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Philip Joyce
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1. Review of C
Philip Joyce1
(1) Goostrey, UK
1.1 Arithmetic
This program starts with the basic process of asking the user to enter
some data. Here, we will use the term “in the location c” to mean “in the
address of the variable c in the local stack space.”
Firstly, it uses the printf command to write to the user’s
command line to say “Enter character”. When the user types in a
character, the getchar function reads it and places it into the location
c. It then tells the user the character they have entered, firstly using
printf to say “Character entered” and then putchar with c as the
parameter to write the contents of c to the command line. In this case
the location c is a character location denoted by char.
If we want to read integers rather than characters, we define the
location where it is to be stored as int. In this case we call the int
this_is_a_number1. Here, we use the more widely used command
scanf to read in the integer. We specify this_is_a_number1 as a
parameter to the call, and as a first parameter, we specify %d to say that
it is an integer.
We can repeat this with another variable this_is_a_number2.
We can now add these two variables using the coding total=
this_is_a_number1+ this_is_a_number2 where total has to
be defined as an integer. Again, we can use the printf function to
display our answer from total.
We can do similar things with floating point numbers. We define
them as float rather than int. We can subtract numbers using –
rather than +. Similarly, we can multiply using * and divide using /.
The following is the code for our arithmetic calculations:
/* ch1arith.c */
/* Read, display, and arithmetic */
/* Read input data from the command line */
/* and read it into the program. */
/* Also write the data back to the */
/* command line. Basic arithmetic */
/* done on input data. */
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
char c; /* Declared character variable */
int this_is_a_number1, this_is_a_number2,
total; /* Declared integer variables */
float float_number1,
float_number2,float_total; /* Declared float
variables*/
total = this_is_a_number1 +
this_is_a_number2; /* Add two numbers store in
total */
printf("sum of your two integer numbers is
%d\n", total); /* Write result to command line */
float_total = float_number1+float_number2;
/* Add the numbers */
printf("sum of your two decimal numbers is
%f\n", float_total); /* Write result to command
line */
float_total = float_number1 /
float_number2);
1.2 Switches
A switch statement is a multiway branch statement. A program can
perform separate different functions. In order to select which one is
required, the program asks the user to select a value, for example, 1 to
use the cosine function, 2 to use the sine function, and so on. The
program then uses this number in the switch command to jump to the
relevant code.
This sequence of code is shown as follows:
switch (this_is_a_character)
{
case 'a':
printf("Case1: Value is: %c\n",
this_is_a_character);
break;
/* ch1sw.c */
/* Demonstrate switch case functionality by using
switch case */
/* parameter choice as either characters or
numbers */
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include <stdio.h>
case 'a':
printf("Case1: Value is: %c\n",
this_is_a_character);
break;
case 'b':
printf("Case2: Value is: %c\n",
this_is_a_character);
break;
case 'c':
printf("Case3: Value is: %c\n",
this_is_a_character);
break;
case 'd':
printf("Case4: Value is: %c\n",
this_is_a_character);
break;
case 'e':
printf("Case5: Value is: %c",
this_is_a_character);
break;
default:
/* The character entered was not
between a, b, c, d, or e */
printf("Error Value is: %c\n",
this_is_a_character);
}
case 1:
printf("Case1: Value is: %d\n",
this_is_a_number);
break;
case 2:
printf("Case2: Value is: %d\n",
this_is_a_number) ;
break;
case 3:
printf("Case3: Value is: %d\n",
this_is_a_number);
break;
case 4:
printf("Case4: Value is: %d\n",
this_is_a_number);
break;
case 5:
printf("Case5: Value is: %d\n",
this_is_a_number);
break;
default:
/* The number entered was not
between 1 and 5 */
printf("Error Value is: %d",
this_is_a_number);
}
return 0;
}
1.3 Arrays
As well as defining storage locations as single int, char, or float, we
can have a number of separate values contained in the same named
location. The locations are called arrays. The following program shows
an array of 8 integers defined as int arr1[8] where arr1 is the
name we use in our program for this location.
