circuit board, called memory that connect together to form a single set of
module, which is inserted into the contacts. With a dual inline memory module
motherboard (Figure 4-19). Three (DIMM), the pins on opposite sides of the
types of memory modules are SIMMs, circuit board do
DIMMs, and RIMMs. A single inline not connect and thus form two sets of
memory module (SIMM) has pins on contacts. SIMMs and DIMMs typically hold
SDRAM chips. A
Rambus inline memory module (RIMM)
houses RDRAM chips.
The amount of RAM a computer
requires often depends on the types

A memory module being inserted in a

motherboard.

of applications you plan to use on the computer. A computer only can

manipulate data that is in memory. A computer needs a certain amount of
memory to store programs, data, and information. The more RAM a computer
has, the faster the computer will respond.
A software package usually indicates the minimum amount of RAM it
requires. If you want the application to perform optimally, typically you need
more than the minimum specifications on the software package. The
necessary amount of RAM varies according to the type of work you do and
the type of software applications you are using. The amount of RAM on your
computer determines how many programs and how much data a computer
can handle at one time and thus affects overall performance. Generally,
home users running Windows Vista and using basic application software
such as word processing should have at least 1GB of RAM. Most business
users who work with accounting, financial, or spreadsheet programs, and
programs requiring multimedia capabilities should have 1 to 4 GB of RAM.
Users creating professional Web sites or using graphics- intensive
applications will want 4GB or more of RAM. The amount of RAM in
computers purchased today ranges from 1GB to 64GB. In an advertisement,
manufacturers specify the maximum amount of RAM a computer can hold, for
example, 1GB expandable to 2GB.
ROM
Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips storing permanent data and
instructions. That is, the items stored in ROM chips cannot be modified--hence,
the name read-only. ROM is usually nonvolatile. In ROM, the combination of
circuit states is fixed, and therefore its contents are not lost if the power is
removed. The data, instructions, or information stored on ROM chips often are
recorded when the chip is manufactured. ROM chips that contain permanently
written data, instructions, or information are called firmware. Firmware can be
read and used, but cannot be changed by user. For example, ROM contains the
programs that direct the computer to load the operating system and other files
when the computer is turned on. In addition to computers, many devices
contain ROM chips. For example, ROM chips in printers contain data for fonts.
Programmable read-only memory (PROM) is a blank ROM chip on which you can
permanently place data and programs. Once the data and instructions are
programmed into PROM chip, the chip functions like a regular ROM and cannot
be erased or changed. A variation of the PROM chip, called electrically erasable
programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) chip, allows a programmer to erase
the microcode with an electric signal. EEPROM chips are where the CPU's
data and instructions change, but only infrequently, such as an industrial robot
used in an automobile manufacturer.
Flash Memory
Another type of nonvolatile memory is called flash memory. Flash memory is a
chip that keeps its memory when the power is shut off. Similar to a EEPROM
chip, flash memory can be erased electronically and reprogrammed. Most
computers use flash memory to hold their startup instructions because it allows
the computer easily to update its contents. For example, when the computer
changes from standard time to day-light savings time, the contents of a flash
memory chip (and the real-time clock chip) change to reflect the new time.
Flash memory chips also store data and programs on many mobile computers
and devices, such as smart telephones, digital cameras, pagers, PDAs,
automotive devices, portable media players, digital voice recorders, and
printers. When you enter names and addresses in a smart phone or PDA, a flash
memory chip stores the data. Some portable media players such as MP3 players
store music on flash memory chips; others store music on tiny hard disks or
flash memory cards. The logic capabilities of these devices can be upgraded by
simply downloading new software from the Internet or a vendor-supplied disk
to flash memory.
CMOS
Some RAM chips, flash memory chips, and other types of memory chips use
complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology because it
provides high speeds and consumes little power. CMOS technology uses battery
power to retain information even when the power to the computer is off.
Battery- backed CMOS memory chips, for example, can keep the calendar, date,
and time current even when the computer is off. The flash memory chips that
store a computer's startup information often use CMOS technology.
Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards

