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Contents
Dawn Article ........................................................................................................................................................................... 7
1. Trade Distortions ........................................................................................................................................................ 7
2. Beefing Up Security .................................................................................................................................................... 8
3. Politics of 'Nepo-babies' ............................................................................................................................................. 9
4. Ceasefire Charade. ................................................................................................................................................... 10
5. Two Wars .................................................................................................................................................................. 11
6. Trump and Pakistan.................................................................................................................................................. 13
7. Negotiating Climate Finance. ................................................................................................................................... 14
8. Dream Of Political Stability. ..................................................................................................................................... 15
9. Bracing for Trump 2.0............................................................................................................................................... 16
10. Buried And Forgotten History. ............................................................................................................................. 17
11. CPEC, Pakistan and Wakhan Corridor: A Reality or Mirage. ............................................................................... 18
12. China security ties. ............................................................................................................................................... 19
13. Time to find out. ................................................................................................................................................... 20
14. Cyber Sovereignty ................................................................................................................................................ 21
15. The Impasse Persists. ........................................................................................................................................... 22
16. Military option...................................................................................................................................................... 23
17. Is The Economy Improving? ................................................................................................................................. 25
18. Education: The Economic Angle ........................................................................................................................... 26
19. Counterterrorism Plan .......................................................................................................................................... 27
20. Crisis Of Population Growth. ................................................................................................................................ 29
21. Edu-Surveillance ................................................................................................................................................... 30
22. Let’s Not Provoke Indus Fury................................................................................................................................ 32
23. Protecting Women. .............................................................................................................................................. 33
24. Siege Mentality..................................................................................................................................................... 35
25. Anti-Women State. ............................................................................................................................................... 36
26. A Capital Lockdown .............................................................................................................................................. 37
27. Annual COP-Out.................................................................................................................................................... 38
28. Lessons From US ................................................................................................................................................... 39
29. Upward Mobility .................................................................................................................................................. 40
30. Women's Health ................................................................................................................................................... 41
31. Cop Or Climate Hypocrisy? ................................................................................................................................... 42
32. Judicial Redemption ............................................................................................................................................. 43
Pakistan Observer................................................................................................................................................................. 45
33. Smog The Silent Killer ........................................................................................................................................... 45
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 34. Pak-China Friendship And Emerging Impediments ............................................................................................. 46
35. Pak-China Friendship ............................................................................................................................................ 47
36. Geopolitical changes & opportunities ................................................................................................................. 48
37. Pakistan Observer - Pak-US ties: Past, present and future. ................................................................................ 49
38. Can South Asia’s Giants Become Superpowers? ................................................................................................. 50
39. Importance Of Peace Between India And Pakistan............................................................................................. 51
40. Key To Sustainable Development And Progress .................................................................................................. 52
41. Pak cementing ties: Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. ..................................................................................... 53
42. US elections 2024 and a new world order ........................................................................................................... 54
43. Pakistan’s urgent governance reforms ................................................................................................................ 56
44. Brain Drain From Pakistan ................................................................................................................................... 57
45. The Evolution of CPEC: Navigating Challenges and Expanding Horizons. .......................................................... 58
46. Ending Gaza war: Trump can rewrite the US history .......................................................................................... 60
47. Pakistan’s economic paradox and potential. ...................................................................................................... 61
48. UN’s Humanitarian Role in Gaza ......................................................................................................................... 63
49. Breathing Through Smog: Choking The Progress. ............................................................................................... 64
50. Extraordinary Riyadh OIC Summit ....................................................................................................................... 65
51. Emerging geopolitics of QUAD alliance: A fair assessment ...................................................................................... 66
51. Connecting Dots Between TTP And Afghan Taliban. .......................................................................................... 67
52. Power Dynamics and Global Inequalities ............................................................................................................ 68
53. BRI, APEC, And Trump's Presidency: A Way Forward. ........................................................................................ 70
54. China-EU Trade Tension Escalate Over EV Tariffs. .............................................................................................. 72
55. Analysing The Rise Of Terrorism In Pakistan. ...................................................................................................... 74
56. Pak-Afghan Terrorism & Emerging Strategic Threats......................................................................................... 76
57. Pak Traditional & Non-Traditional Security Threats. .......................................................................................... 78
58. Terrorism Surge & Chinese Safety: A Way Forward. ........................................................................................... 80
59. Proposed Strategy Against Terrorism.................................................................................................................. 82
60. Ukraine War: Alarming Escalation. ..................................................................................................................... 84
61. Trump 2.0 And Pak-US Relations. ........................................................................................................................ 85
62. New Blocs & Pakistan’s Foreign Policy. ............................................................................................................... 87
63. BRICS, Shifting Alliances And Pakistan. ............................................................................................................... 89
The Economist Article........................................................................................................................................................... 90
64. Israeli Strikes On Beirut And Tehran Could Intensify A Regional War................................................................ 90
65. The Middle East must step back from the brink. ................................................................................................. 92
66. Will Donald Trump “Stop The Wars” In The Middle East? .................................................................................. 93
67. Computers Unleashed Economic Growth. Will Artificial Intelligence? ............................................................... 95
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The Nation Article................................................................................................................................................................. 97
68. Chip Wars.............................................................................................................................................................. 97
69. Wall of BRICS ........................................................................................................................................................ 98
70. US Policy Under Trump or Harris ......................................................................................................................... 99
71. Conflict Management and Resolution. .............................................................................................................. 101
72. Trump’s Impact ................................................................................................................................................... 102
73. Smog in 2025 ...................................................................................................................................................... 103
74. Pakistan’s Climate Crisis. .................................................................................................................................... 104
The Express Tribune Article – ............................................................................................................................................. 105
75. The impact of US elections ................................................................................................................................. 105
76. Injustice Within The Justice System................................................................................................................... 106
77. Another Bloodshed ............................................................................................................................................ 107
78. Women In Cricket: Redefining Gender Norms And Challenges. ....................................................................... 108
79. Afghan Refugee Crisis......................................................................................................................................... 110
80. Return of Donald Trump. ................................................................................................................................... 112
81. Pakistan's Multiple Wars And The India Factor ................................................................................................ 113
The News International ...................................................................................................................................................... 115
82. do-Pak Trade Restart? ........................................................................................................................................ 115
The Spine Times.................................................................................................................................................................. 116
83. Digital Silk Road: Strategic and Economic Benefits for Pakistan. ..................................................................... 116
84. How AI Could Shape the Rise and Fall of Nations. ............................................................................................ 118
85. COP29 in Baku: A Global Truce for Climate Action and Peace. ........................................................................ 119
86. Empowered Women, Empowered World: The Transformative Power of Financial Autonomy. .................... 121
87. Water Scarcity: A Global Challenge and Pathways to Sustainable Solutions. ................................................. 123
Arab news ........................................................................................................................................................................... 124
88. Top Reads This Year: From Middle East Turmoil To The Great Meta-Problem. .............................................. 124
Business Recorder .............................................................................................................................................................. 126
89. It’s All About Political Stability. ......................................................................................................................... 126
Difficult Words and Meanings:........................................................................................................................................... 127

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 Dawn Article
1. Trade Distortions

2. Summary
In "Trade Distortions," discusses the sluggish growth of Pakistan's exports, attributing it to a reliance on traditional export
sectors and high tariff barriers that hinder imports. She highlights that the imposition of tariffs, initially aimed at revenue
collection, has weakened the government's ability to collect direct taxes and stunted industrial growth. The article criticizes
the current tariff structure, which protects a limited range of industries while failing to support export-led growth. Despite
attempts to simplify tariffs under the National Tariff Policy, distortions persist, leading to inefficiencies in the industrial
sector. Ultimately, Dr. Tahir warns that the existing trade policies disproportionately benefit a few industries reliant on state
subsidies, burdening consumers with higher costs and hindering overall economic growth.

3. Overview
Dr. Nadia Tahir’s article examines the negative impacts of Pakistan’s tariff policies on the country’s exports and industrial
growth. It critiques the reliance on traditional sectors, highlights the inefficiencies in the tariff system, and calls for a more
balanced approach that encourages competition and innovation in the industrial sector.

4. Notes
1. Analyze the relationship between trade policies and industrial growth in Pakistan.
2. Understand the implications of tariffs on consumer prices and economic health.
3. Familiarize yourself with the National Tariff Policy and its intended goals versus its actual outcomes.

4. Related Topics in CSS Syllabus:

- Economic Development
- Trade Policies and Practices
- Public Administration
- International Economics

5. Notes for Beginners with Examples :

- Tariff: A tax imposed on imported goods. Example: When a country imposes a high tariff on steel imports, it raises
the cost for manufacturers who need steel for production.
- Industrial Growth: The expansion of manufacturing capacity and output within an economy. Example: If the
government invests in technology and infrastructure, it can lead to industrial growth by increasing efficiency.

6. Facts and Figures :

- In FY2022-23, import duties accounted for 13% of total FBR collection, highlighting the government's reliance on
tariffs for revenue.
- Regulatory duties have increased by 140% over the past five years, reflecting rising trade barriers.
- Despite efforts to promote export-led growth, Pakistan’s exports have been growing sluggishly while imports have
doubled, indicating a significant trade imbalance.

To wrap up, article brings to light the critical issues surrounding Pakistan's trade policies and their adverse effects on
economic growth. The current tariff structure not only stifles competition but also places an unfair burden on consumers.
The article serves as a call to action for policymakers to reassess and reform the existing trade and tariff frameworks to
foster a more dynamic and sustainable industrial landscape in Pakistan.

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 2. Beefing Up Security

1. Summary:
The article discusses the significant shift in terrorism dynamics in Pakistan following the Taliban's takeover of Afghanistan,
leading to increased security challenges for foreign nationals, especially Chinese citizens. The current counterterrorism
strategy relies on a zero-tolerance policy towards all terrorist groups, but this approach has not yielded satisfactory results.
Recent attacks against Chinese nationals have prompted Beijing to demand stronger measures from Pakistan, including a
joint security mechanism to enhance the protection of its citizens. Despite Pakistan's existing security infrastructure,
persistent vulnerabilities underscore the need for improved cooperation and resources to address these security concerns
effectively.

2. Overview:
The dynamics of terrorism in Pakistan have changed significantly since the Taliban regained control in Afghanistan,
prompting a reevaluation of counterterrorism strategies. The current zero-tolerance policy towards all terrorist factions,
particularly those targeting foreign nationals, has raised security concerns, especially for Chinese nationals who have faced
targeted attacks. Despite Pakistan's commitment to protecting Chinese citizens, recent incidents highlight weaknesses in
security measures and enforcement of standard operating procedures (SOPs).

3. Notes
This article sheds light on the challenges Pakistan faces regarding counterterrorism and foreign relations, particularly with
China. The ongoing discussions about Operation Azm-i-Istehkam and the proposed joint security mechanism reflect the
complexities of maintaining security while respecting national sovereignty. Aspirants should focus on understanding the
interplay between domestic security challenges, foreign influence, and the broader implications for regional stability.

4. Relevance to CSS Subjects:

This article relates to the following CSS syllabus topics:

- Pakistan Affairs: Understanding the security landscape and its implications for foreign relations.
- Current Affairs: The evolving relationship between Pakistan and China amid security threats.
- International Relations: The impact of terrorism on bilateral ties and cooperative security efforts.

5. Notes for Beginners with Examples:

- The article discusses the shift in Pakistan’s approach to terrorism after the Taliban's resurgence. For example, the
increased targeting of Chinese nationals illustrates how domestic security issues can affect international
relationships.
- The phrase "zero-tolerance policy" indicates a strict approach that does not allow for leniency. This can be seen in
Pakistan’s insistence on addressing all forms of terrorism, regardless of the group's motives.

6. Facts and Figures:

The article notes that attacks on Chinese nationals have occurred despite the establishment of extensive security
measures, including the Special Security Division formed in 2016, consisting of 15,000 troops. The persistent threats
highlight the inadequacies in current security protocols.

7. Final Thoughts:
The ongoing security challenges illustrate the need for Pakistan to enhance its counterterrorism strategies and foster
greater cooperation with China to ensure the safety of foreign nationals. The establishment of a joint security mechanism
may be essential in addressing these vulnerabilities while respecting Pakistan's sovereignty.

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 3. Politics of 'Nepo-babies'
1. Summary:
In Politics of ‘nepo-babies’, Maleeha Lodhi critiques the dominance of dynastic politics, where political power is often
inherited rather than earned. She argues that these "nepo-babies," or individuals rising to political prominence through
family ties, weaken democratic principles by undermining meritocracy. Using examples from both Pakistan and globally,
Lodhi discusses how these political dynasties create a system that benefits a select few, leading to stagnation within political
institutions. While some dynasts may be competent leaders, their ascent is rarely merit-based, thereby weakening
institutional growth and fostering an entrenched status quo. In Pakistan, dynastic political parties like PML-N and PPP have
long benefited from alliances with the military, often as a counter to emerging political challenges such as PTI.
Lodhi notes that despite a growing educated middle class in Pakistan that desires merit-based leadership, hereditary politics
still prevails. This clash between societal aspirations and the realities of dynastic governance may only deepen public
frustration. She concludes that if Pakistan’s political structure remains locked into family hierarchies, its governance will
likely struggle to evolve with societal demands.
2. Overview
The article explores the pervasive influence of dynastic politics and its detrimental effects on democratic principles, focusing
on Pakistan but referencing global examples to illustrate the widespread issue. Lodhi’s analysis provides valuable insights
into how political nepotism hinders democratic progress and institutional development, offering a critical view on the
governance model within family-led parties.
3. Notes
This article is particularly useful for understanding Pakistan’s political landscape, especially regarding governance,
democracy, and political accountability. For CSS/PMS aspirants, the concepts discussed align well with Pakistan Affairs
and Political Science topics, shedding light on the impact of hereditary politics on institutional effectiveness and democratic
ideals.
4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics
- Pakistan Affairs: Political dynamics and the military’s role in politics.
- Current Affairs: Issues of meritocracy, nepotism, and democratic values in Pakistan’s governance.
- Political Science: The influence of political dynasties on governance and the concept of meritocracy.
- International Relations: Comparative analysis of dynastic politics in other countries, offering insight into global
governance trends.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Dynastic politics refers to political systems where power is inherited within families, allowing members of the same lineage
to hold significant influence for generations. In Pakistan, for example, the PML-N and PPP have long been led by the Sharif
and Bhutto families, respectively. While familiarity may attract public support, the dominance of family ties over ability
often restricts the emergence of capable new leaders, resulting in political stagnation.
6. Facts and Figures:
- In Southeast Asia, dynastic politics has produced leaders like Bongbong Marcos in the Philippines and Hun Manet
in Cambodia, both of whom inherited influence from their families.
- A survey shows that in Pakistan, political dynasties have historically aligned with elite or military interests,
sustaining a cycle of power that resists reforms.
To wrap up, The persistence of dynastic politics poses a significant challenge to Pakistan’s governance, blocking the way
for a merit-based system that could better serve the public interest. Lodhi’s analysis calls for an opening of political pathways
to new talent outside family circles to foster a more representative leadership. For CSS/PMS aspirants, this article is a rich
resource for discussions on governance, democratic integrity, and the impact of political structures on national progress.
Understanding these dynamics is essential for grasping the broader context of Pakistan’s political challenges and preparing
for questions on democracy and institutional development.

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 4. Ceasefire Charade.
1. Summary:
The editorial critically examines the ongoing violence in Lebanon and Palestine, highlighting the disingenuous nature
of the peace talks facilitated by the United States. Despite claims of seeking a ceasefire, Israel continues its relentless
bombardment of Lebanon, undermining any prospects for a genuine resolution. The editorial argues that the U.S.,
while professing a desire for peace, is complicit in the violence by providing military support to Israel. The perceived
peace initiatives are seen as mere facades that fail to address the underlying issues, particularly Israel’s disregard for
Lebanese sovereignty and the growing defiance of groups like Hezbollah.
In the context of the conflict, the editorial asserts that Israel is caught in a military quagmire, unable to decisively
defeat either Hamas or Hezbollah despite its advanced military capabilities. This predicament reflects a broader failure
in addressing the complexities of the region's politics. The piece concludes that meaningful intervention from unbiased
international actors is necessary to achieve a real ceasefire and address the humanitarian crises unfolding in both Gaza
and Lebanon.

2. Overview
This editorial underscore the futility of current peace efforts in the context of ongoing military aggression, calling for
a reevaluation of international involvement and the need for genuine dialogue. It assista as a powerful commentary on
the nature of power dynamics in international relations, particularly concerning conflicts in the Middle East.

3. Notes
The article is relevant to International Relations, Pakistan Affairs, and Political Science. It provides insights into the
geopolitical implications of conflicts in the Middle East and the roles of international powers, which can be crucial for
understanding global political dynamics.

4. 4.Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:

- International Relations: Analysis of peace talks, military interventions, and power dynamics.
- Pakistan Affairs: The impact of regional conflicts on Pakistan’s foreign policy.
- Political Science: The implications of biased mediation in conflict resolution.

5. Notes for Beginners:

The term "ceasefire" refers to a temporary suspension of fighting, typically to allow for negotiations or humanitarian
aid. In the context of Lebanon and Palestine, ceasefires are often complicated by the involvement of various armed
groups, such as Hezbollah and Hamas, which do not always adhere to agreements made by state actors. Understanding
the historical and political background of these groups is crucial for grasping the complexity of the conflicts.
6. Facts and Figures
- Israel has conducted over 1,000 airstrikes in Lebanon since the escalation of hostilities, according to recent
reports.
- The UN has noted that civilian casualties in both Lebanon and Gaza have reached alarming levels, raising
international concerns for human rights violations.

To sum up, The editorial presents a compelling critique of the ongoing conflicts and the superficial nature of peace
efforts. It highlights the necessity for genuine engagement from impartial international actors to foster real dialogue
and resolution. For CSS/PMS aspirants, this article assists as a critical reminder of the intricate and often disheartening
nature of international diplomacy, emphasizing the importance of understanding the power dynamics at play in
conflicts like those in Gaza and Lebanon.

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 5. Two Wars
1. Summary :
In Two Wars, author critically examines the Cold War and the War on Terror (WoT), spotlighting their extensive global
impacts and underlying ideological motivations. The Cold War, a rivalry between capitalist and communist blocs from 1947
to 1991, involved indirect battles of influence across continents. Conversely, the WoT emerged post-9/11 as a direct conflict
between nation-states and violent non-state actors like Al Qaeda, resulting in prolonged military entanglements across
Afghanistan, Iraq, and beyond. Despite the US withdrawal from Afghanistan, Babakhel argues, the WoT remains
unresolved, with its influence permeating geopolitics to this day.
Babakhel details how both wars have shaped international alliances, security measures, and state sovereignty. The Cold War
established blocs like NATO, while the WoT expanded US influence through partnerships such as the Major Non-NATO
Ally (MNNA) designations, allowing the US to maintain a military foothold globally. Furthermore, the WoT’s counter-
terrorism efforts led to controversial security policies, including the US Patriot Act, heightening surveillance and impacting
human rights. Nations affected by the WoT, particularly those with weaker economies and civil conflicts, faced territorial
and political destabilization, underscoring the war’s far-reaching consequences.
In conclusion, Babakhel contends that terrorism assists as a commercial and power-generating enterprise for influential
states and militant groups alike. He warns that military responses alone cannot eradicate the complex roots of extremism;
sustainable peace demands a holistic approach that prioritizes social empowerment and economic resilience. The WoT, he
argues, has fostered a cycle where violence and power remain intertwined, calling for a strategic re-evaluation beyond mere
military might.
2. Overview:
In "Two Wars," Mohammad Ali Babakhel examines the enduring impacts of the War on Terror (WoT) and draws parallels
with the Cold War. Following the events of 9/11, the WoT has reshaped global dynamics, echoing the ideological
confrontations that defined the Cold War. While the Cold War was marked by a struggle between capitalism and
communism, the WoT emerged as a conflict between nation-states and violent non-state actors, significantly affecting the
sovereignty and territorial integrity of various countries. The author underscores that, although the U.S. officially withdrew
from Afghanistan in 2021, the conflict continues to evolve, indicating that the WoT has merely transitioned into a new phase
rather than concluding.
Babakhel emphasizes that both wars have influenced international relations and shaped geopolitical landscapes, though in
different manners. The Cold War was characterized by a nuclear arms race and indirect military engagements, while the
WoT has led to direct military involvement and significant human rights concerns. Furthermore, he highlights that terrorism
is a transnational issue requiring a comprehensive approach that includes countering violent narratives and investing in
social empowerment. Ultimately, the author argues that reliance on military force alone is insufficient to address the
complexities of terrorism, which thrives on political and economic instability.
3. NOTES :
1. The article discusses critical themes relevant to international relations, conflict resolution, and terrorism.
Aspirants should be aware of how these conflicts shape global policies and alliances.
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 2. Historical Context: Understanding the historical context of both the Cold War and the War on Terror is essential
for grasping contemporary geopolitical dynamics.
3. The mention of human rights issues related to the WoT is significant for topics concerning governance and civil
liberties.
4. 4.Relevancy with CSS syllabus /Topics :
- International Relations
- Pakistan Affairs
- Current Affairs
- Human Rights and Governance
- Global Issues and Challenges
5. Notes for Beginners with Examples:
- Terrorism as a Global Issue: Recognize how terrorism affects not just one nation but can have global implications,
as seen in the WoT.
- Importance of Understanding Conflicts : Familiarize yourself with different historical conflicts to better understand
current geopolitical issues. For example, comparing the Cold War's ideological struggle with the WoT's multifaceted
challenges can provide deeper insights into international relations.
6. Facts And Figures :
- The WoT officially began in 2001 and continues to evolve, impacting global security and international relations
significantly.
- The U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2021 was seen as a pivotal moment, but the underlying issues remain
unresolved.
To sum up, Babakhel's analysis in "Two Wars" provides a thought-provoking examination of the long-lasting consequences
of the War on Terror, comparing it with the Cold War to highlight the complexities of modern warfare and international
relations.
( Multifaceted challenges facing our world today)

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 6. Trump and Pakistan
1. Summary:
The article by Touqir Hussain discusses the potential impact of Donald Trump’s re-election on US-Pakistan
relations, dispelling the myth of any robust ties during his previous term. Trump’s past approach to Pakistan was
minimal, focused only on issues of high public interest. Once the Taliban negotiations were complete, Pakistan
was largely sidelined. If re-elected, Trump is expected to maintain low-intensity engagement similar to Biden’s
current approach, with key elements being the US stance on China and India, counterterrorism cooperation,
stability in Afghanistan, and limited economic collaboration. Trump’s foreign policy would likely remain
transactional, emphasizing only what Pakistan can offer in return.
2. Overview:
Trump’s policy toward Pakistan would be driven by his personality-focused style, prioritizing US interests and
pressing allies for greater defense contributions. The relationship under Trump would likely be managed by the
State Department and Pentagon, focusing on counterterrorism, regional stability, and economic engagement at a
minimal level. Despite his transactional outlook, Pakistan could still work to strengthen ties by using quiet
diplomacy on sensitive matters. The article stresses that the US-Pakistan relationship under Trump would be
influenced by global power shifts and America’s reduced military footprint, urging Pakistan to navigate this
dynamic carefully.
3. Notes :
This article provides CSS aspirants with a perspective on US-Pakistan relations, particularly under Trump. It
highlights important diplomatic factors like security, economy, and political stability—core areas for
understanding Pakistan's foreign policy. Trump's transactional approach and America’s priorities in South Asia
exemplify how superpowers shape alliances based on changing interests and geopolitical strategies.
4. Relevant CSS Topics:
The article connects to CSS syllabus subjects such as International Relations, Current Affairs, Pakistan Affairs,
and US Foreign Policy. Specific topics include Pakistan’s foreign relations, US policy strategies, and South Asian
regional security.
5. Notes for Beginners with Examples and Facts:
Beginners should note that Trump’s policy is not alliance-driven but interest-based, meaning US relationships are
adjusted according to America’s needs. For example, Pakistan’s role was critical in Afghanistan until the Taliban
deal was completed, after which the US focus shifted. This transactional style is typical of the US approach to
other relationships as well, where nations are expected to offer something beneficial to the US.
6. Facts and Figures:
The US remains a top destination for Pakistan’s exports, and Pakistan’s role in counterterrorism and regional
stability remains important in American foreign policy, though at a scaled-back level under both Biden and
potentially Trump.

