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Cssnotes

CSS notes which will help u in html

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stupkc1
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© © All Rights Reserved
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23 views

Cssnotes

CSS notes which will help u in html

Uploaded by

stupkc1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CSS Tutorial

CSS is a language that describes the style of an HTML document.


CSS describes how HTML elements should be displayed.
This tutorial will teach you CSS from basic to advanced

Examples in Each Chapter


This CSS tutorial contains hundreds of CSS examples.
With our online editor, you can edit the CSS, and click on a button to view the result.
CSS Example
body {
background-color: lightblue;
}

h1 {
color: white;
text-align: center;
}

p{
font-family: verdana;
font-size: 20px;
}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {
background-color: lightblue;
}

h1 {
color: white;
text-align: center;
}

p{
font-family: verdana;
font-size: 20px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h1>My First CSS Example</h1>


<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

CSS Introduction
What is CSS?
 CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets
 CSS describes how HTML elements are to be displayed on screen, paper, or in other media
 CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple web pages all at once
 External stylesheets are stored in CSS files

CSS Demo - One HTML Page - Multiple Styles!


Here we will show one HTML page displayed with four different stylesheets. Click on the
"Stylesheet 1", "Stylesheet 2", "Stylesheet 3", "Stylesheet 4" links below to see the different
styles:

Why Use CSS?


CSS is used to define styles for your web pages, including the design, layout and variations in
display for different devices and screen sizes.

CSS Solved a Big Problem


HTML was NEVER intended to contain tags for formatting a web page!
HTML was created to describe the content of a web page, like:
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
When tags like <font>, and color attributes were added to the HTML 3.2 specification, it started
a nightmare for web developers. Development of large websites, where fonts and color
information were added to every single page, beca
me a long and expensive process.
To solve this problem, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) created CSS.
CSS removed the style formatting from the HTML page!

CSS Syntax
CSS Syntax
A CSS rule-set consists of a selector and a declaration block:
The selector points to the HTML element you want to style.
The declaration block contains one or more declarations separated by semicolons.
Each declaration includes a CSS property name and a value, separated by a colon.
A CSS declaration always ends with a semicolon, and declaration blocks are surrounded by curly
braces.
Example
In this example all <p> elements will be center-aligned, with a red text color:
p{
color: red;
text-align: center;
}

CSS Comments
Comments are used to explain the code, and may help when you edit the source code at a later
date.
Comments are ignored by browsers.
Example
A CSS comment starts with /* and ends with */. Comments can also span multiple lines:
p{
color: red;
/* This is a single-line comment */
text-align: center;
}

/* This is
a multi-line
comment */
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
p{
color: red;
/* This is a single-line comment */
text-align: center;
}

/* This is
a multi-line
comment */
</style>
</head>
<body>

<p>Hello World!</p>
<p>This paragraph is styled with CSS.</p>
<p>CSS comments are not shown in the output.</p>

</body>
</html>

The CSS element Selector


The element selector selects HTML elements based on the element name.
Example
Here, all <p> elements on the page will be center-aligned, with a red text color:
p{
text-align: center;
color: red;
}

The CSS id Selector


The id selector uses the id attribute of an HTML element to select a specific element.
The id of an element is unique within a page, so the id selector is used to select one unique
element!
To select an element with a specific id, write a hash (#) character, followed by the id of the
element.
Example
The CSS rule below will be applied to the HTML element with id="para1":
#para1 {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}
Note: An id name cannot start with a number!
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
#para1 {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<p id="para1">Hello World!</p>


<p>This paragraph is not affected by the style.</p>

</body>
</html

How To Add CSS


When a browser reads a style sheet, it will format the HTML document according to the
information in the style sheet.

