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CSS (1)

CSS, or Cascading Style Sheets, is a stylesheet language used to describe the presentation of HTML elements across various media. It allows for the control of layout and design of multiple web pages simultaneously through external stylesheets, which consist of selectors and declaration blocks. CSS provides various selectors, methods for inserting styles, and properties for styling elements, including color, text alignment, and border styles.

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2 views

CSS (1)

CSS, or Cascading Style Sheets, is a stylesheet language used to describe the presentation of HTML elements across various media. It allows for the control of layout and design of multiple web pages simultaneously through external stylesheets, which consist of selectors and declaration blocks. CSS provides various selectors, methods for inserting styles, and properties for styling elements, including color, text alignment, and border styles.

Uploaded by

ssboysingh61
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is CSS?


CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets


CSS describes how HTML elements are to be displayed on screen, paper, or in
other media


CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple web pages all at
once.


External stylesheets are stored in CSS files.

 A CSS rule consists of a selector and a declaration block.

CSS Syntax

 The selector points to the HTML element you want to style.


 The declaration block contains one or more declarations separated by
semicolons.
 Each declaration includes a CSS property name and a value, separated by a
colon.
 Multiple CSS declarations are separated with semicolons, and declaration
blocks are surrounded by curly braces.

EXAMPLE

In this example all <p> elements will be center-aligned, with a red text color:
<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

p{

color: red;

text-align: center;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<p>Hello World!</p>

<p>These paragraphs are styled with CSS.</p>

</body>

</html>

Output-

Hello World!

These paragraphs are styled with CSS.

Example Explained


p is a selector in CSS (it points to the HTML element you want to style: <p>).

color is a property, and red is the property value


text-align is a property, and center is the property value

CSS Selectors types-

 CSS selectors are used to "find" (or select) the HTML elements you want to
style.
 Selectors makes it easy for us to easily target single\multiple HTML elements
in the markup .
 CSS selectors categories:-
1)Css element selector
2)Css id selector
3)Css class selector
4)Css group selector

1)The CSS element Selector

The element selector selects HTML elements based on the element name.

!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
p{
text-align: center;
color: red;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>Every paragraph will be affected by the style.</p>
<p>Me too!</p>
<p>And me!</p>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT-

Every paragraph will be affected by the style.

Me too!

And me!

2)The CSS id Selector

 The id selector uses the id attribute of an HTML element to select a specific


element.
 The id of an element is unique within a page, so the id selector is used to select
one unique element!
 To select an element with a specific id, write a hash (#) character, followed by
the id of the element.

Example

The CSS rule below will be applied to the HTML element with id="para1":

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

#para1 {

text-align: center;
color: red;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<p id="para1">Hello World!</p>

<p>This paragraph is not affected by the style.</p>

</body>

</html>

Output-

Hello World!

This paragraph is not affected by the style.

Note: An id name cannot start with a number!

3)The CSS class Selector

 The class selector selects HTML elements with a specific class attribute.
 To select elements with a specific class, write a period (.) character, followed
by the class name.

Example
In this example all HTML elements with class="center" will be red and center-
aligned:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

.center {

text-align: center;

color: red;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h1 class="center">Red and center-aligned heading</h1>

<p class="center">Red and center-aligned paragraph.</p>

</body>

</html>

Output-

Red and center-aligned heading

Red and center-aligned paragraph.


4.The CSS Grouping Selector
The grouping selector selects all the HTML elements with the same style
definitions.

Look at the following CSS code (the h1, h2, and p elements have the same
style definitions):

h1 {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}

h2 {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}

p {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}

It will be better to group the selectors, to minimize the code.

To group selectors, separate each selector with a comma.

Example
In this example we have grouped the selectors from the code above:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

h1, h2, p {

text-align: center;
color: red;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Hello World!</h1>

<h2>Smaller heading!</h2>

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>

</html>

Output- Hello World!


Smaller heading!
This is a paragraph.

5) The CSS Universal Selector


The universal selector (*) selects all HTML elements on the page.

Example
The CSS rule below will affect every HTML element on the page:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<style>
*{

text-align: center;

color: blue;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Hello world!</h1>

<p>Every element on the page will be affected by the style.</p>

<p id="para1">Me too!</p>

<p>And me!</p>

</body>

</html>

Output- Hello world!


Every element on the page will be affected by the style.

Me too!

And me!

Three Ways to Insert CSS


There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:

 External CSS
 Internal CSS
 Inline CSS
1.)Inline CSS
 An inline style may be used to apply a unique style for a single
element.

 To use inline styles, add the style attribute to the relevant element.
The style attribute can contain any CSS property.

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<h1 style="color:blue;text-align:center;">This is a heading</h1>

<p style="color:red;">This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>

</html>

Output-

This is a heading
This is a paragraph.