To wrap up, The article highlights the strategic choices Pakistan must consider if Trump returns to office.
Maintaining stable relations will require a balanced approach, aligning with US interests through quiet diplomacy
to avoid unpredictable reactions from Trump. This piece reflects the complexity of diplomatic relations in a
multipolar world.

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 7. Negotiating Climate Finance.
1. Summary:
As the world gathers for COP29 in Baku, Pakistan faces a significant opportunity to advocate for climate finance reforms
that align with its economic and environmental needs. The summit’s agenda revolves around crucial financial goals, such
as establishing the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) and implementing the Loss and Damage Fund (LDF). These
components aim to bridge the financing gap for climate mitigation and adaptation, with countries like Pakistan, led by
Ambassador Nabeel Munir, stressing the necessity of predictable and accessible funds to handle rising climate
vulnerabilities. As the nation seeks balanced funding across climate priorities, it also advocates for a shift from loans to
grants, which could alleviate the debt burden on developing economies.
The article underscores Pakistan's active role, especially in operationalizing the LDF and shaping a collective approach to
climate resilience. In light of pressing climate challenges, Pakistan's delegation aims to secure a substantial share of climate
finance by promoting grant-based funding and integrating loss and damage considerations into the NCQG. The Climate
Finance Action Fund (CFAF), supported by voluntary contributions from fossil fuel companies, presents additional potential
for rapid-response funding and investment in climate adaptation. The summit is a defining moment for Pakistan’s
representatives to negotiate realistic, impactful financial goals that support the country’s ongoing resilience efforts and drive
sustainable progress.
2. Overview:
Pakistan’s strategy at COP29 focuses on mobilizing funds to implement ambitious climate policies and strengthen
the Loss and Damage Fund (LDF). The NCQG aims to redefine global financial commitments beyond the initial
$100 billion annual goal, a figure now insufficient for addressing climate needs. With debt relief and grant-based
funding as priorities, Pakistan seeks equitable climate finance while advocating for expanded financial sources
like green bonds and debt swaps.
3. Notes:
- NCQG & LDF: Understanding these financial mechanisms is essential, as they shape global efforts in climate
finance, adaptation, and mitigation.
- Pakistan’s Position: Pakistan’s role within the G77 and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation can be studied as
examples of diplomatic negotiation on climate resilience.
- Financial Instruments: Various climate finance tools, including green bonds and policy-based guarantees, are
relevant for Pakistan’s economic policies.
4. Relevance to CSS Subjects:
This article is directly related to Environmental Science, International Relations, and Pakistan Affairs as it
addresses climate finance, international climate policy, and Pakistan’s role in global forums.
5. Notes for Beginners with Examples:
- Climate finance involves funding activities to reduce emissions and adapt to climate impacts, e.g., grants
for renewable energy projects in developing countries.
- Loss and Damage Fund (LDF) refers to compensations for countries suffering direct impacts of climate
change, like flood relief funds in Pakistan.
6. Facts and Figures:
The initial global climate finance commitment was $100 billion annually, but studies indicate that up to $13.6
trillion may be necessary by 2030.
To sum up, COP29 is a pivotal event for Pakistan to highlight its climate needs and secure a financial framework
that supports sustainable development. Through its diplomatic stance and active role in negotiating the NCQG, Pakistan
underscores the critical importance of balanced and accessible climate finance in a rapidly changing world.

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 8. Dream Of Political Stability.
1. Summary
The article, Dream of Political Stability by Muhammad Amir Rana, explores the concept of political stability in Pakistan,
highlighting how the ruling elite’s attempts at enforcing stability often compromise democratic principles and overlook core
issues. By prioritizing power consolidation over inclusive governance, Pakistan’s rulers maintain a superficial peace,
sidelining political representation and rights movements, particularly in marginalized regions like Balochistan and KP. The
writer argues for a more inclusive approach to address underlying grievances, warning that neglecting these concerns could
worsen the security and economic landscape.

2. Overview
In Pakistan, political stability is frequently used as a justification for suppressing dissent and circumventing democratic
norms. This strategy primarily assists the elite's interests, as they bypass parliamentary integrity and manipulate power-
sharing for economic control, which reflects on the country's weak democratic institutions.

3. Notes
1. Manufactured Stability: Pakistan’s political elite enforce stability by limiting political opposition, which weakens
democracy and restricts dissenting voices.
2. Role of Political Dynasties: Dynastic politics contribute to political stagnation by entrenching elite control,
diminishing the role of genuine political opposition.
3. Security Concerns and Marginalized Areas: Persistent instability in Balochistan and KP allows militant groups
to exploit local grievances, posing security risks.
4. Inclusive Dialogue Needed: The article underscores the need for an inclusive approach that respects rights
movements to ensure lasting peace and stability.

4. Relevance to CSS/PMS Subjects/Syllabus

Pakistan Affairs, Political Science, and Governance, particularly discussing themes of state stability, governance challenges,
and the influence of political dynasties on development.

5. Notes for Beginners with Examples and Facts :

- Political Dynasties and Their Influence: Pakistan’s political landscape is dominated by families who pass on
political influence generationally. This power structure is resistant to change and undermines democratic institutions
by prioritizing personal gains over public welfare.
- Insurgency in KP and Balochistan: These regions experience frequent unrest, with local grievances and economic
neglect leading to insurgency and militant activity. For instance, militant attacks in KP and Balochistan highlight
the need for more inclusive state policies.

To wrap up, The article emphasizes the importance of a more participatory approach in Pakistan’s governance to achieve
genuine stability. With rising security threats and a fragile economy, ignoring peripheral voices could deepen Pakistan’s
political crisis. The ruling elite must engage marginalized regions and rights movements in meaningful dialogue to ensure
sustainable development and peace.

> "Political stability is not achieved by silencing dissent but by addressing the root causes of unrest."
> Quote: "True peace is not merely the absence of tension; it is the presence of justice." - Martin Luther King Jr.

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 9. Bracing for Trump 2.0.
1. Summary:
The article Bracing for Trump 2.0 by Maleeha Lodhi reflects on the global anticipation surrounding Donald Trump’s
return to power, having achieved a sweeping victory in the 2024 US elections. This anticipated second term brings
concerns of a more intense and unpredictable foreign policy approach. Trump’s first presidency was characterized by
an "America First" policy that isolated the US on the international stage. His isolationist stance led to a reduction in
America's global role, creating an environment of uncertainty among allies and adversaries alike. With Trump now
likely to wield even greater authority, questions loom over his approach to China, where an escalation in economic
and strategic tensions seems inevitable. Trump’s promised protectionist policies and his lack of commitment to
traditional alliances, particularly NATO, foreshadow a reshaping of US foreign policy that may disrupt an already
volatile world.

2. Overview:
Lodhi's article examines the potential shifts in US foreign policy, specifically Trump's stances on China, NATO,
Ukraine, and the Middle East. It sheds light on his unpredictable approach, his inclination toward protectionism, and
his disregard for multilateral alliances. The article emphasizes Trump’s preference for a transaction-based foreign
policy, focusing on immediate national gains rather than long-term alliances. This policy shift could have far-reaching
impacts, leading to strained relations with NATO allies, renewed trade tensions with China, and a possible reevaluation
of the US role in international organizations. Furthermore, his stance on the Ukraine conflict, where he aims to expedite
peace talks, suggests an approach that might unsettle the European geopolitical balance, thereby adding complexity to
global diplomacy.

3. Notes:
- Trump's return may strengthen "America First" policies, leading to economic repercussions worldwide.
- His approach to NATO and China could redefine alliances and spark regional power realignments.
- Trump’s stance on the Ukraine conflict, focused on hastening peace talks, may impact European stability.
4. Relevance to CSS Subjects/Syllabus:
- Pakistan Affairs: Impacts of US foreign policy on Pakistan’s international relations.
- Current Affairs: US-China relations, global trade policies, and NATO's future.
- International Relations: US unilateralism, protectionism, and their global implications.
5. Notes for Beginners with Examples and Facts:
Trump’s “America First” policy reflects his desire to protect American interests, often at the cost of weakening
international alliances. For example, during his previous term, Trump imposed heavy tariffs on China to address trade
imbalances, causing friction in global markets. Now, with plans for renewed tariffs, he risks inflating prices for
American consumers, demonstrating the impact of protectionist policies on domestic and international economies. His
foreign policy approach appears more transaction-based, prioritizing immediate benefits over traditional alliances, as
seen in his relations with NATO, where he pressured allies to increase defense spending.

In a nutshell, Maleeha Lodhi’s article provides a timely analysis of the likely impact of Trump’s second term on global
affairs, underscoring the unpredictability that characterizes his leadership style. It serves as a crucial piece for
understanding US foreign policy’s potential shifts under Trump 2.0 and invites readers to consider how this may
influence global stability and international relationships.

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 10. Buried And Forgotten History.
1. Summary
The article explores the discovery and impact of ancient sites like Pompeii, Alexandria's catacombs, and the recent find of
the Mayan city Valeriana. Through a series of inadvertent and technologically aided discoveries, it highlights the evolution
of archaeology from traditional methods to advanced techniques like Lidar, which enables researchers to locate ancient
structures hidden under dense forests. The piece celebrates the relentless human pursuit of uncovering forgotten histories,
as exemplified by figures like Heinrich Schliemann and modern researchers like Luke Auld-Thomas, who continue to make
significant contributions with limited resources. The article concludes that, despite the challenges, each new discovery
enriches our understanding of ancient civilizations and the human spirit's drive to uncover the past.
2. Overview
The article underscores how discoveries of lost civilizations have transitioned from relying on maps and luck to sophisticated
remote-sensing technology, which can penetrate vegetation to reveal hidden ruins. It emphasizes the dedication required of
archaeologists, who face financial, physical, and environmental obstacles. From the dramatic findings at Pompeii to the
technological breakthrough with Valeriana, it shows how each find reshapes our understanding of historical societies and
their interconnectedness, as well as our knowledge of human resilience in the quest for knowledge.
3. Notes:
This article provides in depth analysis - for essays on cultural preservation, historical significance, and scientific innovation.
It underscores the transformative impact of modern archaeology, where groundbreaking technologies like Lidar have
reshaped the discovery process—enabling researchers to unveil hidden civilizations like the Mayan city of Valeriana without
disturbing the environment. The narrative of archaeologists enduring financial constraints and harsh terrains reflects the
perseverance essential in uncovering lost histories and safeguarding our global heritage.
4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Current Affairs: Technological advancements in archaeology, such as Lidar, and their potential applications in
heritage preservation.
• Pakistan Affairs: Comparisons with historical preservation challenges in Pakistan, particularly sites like Mohenjo-
Daro and Taxila.
• Essay
5. Notes for Beginners:
This article shows how archaeological discoveries provide windows into ancient life, helping historians learn about societies'
beliefs, everyday life, and social organization. For instance, the volcanic preservation of Pompeii captures the tragedy and
details of Roman life, while the Mayan city Valeriana sheds light on the Mayan civilization. Technologies like Lidar enable
archaeologists to locate these ancient sites without direct excavation, which is especially useful in dense forests. This
advancement means discoveries that would once have taken decades can now be made from analyzing aerial images,
transforming archaeology.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Pompeii was buried in volcanic ash from Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, preserving the town in its last moments.
• Lidar technology helped uncover the Mayan city Valeriana, which might have housed up to 50,000 people.
• The Nature Conservancy of Mexico commissioned Lidar imaging of Campeche in 2014, which was later studied
by researcher Luke Auld-Thomas.
To sum up, this article provides an inspiring look at the development of archaeology, from physical exploration to high-tech
discoveries. It highlights that despite limited funding and the challenges of new research, the human spirit's drive to uncover
and understand our past remains undeterred.

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 11. CPEC, Pakistan and Wakhan Corridor: A Reality or Mirage.
1. Summary
The article discusses the strategic significance of the Wakhan Corridor (WC) for Pakistan, China, Afghanistan, and Central
Asia, evaluating both its potential benefits and threats. Positioned at a crossroads between key countries, the WC could be
a pivotal link between Pakistan, China, and Central Asia, enhancing trade and economic cooperation. However, security
threats from terrorist groups like ISIS-K and TTP pose challenges, as they could destabilize Xinjiang and Central Asia. The
proposed route offers a possible alternative to the Karakoram Highway, reducing vulnerabilities from India. Yet, the
corridor's opening demands robust regional cooperation, especially given China's concerns about Xinjiang security and
Pakistan's interest in safeguarding CPEC’s strategic importance.

2. Overview
Strategically, the WC could redefine trade routes by linking Pakistan to Central Asia, increasing the region's
interdependence. However, it also poses security risks, as the corridor could become a channel for terrorism, drug trafficking,
and human trafficking, threatening regional stability. The article underscores the importance of strengthening the
Quadrilateral Cooperation and Coordination Mechanism (QCCM) between Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, and Tajikistan to
counter militant threats. Proposals for a hybrid security structure, increased military cooperation, and anti-trafficking
measures illustrate the need for a balanced approach that capitalizes on the WC’s trade potential while managing its risks.

3. Notes
This article is highly relevant for understanding Pakistan's role in regional geopolitics, including economic integration,
security cooperation, and counterterrorism. The Wakhan Corridor presents both strategic opportunities and challenges for
Pakistan, making it essential reading for CSS aspirants focused on Pakistan Affairs, International Relations, and regional
security dynamics.

4. CSS Syllabus Relevance

1. Current Affairs - Geostrategic issues affecting Pakistan’s connectivity with Central Asia and China.
2. Pakistan Affairs - CPEC’s impact on Pakistan’s trade, security, and foreign policy.
3. International Relations - Security implications of the Wakhan Corridor for China and Central Asia.

5. Notes for Beginners

The Wakhan Corridor is a narrow strip connecting Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, and Tajikistan, with the potential to enhance
trade routes and cooperation among these nations. However, the presence of terrorist groups, drug trafficking, and human
trafficking within this corridor poses significant security risks. For example, the TTP and ISIS-K operate within Afghanistan,
raising concerns for China about its Xinjiang province. Effective border management and a joint counterterrorism strategy
are essential to realize the economic potential of the WC while securing the region.

6. Facts and Figures

1. Distance from India - The proposed WC route would be 135 km away from India, compared to the Karakoram
Highway, enhancing Pakistan’s strategic depth.
2. Economic Integration - The WC could enable trade in minerals, textiles, machinery, and energy resources,
promoting Pakistan's connectivity with Central Asia.
To wrap up, This article highlights the Wakhan Corridor’s dual role as a trade opportunity and a security risk. While the WC
could be a valuable alternative route, it demands a calculated and coordinated approach among regional powers to ensure
both economic growth and stability.

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 12. China security ties.
1. Summary:
The article discusses the complexities in Pakistan-China relations, recently strained by concerns over the safety of Chinese
nationals in Pakistan, particularly after two major terrorist attacks targeting Chinese personnel. Following a public exchange
between Pakistani and Chinese officials, China reaffirmed its commitment to supporting Pakistan against terrorism but also
voiced expectations for better protection of its nationals. Some reports suggest China is considering a joint security
mechanism that includes deploying Chinese security personnel in Pakistan, a proposal Pakistani officials have hesitated to
endorse. The editorial suggests that instead of allowing foreign forces, Pakistan should strengthen its own security capacity,
particularly for projects like CPEC, to secure Chinese investments and ensure the safety of Chinese workers.
2. Overview:
This article highlights the delicate balance in Pakistan-China relations as Beijing's security concerns escalate due to
recurring terrorist attacks on its citizens in Pakistan. While China has proposed a joint security arrangement, Pakistani
officials prefer to maintain domestic control over security. The article advises enhancing Pakistan’s counter-terrorism
collaboration with China through improved intelligence-sharing and bolstered security forces, instead of permitting foreign
military presence. The relationship with China is critical due to the economic importance of CPEC, and a stronger local
security apparatus could improve confidence for foreign investors.
3. Notes:
The article calls attention to the need for Pakistan to address Chinese security concerns without conceding to foreign troops
on its soil. It suggests Pakistan strengthen its counter-terrorism capabilities and establish reliable protection for Chinese
workers. The editorial advocates for closer intelligence collaboration, while emphasizing that CPEC security must remain
under Pakistani jurisdiction to protect sovereignty and national interests.
4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Current Affairs: Dynamics of Pakistan-China relations, security collaboration, and implications for foreign
policy.
• Pakistan Affairs: Economic and security issues related to CPEC and foreign investment in Pakistan.
• Essay: Foreign investment security, sovereignty concerns, and the challenges of regional security
cooperation.
5. Notes for Beginners:
This article addresses the tension in Pakistan-China relations over the security of Chinese nationals in Pakistan. After recent
terrorist attacks, China proposed a joint security arrangement, but Pakistan is reluctant to allow foreign troops on its land.
The article suggests that Pakistan should focus on enhancing its own security forces, especially for CPEC projects, and
cooperate more closely with China on counter-terrorism efforts to ensure the safety of Chinese workers and investments.
6. Facts and Figures:
Two significant attacks on Chinese nationals occurred this year in Karachi and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, highlighting
security vulnerabilities.
China has reportedly proposed a joint security mechanism, including the possibility of deploying Chinese security
personnel.Pakistan already has a dedicated security division for CPEC, which could be strengthened with better
training and equipment.
To wrap up, The article emphasizes that Pakistan should take China's security concerns seriously to preserve their strong
bilateral relationship, which is vital for Pakistan's economic growth through CPEC. However, it also stresses that the
responsibility of security should remain with Pakistani forces. By enhancing its own counter-terrorism and protective
capabilities, Pakistan can create a safer environment for Chinese personnel and projects, thereby boosting investor
confidence and maintaining sovereignty.

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 13. Time to find out.
1. Summary:
The article contemplates on the surprising re-election of Donald Trump and compares his rise to power with that of Adolf
Hitler, highlighting the similarities in their nationalist rhetoric. Trump’s extreme nationalism, particularly his stance on
immigration and America First, has raised concerns globally. The writer also critiques the erosion of democracy under
strongman leaders and reflects on Pakistan’s diminishing relevance in global politics due to shifting US priorities. The piece
concludes with a warning on how Trump’s leadership could shape international relations, particularly in the next four years.
2. Overview:
The article compares the political ascensions of Adolf Hitler and Donald Trump, suggesting that both figures utilized
nationalism and xenophobia to consolidate power. Trump’s rhetoric on immigration mirrors Hitler’s toxic racial ideologies,
with a focus on preserving "America’s blood" by targeting illegal immigrants. The writer draws attention to the potential
for authoritarian rule as Trump consolidates power, much like Hitler did before his rise to dictatorship. The article also
discusses Pakistan’s strained relationship with the US, noting that its diminished role in global affairs is linked to changing
US priorities, particularly in the Middle East and South Asia.
3. Notes:
The piece of article highlights the dangers of populist and authoritarian leaders who consolidate power and undermine
democratic norms. It touches on the shifting US foreign policy, especially towards Pakistan, and critiques the lack of
significant engagement from Pakistan in global politics. The writer draws historical parallels to emphasize how Trump’s re-
election could affect global politics, especially in relation to authoritarianism and nationalism. The concerns over Pakistan’s
relevance and the diminishing US-Pakistan relationship are also emphasized.