Three Ways to Insert CSS


There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:
 External CSS
 Internal CSS
 Inline CSS

External CSS
With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire website by changing just one
file!
Each HTML page must include a reference to the external style sheet file inside the <link>
element, inside the head section.
Example
External styles are defined within the <link> element, inside the <head> section of an HTML
page:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css">
</head>
<body>

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>
An external style sheet can be written in any text editor, and must be saved with a .css extension.
The external .css file should not contain any HTML tags.
Here is how the "mystyle.css" file looks like:
"mystyle.css"
body {
background-color: lightblue;
}

h1 {
color: navy;
margin-left: 20px;
}
Note: Do not add a space between the property value and the unit (such as margin-left: 20
px;). The correct way is: margin-left: 20px;

Internal CSS
An internal style sheet may be used if one single HTML page has a unique style.
The internal style is defined inside the <style> element, inside the head section.
Example
Internal styles are defined within the <style> element, inside the <head> section of an HTML
page:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {
background-color: linen;
}

h1 {
color: maroon;
margin-left: 40px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

Inline CSS
An inline style may be used to apply a unique style for a single element.
To use inline styles, add the style attribute to the relevant element. The style attribute can contain
any CSS property.
Example
Inline styles are defined within the "style" attribute of the relevant element:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1 style="color:blue;text-align:center;">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="color:red;">This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>
Tip: An inline style loses many of the advantages of a style sheet (by mixing content with
presentation). Use this method sparingly.

Multiple Style Sheets


If some properties have been defined for the same selector (element) in different style sheets, the
value from the last read style sheet will be used.
Assume that an external style sheet has the following style for the <h1> element:
h1 {
color: navy;
}
Then, assume that an internal style sheet also has the following style for the <h1> element:
h1 {
color: orange;
}
Example
If the internal style is defined after the link to the external style sheet, the <h1> elements will be
"orange":
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css">
<style>
h1 {
color: orange;
}
</style>
</head>
Example
However, if the internal style is defined before the link to the external style sheet, the <h1>
elements will be "navy":
<head>
<style>
h1 {
color: orange;
}
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css">
</head>

Cascading Order
What style will be used when there is more than one style specified for an HTML element?
All the styles in a page will "cascade" into a new "virtual" style sheet by the following rules,
where number one has the highest priority:
1. Inline style (inside an HTML element)
2. External and internal style sheets (in the head section)
3. Browser default
So, an inline style has the highest priority, and will override external and internal styles and
browser defaults.
CSS Background Color
You can set the background color for HTML elements:
Hello World

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut
laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation
ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
Example
<h1 style="background-color:DodgerBlue;">Hello World</h1>
<p style="background-color:Tomato;">Lorem ipsum...</p>

CSS Text Color


You can set the color of text:
Hello World
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod
tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat.
Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut
aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
Example
<h1 style="color:Tomato;">Hello World</h1>
<p style="color:DodgerBlue;">Lorem ipsum...</p>
<p style="color:MediumSeaGreen;">Ut wisi enim...</p>

CSS Border Color


You can set the color of borders:
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Example
<h1 style="border:2px solid Tomato;">Hello World</h1>
<h1 style="border:2px solid DodgerBlue;">Hello World</h1>
<h1 style="border:2px solid Violet;">Hello World</h1>
CSS Color Values
In CSS, colors can also be specified using RGB values, HEX values, HSL values, RGBA values,
and HSLA values:
Same as color name "Tomato":
rgb(255, 99, 71)
#ff6347
hsl(9, 100%, 64%)
Same as color name "Tomato", but 50% transparent:
rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.5)
hsla(9, 100%, 64%, 0.5)
Example
<h1 style="background-color:rgb(255, 99, 71);">...</h1>
<h1 style="background-color:#ff6347;">...</h1>
<h1 style="background-color:hsl(9, 100%, 64%);">...</h1>

<h1 style="background-color:rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.5);">...</h1>


<h1 style="background-color:hsla(9, 100%, 64%, 0.5);">...</h1>

CSS Backgrounds
The CSS background properties are used to define the background effects
for elements.
CSS background properties:
 background-color
 background-image
 background-repeat
 background-attachment
 background-position

CSS background-color
The background-color property specifies the background color of an element.
Example
The background color of a page is set like this:
body {
background-color: lightblue;
}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {
background-color: lightblue;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h1>Hello World!</h1>