Internal CSS
An internal style sheet may be used if one single HTML page has a unique
style.

The internal style is defined inside the <style> element, inside the head
section.

Example
Internal styles are defined within the <style> element, inside the <head>
section of an HTML page:
<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

body {

background-color: linen;

h1 {

color: maroon;

margin-left: 40px;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h1>This is a heading</h1>

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>

</html>

Output-

This is a heading
This is a paragraph.
External CSS
With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire website by
changing just one file!

Each HTML page must include a reference to the external style sheet file
inside the <link> element, inside the head section.

Example
External styles are defined within the <link> element, inside the <head>
section of an HTML page:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<link rel="stylesheet" href="mystyle.css">

</head>

<body>

<h1>This is a heading</h1>

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>

</html>

Output-

This is a heading
This is a paragraph.

 An external style sheet can be written in any text editor, and must be
saved with a .css extension.
 The external .css file should not contain any HTML tags.

Here is how the "mystyle.css" file looks:


"mystyle.css"
body {
background-color: lightblue;
}

h1 {
color: navy;
margin-left: 20px;
}

Note: Do not add a space between the property value (20) and the unit
(px):
Incorrect (space): margin-left: 20 px;
Correct (no space): margin-left: 20px;

CSS Comments
Comments are used to explain the code, and may help when you edit the
source code at a later date.

Comments are ignored by browsers.

A CSS comment is placed inside the <style> element, and starts with /* and
ends with */:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
/* This is a single-line comment */
p {
color: red;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<p>Hello World!</p>
<p>This paragraph is styled with CSS.</p>
<p>CSS comments are not shown in the output.</p>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT-

Hello World!

This paragraph is styled with CSS.

CSS comments are not shown in the output.

 In the following example, we use a combination of HTML and CSS


comments:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
p {
color: red; /* Set text color to red */ css comments
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h2>My Heading</h2>
<!-- These paragraphs will be red --> html comments
<p>Hello World!</p>
<p>This paragraph is styled with CSS.</p>
<p>HTML and CSS comments are not shown in the output.</p>
</body>
</html>
CSS Color Names
In CSS, a color can be specified by using a predefined color name:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h1 style="background-color:Tomato;">Tomato</h1>
<h1 style="background-color:Orange;">Orange</h1>
<h1 style="background-color:DodgerBlue;">DodgerBlue</h1>
<h1 style="background-color:MediumSeaGreen;">MediumSeaGreen</h1>
<h1 style="background-color:Gray;">Gray</h1>
<h1 style="background-color:SlateBlue;">SlateBlue</h1>
<h1 style="background-color:Violet;">Violet</h1>
</body>
</html>
Output-

Tomato
Orange
DodgerBlue
MediumSeaGreen
Gray
SlateBlue
Violet
CSS Border Style
The border-style property specifies what kind of border to display.

The following values are allowed:

 dotted - Defines a dotted border


 dashed - Defines a dashed border
 solid - Defines a solid border
 double - Defines a double border
 groove - Defines a 3D grooved border. The effect depends on the
border-color value
 ridge - Defines a 3D ridged border. The effect depends on the border-
color value
 inset - Defines a 3D inset border. The effect depends on the border-
color value
 outset - Defines a 3D outset border. The effect depends on the
border-color value
 none - Defines no border
 hidden - Defines a hidden border

The border-style property can have from one to four values (for the top
border, right border, bottom border, and the left border).

Example
Demonstration of the different border styles:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

p.dotted {border-style: dotted;}

p.dashed {border-style: dashed;}

p.solid {border-style: solid;}

p.double {border-style: double;}


p.groove {border-style: groove;}

p.ridge {border-style: ridge;}

p.inset {border-style: inset;}

p.outset {border-style: outset;}

p.none {border-style: none;}

p.hidden {border-style: hidden;}

p.mix {border-style: dotted dashed solid double;}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h2>The border-style Property</h2>

<p>This property specifies what kind of border to display:</p>

<p class="dotted">A dotted border.</p>

<p class="dashed">A dashed border.</p>

<p class="solid">A solid border.</p>

<p class="double">A double border.</p>

<p class="groove">A groove border.</p>

<p class="ridge">A ridge border.</p>

<p class="inset">An inset border.</p>

<p class="outset">An outset border.</p>

<p class="none">No border.</p>

<p class="hidden">A hidden border.</p>

<p class="mix">A mixed border.</p>

</body></html>
The border-style Property
This property specifies what kind of border to display:

A dotted border.

A dashed border.

A solid border.

A double border.

A groove border.

A ridge border.

An inset border.

An outset border.

No border.

A hidden border.

A mixed border.

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