4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:

• Current Affairs: The rise of populism and nationalism, particularly in relation to Donald Trump and his international
influence.
• Pakistan Affairs: Analysis of Pakistan’s shifting relationship with the US and its diminished role in international
politics.
• Essay: The dangers of populism, authoritarianism, and the impact of such leadership on global diplomacy.
•
5. Notes for Beginners:
The article discusses Donald Trump’s extreme nationalist views, drawing a comparison between his style of governance
and that of Adolf Hitler. Trump’s views on immigration and America’s future reflect xenophobic ideas that have sparked
global concern. The article also discusses the weakening of Pakistan’s role in international politics due to changes in US
priorities. This commentary urges a careful analysis of populist leadership and its effects on democracy.

6. Facts and Figures:

• Trump’s statements at rallies show his controversial stance on immigration, including remarks on illegal immigrants
“poisoning” America’s blood.
• The US has witnessed a shift in foreign policy, particularly in the Middle East, as it moves closer to Saudi Arabia
rather than focusing on South Asia.
• Global leaders, including those from Britain, Israel, and Ukraine, have congratulated Trump on his re-election,
highlighting his international influence.

To sum up, The article warns of the growing global influence of authoritarian leaders like Donald Trump, whose nationalist
rhetoric mirrors the dangerous ideologies of historical figures such as Hitler. It calls for reflection on how such leadership
could impact democracy, international relations, and global security. For Pakistan, the diminished relationship with the US
signals a need for strategic adaptation, while globally, the rise of populist leaders demands caution in the coming years.

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 14. Cyber Sovereignty
1. Summary:
The article highlights Pakistan’s evolving digital landscape, emphasizing the need for comprehensive governance as internet
use grows. With around 111 million internet users, the country faces issues including data privacy, online harassment, and
economic impacts from digital disruptions. Despite regulatory attempts, such as the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act
(PECA), concerns remain over balancing free expression and cybersecurity. The article underscores the importance of
establishing a social contract in cyberspace to secure human rights and manage risks associated with digital technologies.
2. Overview:
Pakistan’s digital environment has expanded rapidly, with social media platforms playing a major role in online engagement.
However, challenges such as online harassment, data breaches, and internet restrictions have become pressing concerns.
Reports classify Pakistan’s internet as "not free," citing low scores for digital freedom due to censorship and privacy issues.
The economic toll is also significant, with internet outages costing the economy billions annually. To address these issues,
Pakistan has introduced laws like PECA, though the restrictive 2024 Punjab Defamation Act has raised concerns about
limiting free speech. International perspectives stress that as digital interaction grows, so must protective frameworks for
cybersecurity, privacy, and human rights.

3. Notes
The article underlines the need for a robust digital governance framework in Pakistan, given the growing online community
and associated issues such as harassment, data privacy breaches, and economic losses due to poor infrastructure. Existing
laws, while helpful, need enhancements to address new technological risks without curbing freedom. The importance of a
balanced approach, ensuring both digital rights and effective governance, is highlighted.

4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:

• Current Affairs: Digital governance, cybersecurity, and internet rights.
• Pakistan Affairs: Impact of internet regulations on social dynamics and economic stability.
• Essay: Challenges and implications of internet governance in Pakistan’s growing digital landscape.

5. Notes for Beginners:

The article explains the rapid growth of Pakistan's internet use, which brings both opportunities and challenges. Issues like
online safety, data privacy, and economic losses from internet disruptions are highlighted. Laws are in place to protect
citizens, but some policies are restrictive. Pakistan needs balanced regulations that safeguard both digital rights and security.

6. Facts and Figures:

• Pakistan’s internet usage is projected to reach 111 million users this year.
• Daily internet outages result in Rs3.5 billion in losses, totaling Rs540 billion annually.
• Online harassment includes over 3,000 reported cases, predominantly affecting women.
• Data breaches have impacted over 1 million people.

In a nutshell, The article stresses the need for Pakistan to establish effective cyber governance to protect its citizens’ digital
rights while managing economic and social risks. The proposed "new social contract" for cyberspace highlights the
importance of protecting privacy, ensuring online safety, and balancing freedom with security.

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 15. The Impasse Persists.
1. Summary:
The article discusses the ongoing diplomatic deadlock between Pakistan and India. Despite recent interactions, including a
visit from Indian Foreign Minister S. Jaishankar to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) summit in Pakistan, no
meaningful progress has been made. Tensions have intensified due to India’s stance on the Kashmir issue, a rejection of
cricket diplomacy, and disagreements over the Indus Waters Treaty. The Modi government’s unilateral actions in Jammu
and Kashmir, coupled with its refusal to engage on disputed issues, have created a bleak outlook for diplomatic re-
engagement between the two nations.
2. Overview:
Maleeha Lodhi provides in-depth analysis of the stagnant state of Pakistan-India relations. The article outlines how despite
optimistic speculations around the SCO summit, India and Pakistan remain in a diplomatic impasse, deepened by mutual
mistrust. Lodhi explains that while Pakistan made diplomatic overtures, such as promoting "climate diplomacy" to combat
smog, these were met with silence from India. Moreover, cricket, once a bridge between the countries, has now become a
point of contention with India’s refusal to send its team to Pakistan for the Champions Trophy. The situation is further
complicated by India’s recent demand to amend the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty. Above all, India’s hardline stance on Kashmir,
especially post-2019 actions, continues to be the main impediment to any constructive dialogue.
3. Notes:
Recent attempts at improving Pakistan-India relations have made little headway, as seen in the limited impact of the SCO
summit where India’s foreign minister visited Islamabad without formal engagement. Despite Pakistan’s efforts, such as
proposing “climate diplomacy” to tackle smog, India remained unresponsive. Sports diplomacy also failed, with India
refusing to send its cricket team to Pakistan for the Champions Trophy, and water-sharing disputes intensified as India seeks
changes to the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty. Most notably, India’s unilateral 2019 moves in Kashmir and refusal to negotiate
over the region have further obstructed any meaningful dialogue.
4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:
1. International Relations: Dynamics of Pakistan-India relations.
2. Political Science: Sovereignty and foreign policy analysis.
3. Current Affairs: Impact of regional issues like Kashmir on foreign relations.
4. Political History: Analysis of historical treaties, like the Indus Waters Treaty.
5. Notes for Beginners:
This article discusses the strained relationship between Pakistan and India, focusing on their political and diplomatic
conflicts. The core issue revolves around Kashmir, a region both countries claim. India's recent laws and changes in
Kashmir’s governance have created more friction. Despite attempts at cooperation, like the proposal to address smog
together, little progress has been achieved, and both sides remain wary of each other.
6. Facts and Figures:
• SCO Summit: 2024 event where Indian Foreign Minister visited Islamabad.
• Indus Waters Treaty: Signed in 1960, it is a longstanding agreement for water sharing that India now seeks to modify.
• Kashmir Region: India’s 2019 decision to alter its governance has heightened tensions, as it disregards UN
resolutions.
In a nutshell, The article highlights the complexities and sensitivities in Pakistan-India relations. While there were glimpses
of possible dialogue, the unwavering stance from the Indian government on Kashmir and strategic issues like water sharing
indicate that diplomatic normalization remains a distant goal. The implications are significant, as both countries are pivotal
in South Asia's peace and stability, but without mutual willingness to engage, any thaw in relations appears unlikely.

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 16. Military option
1. Summary:
The article highlights the escalating violence in Balochistan, emphasizing the state’s decision to launch a military operation
to restore peace. The Apex Committee’s resolution to tackle terrorism involves revitalizing Nacta under the Azm-i-Istehkam
initiative and employing a coordinated intelligence approach. Recent terrorist acts, such as the coordinated attacks in August
and the devastating Quetta railway station bombing, underscore the gravity of the situation. The editorial also stresses that
while military action is vital, past operations have not brought lasting peace, making socio-economic upliftment equally
essential for addressing the root causes of discontent.
Furthermore, the article urges transparency in counter-terrorism measures to prevent alienating innocent civilians, which
could otherwise exacerbate resentment. It advocates leveraging diplomatic channels with Kabul to prevent insurgents from
seeking refuge in Afghanistan, given the regional dynamics. The piece concludes that socio-economic reforms alongside
targeted operations are indispensable for long-term peace in the province, cautioning against heavy-handed tactics that risk
counterproductive outcomes.
2. Overview:
Balochistan's security challenges have compelled the state to intensify its counter-terrorism strategy through military
operations and improved intelligence mechanisms. The Apex Committee’s decision reflects a response to persistent attacks,
including bombings and targeted killings, which have not only caused civilian and military casualties but also threatened
critical international relations, as seen in the attack on Chinese nationals. However, the editorial critically examines the
recurring failure of past military interventions to ensure sustainable peace, attributing this to neglect of socio-economic
issues.
The state’s approach, integrating military force and revitalized institutions like Nacta, holds promise but must be coupled
with efforts to alleviate poverty, provide education, and create employment opportunities. Moreover, maintaining
constructive relations with Afghanistan to prevent cross-border insurgency is crucial. The editorial underscores that a multi-
faceted strategy is vital for ensuring security, fostering trust among the local population, and addressing the province's
developmental needs.
3. Notes:
The article clarifies the urgent need to address both security and socio-economic issues in Balochistan. It emphasizes that
military operations, while necessary, cannot single-handedly resolve the conflict. Transparency in counter-terrorism efforts
and safeguarding innocent civilians are critical to preventing backlash. Socio-economic reforms and diplomatic engagement
with Afghanistan are pivotal to ensuring long-term peace and stability. Failure to address these aspects risks perpetuating
the cycle of violence and alienation.
4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Security issues in Balochistan, socio-economic challenges, and federal responses.
• Current Affairs: Counter-terrorism strategies and regional stability in South Asia.
• International Relations: Pakistan-Afghanistan relations and their impact on internal security.
• Governance and Public Policy: Role of institutions like Nacta in addressing internal threats.

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 5. Notes for Beginners:
Balochistan faces frequent terrorist attacks, prompting the government to use military force to counter separatists. However,
violence alone cannot solve the problem. Addressing poverty, unemployment, and underdevelopment is important to win
the trust of locals. Diplomacy with Afghanistan is also necessary to prevent insurgents from exploiting cross-border
sanctuaries. A balanced approach involving both security measures and socio-economic reforms is the key to achieving
peace.

6. Facts and Figures:

• Recent attacks in Balochistan include coordinated assaults in August, the Dukki miners’ massacre in October, and
the Quetta railway station bombing.
• A suicide bombing outside Karachi airport killed two Chinese nationals, straining Pakistan-China relations.
• The Apex Committee plans to establish a National and Provincial Intelligence Fusion and Threat Assessment
Centre.
To sum up, The article emphasizes that peace in Balochistan requires a holistic approach that combines targeted military
action, socio-economic reforms, and regional diplomacy. While the state’s renewed focus on counter-terrorism is
commendable, lasting stability can only be achieved by addressing the province’s long-standing grievances and ensuring
development alongside security measures.

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 17. Is The Economy Improving?
1. Summary:
This article evaluates Pakistan's current economic state with a balanced perspective. While the economy shows signs of
stabilization, it remains far from true growth. The writer highlights the plugging of fiscal and current account deficits,
reduced inflationary pressures, and improved foreign exchange reserves as positive outcomes of stringent policies under the
IMF program. However, the article emphasizes that stability is a temporary phase, achieved at the cost of economic growth,
and without structural reforms, Pakistan risks falling into the same cycle of financial distress.
The author criticizes successive governments for failing to implement deep-rooted changes, such as diversifying exports
beyond cotton, addressing state-owned enterprises' inefficiencies, and improving fiscal management. Without such reforms,
the transition from stabilization to sustainable growth remains elusive. The piece of writing concludes that while short-term
improvements are evident, the economy cannot truly "improve" without addressing systemic flaws.
2. Overview:
The article dissects Pakistan's economic challenges and offers a nuanced take on the distinction between stabilization and
growth. Stabilization has come through painful measures, including high taxes and interest rates, which suppressed routine
economic activity. The elimination of deficits and inflation control mark a momentary relief, but they do not equate to
progress. The article highlights that sustainable growth requires structural reforms, such as privatizing loss-making entities
like PIA, broadening the tax base, and modernizing the export sector.
Despite the stability achieved under the IMF program, the writer warns of its temporary nature and calls for policy measures
that enable growth without repeating the mistakes of the past. This requires tackling systemic inefficiencies, such as reducing
circular debt, diversifying export commodities, and enhancing savings and investments. The article urges policymakers to
break free from the repetitive cycle of crisis and stabilization.
3. Notes:
For CSS aspirants, this article is an excellent resource on economic challenges and policies in Pakistan. It provides insights
into fiscal management, IMF programs, and structural reforms essential for sustainable growth. It underscores the
importance of understanding economic cycles and policy implications, particularly in areas like public administration,
economic development, and governance.
4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Economic challenges in Pakistan, fiscal management, and reliance on IMF programs.
• Current Affairs: Stabilization policies, inflation control, and the role of governance in economic recovery.
• International Relations: Impact of IMF policies on Pakistan's global trade and economic relations.
• Governance and Public Policy: Structural reforms, privatization of state-owned enterprises, and public sector
inefficiencies.
• Economics: Fiscal deficits, foreign exchange reserves, and sustainable economic growth strategies.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The article explains that Pakistan's economy is temporarily stable but not growing. Stabilization means controlling inflation
and deficits, but true growth requires reforms. For example, Pakistan relies too much on cotton exports, just like sticking to
one subject for all exams can limit success. Diversification is necessary to expand opportunities. Similarly, addressing
inefficiencies in public institutions like PIA is like fixing weak spots in a strategy to achieve better outcomes.
6. Facts and Figures
1. Pakistan faced potential economic default in 2022 and 2023 due to low foreign exchange reserves.
2. The current account deficit turned into a surplus under the IMF program.
3. Around two million people enter Pakistan’s labor force annually.
4. Inflation and deficits were at their peak during 2021-2023.

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 18. Education: The Economic Angle
1. Summary:
The article highlights the intrinsic connection between education and economic development in Pakistan. It highlights how
higher education institutions need to prioritize industry collaboration and practical training to produce market-ready
graduates. Countries like India and Iran demonstrate how aligning university education with national economic goals can
lead to robust export growth. However, in Pakistan, universities focus excessively on research publications for rankings,
often neglecting the practical application of research to benefit local industries. This misalignment contributes to
unemployment and economic stagnation. The author calls for a shift toward industry-oriented education, emphasizing value
addition, particularly in sectors like the cottage industry, to harness local potential and enhance exports.
This piece of writing further discusses the importance of equipping graduates with skills relevant to international markets,
such as customer service and effective communication. By fostering stronger ties between academia and industry, Pakistan
can unlock economic opportunities and compete globally. The need for university administrators and regulators to adapt
and innovate is critical, as is the importance of preparing students for real-world challenges, thereby contributing
meaningfully to the nation’s economic growth.
2. Overview:
The article examines the role of higher education in shaping a country’s economy, comparing Pakistan's stagnant educational
outcomes to the success stories of neighboring India and Iran. It critiques the prevalent trend of producing graduates who
lack practical skills, leading to unemployment and economic strain. While Pakistani universities excel in publishing
research, this has limited impact on the local economy due to a lack of industry engagement. In contrast, India’s software
industry and Iran’s diversified exports illustrate the economic benefits of aligning education with market demands. The
author suggests that universities must foster partnerships with local industries, particularly focusing on value-added sectors
like the cottage industry. This shift would not only create employment but also enhance Pakistan’s export potential.
3. Notes:
Pakistan's higher education system is at a critical juncture, needing a paradigm shift from theoretical research to practical,
industry-oriented education. The current focus on research publications for global rankings has little impact on the economy,
creating a workforce that is not market-ready. Lessons from India and Iran show that integrating education with national
economic goals can drive exports and innovation. Universities should collaborate with industries, especially in high-
potential sectors like cottage industries, to create value-added products. Enhancing practical skills, including communication
for international markets, is essential for economic growth.
4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Economic challenges related to education and employment, the role of higher education in national
development.
• Current Affairs: Comparative analysis of educational models in South Asia, and their economic impacts.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Education plays a very important role in economic growth. Countries like India and Iran have shown how aligning university
programs with industry needs can boost their economies. For example, India's software exports reached $205 billion, mainly
due to its focus on producing market-ready graduates. In Pakistan, many graduates remain unemployed because universities
focus on theoretical research rather than practical skills. Collaborating with local industries can help students gain real-
world experience and contribute to the economy. This approach also involves creating value-added products, such as dairy
goods, which can be exported.
6. Facts and Figures:
• India’s software exports in FY2024 reached $205.2 billion, with 54% going to the US.
• Iran’s exports stand at $98.2 billion despite economic sanctions.
• Pakistan ranks 30th globally in research publications but lacks practical industry impact.

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 19.Counterterrorism Plan
1. Summary:
The resurgence of terrorism in Pakistan, particularly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and Balochistan, poses severe challenges
for national security. Recent incidents, such as the destructive attack in Lower Kurram and ongoing assaults on security
personnel, draws attention to the urgent need for a recalibrated counterterrorism (CT) strategy. The state must strengthen its
domestic response while consistently urging the Afghan Taliban to dismantle militant sanctuaries on their soil. Collaborative
efforts with regional powers like China and Russia are essential to effectively combat the transnational threat of terrorism.
Simultaneously, specialized CT units within Pakistan’s military and police forces must be established to counter
asymmetrical warfare tactics, minimizing troop losses and civilian casualties.
Addressing the rising death toll among security personnel, the article emphasizes the need for modern, adaptable strategies
to confront the evolving terrorist threat. It stresses the importance of learning from global CT experts and leveraging regional
cooperation. The persistent attacks reflect serious gaps in the current CT framework, which must be promptly addressed.
The alarming loss of hundreds of security personnel this year alone signals that traditional approaches are inadequate. To
ensure long-term security, Pakistan must adopt innovative methods and enhance coordination with regional stakeholders to
decisively eliminate the terrorist menace.
2. Overview:
The article highlights the alarming escalation of terrorist activities in KP and Balochistan, calling for an immediate overhaul
of Pakistan's counterterrorism strategy. The state faces mounting challenges, as militants continue to exploit safe havens in
neighboring Afghanistan. The Foreign Office has urged the Afghan Taliban to take decisive action, while domestic efforts
include multiparty conferences and grand jirgas to address regional tensions. Collaborating with regional powers like China
and Russia is deemed crucial for tackling the transnational dimension of terrorism. Domestically, the establishment of
specialized CT units is recommended to counter the evolving tactics of terrorists. The article warns that the high casualty
rate among security forces demands urgent and innovative measures to fortify national security.
3. Notes:
The article emphasizes the critical security challenges Pakistan faces due to the resurgence of terrorism, particularly in KP
and Balochistan. It highlights the urgent need for a comprehensive counterterrorism strategy, addressing both internal and
external factors. Domestically, the establishment of specialized CT units within the military and police is essential to counter
the evolving and asymmetrical tactics employed by militants. The state must also address gaps in its current security
framework, ensuring that terrorist sanctuaries within its borders are eliminated. Regionally, Pakistan must strengthen
diplomatic ties and cooperate closely with neighboring countries, especially Afghanistan, China, and Russia, to tackle the
transnational nature of terrorism. The Foreign Office’s insistence on Afghan Taliban cooperation underscores the necessity
of denying terrorists safe havens across the border. Efforts such as multiparty conferences and grand jirgas are also crucial
for addressing local grievances and maintaining internal stability, particularly in conflict-prone areas like Kurram.
4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Terrorism in KP and Balochistan.
• Current Affairs: Regional security dynamics involving Afghanistan, China, and Russia.
• International Relations: Diplomatic strategies with neighboring countries.
• Governance: Counterterrorism policies and security reforms.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Terrorism remains a serious threat in Pakistan, particularly in regions like KP. The state must address internal weaknesses
and strengthen its response. Safe havens in neighboring countries complicate efforts, making regional cooperation vital.
Specialized training for security forces is crucial to handle modern threats effectively.
Example: Just like a team needs new tactics to win against a strong opponent, Pakistan needs innovative counterterrorism
strategies to defeat modern terrorists.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Over 40 civilians were killed in the Lower Kurram attack.
• 193 security personnel have died fighting terrorists this year.
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 • 40 soldiers were martyred in KP in October alone.

To wrap up, This article underlines the critical need for Pakistan to revamp its counterterrorism strategy, addressing both
domestic shortcomings and regional complexities. Collaboration with neighboring countries and specialized CT units can
pave the way for a more secure future.