<p>This page has a light blue background color!</p>

</body>
</html>
With CSS, a color is most often specified by:
 a valid color name - like "red"
 a HEX value - like "#ff0000"
 an RGB value - like "rgb(255,0,0)"
Look at CSS Color Values for a complete list of possible color values.
Example
Here, the <h1>, <p>, and <div> elements will have different background colors:
h1 {
background-color: green;
}

div {
background-color: lightblue;
}

p{
background-color: yellow;
}

CSS background-image
The background-image property specifies an image to use as the background of an element.
By default, the image is repeated so it covers the entire element.
Example
The background image for a page can be set like this:
body {
background-image: url("paper.gif");
}
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {
background-image: url("paper.gif");
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h1>Hello World!</h1>

<p>This page has an image as the background!</p>

</body>
</html>
This example shows a bad combination of text and background image. The text is hardly
readable:
body {
background-image: url("bgdesert.jpg");
}
Note: When using a background image, use an image that does not disturb the text.

CSS background-repeat
By default, the background-image property repeats an image both horizontally and vertically.
Some images should be repeated only horizontally or vertically, or they will look strange, like
this:
Example
body {
background-image: url("gradient_bg.png");
}
If the image above is repeated only horizontally (background-repeat: repeat-x;), the
background will look better:
Example
body {
background-image: url("gradient_bg.png");
background-repeat: repeat-x;
}

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
h1 {
background-color: green;
}

div {
background-color: lightblue;
}
p{
background-color: yellow;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h1>CSS background-color example!</h1>


<div>
This is a text inside a div element.
<p>This paragraph has its own background color.</p>
We are still in the div element.
</div>

</body>
</html>
Tip: To repeat an image vertically, set background-repeat: repeat-y;

CSS background-repeat: no-repeat


Showing the background image only once is also specified by the background-repeat property:
Example
Show the background image only once:
body {
background-image: url("img_tree.png");
background-repeat: no-repeat;
}
In the example above, the background image is placed in the same place as the text. We want to
change the position of the image, so that it does not disturb the text too much.

CSS background-position
The background-position property is used to specify the position of the background image.
Example
Position the background image in the top-right corner:
body {
background-image: url("img_tree.png");
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-position: right top;
}

CSS background-attachment
The background-attachment property specifies whether the background image should scroll or
be fixed (will not scroll with the rest of the page):
Example
Specify that the background image should be fixed:
body {
background-image: url("img_tree.png");
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-position: right top;
background-attachment: fixed;
}
Example
Specify that the background image should scroll with the rest of the page:
body {
background-image: url("img_tree.png");
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-position: right top;
background-attachment: scroll;
}

CSS background - Shorthand property


To shorten the code, it is also possible to specify all the background properties in one single
property. This is called a shorthand property.
The shorthand property for background is background.
Example
Use the shorthand property to set all the background properties in one declaration:
body {
background: #ffffff url("img_tree.png") no-repeat right top;
}
When using the shorthand property the order of the property values is:
 background-color
 background-image
 background-repeat
 background-attachment
 background-position
It does not matter if one of the property values is missing, as long as the other ones are in this
order.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {
background-image: url("gradient_bg.png");
background-repeat: repeat-x;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h1>Hello World!</h1>
<p>Here, a background image is repeated only horizontally!</p>

</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {
background-image: url("img_tree.png");
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-position: right top;
margin-right: 200px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h1>Hello World!</h1>
<p>W3Schools background no-repeat, set position example.</p>
<p>Now the background image is only shown once, and positioned away from the text.</p>
<p>In this example we have also added a margin on the right side, so the background image will never
disturb the text.</p>

</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {
background-image: url("img_tree.png");
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-position: right top;
margin-right: 200px;
background-attachment: scroll;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h1>The background-attachment Property</h1>

<p>The background-attachment property specifies whether the background image should scroll or be
fixed (will not scroll with the rest of the page).</p>
<p><strong>Tip:</strong> If you do not see any scrollbars, try to resize the browser window.</p>

<p>The background-image scrolls. Try to scroll down the page.</p>


<p>The background-image scrolls. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image scrolls. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image scrolls. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image scrolls. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image scrolls. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image scrolls. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image scrolls. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image scrolls. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image scrolls. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image scrolls. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image scrolls. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image scrolls. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image scrolls. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image scrolls. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image scrolls. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image scrolls. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image scrolls. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image scrolls. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image scrolls. Try to scroll down the page.</p>
<p>The background-image scrolls. Try to scroll down the page.</p>