An expansion slot is a
socket on the
motherboard
that can hold an adapter
card. An adapter card, also
called expansion card,
is a circuit board that
enhances functions of a
component of the system
unit and/or provides
connections to
peripherals. A peripheral is
a device that connects to
the system unit and is
controlled by the
processor
in the computer. Examples An adapter card being inserted in an expansion slot
of peripherals are
modems, disk drives, printers, scanners, and keyboards. The adapter cards
contain the electronic circuitry for many supplemental capabilities, such as
more memory, higher-quality sound devices, a modem, extra ports, or
graphics
capabilities. Figure shows an expansion card being plugged into an expansion
slot on a personal computer motherboard.
Figure below lists currently used types of adapter cards. Sometimes, all
functionality is built in the adapter card. With others, a cable connects the
adapter card to a device, such as a digital video camera, outside the system unit.
Some motherboar ds
include all necessar y
capabilities and d o
not require adapte r
cards. Oth er
motherboards m ay
require adapt er
cards to provid e
capabilities such a s
sound and video. A
sound card is use d
to enhance th e
sound-generating
capabilities of a
personal computer
by making two basi c Currently used adapter cards and their functions
functions possibl e.
First it enables
sounds to be captured and stored on disk. Second, it enables sounds to be
played through external speakers. The sound card can add realism to computer
games with stereo music and sound effects.
It also allows us to speak commands and enter words to our PCs via speech
recognition. The typical sound card will have receptacles for a microphone, a
headset, an audio output, and a joystick. A video card, also called video
adapter or graphics card, converts computer output into a video signal that is
sent through a cable to the monitor, which displays an image on the screen.
In the past, installing a card was not easy and required you to set switches and
other elements on the motherboard. Today, many computers support Plug and
Play, which refers to the computer's capability to automatically configure
adapter cards and other peripherals as you install them. Having Plug and Play
support means that a user can plug in a new component turn on the computer,
and then use or play the component without having to configure the system
manually.
There are four widely used types of removable flash memory devices: flash
memory cards, USB flash drives, PC cards, and ExpressCard modules. Unlike
adapter cards that require you to open the system unit and install the card on
the motherboard, you can change a removable flash memory device without
having to open the system unit or restart the computer. This feature, called hot
plugging, allows you to insert and remove the removable flash memory and
other devices while the computer is running.

Flash memory cards and USB flash drive

A flash memory card is a removable flash memory device, which you inset and
remove from a slot in a computer, mobile device, or card reader/writer. Many
mobile and consumer devices, such as smart phones, digital cameras, portable
media players, and PDAs use these memory cards. Some printers and
computers have built-in card readers/writers or slots that read flash memory
cards. In addition, you can purchase an external card reader/writer that
attaches to any computer. Flash memory cards are available in a variety of
shapes, sizes and capacities.
 A USB flash drive is a flash memory storage device that plugs in a USB port on a
computer or portable device. A special type of USB flash drive, called a U3 smart
drive, includes preinstalled software accessed through a Window-type
interface.
Many computers have a PC Card slot or an Express Card slot, which is a special
type of expansion slot that holds a PC Card or an Express Card module,
respectively. A PC Card is a thin, credit card-sized removable flash memory
device that primarily is used today to enable notebook computers to access the
Internet wirelessly. Express Card modules are the next generation of PC Cards.
An Express Card module, which can be used as a removable flash memory device,
adds memory, communications, multimedia, and security capabilities to
computers. Both PC Cards and Express Card modules conform to standards
developed by the Personal Computer Memory Card International Association.
These standards help to ensure the interchangeability of PC Cards and Express
Card modules among personal computers.
Other Components
Buses
As previously explained, a computer
processes and stores data as a series of
electronic bits. These bits are transferred
internally within the circuitry of the
computer along
electrical channels. Each channel,
called a bus, allows the various
devices inside and attached to the
system unit to communicate with
A PC Card slides in a PC Card slot
each other. Just as vehicles travel on
a highway to move from one destination to another, bits travel on a bus.
 Buses are used to
memory. transfer bits from
input devices to
memory, from
memory to the CPU,
from the CPU to
memory, and from
memory to output
or storage devices.
All buses consist of two
parts: a data bus and an
address bus. The data
bus
transfers actual data
and the
address bus
transfers
information about
where the data
Just as vehicles travel on a highway, bits travel on a bus should go in
A bus is measured by its size. The size of a bus, called the bus width, determines
the number of bits that can be transmitted at one time. For example, a 32-bit
bus can transmit 32 bits (4 bytes) at a time. On a 64-bit bus, 64 bits (8 bytes)
are transmitted from one location to another at a time. The larger the number of
bits handled by the bus, the faster the computer transfers data. If a number in
memory occupies 64 bits, it must be transmitted in two separate steps when
using a 32-bit bus: once for the first 32 bits and once for the second 32 bits.
Using a 64-bit bus, however, the number can be transmitted in a single step,
transferring all 64 bits at once. The wider the bus, the fewer number of transfer
steps required and the faster the transfer of data. Most personal computers
today use a 64-bit bus.
Every bus also has a clock speed. Just like the processor, the clock speed for a
bus is measured in megahertz. The higher the bus clock speed, the faster the
transmission of data, which results in applications running faster. Most of
today's processors have a bus clock speed of 400, 533, 667, 800, 1066, or 1333
MHz.
 Buses allow the various devices inside and attached to the system unit to
communicate with each other