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 20.Crisis Of Population Growth.
1. Summary:
The article highlights the alarming rate of population growth in Pakistan, which has surged to 2.55% between 2017 and
2023. Despite efforts to control it, the population has grown by 110 million in the last 25 years, making Pakistan's growth
rate the highest in South Asia. The Population Council and UNFPA's report, Pakistan@2050, outlines the economic and
social implications of this rapid growth, predicting a population of 385 million by 2050. Without significant intervention,
the country's resources, infrastructure, and job market will be overwhelmed. Key issues include flat labor productivity, high
poverty levels, and limited education, all exacerbating an already strained economy.
The report emphasizes two critical policy actions: reducing fertility rates and ensuring compulsory primary education.
Bringing fertility down to a replacement level of 2.2 by 2030 could significantly mitigate these challenges, following the
examples of countries like Bangladesh and Iran. Additionally, addressing the gap in family planning services and providing
education to out-of-school children are vital. Implementing these policies could result in 50 million fewer people and a
doubling of per capita income by 2050. Gender equality, particularly female education and workforce participation, is also
essential for sustainable development and economic transformation.
2. Overview:
The article by Zeba Sathar provides an in-depth analysis of Pakistan's population crisis, linking demographic trends to
economic challenges. It underscores the consequences of unchecked population growth, such as strained resources,
unemployment, and inadequate infrastructure. The report proposes practical solutions: lowering fertility rates and improving
education. Successful implementation of these measures could significantly boost Pakistan’s development, aligning with
global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Female education and gender equity are highlighted as pivotal to ensuring
a balanced and prosperous future.
3. Notes:
Pakistan's unchecked population growth is an existential threat, with profound economic and social ramifications. The key
to reversing this lies in reducing fertility rates and improving education. Countries like Iran and Bangladesh provide models
for rapid fertility decline. Addressing the unmet need for family planning and enforcing primary education can reduce the
projected population by 50 million, double per capita income, and align Pakistan with regional peers. Investment in women's
education and workforce participation is pivotal for sustainable development.
4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Demographic challenges, economic development, population policies
• Current Affairs: Socio-economic impact of population growth.
• Economics: Labor productivity, GDP growth, poverty reduction
• International Relations: Comparative analysis with South Asian countries
• Gender Studies: Female education and labor force participation
5. Notes for Beginners:
Population growth refers to the increase in the number of people in a region. High growth strains resources like food, water,
and jobs. For example, if a family has too many children without enough income, they struggle to provide basic needs.
Similarly, countries face economic challenges when their populations grow too fast.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Population growth rate: 2.55% (2017-2023)
• 110 million people added in 25 years
• Projected population by 2050: 385 million
• 2.6 million additional jobs needed annually
• 25 million children out of school

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 21. Edu-Surveillance
1. Summary:
The article discusses the growing use of CCTV surveillance cameras and other security measures in educational institutions,
prompted by the rising threats of school shootings and attacks on schools globally, including Pakistan. Initially, these
measures were intended to protect schools from external dangers, but they have since expanded into classrooms, hallways,
and even private spaces like staff rooms, raising concerns over privacy and personal freedom. The surveillance is not only
used for security but also for monitoring student behavior, teacher performance, and enforcing discipline, which has led to
a sense of unease among students and staff. The writer emphasizes that, while CCTV use in public areas like hallways may
be acceptable, its presence in classrooms undermines the learning environment, creates distrust, and stifles personal
development.
2. Overview:
The author critically examines the negative consequences of CCTV surveillance in educational settings, arguing that while
these technologies may provide a sense of security, they also create a stifling and oppressive environment for both students
and teachers. The proliferation of surveillance cameras has been linked to an atmosphere of mistrust and anxiety, affecting
students' psychological well-being and academic performance. The article highlights the growing evidence that excessive
surveillance can lead to a “prison-like” environment, where students feel constantly observed, potentially leading to
contrived behavior and demoralized teachers. The writer calls for a balanced approach to surveillance, where security
measures are used judiciously, focusing on entrances and hallways, while avoiding their use in private or educational spaces
that could harm personal growth and trust.
3. Notes:
The increasing use of CCTV surveillance in schools, though intended to improve security, has brought about a negative
impact on students’ mental health and the learning environment. Research shows that excessive surveillance leads to a rise
in feelings of vulnerability, mistrust, and powerlessness among students. In addition, teachers are demoralized by the
invasion of their personal and professional space, which can affect their teaching motivation. The article advocates for clear
guidelines on CCTV use, emphasizing transparency, consent from stakeholders, and ensuring that surveillance does not
hinder personal development or the educational process.
4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Education: The discussion about the role of surveillance in educational institutions connects directly with topics
concerning the learning environment, student well-being, and the influence of technology on education.
• Sociology: The impact of surveillance on student behavior and mental health ties into discussions about social
control, trust, and institutional dynamics.
• Ethics: The ethical considerations surrounding privacy and the use of surveillance in educational settings are crucial,
especially in terms of balancing security with personal rights.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Surveillance refers to the act of monitoring people or places for safety or security reasons. In schools, it often involves
CCTV cameras watching over hallways, classrooms, and sometimes private areas. While it might seem helpful, too much

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surveillance can make people feel uncomfortable and stressed. For example, if a student feels they are being watched all the
time, they may act differently, and teachers may feel discouraged because their privacy is invaded. It’s important to balance
security and privacy to create a healthy learning environment.
6. Facts and Figures:
• The use of CCTV surveillance has become widespread in educational institutions globally, especially after high-
profile incidents like school shootings.
• Research indicates that surveillance in classrooms contributes to a “prison-like” environment, reducing trust and
affecting academic performance.

In brief, This article offers a critical perspective on the widespread use of CCTV surveillance in educational institutions,
highlighting its negative effects on the mental well-being and educational experiences of students and teachers. While
surveillance in public areas can be justified for security, its use in classrooms should be reconsidered. The article stresses
the importance of finding a balance between security and personal privacy, advocating for clear regulations and consent-
based surveillance to ensure that educational environments remain supportive and conducive to learning.

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 22. Let’s Not Provoke Indus Fury.
1. Summary:
In the face of rising violence in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and Balochistan, with nearly 100 lives lost within a week, the
media's focus appeared misaligned, shifting to the statement of the spouse of a jailed political leader. This led to a spectacle
dominated by political figures and media personalities echoing the security state's narrative, while more pressing national
concerns, like the increasing terror in these regions, were sidelined. The government’s response to this escalating violence
is largely rhetorical, offering little in the way of tangible policy actions. Despite promises of an "iron hand," the real question
remains: when will concrete measures emerge to address the spiraling violence and the regional instability fueled by both
internal failures and external provocations?
Meanwhile, the government’s controversial decision to approve a large-scale water diversion project in southern Punjab,
intended to irrigate desert areas, has raised alarms in Sindh, where water scarcity is already a critical issue. The move
threatens to ignite further tension in the already volatile province. As Sindh faces severe water shortages, the federal
government's lack of sensitivity toward the concerns of the lower riparian is poised to deepen divisions. The consequences
of such policies could prove catastrophic, triggering a broader security crisis that might further destabilize the region,
especially with the potential breakdown of the political buffer provided by the PPP.

2. Overview:
This article examines the Pakistan’s current political and security crises, focusing on the ongoing violence in KP and
Balochistan, as well as the controversial water project threatening Sindh's stability. The author critiques the government's
ineffective response to these issues and highlights the risks of further exacerbating regional tensions.

3. Notes:
The article Sheds light on the importance of understanding the intersection of political, social, and security issues in
Pakistan. It emphasizes the need for nuanced analysis of state responses to internal strife and external challenges, a theme
relevant to the CSS syllabus in areas like Governance, Political Science, and International Relations. Aspirants should focus
on the implications of policy decisions on national stability, especially in conflict-prone regions like Balochistan and KP.

4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:

• Political Science: National Security, Federalism, State-Society Relations
• Pakistan Affairs: Regional Issues, Ethnic Tensions, National Politics
• International Relations: Regional Conflicts, Foreign Policy Implications
•
5. Notes for Beginners:
When reading articles like this, it is essential to grasp the broader political and regional context. For instance, "riparian"
refers to areas near rivers, important when discussing water resources. The term "arrogance" conveys a negative attitude of
superiority, often seen in policymaking when leaders dismiss opposing viewpoints. Always look for how decisions affect
various groups and regions, particularly in a diverse country like Pakistan.

6. Facts and Figures:

• Around 100 people were killed in violent incidents in KP and Balochistan in just over a week.
• The federal government approved a Rs260 billion project to construct canals for irrigation in southern Punjab,
raising concerns about water shortages in Sindh.
•
In a nutshell, The article provides a pointed critique of the government's handling of pressing issues like regional violence
and water resource management. The key takeaway is the urgent need for pragmatic, inclusive policies that address both
the immediate security concerns and long-term environmental challenges. If the status quo persists, the country may face
more significant instability.
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 23. Protecting Women.
1. Summary:
In Pakistan's rapidly advancing digital landscape, women confront a harrowing new frontier: technology-facilitated gender-
based violence (TFGBV). While digital platforms promise education, employment, and civic engagement, they also serve
as tools for cyber harassment, stalking, and deepfake exploitation, threatening women’s freedom and participation.
Alarmingly, 90% of harassment cases filed with the FIA involve women, and nearly half of working women report facing
online abuse, some leaving their jobs due to the psychological toll. The Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (Peca), though
enacted in 2016, inadequately addresses TFGBV, with limited enforcement capabilities and procedural barriers, particularly
for rural women. Strengthening legal frameworks, enhancing enforcement, and collaborating with tech companies are
imperative steps toward a safer digital space for women.
Addressing TFGBV demands a multi-stakeholder approach involving governments, tech companies, and civil society. Legal
reforms must close existing loopholes, while the FIA’s Cybercrime Wing requires more resources and gender-sensitivity
training. Social media platforms must be held accountable for sharing data and implementing robust content moderation.
Furthermore, providing accessible support services like counseling and digital literacy training can empower victims. Public
awareness campaigns will also play a crucial role in shifting societal norms. Ensuring a safe digital environment is not just
about protecting victims—it’s about unlocking the full potential of women, fostering an equitable society where no one is
left behind.
2. Overview:
This article highlights the pervasive issue of TFGBV in Pakistan, emphasizing its detrimental impact on women's mental
well-being, education, and careers. It underscores the gaps in existing legal frameworks and the need for comprehensive
reforms to combat this growing menace.
3. Notes:
This article provides in-depth analysis of the critical issue of technology-facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV) in
Pakistan, highlighting its devastating impact on women's mental well-being, education, and professional lives. It emphasizes
the alarming statistics: 85% of women globally face online harassment, while in the Asia-Pacific region, this number climbs
to 88%. In Pakistan, 70% of female students report harassment, and 45% of working women encounter online abuse, with
many leaving their jobs due to the psychological toll. The article underscores the shortcomings of the Prevention of
Electronic Crimes Act (Peca) 2016, pointing out its limited capacity to address TFGBV and the lack of resources within the
FIA’s Cybercrime Wing. The suggested solutions include comprehensive legal reforms, better-equipped enforcement
agencies, and closer collaboration with technology companies to create safer digital spaces.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Gender Studies: Gender-based violence, women’s empowerment.
• Current Affairs: Digital rights, cybercrime legislation.
• Law: Legal frameworks addressing cybercrime.

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 5. Notes for Beginners:
Technology-facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV) involves online abuse like harassment, stalking, and harmful
deepfakes targeting women. This can force women to withdraw from social media, education, or jobs. For example, a student
might leave school due to online threats. Although Pakistan's cybercrime law (Peca) exists, it lacks specific protections for
TFGBV and is not well-enforced, especially in rural areas. Strengthening laws and raising awareness are key to creating
safer digital spaces.
6. Facts and Figures
• 85% of women globally experience online harassment.
• 90% of harassment complaints in Pakistan are filed by women.
• Only 144 FIA officers handle cybercrime cases for 240 million people.
In short, Ensuring digital safety for women is important for fostering an inclusive and equitable society. Robust legal
frameworks, empowered law enforcement, and collaborative efforts with technology companies are vital to curbing TFGBV
and unlocking women’s full potential in Pakistan’s digital future.

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 24. Siege Mentality
1. Summary:
Pakistan’s ruling coalition exhibits a "siege mentality," employing repressive measures such as internet shutdowns,
roadblocks, and opposition suppression to maintain control. These tactics reflect a deep-rooted insecurity, diverting focus
from governance to controlling dissent. This authoritarian approach undermines democratic institutions like parliament and
judiciary, eroding public trust and weakening democratic legitimacy. Economically, disruptions stifle businesses, especially
the digital sector, and damage Pakistan’s global image, deterring foreign investment. Politically, the suppression of
opposition and civil liberties fosters instability rather than addressing challenges through dialogue, further isolating the
country internationally.
A siege mentality leads to misallocation of resources, prioritizing suppression over public welfare. It stunts economic growth
and exacerbates social unrest. The article emphasizes that real stability requires strengthening democratic institutions,
promoting dialogue, and respecting civil liberties. Repressive measures only deepen existing crises, highlighting the need
for governance based on democratic values rather than force.

2. Overview:
The article critiques the ruling coalition’s repressive governance, warning that suppressing dissent weakens democracy and
harms the economy. It advocates for democratic reforms, institutional integrity, and dialogue to address political challenges
and foster stability.

3. Notes:
The article provides a critical analysis of Pakistan's current political approach, focusing on the detrimental effects of
authoritarian measures on democracy, governance, and the economy. It discusses how frequent internet disruptions and
opposition suppression indicate a fragile government, emphasizing that these actions erode public trust, deter foreign
investment, and damage institutional credibility. The solution lies in strengthening democratic institutions, engaging in
dialogue, and upholding civil liberties.

4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:

• Political Science: Authoritarian vs. Democratic Governance
• Governance and Public Policy: Institutional Integrity, Good Governance
• Current Affairs: Political Instability in Pakistan, Digital Rights
• Economics: Impact of Political Instability on Economic Growth
5. Notes for Beginners:
A "siege mentality" is when a government feels constantly threatened and uses extreme measures to control dissent. For
example, shutting down the internet during protests shows insecurity rather than strength. This harms democratic institutions
like courts and parliament, leading to weaker governance. Economically, frequent disruptions hurt businesses and scare
away investors. True stability requires dialogue and strong institutions, not forceful suppression.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Internet Shutdowns: Pakistan experienced 16 major internet disruptions in 2023, costing millions in economic
losses.
• Economic Impact: Political instability reduces foreign direct investment by up to 30%.
• Digital Economy: Disruptions significantly affect Pakistan’s $4 billion IT industry.
• Global Rankings: Pakistan ranks 107th in the Democracy Index, reflecting governance challenges.
•
To wrap up, The article underscores the urgency for Pakistan to shift from repressive tactics to democratic governance.
Strengthening institutions, promoting civil liberties, and fostering political dialogue are essential for sustainable stability
and economic growth. Repression only deepens crises; true progress lies in democratic integrity.

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 25. Anti-Women State.
1. Summary:
The article emphasizes the dire situation of women globally, particularly in Pakistan, where gender-based violence (GBV)
and sexual abuse are rampant. With over 370 million women affected by rape or sexual violence before the age of 18,
Pakistan faces an alarming rise in GBV, with a reported 63,000 cases in the past three years. The state's response has been
inadequate, with a 3% conviction rate for rape and numerous pro-women laws left unenforced. Despite some reforms, such
as raising the marriageable age in Sindh, resistance remains in other provinces. The article criticizes the patriarchal culture
and weak criminal justice system, which leaves women vulnerable and unable to trust the state for protection. It calls for
the unification of women parliamentarians to demand better laws, implementation, and greater female representation to
tackle these issues.

2. Overview:
The editorial focuses on the worsening state of gender-based violence in Pakistan and the government's failure to protect
women, highlighting the ineffective legal system, societal norms, and lack of enforcement of pro-women laws. It stresses
the need for stronger female representation in parliament and reforms to protect women’s rights.

3. Notes:
This article sheds light on the severe issue of gender-based violence in Pakistan, citing disturbing statistics such as 63,000
cases reported over the past three years, with many more unreported. The article criticizes the government's inability to
enforce laws protecting women and how patriarchal structures continue to dominate. It highlights the importance of strong
female leadership in parliament to fight for stricter laws, and the need for a cultural shift to combat misogyny.

4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:

• Gender Studies: Gender-based violence, women's empowerment
• Law: Criminal justice system, laws related to violence against women
• Political Science: Role of women in politics, gender equality

5. Notes for Beginners:

This article focuses on how violence against women is rampant in Pakistan and globally. It highlights that many women
suffer from sexual abuse and gender-based violence but often see no justice due to weak laws and societal attitudes. The
article urges more women in parliament to push for stronger laws and better protection for women.

6. Facts and Figures:

• Global Statistics: Over 370 million women and girls have faced rape or sexual violence before the age of 18.
• Cases in Pakistan: 63,000 reported cases of violence against women in the past three years.
• Conviction Rate: Only 3% conviction rate for rape cases in Pakistan.
• Unresolved Cases: An 81% increase in the backlog of unresolved GBV cases.

In summary, The article calls for urgent action to protect women from violence, urging both legal reforms and cultural
change. Without addressing the systemic flaws in the justice system and society, Pakistan will continue to struggle with
gender-based violence and inequality. Strong female leadership and effective legal implementation are essential for the
nation's progress.

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 26. A Capital Lockdown
1. Summary:
Lockdowns in Pakistan have become a lingering phenomenon, extending beyond COVID-19 to control smog and
demonstrations. Currently, the government faces another challenge: a protest march led by PTI from KP to Islamabad. This
lockdown, while aimed at containing the demonstration, exposes the state’s apprehension and contradicts its claims of
economic stability. The PTI strategically capitalizes on the government's defensive stance, knowing that restricting
movement across the capital causes economic setbacks and drains state resources. Despite internal challenges and leadership
pressures, the PTI’s mobilization demonstrates its resilience, using protests as leverage, particularly evident in past
concessions like the release of key figures.
The core of PTI's strategy seems less about toppling the government and more about tactical bargaining. The state’s
repressive measures, including prolonged detentions without trials, fuel further unrest. Historically, deterrence through fear
has been ineffective in Pakistan, underscoring the need for a more thoughtful approach to handling political dissent.
Releasing political prisoners, especially women, could alleviate tensions, signaling a shift toward democratic engagement.
The ongoing cycle of protests and lockdowns reflects deep political and economic fragility, where neither side seems
prepared for a decisive resolution, leaving the country teetering on uncertainty.

2. Overview
The article discusses the recurring pattern of lockdowns in Pakistan, driven by political and environmental factors. It
highlights the PTI's strategic use of protest marches to apply pressure on the government while exposing state vulnerabilities.
The narrative underscores the broader implications of political instability and economic fragility, stressing the need for a
balanced approach to governance and dissent management.

3. Notes:
The article provides in-depth analysis the dynamics of political strategies and state governance in Pakistan. It highlights
how protests and lockdowns impact national stability, emphasizing the broader economic consequences of political unrest.
Aspirants should analyze the government's response to dissent and its implications for democratic principles. The piece also
underscores the challenges faced by public administration during crises, particularly the strain on resources and law
enforcement. Understanding these elements can help in evaluating contemporary political issues and their long-term effects
on governance and societal resilience.

4. Relevant CSS Topics:

• Political Science: Political movements and state responses
• Public Administration: Governance during crises
• Pakistan Affairs: Contemporary political issues and governance challenges
5. Notes for Beginners:
Lockdowns are measures where movement is restricted, often for safety reasons. In Pakistan, they are used both for health
crises and to manage political demonstrations. For example, when PTI protests in Islamabad, the government restricts
movement to prevent unrest. However, such actions can also harm the economy by reducing business activity.

6. Facts and Figures

• Lockdowns cost economies millions in lost productivity.
• PTI's protest aims to highlight governmental instability and negotiate the release of political prisoners.

To sum up, The article paints a vivid picture of Pakistan's political landscape, where lockdowns symbolize deeper
governance challenges. Addressing these issues through dialogue rather than suppression could foster long-term stability
and democratic resilience.

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 27. Annual COP-Out
1. Summary:
The COP29 conference in Baku concluded with a deal to provide $300 billion in climate finance to developing nations by
2035. However, this figure was widely seen as an illusion, lacking substance in the face of growing climate emergencies.
Representatives from countries like India and Pakistan criticized the outcome, particularly highlighting the absence of
significant contributions from developed nations, which are the largest historical polluters. The influence of fossil fuel
interests, such as those from oil-rich nations like Azerbaijan and Saudi Arabia, continues to obstruct genuine progress in the
fight against climate change. The article emphasizes that despite these failures, abandoning global climate talks would only
worsen the situation. The upcoming COP30 in Brazil presents some hope, as Brazil is committed to more aggressive climate
action, but the future remains uncertain.
2. Overview:
This article critiques the results of COP29, emphasizing the lack of meaningful progress in the global fight against climate
change. It underscores the resistance from fossil fuel industries and major polluting nations, while stressing the importance
of continued international cooperation to address the crisis. The article also touches on the potential of COP30 to make a
real difference, despite the many challenges ahead.
3. Notes:
The article provides in-depth analysis of the dynamics of global climate negotiations and the challenges posed by the
entrenched interests of powerful nations and industries. It underscores the critical importance of financial commitments and
effective policy measures, which are essential for addressing the climate crisis. For CSS aspirants, understanding the failures
of international climate agreements, the role of developed countries, and the dynamics between economic interests and
environmental protection is key for the areas of Global Issues and International Relations.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Global Issues and International Relations: The article is directly related to global climate negotiations, the role of
developed countries, and international diplomacy on environmental matters.
• Environmental Sustainability and Current Affairs: The article touches on climate finance, decarbonization, and
international environmental policies, relevant to understanding the economic and political dimensions of
sustainability.
•
5. Notes for Beginners:
When discussing climate issues, words like "deceptive" refer to misleading appearances, such as promises of large financial
contributions that may not be delivered. "Stage-managed" indicates a lack of genuineness, often applied to events that are
pre-planned or manipulated for appearances. Additionally, "optical illusion" refers to something that looks different from
reality, similar to promises of climate finance that might not yield tangible results. It's crucial to understand these terms
when analyzing political or environmental discourse.