We could now store 8 integers, for example, 53614673 in the array.
So here, arr1[0] contains 5, arr1[1] contains 3, arr1[2] contains
6, and so on. Note that we count from 0.
We can, as before, ask the user to enter data, but rather than have 8
sets of printf and scanf commands, we can use a forloop, where
we tell the program to perform the same instructions 8 times. We use
the storage location i to move from arr1[0] to arr1[1] and so on,
and we also use the i location to keep count of how many times to go
round the loop. In the for instruction for(i=0;i<8;i++), the i=0
part sets the count i to 0, the i++ adds 1 each time we loop, and i<8
limits the number of times to 8 (note again that we count from 0).
We can also have 2D arrays which are a bit like 2D matrices. We can
define an array as arr2[3][5] so we could store the matrix. The
/* ch1arr.c */
/* Array use and nested forloops */
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
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{
int arr1[8]; /* Define an array of 8 integers
*/
int i, j, k, l;
/* arr1 1D array */
/* Ask the user to enter the data */
printf("enter 8 integer numbers\n");
/* arr2 2D array */
else
{
printf("enter array\n");
/* Read i rows and j columns using nested
forloop */
for (i = 0;i < k;i++)
{
for (j = 0;j < l;j++)
{
/* Read the data into array
arr2 */
scanf("%d", &arr2[i][j]);
}
}
printf("Your array is \n");
/* Print entered 2D array using nested
forloop */
for (i = 0;i < k;i++)
{
for (j = 0;j < l;j++)
{
printf("%d ", arr2[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}
1.4 Strings
The next program shows the use of string manipulation. Strings are
char arrays in the program. Our array “select” is preset with values ‘s’ ‘e’
‘l’ ‘e’ ‘c’ ‘t’ '\0'. This is preset this way to show how the characters are
stored. We would normally define it as char select[7] = “select”;. The
second and third arrays are string1 and string2 and preset as shown.
Our first function is strlen which just returns the length of the string
you have entered. Here, it returns the length of int data point called len.
We can then print this to the user using printf.
The second string function copies one string into the other. So here,
we say strcpy(string3,string1) copies the contents of string1 into
string3. Again, we can print this out using printf.
Our next function, strcmp, compares two strings. If they are the
same, it replies 0.
Our final function concatenates one string onto the end of the other.
So here, it concatenates string2 onto string1 giving “This is string1. This
is string2”.
The code is as follows:
/* ch1strings.c */
/* Demonstrate strings */
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
/* Program to demonstrate string operations
strlen, strcpy, strcat, strcmp */
int main() {
char select[7] = { 's', 'e', 'l', 'e', 'c',
't','\0' };
char string1[32] = "This is string1";
char string2[16] = "This is string2";
char string3[16];
int len;
strcpy(string3, string1);
printf("strcpy( string3, string1) : %s\n",
string3);
len = strlen(string3);
printf("strlen(string3) after copy of
string1 into string3 : %d\n", len);
if (strcmp(string1, string3) == 0)
printf("strings are the same\n");
strcat(string1, string2);
printf("strcat( string1, string2): %s\n",
string1);
return 0;
}
/* ch1math.c */
/* Demonstrate mathematics functions */
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#define PI 3.14159265
/* Illustration of the common trigonometric
functions */
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“Not one left to tell the story—no prisoners?” queried Cody
sorrowfully, forgetting for the moment his own peril.
“No, no! Chief Oak Heart wanted no prisoners from Danforth’s band.
I told the chief that Danforth and his men were come to take him
captive—that they had sworn to do it! Ha! ha! That was rich, eh? So
every man of them died.”
“And he came for you,” said Cody bitterly.
“Aye; and met the death he deserved; but a more merciful death
than you will meet, scout. I do not need to stir up the red men’s
rage against you. They will receive you with great joy at Oak Heart’s
encampment.”
“And you fought with these savages?” cried Cody.
“I did. And killed as they killed—without mercy.”
“You do not fear to admit your crimes.”