Two basic types of buses are found in a computer: a system bus and an
expansion bus. A system bus is part of the motherboard and connects the CPU to
main memory. An expansion bus allows the CPU to communicate with peripheral
devices. Data transmitted to the CPU travels from the expansion bus
and the system bus. When computer professionals use the term bus by itself,
they usually are referring to the system bus. Since the types of expansion buses
on a motherboard determine the types of expansion cards you can add, you
should understand the expansion buses commonly found in today's personal
computers:
 An old and slowest expansion bus is the ISA (Industry Standard
Architecture) bus. A mouse, modem card, sound card, and low-speed
network card are examples of devices that connect to the ISA bus directly
or through an ISA bus expansion slot.
 The PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) bus is a high-speed expansion
bus that connects higher speed devices. Types of cards inserted into a PCI
bus expansion slot include video cards, sound cards, SCSI cards, and
high-speed network cards. The PCI bus transfers data about four times
faster than the ISA bus. Most current personal computers have a PCI bus.
 The PCI Express (PCIe) bus is an expansion bus that expands on and
doubles the speed of the original PCI bus. Nearly all video cards today use
the PCI Express bus, as well as many hard disks and network cards.
Experts predict the PCI Express bus eventually will replace the PCI bus
completely.
 The Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) is actually a bus designed by Intel to
improve the speed with which 3-D graphics and video are transmitted.
When an AGP video card is inserted in an AGP bus slot, the AGP bus
provides a faster, dedicated interface between the video card and memory.
Newer processors support AGP technology.
 The Universal Serial Bus (USB) and FireWire bus are buses that eliminate
the need to install expansion cards into expansion slots. In a computer
equipped with a USB, USB devices are connected to each other outside the
system unit and then a single cable attaches to the USB port. The USB
port then connects to USB, which connects to the PCI bus on the
motherboard. The USB hot plug feature allows peripheral devices to be
connected to or removed from the USB port while the PC is running. The
FireWire bus works in a similar fashion. With these buses, expansion slots
are available for devices not compatible with USB or FireWire.
 The expansion bus for a PC Card is the PC Card bus. With a PC Card
inserted into a PC Card slot, data travels on the PC Card bus to the PCI
bus.
A system unit has many ports
Ports and Connectors
A port is the point at which a peripheral attaches to or communicates with a
system unit so that the peripheral can send data to or receive information from
the computer. An peripheral device, such as a keyboard, monitor, printer,
mouse, digital camera, and microphone, often attaches by a cable to a port on
the system unit. Most of the time, ports are located on the back of the system
unit, but they also can be placed on the front .
A connector joins a cable to a port. A connector at one end of a cable attaches to
a port on the system unit, and a connector at the other end of the cable attaches
to a port on the peripheral. Most connectors are available in one of two genders:
male and female. Male connectors have one or more exposed pins.
Female connectors have matching holes to accept the pints on a male
connector. Manufacturers often identify the cables by their connector types to
assist you with purchasing a cable to connect a computer to a peripheral. Figure
show the different types of connectors you may find on a system unit. Notice
that some are color-coded to help you match the connector to the correct port.
Some system units include these connectors when you buy the computer. You
add other connectors by inserting adapter cards on the motherboard. Certain
adapter cards have ports that allow you to attach a peripheral to the adapter
card.
The motherboard is designed with several port options, including at least one
serial port and parallel port each, several USB ports, and a FireWire port.
 A serial port is a type of interface that connects a device to the system unit
by transmitting data one bit at a time. It usually used to connect devices
that do not required fast data transmission rates, such as a mouse or
keyboard. The COM port (short for communications port) on the system
unit is one type of serial port. Some modems, which connect the system
unit to a telephone line, use a serial port because the telephone line
expects the data in a serial form. Serial ports conform to either the RS-232
or RS-422 standard with 9-pin or 25-pin. One of the 9 or 25 lines carries
the serial signal to the peripheral device, and another line carries the
signal from the device. The other lines carry control signals.
 Parallel ports allow the parallel transmission of data; that is, several bits
are transmitted simultaneously. Figure also shows how 8-bit bytes travel
in parallel over 8 separate lines. Extra lines carry control signals. Parallel
ports use the same 25-pin RS-232C connect
or or the 36-pin Centronics connector. These ports provide the interface
for such devices as high-speed printers, external magnetic tape or disk
backup units, and other computers. Two newer types of parallel ports, the
EPP (Enhanced Parallel Port) and the ECP (Extended Capabilities Port),
use the same connectors as the Centronics port, but are more than 10
times faster.
 A serial port and parallel port