6. Facts and Figures:

• COP29 proposed a $300 billion deal for climate finance to be distributed to developing countries by 2035.
• Azerbaijan, the host nation, continues to heavily rely on oil and gas exports, undermining efforts for a greener
future.
• Despite calls for greater action, developed countries have not met the expectations for contributions to climate
finance.
•
In a nutshell, The article critiques the inefficacy of COP29 in addressing the climate crisis, focusing on the disappointing
financial commitments and the strong influence of fossil fuel interests. It stresses the importance of continued dialogue and
action, especially with upcoming global summits like COP30. The key takeaway is the urgent need for more substantial and
actionable commitments from developed nations to avoid further environmental degradation.

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 28.Lessons From US
1. Summary:
The article draws parallels between the political climates of the United States and Pakistan, highlighting how disillusionment
with democratic systems has fueled the rise of populist leaders like Donald Trump and Imran Khan. In the US, Trump's
supporters felt neglected by a system dominated by elites and turned to him as a leader who challenged the status quo.
Similarly, in Pakistan, Imran Khan's appeal lay in addressing grievances of marginalized groups, especially youth,
disillusioned by an elitist democracy. Both populists gained traction by tapping into feelings of alienation and injustice,
positioning themselves as saviors for the common people.
The author emphasizes that the popularity of populist leaders is a symptom of deeper systemic failures. Suppressing populist
movements may backfire, as disenchanted supporters will continue to destabilize the system. Instead, allowing such leaders
to rise or fall through democratic processes can ultimately strengthen the political framework by exposing their true
capabilities.
2. Overview:
The article highlights the global trend of populism as a response to elite-driven democracies, suggesting that both the US
and Pakistan face similar challenges in addressing the frustrations of marginalized populations. It calls for democratic
tolerance and reforms to address the root causes of populist support.
3. Notes:
The article provides in-depth analysis for CSS aspirants, particularly in understanding the dynamics of populism and elite
capture within democratic systems. It emphasizes how marginalized populations in both the United States and Pakistan have
turned to populist leaders like Donald Trump and Imran Khan, seeking solutions to their socio-economic neglect. This
analysis is crucial for topics such as Comparative Politics and Political Systems, highlighting how political movements can
emerge in response to systemic failures. In the context of Political Governance and Democracy, the piece underscores the
challenges posed by elite dominance and the need for legitimate representation to maintain democratic stability. Moreover,
from a Security Studies perspective, the suppression of populist movements can lead to unrest and instability, illustrating
the importance of inclusive policies for national security. Understanding these dynamics equips CSS aspirants with a
nuanced perspective on governance, populism, and the socio-political fabric of democratic nations.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
1. Political Science and Governance: Examines the dynamics of elite capture in democracies and the role of populism
as a response to political disenchantment.
2. Comparative Politics: Offers a comparative analysis of political systems in the US and Pakistan, focusing on how
systemic failures contribute to the rise of populist leaders.
3. International Relations: Discusses global trends in populism and their implications for democratic stability,
providing a broader understanding of political challenges faced by modern states.
4.
Notes for beginners:
Populism happens when regular people feel ignored by those in power, so they support leaders who promise to change the
system. In the US, Trump's supporters felt unheard, while in Pakistan, many turned to Imran Khan for similar reasons. Both
leaders connected with people by addressing their frustrations and making them feel represented.

5. Facts and Figures

• Populist movements have gained momentum globally, especially in countries with growing economic disparities.
• According to exit polls during US elections, the majority of Trump supporters sought change and leadership,
mirroring sentiments in many developing democracies.
•
To sum up, Understanding the rise of populism is important for addressing democratic weaknesses. Tolerance, political
reforms, and addressing the needs of marginalized groups can prevent further disillusionment and instability.

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 29. Upward Mobility
1. Summary:
Salman Faruqui's memoir, encapsulated in Dear Mr Jinnah, presents a detailed account of his journey through Pakistan's
bureaucratic echelons, spanning decades from Ayub Khan's regime to Asif Ali Zardari’s presidency. Faruqui’s career, marked
by resilience and adaptability, saw him navigate a maze of political figures, from H.S. Suhrawardy and Z.A. Bhutto to
Benazir Bhutto and Ziaul Haq. His strategic discretion and political acumen enabled him to thrive, demonstrating a deep
understanding of Pakistan’s governance structure. Through various pivotal roles, including heading specialized units and
contributing to major national projects, Faruqui's influence extended across critical sectors such as communications,
agriculture, and power.
The narrative, however, provides a sobering reflection on governance failures and the state’s inefficiencies. Faruqui’s post-
retirement struggles underline the dissonance between power and ordinary citizenry, revealing the harsh realities of
bureaucratic life outside the corridors of power. His closing message to Jinnah laments the current governance state,
envisioning a Pakistan revitalized by moral integrity and diligence. While omitting contentious personal details, Faruqui’s
book ultimately serves as a commentary on the systemic challenges and potential for renewal in Pakistan’s socio-political
landscape.
2. Overview:
The article highlights the career trajectory and reflections of Salman Faruqui, emphasizing themes of survival, power
dynamics, and governance in Pakistan. Faruqui's journey through successive regimes underscores the adaptability required
within the bureaucratic system and the broader implications for national development and administrative ethics.
3. Notes:
This article illustrates the dynamics of Pakistan’s civil service, offering understanding into political-bureaucratic
relationships, policy impacts, and the significance of ethical governance. It underlines the importance of adaptability,
discretion, and strategic acumen in public service, providing valuable lessons for future civil servants on navigating power
corridors and contributing meaningfully to national development.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
- Pakistan Affairs: Political history and governance structures.
- Public Administration: Bureaucratic functions, decision-making, and administrative ethics.
- Current Affairs: Understanding socio-political dynamics and leadership roles in Pakistan.
- Essay Writing: Themes of governance, leadership, and institutional challenges.
5. Notes for Beginners:
• Bureaucracy: A system where officials manage state affairs. For example, the role of Faruqui in various ministries
shows how civil servants influence national policy.
• Governance Challenges: Issues like inefficiency and corruption impact a country's progress. Faruqui’s struggles
post-retirement illustrate this harsh reality.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Faruqui disposed of 324,000 cases as federal ombudsman within three years, highlighting his administrative
efficiency.
• His roles spanned from customs services to ambassador-at-large, reflecting the diverse responsibilities within
Pakistan’s bureaucracy.

To sum up, The article provides a rich exploration of Salman Faruqui’s memoir, shedding light on the intricate workings of
Pakistan’s bureaucracy and the ethical dilemmas faced by public officials. It calls for a return to the foundational values
envisioned by Jinnah, emphasizing diligence, integrity, and moral fortitude as essential for national rejuvenation.

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 30. Women's Health
1. Summary:
The health crisis facing women in Pakistan is an alarming and pervasive issue that underscores the broader dysfunction
within the country’s healthcare system. Despite constituting 50% of the population, women face systemic neglect
exacerbated by entrenched societal biases and reproductive health disparities. Ranked second to last globally in gender
equality, Pakistan's gender gap index highlights the grim reality for women, who face lower educational, economic, and
political opportunities. Their poor health status, marked by high rates of malnutrition, anaemia, and maternal health
complications, is both a consequence and a cause of their marginalization. These factors perpetuate a vicious cycle of
poverty and inequality, limiting women's ability to participate in the workforce and decision-making processes.
The statistics are staggering: nearly half of stunted children are girls, 56.6% of adolescent girls suffer from anaemia, and
maternal health indicators remain dismal, especially in rural areas. The total fertility rate of 3.6 births per woman, one of
Asia's highest, reflects inadequate access to reproductive healthcare. Moreover, with Pakistan reporting the highest rate of
breast cancer in Asia, the need for early diagnosis and preventative care is evident. This dire situation calls for a systemic
overhaul of the healthcare infrastructure, with a focus on gender-sensitive policies to address these disparities. Beyond moral
imperatives, the economic and social cost of ignoring women's health is profound, with substantial opportunity losses that
hinder national development.
2. Overview:
This article sheds light on the multifaceted health crisis facing women in Pakistan, emphasizing the intersection of societal
neglect, healthcare deficiencies, and economic disparity. It argues for urgent, systemic reform to uplift women’s health,
which is essential for broader societal progress.
3. Notes:
The health crisis facing women in Pakistan reflects deep systemic neglect and societal bias, perpetuating a cycle of poverty
and inequality. Despite constituting half the population, women suffer disproportionately from malnutrition, anaemia, and
maternal health complications, exacerbated by limited access to reproductive healthcare. Pakistan’s poor ranking on the
global gender gap index highlights this disparity, with adolescent girls bearing the brunt—nearly half of stunted children
are girls, and over 56% suffer from anaemia. These health issues limit educational and economic opportunities, trapping
women in marginalization. Addressing this crisis requires gender-sensitive healthcare reforms and societal change, as
improving women's health not only fulfills a moral obligation but also unlocks economic potential, driving national
development and progress.
4. Relevant CSS Topics:
• Gender Studies: Gender inequality, health and empowerment
• Public Administration: Healthcare governance, policy reforms
• Sociology: Societal norms, patriarchy, and poverty
5. Notes for Beginners:
Women's health issues are deeply tied to societal structures. For example, malnutrition in girls often limits their educational
opportunities, perpetuating poverty. Addressing health disparities involves improving access to care and changing societal
attitudes.
6. Facts and Figures:
• 40% of Pakistani children are stunted; half are girls.
• 56.6% of adolescent girls suffer from anaemia.
• 30% of deliveries occur without trained attendants.
• Pakistan has the highest breast cancer rate in Asia.
To sum up, Addressing women's health is not merely a moral duty but an economic and social necessity. Only by dismantling
systemic barriers and reforming healthcare can Pakistan hope to achieve true gender equity and national progress.

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 31. Cop Or Climate Hypocrisy?
1. Summary:
The 29th Conference of Parties (COP29) in Baku showcased the stark realities of global climate diplomacy, marred by
geopolitical tensions and unmet financial commitments. Despite extensive negotiations, the final agreement to mobilize
$300 billion annually by 2035 for developing nations fell considerably short of the actual needs, raising doubts about its
effectiveness in limiting global warming to 1.5°C. The aspirational goal of $1.3 trillion in climate finance by 2035 offers a
glimmer of hope, but without concrete mechanisms and enforcement, it risks being another hollow promise. Moreover, the
summit's focus on finance overshadowed important issues like biodiversity and equitable food system transitions. The
dominance of fossil fuel interests and the absence of key leaders further underscored the systemic hypocrisy and challenges
facing international climate action.
For countries like Pakistan, the real test lies in aligning these global commitments with domestic policies. The nation's
participation in such negotiations is essential, but it must be complemented by robust governance and actionable strategies
at home. With mounting economic challenges and political instability, Pakistan cannot rely solely on external pledges.
Strengthening climate governance at both national and sub-national levels is imperative to translating these international
discussions into tangible solutions. The road ahead is fraught with obstacles, but proactive measures and realistic policy
implementation remain the only path forward.
2. Overview:
This article underscores the limitations and challenges of international climate agreements, emphasizing the need for
actionable commitments and domestic alignment, particularly for developing nations like Pakistan.
3. Notes:
This article provides a critical view of the dynamics of global climate diplomacy, financial commitments, and multilateral
challenges. It’s particularly relevant for CSS topics on international relations, environmental policies, and governance.
Understanding these aspects can help aspirants grasp the complexities of global cooperation and the importance of national
policy alignment in addressing climate change.
4. Relevant CSS Topics:
• International Relations: Climate diplomacy, global Governance.
• Environmental Science: Climate change mitigation, adaptation finance.
• Public Administration: Policy implementation, governance in developing countries.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Global climate conferences like COP29 aim to set financial and policy commitments for combating climate change. For
example, pledging $300 billion annually for developing countries is a step towards aiding their adaptation. However, without
follow-up actions, these promises often remain unfulfilled, particularly affecting vulnerable countries like Pakistan.
6. Facts and Figures:
• $300 billion annual target by 2035 for developing nations.
• Aspirational $1.3 trillion goal for climate finance.
• The summit highlighted the growing role of fossil fuel lobbyists.

To wrap up, COP29 reveals the urgent need for genuine commitment and accountability in global climate efforts. For
countries like Pakistan, translating international pledges into actionable domestic policies is essential to navigating the
challenges of an uncertain climate future.

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 32. Judicial Redemption
1. Summary :
The article addresses the critical challenges facing judicial independence in Pakistan following the passage of the 26th
Amendment. This amendment significantly shifts power by allowing parliamentarians a dominant role in judicial
appointments and decisions through the Judicial Commission. As a result, judges may face undue political pressure,
undermining their impartiality and independence. The creation of parallel power centers within courts, such as separate
chief justices for constitutional and regular benches, further complicates the judiciary's functioning, breeding conflict and
inefficiency.
The writer argues that an independent judiciary is essential for maintaining the rule of law and checking governmental
power. Politicizing judicial appointments risks turning judges into political tools, compromising their ability to deliver fair
rulings, especially when adjudicating cases involving the government or legislature. Ultimately, these changes threaten to
weaken judicial unity, erode public trust, and destabilize the democratic framework. The article calls for safeguarding
judicial independence to ensure a fair and effective legal system.
2. Overview:
The article critiques the 26th Amendment's impact on judicial independence in Pakistan, highlighting how it grants
parliament undue influence over judicial appointments and decisions. This politicization threatens the judiciary's
impartiality, creating parallel power centers within courts and fostering internal conflict. The author stresses that an
independent judiciary is vital for upholding the rule of law and maintaining public trust. Without safeguarding this
independence, the judicial system risks becoming a tool of political manipulation, undermining democratic stability and
fairness in governance.
3. Notes:
The article sheds light on the challenges facing Pakistan’s judicial independence following the 26th Amendment,
emphasizing the potential dangers of political interference. Key issues include the politicization of judicial appointments,
the establishment of parallel power centers, and the erosion of judicial autonomy. The amendment grants parliamentarians
undue influence over the Judicial Commission, allowing them to appoint and assign judges. This raises concerns about the
judiciary's ability to impartially assess government actions and laws, as judges may face pressure to align with political
interests. Effective governance and judicial independence are interdependent, and any compromise in one weakens national
institutions as a whole. This case exemplifies how structural reforms, if poorly designed, can undermine institutional
integrity.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Constitutional Amendments and Their IMPLICATION , Judiciary’s Role in Governance and
Stability, Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances.
• Law and Constitution: Judicial Independence and Political Interference, Role and Function of the Judicial
Commission, Governance Reforms and Institutional Integrity.
• International Relations: Comparative Judicial Systems, Impact of Governance on National Security.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The 26th Amendment gives politicians more control over the judiciary, which can lead to biased appointments and decisions.
An independent judiciary is crucial for fair governance, and political influence can undermine this by creating conflicts and
weakening the system’s credibility. Imagine having two leaders for one institution; this division creates chaos instead of
efficiency.
6. Some related concepts:
• Judicial Independence: The judiciary's freedom from external influences, ensuring fair and unbiased decisions.
• 26th Amendment: A constitutional change affecting the structure and independence of the judiciary.
Parallel Power Centers: The creation of competing leadership roles within an institution, leading to inefficiency and conflict.
7. Facts and Figures:
• The 26th Amendment grants more power to the Judicial Commission, where parliamentarians now have a majority
say in appointments.
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 • Two chief justices within the same court can lead to administrative chaos and weaken judicial unity.
• Effective judicial systems worldwide prioritize independence to avoid political manipulation.

To wrap up, Judicial independence is the cornerstone of democratic governance. Without it, institutions risk becoming
instruments of political control. The 26th Amendment highlights the delicate balance required between legislative oversight
and judicial autonomy. Protecting this balance ensures the judiciary remains a pillar of justice, free from political constraints.

SPACE FOR YOUR NOTES

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 Pakistan Observer
33. Smog The Silent Killer
1. Summary :
In "Smog the Silent Killer," Malik Tariq Ali reflects on the stark transformation of Lahore from a pollution-free city to one
grappling with toxic smog. He recalls a time when citizens enjoyed open-air theaters and the natural beauty of their
surroundings. However, unchecked urban expansion, the negligence of local governments, and corruption have led to
deteriorating air quality and severe health issues for residents. The article critiques the roles of state and bureaucratic officials
in allowing polluting industries to thrive and the rapid encroachment of green spaces by land mafias. Ali argues that the
deterioration of the environment has reached alarming levels, affecting not just Lahore but many other cities across Pakistan,
which has now become a victim of its own urbanization and neglect.
The article emphasizes the economic and health crises stemming from environmental degradation in Pakistan. It points out
the loss of green agricultural lands and highlights the urgent need for remedial measures to address the pollution crisis. The
writer suggests that the failure to regulate urban expansion and the lack of accountability among officials contribute
significantly to the problems at hand. He underscores the idea that this situation jeopardizes national security and calls for
immediate actions to reverse the destructive trends affecting the country's natural landscape and public health.
2. Overview
The article presents a detailed account of the causes and consequences of smog in Lahore and other cities in Pakistan, linking
environmental degradation to urban expansion, bureaucratic corruption, and health crises. It critiques the roles of various
stakeholders in exacerbating the situation and calls for urgent corrective measures.
3. Notes
1. Understand the impact of urbanization on environmental health, specifically in major cities like Lahore and Karachi.
2. Familiarize yourself with the roles of government and bureaucracy in environmental management.
3. Explore case studies of urban development and its consequences on public health and safety.
4. Related Topics in CSS Syllabus
- Environmental Science
- Urban Planning and Development
- Governance and Public Administration
- Health and Nutrition
5. Notes for Beginners with Examples :
- Urban Expansion: The process of population growth leading to the physical spread of a city. Example: The rapid
development of residential areas in previously agricultural land can lead to increased pollution and loss of green
spaces.
- Bureaucratic Corruption: When officials exploit their power for personal gain, often leading to environmental
degradation. Example: Permitting construction in environmentally sensitive areas for personal benefit can harm
natural habitats.
6. Facts and Figures
- Lahore has been experiencing toxic smog for over four decades, significantly impacting public health, leading to
increased cases of respiratory ailments, skin infections, and cancer.
- The wind patterns in the region, particularly during winter, contribute to the accumulation of pollutants, worsening
smog conditions.
- Urbanization has replaced vast green spaces with concrete structures, leading to increased air pollution, which is
exacerbated by industrial emissions. The loss of agricultural land due to urban expansion has resulted in Pakistan
transitioning from being self-sufficient in food production to becoming reliant on food imports.
To sum up, article sheds light on the dire environmental challenges faced by urban centers in Pakistan, particularly Lahore. The alarming rise in
pollution and its health repercussions serve as a wake-up call for both citizens and policymakers. The author’s insights into the systemic issues of
corruption and mismanagement underline the urgent need for comprehensive policy reforms to protect public health and restore the natural environment.
Only through collective action and accountability can Pakistan hope to reclaim its green spaces and ensure a healthier future for its citizens

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 34. Pak-China Friendship And Emerging Impediments
1. Summary:
The article discusses the impending visit of President Asif Ali Zardari to China, aiming to strengthen the Pak-China
relationship and emphasize the significance of the CPEC Phase-2. It highlights the growing threats posed by terrorism to
Chinese investments in Pakistan, which are exacerbated by regional geopolitical tensions. The author calls for enhanced
security measures and collaborative efforts between Pakistan and China to combat terrorism, including the establishment of
a Joint Security Company and improved intelligence sharing. The article emphasizes that safeguarding Chinese workers
and projects is vital for economic growth and regional stability.

2. Overview:
The article discusses the significance of the upcoming visit of President Asif Ali Zardari to China, which aims to bolster
bilateral relations and emphasize the strategic importance of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) Phase-2. It
highlights the challenges posed by regional terrorism, particularly against Chinese investments in Pakistan, and underscores
the need for comprehensive security measures to protect these interests. The article advocates for a collaborative approach
to eradicating terrorism and enhancing safety protocols for Chinese workers and CPEC projects.

3. Notes
1. Importance of CPEC: The article emphasizes CPEC as a vital economic corridor for Pakistan, highlighting its
potential to attract foreign investment.
2. Security Challenges: It discusses the rising threats from terrorism, which jeopardize the safety of Chinese nationals
and projects in Pakistan.
3. Collaborative Security Efforts: The need for a joint security framework between Pakistan and China is stressed,
including the establishment of a Joint Security Company and enhanced intelligence sharing.
4. Impact of Regional Politics: The influence of geopolitical dynamics, including India’s alleged involvement in
terrorism against Pakistan, is noted.

4, Relevance to CSS Syllabus/Subjects:

International Relations, Pakistan Affairs, Current Affairs, and Security , providing in depth analysis into the implications
of foreign policy and national security.

5. Notes for Beginners with Examples:

1. Impediments: In discussions of international relations, impediments can refer to factors hindering cooperation, such
as security threats.
2. Holistic Approach: When addressing complex issues like terrorism, a holistic approach involves considering all
interconnected factors rather than isolated solutions.
3. Eradication of Terrorism: Countries often collaborate to eradicate terrorism, as seen in joint military operations.