“Why should I? For am I not speaking to one who will soon be dead?
Bah! you can no longer frighten me, Buffalo Bill!”
“Yes, it looks as though I was near my finish; I do not deny it,” said
Cody quietly. “But tell me one thing, Boyd Bennett. Did you kill
Lieutenant Danforth yourself?”
“I am sorry to say I did not. There was a good deal of hot work right
here. But Red Knife claims the honor of having delivered the
finishing-stroke. We were returning to take the scalp-lock——”
“By Heaven, man! you shall not do it!” roared Cody, starting forward.
But a dozen rifles clicked, and he knew that he was helpless. He fell
back again. Bennett laughed.
“Chief Oak Heart refused to allow any of his braves to scalp Danforth
because he had fought so boldly.”
“God bless the old red sinner for that!” murmured the much
wrought-upon scout.
Bennett laughed again.
“But I am Death Killer, the medicine-chief, and I have come back
myself to take the scalp-lock from the head of the man against
whom I swore revenge.”
“Boyd Bennett! accursed though you be, with a heart blacker than
the foulest redskin can boast of, you would not do this wrong!” cried
Buffalo Bill, in horror.
“Watch me, scout.”
“You shall not do it!”
“You are mistaken; I shall. I came back with Red Knife and a few of
the braves to point me out the place where Danforth fell. On the
way we saw you arrive, and we dogged your steps to the very
corpse of your friend.
“Ha, Cody! this is sweet—this revenge. My kind have cast me off.
Well, then! I cast the white men off! I spit upon them! I slay them!
And now I scalp my enemy!”
Bennett had worked himself into a species of frenzy. He sprang
forward now, dropping his revolver, knife in hand, to carry out his
threat.
“Never shall you do this crime—not if this is my last act on earth!”
shouted the scout.
As he spoke he suddenly jerked a revolver from his belt, threw it
forward, and fired pointblank at Boyd Bennett, all with the quickness
of a flash of light!
CHAPTER XXVIII.
THE WHITE ANTELOPE INTERFERES.
The instant the renegade uttered the threat, Buffalo Bill placed
himself upon guard by drawing his revolvers and covering the
scoundrel. His wounded arm was sore, but the nerves had recovered
from the shock of the arrow-wound, and he could hold his gun
steadily enough. The renegade was so near at best that the scout
could not miss him!
But the scout did not shoot. The White Antelope with flashing eyes,
sprang to the front, and she, too, aimed her arrow at Boyd Bennett.
The warriors—or the bulk of them, at least—were surprised by
Buffalo Bill’s action, and their several weapons were in line for the
scout’s heart before they noted the White Antelope’s action. Then
several of them dropped their guns, and their facial expression was
as foolish as it was possible for so stoical a set of faces to be!
For a moment the tableau continued. A sudden motion might have
precipitated a bloody, though brief, conflict. Buffalo Bill, though pale,
was stern and determined, his eyes riveted upon the face of Boyd
Bennett. He felt that the girl was friendly to him, and he knew her
influence among the Sioux.
“Why do you not bring that finger to the trigger of your rifle,
Bennett?” he asked sneeringly. “It won’t go off otherwise.”
The girl looked at the warriors and commanded quickly:
“Let the braves of Oak Heart turn their weapons from the heart of
Pa-e-has-ka, the paleface chief.”
To the delight of Buffalo Bill, the command was instantly obeyed.
Much as they might have feared the power of the medicine chief,
Oak Heart was greater, and his daughter was here as his
representative.
That Boyd Bennett was nonplused by this move was plain. His face
fell, and he lowered his own rifle. But the scowl of deadly hatred
which he bestowed on the white man threatened vengeance at
some future date.
“I reckon the redskins are trumps, old man, and the girl holds a full
hand of them!” laughed Buffalo Bill.
“It is your time to laugh now, Cody. But mine will come,” gritted the
renegade.