 USB (Universal Serial Bus) ports are used in high-speed device interfaces.
Up to 127 peripheral devices can be daisy-chained to a single USB port.
USB ports are ideal for digital cameras, scanners, games controllers, MP3
music player, CD & DVD, removable hard disk, PDA, smart phone, and
high-speed modems. Many system units have six to eight USB ports.
Some newer peripheral devices may attach only to a USB port. Others
attach to either a serial or parallel port, as well as a USB port. When
connecting a device to a USB port, you do not need to install a card in the
computer. Simply plug one end of the cable into the USB port and the
other end into the device. To attach multiple peripherals using a single
USB port, you can use a USB hub. A USB hub is a device that plugs in a
USB port on the system unit and contains multiple USB ports in which
you plug cables from USB devices. Some USB hubs are wireless. The latest
 version of USB, called USB 2.0, is a more advanced and faster USB, with
speeds 40 times higher than that of its predecessor.
 FireWire ports, also called
IEEE 1394 port, are
similar to the USB port
and can connect multiple
types of devices that
require faster
data
transmission
speeds such as
digital video
cameras, digital
VCRs color printer, scanners, digital cameras, and DVD drives to a single
connector. Up to 63 devices can be connected together using a FireWire
USB and FireWire ports are replacing traditional ports
port. The latest FireWire version, called FireWire 800, is much more
advanced than its predecessor, FireWire 400. The FireWire also supports
Plug and Play. Many computer professionals believe that ports such as
USB and FireWire someday will replace serial and parallel ports
completely. Having standard ports and connectors, such as USB and
FireWire, greatly simplify the process of attaching devices to a computer.
In general, FireWire has replaced parallel and SCSI ports, and USB ports
have replaced mouse, keyboard, serial, audio, and parallel ports. Some
newer computers do not have a serial or parallel port. Users plug the
device in a USB or FireWire port. Figure 4-32 shows how USB and
FireWire are replacing other ports completely.
There are five special-purpose ports available: MIDI, eSATA, SCSI, IrDA, and
Bluetooth. These ports are not included in typical computers. For a computer to
have these ports, you often must customize the computer purchase order. MIDI
(Musical Instrument Digital Interface) ports connect the system unit to a musical
instrument, such as an electronic keyboard. The electronic music
industry has adopted MIDI as a standard to define how devices, such as sound
cards and synthesizers, represent sounds electronically. A synthesizer, which
can be a peripheral or a chip, creates sound from digital instructions. A system
unit with a MIDI port has the capability of recording sounds that have been
created by a synthesizer and the processing the sounds to create new sounds.
Nearly every sound card supports the MIDI standard, so you can play and
manipulate on one computer sounds that originally were created on another
computer.
An eSATA (external Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) port, allows you to
connect an external SATA hard disk to a computer. SATA hard disks are popular
because of their fast data transmission speeds. eSATA connections provide up to
six times faster data transmission speeds than external hard disks attached to a
computer's USB or FireWire port.
SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) ports are special high-speed parallel port and
provide a parallel interface that enables faster data transmission than serial and
parallel ports. Also up to 15 SCSI peripheral devices can be daisy- chained to a
single SCSI port; that is, they are connected along a single cable. The first SCSI
device connects to the computer, the second SCSI device connects to the first
SCSI device, and so on. SAS (serial-attached SCSI) is a newer type of SCSI
that transmits at much faster speeds than parallel SCSI.
Power Supply, Cooling Technology
Many personal computers plug in standard wall outlets, which supply an
alternating current (AC) of 115 to 120 volts. This type of power is unsuitable for
use with a computer, which requires a direct current (DC) ranging from 5 to 12
volts. The power supply is the component of the system unit that converts the
wall outlet AC power into DC power. Different motherboards and computers
require different wattages on the power supply. If a power supply is not
providing the necessary power, the computer will not function properly.
 Built into the power supply is a fan that keeps the power supply cool.
Many newer computers have additional fans near certain components in the
system unit such as the processor, hard disk, and ports. Processor chips
generate quite a bit of heat, which could cause the chip to burn up. Although the
computer’s main fan generates airflow, many of today’s processors require
additional cooling. A heat sink is a small ceramic or metal component with fins
on its surface that absorbs and disperses heat produced by electrical
components such as a processor. Because a heat sink consumes extra space,
smaller device called a heat pipe cools processors in notebook computers.
TASK SHEET. 1.1-4