6. Facts and Figures:

- The Chinese Prime Minister met with Pakistani officials to discuss security for CPEC projects.
- The article mentions specific terrorist groups involved in regional instability, such as the TTP and BLA.
To sum up, The article underscores the critical need for Pakistan to enhance security measures to protect foreign investments,
particularly from China. It advocates for a strategic partnership that transcends traditional diplomatic approaches, urging
both nations to collaborate effectively in combating terrorism and ensuring the success of CPEC. This partnership is not
only crucial for economic growth but also for regional stability and security.

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 35. Pak-China Friendship
1. Summary:
The article Pak-China Friendship: A Lasting Brotherhood by Faisal Zahid Malik critically analysis the deep-rooted and
resilient relationship between Pakistan and China. Characterized as an “iron brotherhood,” this bond transcends mere
diplomatic formalities, representing a mutual commitment based on respect, support, and shared objectives. Despite
occasional criticisms and challenges, the friendship endures, as seen in projects like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
(CPEC) and robust cultural exchanges that solidify people-to-people connections. This article emphasizes that the Pak-
China alliance is a beacon of trust and partnership in a world often marred by divisions.
2. Overview:
The Pakistan-China friendship stands as one of the most resilient alliances globally, with both countries demonstrating
unwavering support for each other. Malik highlights how Pakistan was among the first countries to support China’s
emergence on the global stage, and China has reciprocated by backing Pakistan on critical issues. Beyond strategic gains,
China’s involvement in Pakistan, especially through CPEC, is transformative, aiming to uplift Pakistan's economy through
infrastructure, energy, and industrial projects. The relationship also extends to cultural collaboration and educational
exchanges, fostering mutual understanding between the people of both nations.
3. Notes
1. Important Points: Pakistan-China relations are integral to understanding Pakistan’s foreign policy and international
alliances. This bond provides Pakistan a strategic balance against regional pressures and elevates its global standing.
2. Significance of CPEC: CPEC is a major component in Pakistan’s economic and strategic framework, highlighting
Pakistan's importance in the Belt and Road Initiative. Examining CPEC’s implications can provide insight into
Pakistan's economic aspirations and international partnerships.
3. Foreign Relations and Diplomacy: This friendship illustrates the impact of diplomatic alliances based on respect
and shared goals rather than convenience, a valuable concept for aspirants studying International Relations.
4. People-to-People Exchange: Such exchanges are a pillar of this alliance, suggesting that cultural diplomacy can
strengthen formal alliances, a useful perspective in diplomatic studies.
4 Related Topics from CSS Syllabus
- Pakistan Affairs: Foreign Policy, CPEC
- Current Affairs: Regional Alliances, Pakistan-China Relations
- International Relations: Diplomatic Alliances, Belt and Road Initiative
5. Notes for Beginners with Examples:
- Alliance in Foreign Policy: An alliance is when two countries, like Pakistan and China, support each other in
international matters. For instance, China supports Pakistan’s stance on Kashmir in international forums.
- Strategic Importance of CPEC: CPEC isn’t just about building infrastructure; it’s a plan that strategically places
Pakistan in a stronger economic position in South Asia.
6. Facts and Figures:
- CPEC Value: Estimated at over $60 billion, CPEC encompasses energy projects, highways, and the Gwadar Port,
which enhances Pakistan’s trade routes.
- Historical Alliance: Pakistan recognized China in 1950 and supported its entry into the UN in 1971.
- Economic Impact: Projects under CPEC are expected to significantly boost Pakistan’s GDP by enhancing
infrastructure and trade.
To wrap up, The article highlights that Pak-China friendship is more than diplomatic rhetoric; it’s a deep-seated alliance
that has been tested over time. With initiatives like CPEC, this relationship is shaping Pakistan’s economic future while
symbolizing a model of cooperation and mutual respect. For aspirants, understanding this alliance is essential for grasping
Pakistan’s international position and economic strategy.

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 36. Geopolitical changes & opportunities
1. Summary:
This article critically analyzes the impact of rapid geopolitical shifts, particularly through the Belt and Road Initiative
(BRI), on Pakistan’s economic and trade landscape. With globalization removing physical divides, new political alliances
are forming, benefiting countries like Pakistan that are part of China’s vision. The article suggests that CPEC’s evolving
projects provide Pakistan with an opportunity to boost its economy by enhancing export-oriented industries, such as
handicrafts and textiles. However, for Pakistan to fully capitalize on these global changes, several steps are needed, including
the establishment of handicraft parks and textile clusters, direct export facilities, quality assurance measures, and policies
to support exporters.

2. Overview
Pakistan stands at a pivotal point in global politics due to its role in the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). The
BRI, consisting of land and maritime routes, brings new opportunities for Pakistan’s trade expansion and economic growth.
The article proposes establishing export-oriented parks to meet international buyers' expectations and help reduce Pakistan’s
trade deficit. This requires aligning production quality with international standards, creating export-friendly policies, and
maintaining a stable supply chain for raw materials.

3. Notes
This article is insightful for understanding Pakistan’s role in the larger geopolitical shift brought on by the BRI. It emphasizes
the importance of export-oriented growth for economic stability, offering practical ideas to boost exports, which can be
beneficial when discussing economic policies in exams. Key takeaways include the significance of CPEC, export-led
development, and strategies to manage the trade deficit. Aspirants should focus on how Pakistan can leverage these
dynamics within the context of Pakistan Affairs and International Relations.

4. Relevance to CSS Subjects

The article is particularly relevant to:
- Pakistan Affairs: CPEC’s role in economic development and its challenges..
- Current Affairs: Impact of trade routes on political alliances and Pakistan’s economic standing.
-
5. Notes for Beginners with Examples
- "Geopolitical changes" refer to shifts in power dynamics that influence countries. For example, CPEC represents a
geopolitical change that brings China and Pakistan closer together through economic projects.
- "Infrastructure" covers essential facilities, such as roads and power plants. In Pakistan’s context, infrastructure
improvements are part of BRI projects.
- "Surveillance" here means monitoring, like CCTV used in export parks to ensure quality and transparency.
-
6. Facts and Figures
The article highlights that Pakistan’s exports have been lagging behind imports for several years, causing a trade deficit. It
suggests establishing specialized export facilities, like handicraft parks, equipped with CCTV for quality control and
transparency, as a way to boost exports and appeal to foreign buyers.

7. Final Thoughts:
Pakistan’s involvement in BRI and CPEC offers a unique chance to revitalize its economy through strategic exports. By
focusing on quality control, transparency, and infrastructure improvements, Pakistan can address its trade imbalance and
capitalize on the new trade routes emerging from these geopolitical changes.

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 37. Pakistan Observer - Pak-US ties: Past, present and future.
1. Summary :
The article "Pak-US ties: Past, present and future" critically examines the intricate relationship between Pakistan and the
United States, emphasizing its historical evolution and future implications. Established in 1947, this bilateral relationship
has been shaped by a series of alliances and tensions, particularly during the Cold War and the post-9/11 era. The author
highlights the significance of the US-Pakistan dynamic in regional geopolitics, especially given Pakistan's strategic location
and nuclear capabilities. The upcoming US presidential elections are identified as pivotal, as the new administration's
approach to South Asia will greatly influence future relations.

In recent years, the relationship has been characterized by cooperation, especially under the Biden administration, which
has introduced the US-Pakistan Green Alliance Framework to address environmental issues. However, the article cautions
that this cooperation may be tested by Pakistan's strategic ties with China and regional security challenges. As the elections
approach, the author suggests that the trajectory of US-Pakistan relations will depend on how the next administration
prioritizes its foreign policy in South Asia, with US-China relations serving as a critical backdrop. The complexities of this
relationship underline the need for Pakistan to navigate its partnerships while balancing regional dynamics.

2. Overview:

The article outlines the historical context and current state of US-Pakistan relations, addressing the implications of the
upcoming US presidential elections on future ties. It emphasizes the importance of environmental cooperation and regional
security dynamics.

3. Notes

Understanding the evolution of Pakistan-US relations is essential for current affairs and international relations. The role of
Pakistan in US counterterrorism efforts post-9/11 assists as a significant historical reference. The article provides insights
into the impact of geopolitical strategies on foreign policy. .

4. Relevant Topics from CSS Syllabus

This article ties closely to topics such as International Relations, Pakistan Affairs, Current Affairs, and Geopolitics.

5. Notes for Beginners with Examples

Understanding diplomatic relations involves analyzing how countries interact based on strategic interests. For instance, the
US and Pakistan's cooperation during the Soviet-Afghan War exemplifies how geopolitical strategies align countries.

6. Facts and Figures

The US was the second country to recognize Pakistan’s independence on August 15, 1947. Additionally, post-9/11, Pakistan
received significant financial assistance from the US for security initiatives.

To sum up, the article compellingly articulates the intricate web of US-Pakistan relations, which remain fluid and deeply
influenced by global politics. As the US prepares for its presidential elections, the implications for Pakistan are profound,
underscoring the necessity for a strategic approach in navigating these complex ties. Understanding this relationship is vital
for CSS aspirants, as it embodies important themes in international relations and current affairs.

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 38. Can South Asia’s Giants Become Superpowers?
1. Summary:
The article "Can South Asia’s giants become superpowers?" explores the trajectories of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh,
assessing their potential to emerge as global powers. While India and Bangladesh have shown economic growth, systemic
issues such as corruption, elite capture, and social exclusion hinder their advancement. The article contrasts these nations'
challenges with Pakistan's unique position: despite facing political instability, terrorism, and external pressures, Pakistan
holds potential due to its geographical advantages and resource richness. Hassan asserts that if Pakistan can achieve internal
unity, stable leadership, and progress in education and technology, it could potentially surpass its neighbors and secure a
strong regional role.
For competitive exams aspirants, article has in depth analysis for understanding the dynamics of South Asia's political and
economic landscape, relevant to topics in International Relations and Pakistan Affairs. It provides insights into state-building
challenges, leadership roles, and how socio-economic factors shape national power. The comparative analysis also offers a
deeper understanding of governance issues across South Asia, making it ideal for essays or discussions on regional politics
and development.

2. Overview
The piece writing provides a historical and comparative analysis of South Asian countries, primarily India, Pakistan, and
Bangladesh, to explain why some nations progress while others stagnate. Hassan uses examples like Singapore and China
to show that effective leadership and resourceful strategies are essential in achieving global status. By exploring Pakistan’s
potential despite its internal and external struggles, Hassan posits that unity and leadership could transform it into a regional
powerhouse. He emphasizes Pakistan’s need for a supportive socio-political environment to overcome challenges.

3. Notes :
This article enriches understanding of South Asian geopolitics - International Relations, Current Affairs, and Pakistan
Affairs. It highlights Pakistan’s unique strategic value and the internal issues facing India and Bangladesh, making it useful
for questions on regional challenges, economic development, and political structures.
4. CSS Syllabus Topics/Subjects:
1. International Relations: Comparative study of regional powers.
2. Pakistan Affairs: Pakistan’s development challenges and geopolitical role.
3. Current Affairs: South Asian geopolitics and socio-political trends.

5. Notes for Beginners with Examples:

Nepotism, evident in the Indian film industry, restricts talented individuals by favoring relatives of prominent actors. An
example is Bollywood’s reliance on star families, which limits the opportunities for newcomers.

6. Facts and Figures:

- India’s elite, including figures like Mukesh Ambani, showcase wealth disparity, with his lavish wedding
contrasting with widespread poverty.
- Pakistan has faced political and economic instability since 1979 due to terrorism, which stunted its economic
growth.

To sum up, article provides a detailed analysis of South Asia's potential to rise as a superpower. It underscores the vital need
for strong, inclusive governance and leadership, especially for Pakistan, which could leverage its strategic location and
resources to influence regional dynamics if it overcomes internal challenges.

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 39. Importance Of Peace Between India And Pakistan
1. Summary :
The article "Importance of peace between India and Pakistan" by Tariq Aqil highlights the critical need for improved
relations between these two nuclear-armed neighbors. Aqil argues that ongoing hostilities not only endanger regional
stability but also drain resources that could be invested in key sectors like health, education, and poverty alleviation. By
fostering peaceful ties, both nations could benefit immensely, reducing military expenses and redirecting funds towards
uplifting their populations. Aqil envisions a scenario similar to the European Union, where India and Pakistan might address
shared challenges, such as climate change, water scarcity, and public health crises, for the greater regional good.
Aqil emphasizes that while historical and political tensions persist, the two countries share common socio-economic issues
that could serve as a basis for collaboration. The article also compares their economic capacities, noting India's GDP of $3.7
trillion versus Pakistan’s $374 billion, underscoring the potential for mutual economic growth through increased trade,
estimated to rise from $2 billion to over $35 billion if obstacles are removed. Aqil calls for policymakers to prioritize peace,
arguing that only through cooperation can India and Pakistan unlock their potential and ensure a more secure, prosperous
future for their citizens.
2. Overview
Tariq Aqil highlights the urgent necessity of fostering peaceful relations between the two nuclear-armed neighbors. Aqil
argues that continued hostility only endangers both countries and hampers their potential for economic and social progress.
The article points out that cooperation could significantly reduce defense expenditures, allowing resources to be diverted to
vital sectors like health, education, and poverty alleviation. Drawing parallels with the European Union, Aqil envisions a
future where India and Pakistan could collaborate on pressing issues like climate change, water sharing, and disease control,
unlocking immense mutual benefits.
3. Notes :
This article provides in-depth analysis - Pakistan Affairs and International Relations. It provides a comprehensive view of
the India-Pakistan relationship, highlighting the impact of both countries’ political and economic policies on their bilateral
relations. Aspirants should note the arguments related to defense expenditure, regional cooperation, and environmental
challenges, as these themes are critical for developing well-rounded perspectives on Pakistan's foreign policy and socio-
economic challenges.
4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:
1. Pakistan Affairs: Bilateral relations with neighboring countries, defense and economic challenges.
2. International Relations: Nuclear policy, regional cooperation, and conflict resolution.
3. Current Affairs: Economic comparisons, environmental crises, and trade potential between Pakistan and India.
5. Notes for Beginners with Examples:
- Bilateral Relations: This term refers to the political, economic, and cultural interactions between two countries.
For example, India and Pakistan’s efforts to manage their shared resources, like water, represent a form of bilateral
cooperation.
- Defense Budget: The funds allocated by a country for its military. For instance, India’s current defense budget is
estimated at $83.6 billion, compared to Pakistan’s $8.5 billion, illustrating a significant disparity.
6. Facts and Figures:
- Economic Comparison: India's GDP reached $3.7 trillion in 2023, while Pakistan’s GDP was $374 billion,
reflecting a major economic gap.
- Trade Potential: India-Pakistan trade could increase from $2 billion to over $35 billion if obstacles like tariff
barriers and visa restrictions are eased.
- Defense Spending: India’s defense budget is approximately $83.6 billion, whereas Pakistan's is around $8.5 billion,
indicating a large military imbalance.

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 40. Key To Sustainable Development And Progress
1. Summary:
The article, "Key to Sustainable Development and Progress," by Khaqan Waheed Khawaja, emphasizes unity as a support
for sustainable development, drawing extensively on Chinese President Xi Jinping’s philosophy. It argues that China’s
remarkable socio-economic transformation, including lifting 800 million people out of poverty, is largely due to a cohesive
governance approach that prioritizes unity, trust, coexistence, and cultural harmony. By integrating environmental priorities
with economic growth, as seen in China's “Ecological Civilization” framework and massive renewable energy investments,
the nation exemplifies how unified efforts can drive sustainable development. Pakistan, facing challenges like economic
disparity and environmental degradation, could benefit from adopting similar principles of collective strength, coexistence,
and cultural inclusivity, fostering national progress through unity.
The author advocates for Pakistan’s potential to align with sustainable goals by fostering community empowerment and
shared national values. Pakistan Awami Quwat (PAQ), the author’s political party, aims to promote inclusivity and equitable
resource distribution through "Umer's Law." By encouraging unity across ethnic and regional lines, Pakistan can emulate
China's model, promoting sustainable growth and working toward the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs). The article concludes that unity in diversity is key to a sustainable future, enabling countries like Pakistan and
China to address global challenges collectively, fostering a more resilient and prosperous society.

2. Overview:
The article presents a case for unity as essential to sustainable development, drawing from China’s experience under
President Xi’s leadership. It highlights how China’s collective approach to development, environmental stewardship, and
social welfare can serve as a model for Pakistan. This unity-driven strategy emphasizes coexistence, inclusivity, and trust
between the government and citizens, enabling sustainable progress.

3. Notes :
Detailed analysis - sustainable development and governance, important topics within Pakistan Affairs and International
Relations. The examples from China provide a comparative model for development policies, beneficial for essay writing
and understanding global perspectives on economic and social progress.
4. Relevant Topics in the CSS Syllabus:
- Sustainable Development (Pakistan Affairs, International Relations)
- Governance and Public Administration
- Social Justice and Social Policy
- Comparative Studies (China and Pakistan)
5. Notes for Beginners with Examples:
Unity in governance involves aligning diverse groups toward common goals. For instance, China’s model has unified ethnic
minorities by promoting economic opportunities through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Similarly, fostering unity in
Pakistan across provinces could strengthen national cohesion.
6. Facts and Figures:
- China has lifted over 800 million people out of poverty since the 1980s.
- China’s investment in renewable energy exceeded $750 billion in the past decade.

To wrap up, This article emphasizes that sustainable development rests on unity, urging nations like Pakistan to harness
collective strength for progress. It is a call to action for adopting inclusive, unity-driven policies, underscoring that mutual
cooperation and respect can address complex socio-economic challenges and achieve a more sustainable future.

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 41.Pak cementing ties: Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.
1. Summary:
Pakistan has been strengthening its relations with Southeast Asian nations, particularly Singapore, Thailand, and
Vietnam, through strategic economic and diplomatic engagement. As a Sectoral Dialogue Partner of ASEAN and
a member of ASEAN’s Regional Forum (ARF), Pakistan has cultivated significant trade with these nations.
Vietnam, a critical player in South China Sea shipping routes, has seen a boost in trade with Pakistan, exchanging
goods like textiles, leather, and seafood. The partnership with Thailand has similarly flourished, marked by a
long-standing diplomatic relationship that continues to support trade in textiles, seafood, and defense equipment.
Thailand and Pakistan’s strategic alignment, through Thailand’s “Look West” and Pakistan’s “Vision East Asia”
policies, reflects a promising framework for deeper cooperation. With Singapore, Pakistan focuses on trade,
education, and defense, especially through joint naval exercises and exploring an FTA for enhanced economic
ties.
Vietnam’s Prime Minister, Pham Minh Chính, and Pakistan’s Premier, Shehbaz Sharif, recently reaffirmed their
commitment to elevating trade to USD 10 billion while promoting joint efforts in digital transformation and green
transition. Singapore’s trade strength and advanced education system offer Pakistan immense opportunities to
enhance skills and foster knowledge transfer. Pakistan’s outreach in Southeast Asia underscores a commitment to
broadening its economic scope and strengthening ties with key ASEAN nations, aiming for economic resilience
and shared growth.
2. Overview and CSS Relevance:
This article is highly relevant to CSS subjects like Pakistan Affairs, International Relations, and Current Affairs,
as it covers Pakistan’s strategic moves in Southeast Asia, trade relations, and diplomacy. It showcases Pakistan’s
multi-dimensional foreign policy, especially in trade, defense, and education, aligning with CSS topics on regional
cooperation and economic diplomacy.
3. Notes :
For CSS aspirants, this article highlights key aspects of Pakistan’s foreign relations with ASEAN countries,
specifically with Vietnam, Thailand, and Singapore. Understanding Pakistan’s evolving ties and trade agreements
with these countries provides valuable insights into South Asian regional dynamics, Pakistan’s role in ASEAN,
and the country’s strategic interests in Asia. Knowledge of defense collaboration, especially the recent defense
vehicle agreement with Thailand, reflects the broader spectrum of Pakistan’s foreign policy.
4. Notes for Beginners with Examples and Facts:
1. Trade Dynamics – For instance, Pakistan’s exports to Vietnam include textiles and pharmaceutical
products, while Vietnam exports mobile phones and tea to Pakistan. Trade has doubled since 2013 and
aims to reach USD 1 billion.
2. Defense Collaboration – Thailand’s agreement to supply armored vehicles showcases Pakistan’s
expanding defense partnerships in Southeast Asia.
3. Educational Opportunities – Pakistan aims to emulate Singapore’s technical training model, crucial for
a youth-heavy country.
To sum up, Pakistan’s focused engagement with Vietnam, Thailand, and Singapore highlights a shift toward
ASEAN for economic resilience and mutual growth. By fostering trade, defense, and educational ties, Pakistan is
deepening its presence in Southeast Asia, aligning with regional powers for strategic and economic advantage.
This article provides enlightenment into Pakistan’s balanced approach to regional alliances, valuable for
understanding its multifaceted diplomacy in Asia.