“Oh, I can’t expect to laugh always, Bennett; but,” and the scout
changed his speech to the Sioux dialect, that all the warriors might
understand; “let the renegade paleface meet me now in personal
combat, and settle the matter at once. Long Hair does not fear a fair
fight with the mighty Death Killer!” he added sneeringly.
The nods and grunts of the warriors showed that they approved of
this proposal. Although they could not quite agree with the White
Antelope’s friendliness with Buffalo Bill, they saw that he was a
brave man—as, indeed, they knew well before—and a duel to the
death seemed to their savage minds the only way to properly decide
the controversy between their medicine chief and the scout. They
looked at Bennett expectantly.
But the renegade was not desirous of meeting Buffalo Bill with any
weapon he might name! He knew the scout’s prowess too well. His
desire was to see the scout writhing in the embrace of the flames, or
standing bound as a target for the hatchet-marksmen of the Indian
tribe with which he was affiliated.
He dared not seem to refuse the challenge, however, for he would
then lose completely his influence with Oak Heart’s braves. But
suddenly he caught sight of the Indian maiden’s face, and that he
read like an open book!
“The enemy of the Sioux has spoken well. We will fight!” exclaimed
Boyd Bennett promptly, but with a crafty smile wreathing his lips.
“The White Antelope says ‘No!’” exclaimed the Indian girl, facing the
renegade.
As he was so sure she would veto the proposition, the wily Bennett
was eager to urge the duel.
“Why does the daughter of the great chief interfere? She says that
Pa-e-has-ka is not her friend, and yet she shields him.”
Buffalo Bill had to chuckle over this. He couldn’t help it. He saw
through the whole game of Bennett’s, and it amused him.
“No, the Long Hair shall not fight the medicine chief,” declared the
girl earnestly.
“And why not?” demanded Bennett, with continued haughtiness.
“Because if they fought, the white man would wear the medicine
chief’s scalp at his belt,” declared the young girl. “The white man
shall go his way, bring his brothers to bury the paleface dead, and
then deliver himself to Oak Heart, as he has promised.”
“And you can make up your mind, Boyd Bennett, that she says one
very true thing,” declared Buffalo Bill. “Whenever we do fight, you’ll
go under! Mark that! I’ll run you down yet and nail your scalp to the
wall of Fort Advance as a warning to all horse-thieves, stage-
robbers, and deserters!”
The White Antelope spoke quickly before the wrathful Bennett could
reply to this challenge:
“Let the paleface go to his big chief. There is his horse. Yonder is his
weapon. Mount, Pa-e-has-ka, and away!”
“Aye, girl,” said Cody, in English; “but what will happen to this poor
young man if I go, leaving that brute here? He will tear the scalp
from Danforth’s head as soon as my back, and yours, are turned.”
“That he shall not!” exclaimed the White Antelope.
“You do not know his treachery,” said Buffalo Bill, who knew that the
very deed was in Bennett’s mind.
“I have told the white man that the brave young chief shall not be
mistreated.”
“Your word on it, girl?”
“The White Antelope has spoken. She will guard the body of the
young white chief herself until Pa-e-has-ka’s return.”
“Good!” exclaimed Buffalo Bill. “And, my girl, you’ll never be sorry for
this mercy shown the corpse of that poor young man.”
The girl looked at him strangely.
“The Long Hair will return, as he has promised, to the village of Oak
Heart?”
“I’ll keep my word; do you keep yours,” said the scout.
“Pa-e-has-ka’s tongue is straight?”
“As sure as I live, I’ll come back, girl!” declared the scout earnestly.
The next instant he mounted Chief unmolested, having picked up his
rifle, settled himself in the saddle, seized the reins, and dashed
away. As he mounted the ridge he looked back. The reds were busy
separating their own slain from the dead soldiers. The tall figure of
the medicine chief was stalking angrily from the scene. White
Antelope was down on her knees by the body of Dick Danforth, the
dead lieutenant. With a dumb ache at his heart, and little thought
for his own coming peril, Buffalo Bill went over the rise and spurred
away for Fort Advance.
CHAPTER XXX.
THE MAD HUNTER.