Title: Identify the Different Computer Components and Peripherals

Performance Objective In the tool shop, given the supplies,

computer components and peripherals, materials, and equipment, you
are required to identify the different computer components and
peripherals and their specifications in 15 Minutes.

Supplies/Materials: Paper and Pen

Equipment:

1. Computer
2. PPE

Steps/Procedure:
1. Proceed to the station (with PC Unit) assigned to you
2. Identify the different components and write the specifications of
each component on your paper.
3. Submit output to trainer for evaluation

Assessment Method: Practicum with interview

PERFORMANCE CRITERIA CHECKLIST TASK 1.1-4
Criteria Yes No

Computer components and peripherals are identified

correctly
Questions about the computer components and peripherals
are answered correctly
Personal Protective Equipment(PPE) were used properly

The objective of the activity are achieved accordingly

 INFORMATION SHEET 1.1-5
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After reading this Information Sheet, you should be able to:
1. Identify the different tools and equipment used in computer systems
and networks
2. Determine the different use and functions of these tools and equipment
One important thing to consider before executing a well-planned computer
installation is that one must be knowledgeable in the different tools and
equipment used in computer systems and networks. Furthermore, the idea on
how these tools and equipment are properly used is another important
consideration in installing computer systems.

Hardware Tools/Equipment and Illustrations

their Functions

Protective Eyewear

enclose or protect the eye area in

order to prevent particulates,
infectious fluids, or chemicals
from striking the eyes
Multi-tester or Multi-meter

A multi-meter or a multi-tester,
also known as a VOM (Volt-Ohm
meter), is an electronic measuring
instrument that combines several
measurement functions in one
unit

Pliers (Assorted)

Pliers is a hand tool used to hold

objects firmly, for bending,
or physical compression.

Screwdriver

A screwdriver is a tool for

driving screws and often rotating
other machine elements with the
mating drive system
Soldering Gun

A soldering gun is
a tool for soldering metals using
tin-based solder to achieve a
highly conductive contact

Desoldering Tool

Desoldering tools are used for

removing the molten solder so that
the joint may be separated.

Allen Wrench

A hex key, Allen key, or Allen

wrench (also known by various
other synonyms) is a tool of
hexagonal cross-section used to
drive bolts and screws that have a
hexagonal socket in the head
(internal-wrenching hexagon drive)

CBLM Computer System Date Developed: Document No. DHS CSS-001-16

March 2,2016 Issued by:
Servicing,NC II
Date Revised:

Installing and Developed by: Page 68 of 96

Configuring Computer
Systems Revision # 0
Flashlight

A flashlight (or torch in

British English) is a hand-held
portable electric-powered light
source.
Usually the light source is a
small incandescent light
bulb or light-emitting diode (LED)

IC Insertion and Extraction Tool

Used for extracting and inserting

BIOS Chip

Mirror
In hardware servicing a mirror is
used for inspecting the peripherals

Tweezers

Tweezers are tools used for

picking up objects too small to be
easily handled with
the human hands

Antistatic Wrist Strap

An antistatic wrist strap, ESD

wrist strap, or ground bracelet
is an antistatic device used to
safely ground a person working on
very
sensitive electronic equipment, to
prevent the buildup of static
electricity on their body, which
can result in electrostatic
discharge (ESD)
Gloves
A gloves are garments for covering
and protecting the whole hand

Printer

a printer is a peripheral which

produces a text or graphics of
documents stored in
electronic form, usually on
physical print media such as
paper or transparencies

Computer

A computer is
a programmable machine designed
to automatically carry out a
sequence of arithmetic or logical
operations
 Windows Operating System
CD/DVD

An operating system is used as an

intermediary between hardware
and software

Device Driver
CD/DVD

An application used
to install the device
and peripherals of a
computer systems
and networks

RS 232 pin
insertion/extraction
tool
 RS232 and D-Sub
Pin Insertion and
Removal Tool

Computer Networking
Tools and Device and
Illustrations
their Functions

Crimping Tool

A crimping tool is a tool

designed to crimp or
connect a connector to the
end of a cable. For
example, network cables
and phone cables are
created using a crimping
tool to connect the RJ-
45 and RJ-11 connectors
to the end of the cable. In
the picture to the right, is
an example of what a
crimping tool looks like.
This example shows a tool
capable of crimping both
RJ-11 and RJ-45
connectors.