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 42. US elections 2024 and a new world order
1. Summary:
The 2024 US presidential election marks a turning point in both domestic and international politics. With Donald Trump
emerging victorious, the election results are set to shape not only America's future but also the global order. The key issues
are centered around Trump’s “America First” policy, which has raised concerns among US allies, particularly within NATO,
and its implications on US foreign policy. Trump’s stance on Israel, his unyielding support for its policies, and his skepticism
toward NATO present challenges for international relations. His victory could lead to further instability in the Middle East,
particularly with the ongoing Israel-Palestine conflict. Moreover, Trump’s decision to reduce US military and financial
support to Ukraine could dramatically change the dynamics of the war, signaling a potential shift in global alliances and
priorities.
This article is essential for understanding the intersection of politics and foreign policy. It delves into the intricacies of US
election results, how they influence global relations, and the shifting balance of power in international diplomacy. Topics
relevant to Pakistan Affairs, Current Affairs, and Governance are covered, particularly how the US’s stance on various
issues, including its relationships with NATO, Israel, and Ukraine, could affect Pakistan's diplomatic positioning. Key
foreign policy challenges and alliances, such as the US-China relationship and the impact of Trump’s policies on
international conflicts, are explored in depth.
2. Notes :
- Understanding the implications of the US elections on international diplomacy is very important for both Pakistan
Affairs and Current Affairs.
- Be prepared to discuss the significance of Trump’s “America First” policy and its impact on global alliances,
particularly with NATO, Israel, and Russia.
- Examine the geopolitical consequences of Trump’s policies, especially his stance on the Israel-Palestine conflict,
and how they may affect the Middle East and beyond.
3. Relevance to CSS Subjects/Syllabus:
- Pakistan Affairs: The implications of US foreign policy on Pakistan’s strategic interests.
- Current Affairs: The global impact of the 2024 US elections, with special focus on Middle Eastern and Eastern
European dynamics.
- Governance and Public Policy: Analyzing the potential shifts in global governance under Trump’s leadership.
4. Notes for Beginners with Examples:
- Bilateral Relations: The relationship between two countries, for example, the US-Israel relationship, is a bilateral
one.
- Nationalism: Trump's "America First" policy is an example of nationalism, as it focuses on prioritizing the interests
of the United States over international collaboration.

5. Facts and Figures:

- Trump secured approximately 295 electoral votes in the 2024 US elections, surpassing the 270 required for victory.

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 - The Abraham Accords, signed during Trump’s last presidency, resulted in normalization between Israel and several
Middle Eastern countries, including the UAE, Bahrain, and Morocco.
To sum up, This article emphasizes the far-reaching consequences of the 2024 US elections, particularly in terms of foreign
policy and global stability. For CSS aspirants, understanding the shifting dynamics of US foreign policy under Trump is
critical for preparing for questions related to international relations, foreign policy, and regional security - (Directly influence
the global political landscape.)
For your understanding :
"America First" is a political ideology that became a cornerstone of Donald Trump's presidency, encapsulating a shift
towards prioritizing the United States' national interests over global cooperation. The phrase, rooted in economic
protectionism and isolationism, called for reducing the U.S.'s engagement in international agreements and focusing on
policies that directly benefit American citizens. This approach manifested in actions such as withdrawing from multinational
accords like the Paris Climate Agreement and the Iran nuclear deal, renegotiating trade agreements, and imposing tariffs to
safeguard American industries. Trump's "America First" policy also encompassed stringent immigration controls and
military withdrawals from long-standing international commitments, aiming to secure U.S. sovereignty. While supporters
hailed these measures as a reinforcement of the nation’s economic strength and independence, critics contended that the
policy weakened international alliances, isolated the U.S. on the global stage, and disrupted years of diplomatic efforts for
global cooperation and stability.

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 43.Pakistan’s urgent governance reforms
1. Summary:
Article emphasizes the critical need for governance reforms in Pakistan to foster sustainable development and address the
challenges that hinder the country's progress. Pakistan's governance issues, such as corruption, weak institutions, and
inefficient public services, have significantly undermined its ability to utilize resources effectively. The article underscores
that governance plays a crucial role in improving transparency, accountability, and public service delivery. Hassan argues
that reforms in civil services, judicial systems, law enforcement, local governance, and fiscal management are necessary for
Pakistan to overcome its economic and social challenges, reduce polarization, and ensure national unity. The urgent reforms
outlined include strengthening the civil service through performance evaluations, enhancing judicial efficiency through
digitization, and increasing transparency via digital platforms and open data policies.
2. Overview:
This article discusses the essential reforms needed in Pakistan's governance structures to address the inefficiencies that
hinder national development. The author argues that improving governance will play a pivotal role in tackling Pakistan's
deep-rooted issues such as corruption, weak institutions, and poor public service delivery. By focusing on reforms in various
sectors like civil service, law enforcement, and judicial systems, the article emphasizes that institutional strengthening is
key to fostering economic growth, improving transparency, and ensuring greater social equality.
3. Relevance to CSS Subjects/Syllabus:
- Pakistan Affairs: The article highlights the governance issues that hinder Pakistan's progress, which directly relates
to the challenges of governance and institutional reform in the country.
- Governance and Public Policy: The article discusses the need for reforms in the civil service, judicial systems, and
local governance, all of which are vital aspects of public policy and governance studies.
- Economics: The article links the inefficiencies in governance to Pakistan's economic struggles, including fiscal
instability, unemployment, and corruption.
- Essay.
4. Notes :
Aspirants should focus on understanding the intricacies of governance and its direct impact on economic stability and
development. Key concepts such as transparency, accountability, civil service reforms, and institutional strengthening are
crucial for both the Pakistan Affairs and Governance sections. They should also be familiar with strategies for tackling
corruption, improving fiscal management, and ensuring efficient public service delivery. The article also offers insights into
the challenges of addressing social inequality through effective governance.
5. Notes for Beginners with Examples:
Governance refers to the way decisions are made and enforced in a society. For example, when the government makes laws
to ensure the fair distribution of resources, it is exercising governance. In Pakistan, weak governance has led to economic
disparities, with the rich becoming richer while the poor remain in poverty. Reforms in governance, such as improving
transparency in how the government spends money, can help address these disparities. For instance, digitizing records can
prevent corruption by making transactions more transparent.
6. Facts and Figures:
- Pakistan faces a fiscal deficit of around 9% of GDP, highlighting the need for stronger economic governance.
- Corruption in Pakistan costs the country billions annually, further exacerbating poverty and unemployment.
- The youth unemployment rate in Pakistan is over 8%, demonstrating the need for governance reforms that promote
job creation and economic stability.
To sum up, article presents a compelling argument for the urgent need to reform Pakistan’s governance structures. It stresses
that good governance is not just about making policies but about ensuring that those policies are implemented effectively
and transparently.

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 44. Brain Drain From Pakistan
1. Summary:
The article highlights the alarming issue of brain drain from Pakistan, as a growing number of educated youth leave
the country in search of better opportunities abroad. In 2023 alone, nearly a million Pakistanis left for foreign shores,
with the majority being highly qualified professionals such as engineers, doctors, IT specialists, and other experts. The
primary reasons behind this massive exodus include Pakistan's stagnant economy, political instability, and lack of
growth prospects. Despite the country's wealth of talent, the domestic job market fails to offer competitive salaries or
sufficient opportunities, which drives the youth to seek better financial security and stable living conditions elsewhere.
The article warns that this ongoing brain drain not only drains Pakistan of its skilled workforce but also hampers its
socio-economic development, as these professionals contribute significantly to other nations’ progress while Pakistan
remains deprived of their expertise.
2. Overview:
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the brain drain crisis in Pakistan, emphasizing its adverse impact on
the nation's development. The growing exodus of highly skilled professionals has left a void in Pakistan’s human
resources, and the article underscores the urgent need for effective policies to retain talent. This issue, tied to economic
instability, political challenges, and governance flaws, presents a significant hurdle to Pakistan's long-term prosperity.
3. Relevance to CSS Subjects/Syllabus:
- Pakistan Affairs: Pakistan’s internal challenges related to economic instability, governance issues, and talent
management.
- Current Affairs: The socio-economic crisis contributing to brain drain and its implications for Pakistan’s
future.
- Governance and Public Policy: Analyzing the effectiveness of state policies in addressing brain drain and
improving human capital development.
4. Notes :
Aspirants should focus on understanding the factors driving brain drain, such as economic instability, political
corruption, and lack of career growth. Additionally, they should be aware of how Pakistan’s educational system and
job market fail to retain skilled professionals. Candidates can also relate the issue to Pakistan's larger socio-economic
challenges, including unemployment, inflation, and governance issues. It is essential for CSS aspirants to recognize
how brain drain undermines human capital development and the economy's long-term growth.
5. Notes for Beginners with Examples and Facts:
- Brain Drain: The phenomenon where highly skilled individuals leave their home country in search of better
opportunities. For instance, many Pakistani doctors and IT professionals are migrating abroad due to a lack of
professional opportunities at home.
- Governance: Refers to the way in which a country is managed or governed. For example, Pakistan’s political
instability and corruption are contributing factors to the brain drain.
- Merit-based Employment: A system that hires individuals based on their abilities and performance. In
Pakistan, the lack of merit-based hiring practices often forces professionals to seek work abroad.
To wrap up, The article paints a grim picture of the impact of brain drain on Pakistan’s future. With its talented youth
seeking opportunities elsewhere, the country faces a serious challenge in harnessing its human resources for national
development. It is imperative for the government to address the underlying socio-economic issues and create a more
stable, merit-driven environment to retain this invaluable talent. The brain drain crisis calls for immediate and decisive
actions to secure Pakistan's future and prevent the continued outflow of its brightest minds.

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 45. The Evolution of CPEC: Navigating Challenges and Expanding
Horizons.
1. Summary
The article discusses the evolution of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) as it enters its second phase. Both

Pakistan and China are committed to expanding the project’s scope beyond infrastructure to include sectors like agriculture,

mining, industrial development, and technology. This shift aligns with the broader goal of fostering sustainable, long-term

economic growth in the region. Despite challenges such as security concerns, particularly attacks on Chinese nationals, the

two countries are working closely through workshops to refine strategies and ensure the successful implementation of Phase-

2 projects, including crucial infrastructure developments like the Karachi-Hyderabad section of ML-1 and the Thakot-Raikot

section of the Karakoram Highway. The development of the Gwadar Port remains central to the initiative, serving as a hub

for regional trade and innovation.

2. Overview:

The article highlights the strategic transition of CPEC from focusing solely on infrastructure to incorporating diverse sectors

such as agriculture, mining, and industrial development. The shift is designed to create a more diversified economic

foundation for Pakistan, generating long-term benefits in terms of trade, job creation, and technological advancement. Key

projects in Phase-2 will enhance trade routes and contribute to Pakistan's industrial and economic self-sufficiency. Security

concerns and political instability are major obstacles, but the continued collaboration between the two countries is essential

for overcoming these challenges and ensuring CPEC’s success. The article stresses the significance of aligning CPEC with

Pakistan’s national development goals, including its "5Es Framework" (economic growth, energy, employment,

environment, and education).

3. Notes:

This article provides in depth analysis of CPEC’s evolution, particularly Phase-2, which focuses on broadening its impact

beyond infrastructure into areas such as agriculture and industrial development. The emphasis on technological innovation

and the growth of sectors like mining and agriculture offers promising economic benefits for Pakistan, fostering long-term

prosperity. The challenges of political instability, security, and the complexity of implementation are acknowledged, but the

collaboration between Pakistan and China continues to drive the project forward, demonstrating the importance of sustained

bilateral cooperation in achieving broader regional economic integration.

4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:

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 • Current Affairs: The development and challenges of CPEC, particularly its expansion into new sectors and

its significance for regional and global trade.

• Pakistan Affairs: The political, economic, and strategic aspects of CPEC and its impact on Pakistan’s

development.

• Essay: The potential of CPEC as a model for economic development through international collaboration.

5. Notes for Beginners:

This article explains how CPEC, initially focused on infrastructure, is now expanding into various sectors such as

agriculture, mining, and industrial development, aiming for long-term economic growth. It shows how Pakistan is working

with China to make the project successful, despite facing challenges like security concerns and political instability. The

inclusion of Gwadar Port as a major economic hub is also a key aspect of this phase. The article illustrates the importance

of collaboration and strategic planning for such large-scale projects.

6. Facts and Figures:

• Phase-2 of CPEC focuses on diversifying into agriculture, mining, and industrial development.

• Key infrastructure projects include the Karachi-Hyderabad section of ML-1 and Thakot-Raikot section of

the Karakoram Highway.

• Gwadar Port remains central to CPEC's vision, contributing to trade and industrial development in the

region.

To wrap up, The article underlines the growing complexity and ambition of CPEC as it moves beyond basic infrastructure

into sectors that promise long-term economic benefits for Pakistan and the region. Despite challenges like security concerns

and political instability, the ongoing commitment from both nations ensures that CPEC remains a vital project for fostering

regional connectivity and economic prosperity. The second phase of CPEC is poised to be a model for sustainable

international collaboration, with a focus on diverse economic growth sectors.

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 46. Ending Gaza war: Trump can rewrite the US history
1. Summary:
The article discusses Donald Trump’s potential approach to resolving the Gaza conflict, emphasizing his intentions to
prioritize peace and humanitarian aid. Trump’s stance on ending the bloodshed in Gaza could represent a major shift
in U.S. foreign policy, focusing on diplomatic negotiations over military support. Balancing his previous support for
Israel with a renewed commitment to humanitarian issues, Trump faces a challenging diplomatic landscape that could
redefine U.S. involvement in the Middle East.
2. Overview:
This article investigates Trump’s complex foreign policy in the Middle East, particularly his potential efforts to mediate
peace in the Gaza region. Despite his history of pro-Israel policies, Trump’s recent statements indicate a willingness
to address both Israeli and Palestinian concerns, seeking to establish balanced diplomacy. The article also suggests
Trump might adopt a more diplomatic approach toward Iran, aiming to stabilize regional dynamics through
engagement rather than confrontation. Trump's strategy includes strengthening international law and addressing
humanitarian needs, possibly positioning the U.S. as a fair mediator in Middle Eastern conflicts.
3. Notes:
• Trump’s approach may reflect a shift in U.S. foreign policy, with a focus on humanitarian aid and peace in
Gaza.
• Emphasis on diplomatic engagement with Iran could reduce regional tensions, offering an alternative to
previous policies.
• The article implies Trump’s efforts may rely on broader support from international organizations like the UN
and OIC.
4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Current Affairs: U.S. foreign policy shifts, Middle East peace dynamics, Trump’s evolving approach to
diplomacy.
• Pakistan Affairs: The broader impact of U.S. policies in the Middle East on Pakistan.
• Essay: Diplomatic engagement as a tool for conflict resolution and the role of international law in
peacekeeping.
5. Notes for Beginners:
This article explores Donald Trump’s possible efforts to end the Gaza conflict through diplomatic means. Trump’s
approach may involve balancing U.S. support for Israel with calls for peace, addressing humanitarian concerns, and
working with international organizations. His strategy could involve talking with Iran and possibly reducing U.S.
military involvement, marking a shift toward humanitarian-focused diplomacy.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Trump’s 2017 decision to move the U.S. embassy to Jerusalem showcased his strong support for Israel.
• Trump’s recent statements suggest a potential focus on humanitarian aid for Gaza as part of his policy shift.
• The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and the Arab League recently emphasized the importance of
a ceasefire in Gaza.
In a nutshell, The article presents a potential turning point for U.S. foreign policy if Trump pursues diplomatic solutions
in Gaza and the broader Middle East. Balancing U.S. support for Israel with humanitarian aid for Gaza could improve
America’s global image and contribute to regional stability. As Trump’s return to power raises expectations for peace-
building efforts, his approach to international law, humanitarian needs, and diplomacy will be critical in shaping his
legacy and the U.S. role in Middle Eastern affairs.

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 47. Pakistan’s economic paradox and potential.
1. Summary:
The article examines Pakistan's complex economic situation, where abundant resources and a youthful population coexist
with deep-rooted financial challenges. Despite being rich in agriculture, natural resources, and tourism potential, the country
faces declining contributions from agriculture, sluggish industrial growth, and a high dependence on the services sector.
Additionally, Pakistan’s export growth has stagnated, while rising imports contribute to a persistent current account deficit.
Education, healthcare, and research remain critically underfunded compared to neighboring countries, limiting economic
progress.
The article also discusses the untapped potential of Pakistan's tourism industry, which, if harnessed properly with
investments in infrastructure and security, could significantly boost GDP. Likewise, the cotton industry holds promise,
provided the issues of energy shortages and pest infestations are addressed. In summary, Pakistan’s economic future lies in
shifting focus to sustainable investments in education, healthcare, innovation, and tourism, which could help the nation
transition from a state of economic uncertainty to one of prosperity.
2. Overview:
Pakistan’s economic framework reveals a troubling yet promising picture. Historically rooted in agriculture, its economy
has seen a shift towards services due to inadequate industrial growth. The resulting over-reliance on services has not been
able to compensate for the sluggish agricultural and industrial sectors. Pakistan’s exports have shown minimal progress,
leading to a persistent current account deficit. In terms of education, Pakistan’s investment trails significantly, with spending
at only 2.4% of GDP, far lower than regional averages. A similarly low level of investment is seen in healthcare and R&D,
sectors essential for Fostering innovation and productivity.
Pakistan’s tourism industry, however, holds unrealized potential. With globally recognized sites like Mohenjo-Daro and the
Northern Areas, the sector could substantially boost the GDP with the right investments. Tourism alone could transform
Pakistan's economy if supported by quality infrastructure, security, and global marketing. Additionally, sectors like the
cotton industry present significant opportunities if challenges like energy shortages and pest issues are effectively addressed.
Pakistan’s path to sustainable development hinges on strategic investments and a shift in focus towards high-potential
sectors, which could turn its economic paradox into a story of prosperity.
3. Notes:
• Understanding Pakistan's economic paradox provides insight into policy challenges and resource allocation.
• Familiarity with global economic indicators, such as GDP contributions from various sectors, is crucial for
economic analysis in CSS exams.
• Insight into the potential of tourism and agriculture can inform questions on sustainable development and economic
diversification.
4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Economic Development, Agriculture, and Industrial Sector Development.
• Current Affairs: Pakistan's Relations with Neighboring Countries, especially economic dependencies and trade.
•

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 5. Notes for Beginners:
Pakistan’s economy is described as a “paradox” because, despite its wealth in resources, the nation struggles with debt and
slow growth. For instance, agriculture’s share in the GDP has fallen as the economy shifts towards services, but industrial
growth has not kept pace, leaving the economy unbalanced. Another example is Pakistan’s low export levels compared to
rising imports, causing trade deficits that strain the economy.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Agriculture’s GDP contribution fell from 42% in 1967 to 22% in 2022.
• Industrial GDP contribution rose only from 11.3% in 1960 to 11.9% in 2022.
• Education investment in 2020 was just 2.4% of GDP, far lower than in neighboring countries.
• In 2021, tourism’s contribution to GDP was only 2.7%, despite significant potential.
To sum up, This article underlines the need for Pakistan to prioritize sectors like education, healthcare, and tourism, which
are vital to sustainable growth. Addressing mismanagement and inefficiencies while investing in high-potential areas could
enable Pakistan to leverage its resources and human capital fully. This strategy could transform the economy, moving
Pakistan from instability to sustained progress and prosperity.

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 48. UN’s Humanitarian Role in Gaza
1. Summary:
The UN is actively addressing the escalating humanitarian crisis in Gaza caused by the renewed Gaza-Israel
conflict. With civilian casualties rising and infrastructure damaged, agencies like UNRWA, WHO, and WFP are
providing critical aid, though efforts are limited by political and logistical obstacles. The UN faces significant
challenges, with Security Council members divided over the crisis, and Secretary-General António Guterres
urging for humanitarian access and civilian protection. Despite the political setbacks, the UN’s presence remains
essential in offering some relief to the war-affected population in Gaza.
2. Overview:
The long-standing Gaza-Israel conflict intensified on October 7, 2024, following a surprise attack by Hamas and
subsequent heavy Israeli retaliation. Gaza’s residents now endure increased poverty, health issues, and scarce
resources. The UN has long been a vital player in relief efforts, with UNRWA shelters, WHO medical supplies,
and WFP food aid all crucial to the survival of many. However, political tensions in the UN Security Council,
with vetoes and opposition among key nations, have blocked unified action toward a ceasefire. Additionally,
logistical issues like border controls hinder humanitarian aid. Guterres’ advocacy for civilian protection has
sparked diplomatic tensions, especially with Israeli officials, reflecting the delicate balance the UN must maintain.
3. Notes:
The article highlights the UN’s commitment to providing aid despite difficult conditions in Gaza. It underscores
the complexity of international diplomacy, with diverse political views impacting relief efforts. The article
suggests that a more coordinated approach from the international community could significantly support the UN’s
efforts and alleviate the crisis.
4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Current Affairs: UN’s role in conflict zones, humanitarian relief, and international diplomacy.
• Pakistan Affairs: Regional conflicts impacting Pakistan’s foreign policy.
• Essay: The role of international organizations in mitigating humanitarian crises.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The UN is providing urgent help to the people of Gaza, who face severe challenges due to the Gaza-Israel conflict.
Agencies like UNRWA and WHO offer food, medical help, and shelter, but challenges like border restrictions and
political disagreements make it difficult. The UN Security Council is divided on how to handle the crisis, making
it hard to reach a solution.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Gaza’s population: 2.3 million.
• High unemployment and poverty rates in Gaza.
• The UN Security Council remains divided on resolutions for peace.
To wrap up, This article highlights the critical yet challenging role of the UN in providing relief in Gaza. Despite
logistical and political setbacks, the UN’s presence offers some hope to the affected population. The article urges
the international community to increase support for the UN’s mission and push for peace.