</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {
background: #ffffff url("img_tree.png") no-repeat right top;
margin-right: 200px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h1>The background Property</h1>

<p>The background property is a shorthand property for specifying all the background properties in one
declaration.</p>

<p>Here, the background image is only shown once, and it is also positioned in the top-right corner.</p>
<p>We have also added a right margin, so that the text will not write over the background image.</p>

</body>
</html>

CSS Borders
CSS Border Properties
The CSS border properties allow you to specify the style, width, and color of an element's
border.
I have borders on all sides.

I have a red bottom border.

I have rounded borders.

I have a blue left border.

CSS Border Style


The border-style property specifies what kind of border to display.
The following values are allowed:
 dotted - Defines a dotted border
 dashed - Defines a dashed border
 solid - Defines a solid border
 double - Defines a double border
 groove - Defines a 3D grooved border. The effect depends on the border-color value
 ridge - Defines a 3D ridged border. The effect depends on the border-color value
 inset - Defines a 3D inset border. The effect depends on the border-color value
 outset - Defines a 3D outset border. The effect depends on the border-color value
 none - Defines no border
 hidden - Defines a hidden border
The border-style property can have from one to four values (for the top border, right border,
bottom border, and the left border).
Example
Demonstration of the different border styles:
p.dotted {border-style: dotted;}
p.dashed {border-style: dashed;}
p.solid {border-style: solid;}
p.double {border-style: double;}
p.groove {border-style: groove;}
p.ridge {border-style: ridge;}
p.inset {border-style: inset;}
p.outset {border-style: outset;}
p.none {border-style: none;}
p.hidden {border-style: hidden;}
p.mix {border-style: dotted dashed solid double;}
Result:
A dotted border.
A dashed border.
A solid border.
A double border.
A groove border. The effect depends on the border-color value.
A ridge border. The effect depends on the border-color value.
An inset border. The effect depends on the border-color value.

An outset border. The effect depends on the border-color value.


No border.
A hidden border.
A mixed border.
Note: None of the OTHER CSS border properties described below will have ANY effect unless
the border-style property is set!

CSS Border Width


The border-width property specifies the width of the four borders.
The width can be set as a specific size (in px, pt, cm, em, etc) or by using one of the three pre-
defined values: thin, medium, or thick.
The border-width property can have from one to four values (for the top border, right border,
bottom border, and the left border).
5px border-width
Example
p.one {
border-style: solid;
border-width: 5px;
}

p.two {
border-style: solid;
border-width: medium;
}

p.three {
border-style: solid;
border-width: 2px 10px 4px 20px;
}

CSS Border Color


The border-color property is used to set the color of the four borders.
The color can be set by:
 name - specify a color name, like "red"
 Hex - specify a hex value, like "#ff0000"
 RGB - specify a RGB value, like "rgb(255,0,0)"
 transparent
The border-color property can have from one to four values (for the top border, right border,
bottom border, and the left border).
If border-color is not set, it inherits the color of the element.
Red border
Example
p.one {
border-style: solid;
border-color: red;
}

p.two {
border-style: solid;
border-color: green;
}

p.three {
border-style: solid;
border-color: red green blue yellow;
}

CSS Border - Individual Sides


From the examples above you have seen that it is possible to specify a different border for each
side.
In CSS, there are also properties for specifying each of the borders (top, right, bottom, and left):
Different Border Styles
Example
p{
border-top-style: dotted;
border-right-style: solid;
border-bottom-style: dotted;
border-left-style: solid;
}
The example above gives the same result as this:
Example
p{
border-style: dotted solid;
}
So, here is how it works:
If the border-style property has four values:
 border-style: dotted solid double dashed;
o top border is dotted
o right border is solid
o bottom border is double
o left border is dashed
If the border-style property has three values:
 border-style: dotted solid double;
o top border is dotted
o right and left borders are solid
o bottom border is double
If the border-style property has two values:
 border-style: dotted solid;
o top and bottom borders are dotted
o right and left borders are solid
If the border-style property has one value:
 border-style: dotted;
o all four borders are dotted
The border-style property is used in the example above. However, it also works with border-
width and border-color.

