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Unit 3 CSS

The document discusses CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) and how it is used to style and lay out web pages. CSS is used to define styles like colors, fonts, layouts independently of HTML markup. There are different ways to add CSS including internal, external and inline styles. CSS selectors are used to target specific elements to style them. Common selectors include element, class, ID and universal selectors.

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Santhiya A K
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12 views

Unit 3 CSS

The document discusses CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) and how it is used to style and lay out web pages. CSS is used to define styles like colors, fonts, layouts independently of HTML markup. There are different ways to add CSS including internal, external and inline styles. CSS selectors are used to target specific elements to style them. Common selectors include element, class, ID and universal selectors.

Uploaded by

Santhiya A K
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CSS

• CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets


• CSS describes how HTML elements are to be displayed on screen, paper, or in other
media
• CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple web pages all at once
• External stylesheets are stored in CSS files

Why Use CSS?


• CSS is used to define styles for your web pages, including the design, layout and
variations in display for different devices and screen sizes.

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

body {

background-color: lightblue;

h1 {

color: white;

text-align: center;

p{

font-family: verdana;

font-size: 20px;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h1>My First CSS Example</h1>

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>

</html>
My First CSS Example

This is a paragraph.

Why CSS?

HTML was NEVER intended to contain tags for formatting a web page!

HTML was created to describe the content of a web page, like:

<h1>This is a heading</h1>

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

When tags like <font>, and color attributes were added to the HTML 3.2 specification, it
started a nightmare for web developers. Development of large websites, where fonts and
color information were added to every single page, became a long and expensive process.

To solve this problem, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) created CSS.

CSS removed the style formatting from the HTML page!

CSS Syntax
A CSS rule consists of a selector and a declaration block.

CSS Syntax

The selector points to the HTML element you want to style.

The declaration block contains one or more declarations separated by semicolons.

Each declaration includes a CSS property name and a value, separated by a colon.

Multiple CSS declarations are separated with semicolons, and declaration blocks are
surrounded by curly braces.

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>
<style>

p{

color: red;

text-align: center;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<p>Hello World!</p>

<p>These paragraphs are styled with CSS.</p>

</body>

</html>

• p is a selector in CSS (it points to the HTML element you want to style: <p>).
• color is a property, and red is the property value
• text-align is a property, and center is the property value

CSS Selectors
CSS selectors are used to "find" (or select) the HTML elements you want to style.

We can divide CSS selectors into five categories:

• Simple selectors (select elements based on name, id, class)


• Combinator selectors (select elements based on a specific relationship between them)
• Pseudo-class selectors (select elements based on a certain state)
• Pseudo-elements selectors (select and style a part of an element)
• Attribute selectors (select elements based on an attribute or attribute value)

The CSS element Selector


• The element selector selects HTML elements based on the element name.

The CSS id Selector


• The id selector uses the id attribute of an HTML element to select a specific element.
• The id of an element is unique within a page, so the id selector is used to select one
unique element!
• To select an element with a specific id, write a hash (#) character, followed by the id
of the element.
<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

#para1 {

text-align: center;

color: red;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<p id="para1">Hello World!</p>

<p>This paragraph is not affected by the style.</p>

</body>

</html>

Hello World!

This paragraph is not affected by the style.

The CSS class Selector


The class selector selects HTML elements with a specific class attribute.

To select elements with a specific class, write a period (.) character, followed by the class
name.

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>
<style>

.center {

text-align: center;

color: red;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h1 class="center">Red and center-aligned heading</h1>

<p class="center">Red and center-aligned paragraph.</p>

</body>

</html>

Red and center-aligned heading

Red and center-aligned paragraph.

you can also specify that only specific HTML elements should be affected by a class.

HTML elements can also refer to more than one class.

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

p.center {

text-align: center;

color: red;
}

p.large {

font-size: 300%;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h1 class="center">This heading will not be affected</h1>

<p class="center">This paragraph will be red and center-aligned.</p>

<p class="center large">This paragraph will be red, center-aligned, and in a large font-
size.</p>

</body>

</html>

This heading will not be affected

This paragraph will be red and center-aligned.

This paragraph will be red, center-aligned, and in a large font-size.

Note: A class name cannot start with a number!

The CSS Universal Selector


The universal selector (*) selects all HTML elements on the page.

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>
<head>

<style>

*{

text-align: center;

color: blue;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Hello world!</h1>

<p>Every element on the page will be affected by the style.</p>

<p id="para1">Me too!</p>

<p>And me!</p>

</body>

</html>

Hello world!

Every element on the page will be affected by the style.

Me too!

And me!

The CSS Grouping Selector


The grouping selector selects all the HTML elements with the same style definitions.
Look at the following CSS code (the h1, h2, and p elements have the same style definitions):

It will be better to group the selectors, to minimize the code.

To group selectors, separate each selector with a comma.

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

h1, h2, p {

text-align: center;

color: red;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Hello World!</h1>

<h2>Smaller heading!</h2>

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>

</html>

Hello World!

Smaller heading!
This is a paragraph.
All CSS Simple Selectors
Selector Example Example description

#id #firstname Selects the element with id="firstname"

.class .intro Selects all elements with class="intro"

element.class p.intro Selects only <p> elements with class="intro"

* * Selects all elements

element p Selects all <p> elements

element,element,.. div, p Selects all <div> elements and all <p> elements

How to add CSS

Three Ways to Insert CSS


There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:

• External CSS
• Internal CSS
• Inline CSS

External CSS
With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire website by changing just
one file!

Each HTML page must include a reference to the external style sheet file inside the <link>
element, inside the head section.

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<link rel="stylesheet" href="mystyle.css">

</head>

<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>

</html>

An external style sheet can be written in any text editor, and must be saved with a .css
extension.

The external .css file should not contain any HTML tags.

Here is how the "mystyle.css" file looks:

body {
background-color: lightblue;
}

h1 {
color: navy;
margin-left: 20px;
}

Note: Do not add a space between the property value and the unit:
Incorrect (space): margin-left: 20 px;
Correct (nospace): margin-left: 20px;

Internal CSS
An internal style sheet may be used if one single HTML page has a unique style.

The internal style is defined inside the <style> element, inside the head section.

Inline CSS
An inline style may be used to apply a unique style for a single element.

To use inline styles, add the style attribute to the relevant element. The style attribute can
contain any CSS property.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1 style="color:blue;text-align:center;">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="color:red;">This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Cascading Order
What style will be used when there is more than one style specified for an HTML element?

All the styles in a page will "cascade" into a new "virtual" style sheet by the following rules,
where number one has the highest priority:

1. Inline style (inside an HTML element)


2. External and internal style sheets (in the head section)
3. Browser default

So, an inline style has the highest priority, and will override external and internal styles and browser
defaults.

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