LAN Tester

A Device used for

testing network
cable connectivity

UTP Unshielded
Twisted Pair Cat 5
Cable
A cable used for
computer
networking

RJ 45 Connector

A plastic connector
used for UTP Cable
to connect
computers in a
network

Ethernet Switch

A network
switch or switching
hub is a computer
networking
device that
connects network
segments or network
devices
References
1. http://www.workcover.nsw.gov.au/OHS/default.htm
2. www.cengageasia.com
3. www.wikipedia.com
EVIDENCE PLAN

QUALIFICATION: COMPUTER SYSTEM SERVICING – NC II

Title of Evaluation INSTALL AND CONFIGURE COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
Units of INSTALL AND CONFIGURE COMPUTER
competency SYSTEMS
covered

Ways in which evidence will be collected:

Observation with Questioning

Written Examination

Demonstration with
[tick the column]

The evidence must show that the trainee … Questioning

Plans and prepares unit assembly to ensure OH&S

policies and procedures, sequences the work
X X X
appropriately in accordance with systems
requirements
Identifies and obtains materials necessary to complete
the work in accordance with established procedures X X X
and checks against systems requirements
Obtains tools, equipment and testing devices in
installation work which establishes procedures and to X X
comply with requirements
Assembles computer hardware in accordance with
X X
established procedures and systems requirements
Obtains tools, equipment and testing devices which
needs to carry out installation work that establishes X X X
and checks procedure for correct operation and safety

Configures Basic-input-output-system (BIOS) in

X X X
accordance with hardware requirements
Creates portable bootable devices in accordance with
software manufacturer instruction X X

Prepares customized installers in accordance with

software utilization guide and end user agreement X X X

Carries out installation of portable applications in X

accordance with software user guide and software
license

Installs Operating system (OS) in accordance with X

established installation procedures and to comply
with end-user requirements

Installs and configures peripherals/devices drivers X X

in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions
and/or OS installation procedures.

Accesses and installs OS and drivers X X

updates/patches in accordance with manufacturer’s
recommendations and requirements
Undertakes on-going checks of the quality of the work
in accordance with established procedures X X

X X
Installs application software based on software
installation guides, end-user requirements and
software license agreement

X X
Carries out variation to application software
installation in accordance to customer/client
requirements

X X X
Accesses and installs software updates in accordance
with manufacturer’s recommendations and
requirements

Tests devices / systems and/or installation to X

determine whether it conforms to requirements

X
Conducts stress test to ensure reliability of equipment
in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions and
system requirements
X X X
Follows 5S and 3Rs according to environmental
policies
 X X
Forwards documentation to appropriate personnel and
/or authority in relation to the test in accordance with
requirements

Identifies the different computer operating systems

X X X

Enumerated the different peripheral devices

X X
Application packages & use of application programs
X

Identifies motherboard properly

X X
Identifies video cards properly
X X

Identifies sound card

X X
NOTE: *Critical aspects of competency
Table of Specification
Objectives/ # of
Content Area/ Knowledge Comprehensive Application Items/ %
Topics of test

Unit assembly
is planned and
prepared to
ensure OH&S
policies and
procedures are
followed, the (5) (2) (3) (10)
work is
10% 4% 6% 20%
appropriately
sequenced in
accordance
with
requirements

Operating system
(OS) is
installed in
accordance with
established (2) (3) (5) (10)
installation
procedures and 4% 6% 10% 20%
to comply with
end-user
requirements

Documentation
in relation to
the test is
forwarded to (1) (1) (3) (5)
appropriate 2% 2% 6% 10%
personnel
and/or
authority in
accordance
with
requirements

Computer hardware
is
assembled in
accordance with (2) (3) (10) (15)
established 4% 6% 20% 30%
procedures and
systems
requirements
Tools,
equipment and
testing devices
needed
to carry out the
installation
work are
obtained in
accordance (5) (3) (2) (10)
with
established 10% 6% 4% 20%
procedures and
checked for
correct
operation and
safety

(15) (12) (23) (50)

TOTAL
34% 24% 42% 100%