CSS Border - Shorthand Property


As you can see from the examples above, there are many properties to consider when dealing
with borders.
To shorten the code, it is also possible to specify all the individual border properties in one
property.
The border property is a shorthand property for the following individual border properties:
 border-width
 border-style (required)
 border-color
Example
p{
border: 5px solid red;
}
Result:
Some text
You can also specify all the individual border properties for just one side:
Left Border
p{
border-left: 6px solid red;
background-color: lightgrey;
}
Result:
Some text
Bottom Border
p{
border-bottom: 6px solid red;
background-color: lightgrey;
}
Result:
Some text

CSS Rounded Borders


The border-radius property is used to add rounded borders to an element:
Normal border
Round border
Rounder border
Roundest border
Example
p{
border: 2px solid red;
border-radius: 5px;
}
Note: The border-radius property is not supported in IE8 and earlier versions.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
p.dotted {border-style: dotted;}
p.dashed {border-style: dashed;}
p.solid {border-style: solid;}
p.double {border-style: double;}
p.groove {border-style: groove;}
p.ridge {border-style: ridge;}
p.inset {border-style: inset;}
p.outset {border-style: outset;}
p.none {border-style: none;}
p.hidden {border-style: hidden;}
p.mix {border-style: dotted dashed solid double;}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h2>The border-style Property</h2>


<p>This property specifies what kind of border to display:</p>

<p class="dotted">A dotted border.</p>


<p class="dashed">A dashed border.</p>
<p class="solid">A solid border.</p>
<p class="double">A double border.</p>
<p class="groove">A groove border.</p>
<p class="ridge">A ridge border.</p>
<p class="inset">An inset border.</p>
<p class="outset">An outset border.</p>
<p class="none">No border.</p>
<p class="hidden">A hidden border.</p>
<p class="mix">A mixed border.</p>

</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
p.one {
border-style: solid;
border-width: 5px;
}

p.two {
border-style: solid;
border-width: medium;
}

p.three {
border-style: dotted;
border-width: 2px;
}

p.four {
border-style: dotted;
border-width: thick;
}

p.five {
border-style: double;
border-width: 15px;
}
p.six {
border-style: double;
border-width: thick;
}

p.seven {
border-style: solid;
border-width: 2px 10px 4px 20px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h2>The border-width Property</h2>


<p>This property specifies the width of the four borders:</p>

<p class="one">Some text.</p>


<p class="two">Some text.</p>
<p class="three">Some text.</p>
<p class="four">Some text.</p>
<p class="five">Some text.</p>
<p class="six">Some text.</p>
<p class="seven">Some text.</p>

<p><b>Note:</b> The "border-width" property does not work if it is used alone.


Always specify the "border-style" property to set the borders first.</p>

</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
p{
border-top-style: dotted;
border-right-style: solid;
border-bottom-style: dotted;
border-left-style: solid;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<p>2 different border styles.</p>

</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
p{
border: 5px solid red;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h2>The border Property</h2>

<p>This property is a shorthand property for border-width, border-style, and border-color.</p>

</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
p{
border-bottom: 6px solid red;
background-color: lightgrey;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h2>The border-bottom Property</h2>


<p>This property is a shorthand property for border-bottom-width, border-bottom-style, and border-
bottom-color.</p>

</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
p.normal {
border: 2px solid red;
}
p.round1 {
border: 2px solid red;
border-radius: 5px;
}

p.round2 {
border: 2px solid red;
border-radius: 8px;
}

p.round3 {
border: 2px solid red;
border-radius: 12px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h2>The border-radius Property</h2>


<p>This property is used to add rounded borders to an element:</p>

<p class="normal">Normal border</p>


<p class="round1">Round border</p>
<p class="round2">Rounder border</p>
<p class="round3">Roundest border</p>

<p><b>Note:</b> The "border-radius" property is not supported in IE8 and earlier versions.</p>

</body>
</html>

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