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 49. Breathing Through Smog: Choking The Progress.
1. Summary:
The article reveals the escalating smog crisis in Lahore and Punjab, where air pollution has transformed from a seasonal
nuisance into a severe public health threat. Industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, and crop burning contribute heavily to the
smog, which worsens during the winter months due to atmospheric conditions. The article highlights the health risks posed
by this pollution and its economic impact, noting how it disrupts daily life, increases health costs, and hampers productivity.
A multi-faceted approach is recommended to address the crisis, including stricter vehicle emissions standards, improved
industrial regulations, sustainable farming practices, and the development of green spaces.
2. Overview:
This Piece of writing provides in-depth analysis of Pakistan’s intensifying smog problem, especially in Lahore, which has
become the second most polluted city globally. Smog, comprising harmful particulate matter and toxic gases, forms from a
combination of vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, and agricultural residue burning. Seasonal weather patterns exacerbate
the issue by trapping pollutants close to the ground, leading to dangerous air quality levels in the winter. Prolonged exposure
to smog results in severe respiratory and cardiovascular issues, leading to thousands of premature deaths annually. The
economic toll is also significant, with poor visibility affecting transport, school closures, and a strain on healthcare systems.
The writer suggests comprehensive measures to mitigate smog, such as upgrading vehicular standards, imposing stricter
industrial regulations, promoting alternative farming techniques, and enhancing urban green spaces. Indigenous trees, which
are more effective at filtering pollutants, should be prioritized to improve air quality sustainably.
3. Notes:
The article emphasizes the severity of Pakistan’s smog problem and the need for a holistic solution. Key points include:
• The impact of vehicle emissions and industrial growth on air quality.
• The role of crop burning in worsening the smog.
• Health consequences, such as respiratory diseases, linked to prolonged smog exposure.
• The economic effects, including transport disruptions and increased healthcare costs.
4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Current Affairs: Pakistan’s environmental crisis and air pollution challenges.
• Pakistan Affairs: Health and economic impact of smog in urban centers.
• Environmental Science: Causes, effects, and control measures for air pollution.
• Essay: Addressing public health issues related to environmental degradation.
5. Notes for Beginners:
This article addresses the severe smog issue in Lahore and Punjab, where pollution from cars, factories, and crop burning
creates harmful air conditions. During winter, cooler temperatures trap these pollutants, intensifying the health risks. The
author suggests solutions, including stricter emission rules for vehicles and industries, alternatives to crop burning, and
planting more trees to improve air quality. Understanding this crisis and adopting eco-friendly practices could significantly
reduce pollution and its health risks.
6. Facts and Figures:
1. Lahore has over 6.2 million vehicles and 4.2 million motorbikes, contributing heavily to the pollution.
2. Punjab hosts around 19.6 million vehicles overall, making vehicular emissions a major concern.
3. Thousands of Pakistanis die each year due to air-pollution-related respiratory issues, as reported by the WHO.

To wrap up, The article underscores the urgent need for Pakistan to tackle its worsening air pollution crisis, particularly the
toxic smog in Lahore and Punjab. By enforcing stricter vehicular and industrial emissions standards, promoting sustainable
agriculture, and expanding green spaces, Pakistan can improve public health and the environment. Immediate action is
necessary to mitigate the health and economic impacts of smog and to ensure a cleaner future for the country.

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 50. Extraordinary Riyadh OIC Summit
1. Summary:
The extraordinary OIC Summit in Riyadh, led by Saudi Crown Prince Muhammad bin Salman, emphasized the need for
peace in the region, contingent on Israel ending its occupation of Arab territories. Leaders, including Pakistan's Prime
Minister Shehbaz Sharif, condemned Israel's actions as genocide and called for an arms embargo and humanitarian relief
for Palestinians. The Summit highlighted the necessity of unity among Muslim nations to effectively address conflicts in
Palestine and Lebanon and called for the establishment of an independent Palestinian state based on pre-1967 borders.
2. Overview:
At the recent OIC Summit, Muslim leaders united to address the violence in Palestine and Lebanon. Crown Prince
Muhammad bin Salman and Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif voiced their concerns over Israel's actions, condemning its
continuous aggression and calling for urgent intervention to protect Palestinian rights. The leaders highlighted the need for
a ceasefire, an arms embargo on Israel, and lifting the blockade on Palestine to ensure access to essential resources and
medical aid. Saudi Arabia, along with Pakistan and other Muslim nations, reaffirmed its commitment to the Palestinian
cause and called for the creation of a Palestinian state based on the 1967 borders, a move aimed at ensuring lasting peace in
the region.
3. Notes:
At the summit, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan demanded Israel end its occupation and respect Iran’s sovereignty. Leaders
emphasized an immediate ceasefire, humanitarian aid, and a Palestinian state on pre-1967 borders. The gathering aimed to
unify the Muslim world and oppose international silence on the violence. Saudi and Pakistani statements were praised as
moral support for Palestinians, calling Israeli actions genocide and urging collective, peaceful measures for justice.

4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:

• International Relations: Middle Eastern geopolitics and regional alliances.
• Current Affairs: Contemporary conflict and peace efforts in the Middle East.
• Pakistan Affairs: Pakistan’s diplomatic stance on Palestine.
• Political Science: Impact of supranational organizations like OIC on global issues.
•
5. Notes for Beginners:
The OIC Summit brought together Muslim leaders to demand peace in Palestine and Lebanon, condemning Israel's actions
as harmful to humanity. They emphasized unity and support for Palestinian rights, calling for the creation of an independent
state to ensure regional stability.

6. Facts and Figures:

• The Summit took place in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and was attended by key leaders from Muslim nations.
• It called for an arms embargo on Israel and the lifting of its blockade on Palestine.
• A return to the pre-1967 borders was proposed for establishing a Palestinian state.

In conclusion, The Riyadh OIC Summit showcased a united front among Muslim nations, calling for Israel’s accountability
in its actions toward Palestine and Lebanon. By advocating for an independent Palestinian state, the leaders emphasized the
importance of unity and decisive measures for achieving peace in the Middle East.
FOR YOUR UNDERSTANDING :
Current Affairs: Contemporary conflict and peace efforts in the Middle East.
The Middle East's contemporary conflict centers heavily on the Israeli-Palestinian issue, which has seen recent escalations
due to Israeli occupation and military actions in Palestinian territories. Efforts toward peace have become a focal point at
international forums like the OIC, where Muslim nations demand a ceasefire and assert the need for Israel’s withdrawal to
pre-1967 borders, as stipulated by UN resolutions. Arguments supporting peace efforts highlight that a just resolution
respects Palestinian self-determination and promotes regional stability, crucial for global security
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 51. Emerging geopolitics of QUAD alliance: A fair assessment.
1. Summary:
The QUAD alliance, consisting of the US, Australia, Japan, and India, is seen as a coalition focused on limiting
China’s influence in the Asia-Pacific. Despite claims of promoting peace and democratic values, the QUAD’s
actions, such as military drills and strategic alliances, indicate a confrontational stance against China. With recent
appointments of China-critical leaders in the US, this direction is likely to intensify, further affecting regions like
the South China Sea, Taiwan, and Hong Kong.
2. Overview:
Dr. Mehmood Ul Hassan Khan argues that the QUAD’s current strategy, labeled by President Biden as a
"permanent entity," essentially continues Cold War-era strategies aimed at containing China. Despite statements
emphasizing international norms and neutrality, the QUAD’s actions—particularly US support of Taiwan, India’s
suppression of dissent within its borders, and Australia and Japan’s military engagements—reveal an agenda
against China. The US also faces backlash for its support of Israel amidst human rights controversies, highlighting
the perceived inconsistency in its global stance on democratic values.
3. Notes:
The QUAD alliance, consisting of the US, Australia, India, and Japan, is focused on countering China’s influence
in the Asia-Pacific region through joint military drills, arms support to Taiwan, and strategic positioning as
defenders of international norms. Despite its advocacy for peace, the QUAD’s military maneuvers reveal a
contrasting intent to contain China, challenging its neutrality claim. This discrepancy is compounded by internal
contradictions, as India faces scrutiny over human rights issues in Jammu & Kashmir, and the US-China
relationship remains fraught with economic sanctions and territorial disputes. The QUAD’s actions—while aimed
at promoting freedom and a rules-based order—often appear interventionist, raising questions about its balanced
approach to global stability.
4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations (especially regarding power dynamics and alliances)
• Geopolitical Tensions in the Asia-Pacific.
• US-China Relations.
• Regional Security Challenges.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The QUAD is a group of four nations—the US, Japan, Australia, and India—focused on maintaining stability and
security in the Asia-Pacific. They are concerned about China's growing influence and have formed this alliance
to work together on military and strategic issues in the region.
6. Facts and Figures:
• QUAD’s recent summit hosted by President Biden.
• Increasing military presence, with joint coastguard operations planned.
• US criticism over its support of Israel’s Middle East policies.
To sum up, The QUAD alliance's positioning as a peace-promoting coalition is complicated by its apparent anti-
China stance, driven by strategic alliances and security initiatives. This dynamic challenges the international
order, suggesting a shift back to bloc-based politics and raising concerns about escalating tensions in the Asia-
Pacific.

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 51.Connecting Dots Between TTP And Afghan Taliban.
1. Summary:
The United Nations has issued a detailed report exposing links between the Afghan Taliban and Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan
(TTP), renamed by Pakistan as Fitna Al Khawarij, in conducting cross-border terrorist activities in Pakistan. The report
highlights that the Afghan Taliban provides operational support and safe havens to TTP and similar extremist groups,
resulting in increased attacks on Pakistani security forces and civilians. Pakistan has shared evidence of this alliance with
the UN, stressing the need for international accountability to curb Afghan support for TTP-led insurgencies in Pakistan.
2. Overview:
The UN report identifies Fitna Al Khawarij as the largest terrorist faction operating within Afghanistan, with 6,000-6,500
members. Supported by the Afghan Taliban, the group conducts insurgent attacks against Pakistan from Afghan soil. This
support has intensified since the Taliban's resurgence in 2021, with TTP seeking autonomy in Pakistan's former FATA region.
Additionally, the Taliban's alliance with Al Qaeda strengthens TTP’s capabilities, presenting a cross-border threat to
Pakistan's stability. Pakistan's government views Afghan support as a violation of its sovereignty and urges the international
community to withhold recognition of the Afghan Taliban until they end ties with terrorist factions.
3. Notes:
The UN report underlines Pakistan’s proactive stance against the TTP highlighting its strategic response to the Afghan
Taliban's growing support for cross-border terrorism targeting Pakistan. This report highlights Pakistan’s diplomatic efforts,
providing detailed evidence to the UN of Afghan Taliban backing for these groups. The TTP’s deep-rooted ties with both
the Afghan Taliban and Al Qaeda have intensified challenges along Pakistan's western borders, calling for immediate action
to safeguard national security. The report further reveals that, since the Afghan Taliban’s rise in 2021, support for Fitna Al
Khawarij has escalated, exacerbating insurgency risks within Pakistan. This report also emphasizes the importance of
international recognition of Pakistan's sovereignty while addressing complex regional dynamics and the ethical implications
of harboring non-state actors.
4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: Regional security dynamics between Afghanistan and Pakistan.
• Current Affairs: Terrorism and insurgency impacts on Pakistan's internal stability.
• Pakistan Affairs: Pakistani sovereignty and counter-terrorism measures.
• Political Science: Non-state actors, sovereignty, and international law.
5. Notes for Beginners:
This article highlights the complex relationship between Afghanistan’s Taliban government and Pakistani security
challenges. The TTP, now known as Fitna Al Khawarij, receives Afghan Taliban support, allowing them to launch attacks
across the border into Pakistan. This cross-border terrorism puts Pakistan’s sovereignty and security at risk, prompting calls
for the international community to hold the Afghan Taliban accountable for sheltering and aiding these terrorist groups.
6. Facts and Figures:
• The UN estimates Fitna Al Khawarij’s strength in Afghanistan to be around 6,000-6,500.
• The group has a documented history of conducting frequent attacks on Pakistani forces.
• The UN report was released in July 2024, based on extensive research and security monitoring.
In conclusion, The UN's findings underscore the Afghan Taliban's controversial role in supporting terrorism, posing a critical
challenge to Pakistan's security and regional stability. Addressing this issue is crucial for international peace efforts, and the
article calls for greater accountability and a strategic response to counter terrorism effectively. For CSS aspirants, the article
offers valuable realization into Pakistan's counter-terrorism measures, regional diplomacy, and security dynamics, essential
for understanding Pakistan's foreign policy and sovereignty concerns.

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 52. Power Dynamics and Global Inequalities
1. Summary:
The article explores how the concentration of economic power among a few wealthy countries leads to global inequality,
leaving developing nations in a cycle of dependency. Institutions like the IMF and World Bank, which are intended to
provide financial stability, often impose restrictive conditions that favor developed nations, limiting the economic autonomy
of poorer countries. Wealthy countries also use trade barriers, tariffs, and technological superiority to maintain their
advantage, creating a global economy where developing nations struggle to progress. The dominance of the U.S. dollar in
international trade further strengthens American economic power, impacting the financial stability of other countries.
2. Overview:
This article provides an in-depth analysis of how developed nations exert control over the global economy, often at the
expense of developing countries. Through organizations like the IMF, World Bank, and WTO, powerful nations impose
conditions on loans that restrict the economic sovereignty of less affluent countries. This imbalance in global governance
means that developing countries often find their policies and resources shaped to benefit wealthier nations rather than their
own citizens. Trade regulations and tariffs imposed by wealthy nations further stifle growth in poorer regions, while
technological advancements keep developed countries ahead in production and commerce. Additionally, the U.S. dollar’s
dominance as a reserve currency reinforces the U.S.'s influence over global markets, challenging other nations’ trade and
financial stability.
3. Notes:
Global economic structures, led by powerful nations and institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and WTO, often work
against the interests of developing countries. While these organizations aim to support financial stability, they frequently
impose restrictive loan conditions that force poorer nations into dependency cycles, limiting their economic sovereignty and
pushing them into debt. Additionally, trade policies, including high tariffs and barriers from developed countries, hinder
these nations from achieving independent growth. The technological divide further exacerbates inequality, as advanced
countries benefit from cutting-edge technology, enhancing their economic influence while leaving developing nations reliant
on outdated methods. The U.S. dollar's dominance as a global reserve currency grants the U.S. significant leverage in
international finance, compelling other nations to hold large dollar reserves and exposing them to financial instability. For
CSS aspirants, understanding these dynamics is crucial for analyzing how global governance and economic disparities
impact the policies of developing countries like Pakistan. By examining these imbalances, aspirants can better interpret
topics in International Relations, Economics, and Current Affairs, while recognizing the importance of advocating for
equitable policies to achieve sustainable development.
4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: Impact of global economic policies on developing nations.
• Current Affairs: Issues surrounding international financial systems and economic disparities.
• Pakistan Affairs: The role of international institutions in shaping economic policy.
• Economics: The effects of global trade restrictions and the dependency of developing countries.
5. Notes for Beginners:

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The article highlights how wealthy nations influence global rules to their benefit, often making it hard for poorer countries
to grow. By controlling international organizations, setting trade rules, and using the dollar’s dominance, developed
countries maintain their advantage. This system keeps developing nations dependent on loans and restricts their economic
choices. The author suggests that these countries need strong alliances and fair policies to break this cycle.
6. Facts and Figures:
• IMF and World Bank: Institutions meant to help global financial stability but often impose terms that limit the
autonomy of developing countries.
• Trade Barriers: High tariffs and strict regulations from wealthier nations stifle the growth of developing economies
• U.S. Dollar: Maintains dominance as the global reserve currency, strengthening U.S. control over global trade and
finance.

To wrap up, This article sheds light on the structural inequalities in the global economy that benefit developed countries
while hindering the growth of developing nations. By reforming internal policies, fostering alliances, and advocating for
fairer international trade practices, developing countries can work toward a more balanced economic system. The current
system, as described, keeps poorer nations in a state of dependency, which only intensifies global economic disparities.

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 53. BRI, APEC, And Trump's Presidency: A Way Forward.
1. Summary:
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), a hallmark of Chinese global development, has transformed international cooperation
by connecting over 155 nations through $4 trillion in investments and 3,000 completed projects. Its focus on digitalization,
modernization, and economic integration has mitigated poverty and unemployment while fostering human capital and
community development. However, with Trump's presidency, concerns arise about U.S. policies of decoupling, high tariffs,
and unilateral trade measures potentially impeding the BRI's expansion. The meeting between Presidents Biden and Xi
Jinping at APEC signals hope for constructive collaboration, balancing competition and cooperation to stabilize global
economic growth.
The article underscores the significance of harmonious U.S.-China relations in ensuring global economic stability. While
China's expertise in technologies like green energy and digital innovation drives connectivity, global cooperation remains
vital to counter climate challenges, industrial conflicts, and economic disparities. As the world's leading economies, the U.S.
and China must prioritize collaborative efforts in trade, technology, and environmental preservation, setting aside
protectionist policies for sustainable development and mutual prosperity.
2. Overview:
China's BRI has emerged as a transformative global development initiative, promoting economic integration and digital
innovation across Asia, Africa, Europe, and beyond. With a $4 trillion investment across 155 countries, its projects focus on
reducing poverty and enhancing social development. However, the initiative faces challenges, particularly from U.S.
protectionist policies under Trump's presidency, which risk hindering its progress.
To counter these hurdles, global interdependence calls for meaningful cooperation, as emphasized by Xi Jinping and Joe
Biden during APEC discussions. Stability in U.S.-China relations ensures trade continuity, technological advancements, and
economic diversification, benefiting the Global South and North alike. The article advocates collective efforts for climate
action, community development, and industrial collaboration, underscoring the shared responsibility of these superpowers
in shaping global economic stability.
3. Notes:
The article highlights the Belt and Road Initiative's achievements in fostering global connectivity and development while
addressing challenges posed by U.S. protectionism. It stresses the importance of U.S.-China collaboration in trade,
technology, and climate action to ensure global stability. By prioritizing mutual cooperation over economic isolation, the
superpowers can drive global growth, benefiting diverse sectors such as artificial intelligence, green energy, and agriculture.
4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: China-U.S. relations, global economic diplomacy, and international development
initiatives.
• Current Affairs: Role of BRI and APEC in global trade and development.
• Pakistan Affairs: Implications of BRI on Pakistan's economy and regional connectivity.

• Environmental Studies: Collaboration in green energy and climate action.

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 5. Notes for Beginners:
The Belt and Road Initiative connects nations worldwide through projects aimed at enhancing trade and reducing poverty.
However, U.S. policies like high tariffs and trade restrictions could hinder its success. Global cooperation between
superpowers like China and the U.S. is essential to address challenges such as climate change and economic stability. le,
investments in green energy and digital infrastructure can benefit both developed and developing nations.
6. Facts and Figures:
• BRI involBRI involillion in investments across 155 countries.
• Over 3,00Over 3,00s have been completed in the past decade.
• $1.9 trillion is allocated to 1,590 projects under BRI; $2.1 trillion supports 1,574 Chinese investments.
To sum up, The BRI symbolizes China's vision of shared global prosperity through collaboration, innovation, and
connectivity. With looming challenges posed by U.S. policies, fostering stability in U.S.-China relations remains vital for
global economic growth. By setting aside protectionist agendas and focusing on collective development, both nations can
ensure a brighter, sustainable future for the world.

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 54. China-EU Trade Tension Escalate Over EV Tariffs.
1. Summary:
The article highlights escalating trade tensions between China and the European Union (EU) following the EU's imposition

of anti-subsidy tariffs on Chinese electric vehicles (EVs). China lodged a formal complaint with the World Trade

Organization (WTO), accusing the EU of protectionism. While European nations seek to avoid a full-blown trade war, China

defends its right to fair competition, asserting its EV industry's innovative and environmental progress. The article

underscores Beijing’s strategic efforts to adapt by diversifying trade routes, strengthening partnerships, and expanding

globally despite protectionist challenges.

The EU’s actions reflect a broader trend of safeguarding domestic industries, influenced by growing nationalism and green

policies. Simultaneously, China's EV industry is leveraging its cost advantages to maintain competitiveness. Although tariffs

may initially slow Chinese EV imports to Europe, the industry’s adaptability ensures a growing market share. This scenario

underscores a shifting global trade dynamic as both regions navigate their economic priorities.

2. Overview:

The EU’s recent anti-subsidy tariffs on Chinese EVs—ranging up to 35.3%—have prompted a strong response from China,

marking a critical point in China-EU trade relations. China views these measures as protectionist barriers and emphasizes

its commitment to fair competition. The EU, however, cites pricing concerns and domestic economic pressures. Chinese

firms are adapting through strategic expansions into emerging markets such as Southeast Asia and Latin America, while

diversifying their global supply chain.

The trade tensions reflect the EU’s increasing inclination towards self-reliance, as seen in initiatives like the Critical Raw

Materials Act. Europe aims to localize EV production while balancing environmental and industrial concerns. As these

policies evolve, China is recalibrating its global strategy, aiming to sustain market leadership while mitigating the impact

of European restrictions.

3. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:

• International Relations: Trade tensions between China and the EU, WTO's role, and the geopolitical implications

of protectionist policies.

• Current Affairs: Global trade dynamics, the future of electric vehicle markets, and China’s international strategy to

counter trade barriers.

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 • Economics: Impact of tariffs on international trade, market diversification strategies, and economic nationalism's

influence on global supply chains.

• Governance and Public Policy: EU's policies on industrial autonomy, green initiatives, and trade-related decision-

making processes.

• Pakistan Affairs: Insights into China’s economic diplomacy, which could inform Pakistan's policies regarding trade

with major global players like the EU and China.

4. Notes for Beginners:

Trade tensions arise when countries impose barriers like tariffs to protect their industries. For instance, the EU imposed

extra taxes on Chinese electric vehicles, citing unfair competition. China argued this violated global trade rules and

expanded its business to other regions. Such events demonstrate how countries safeguard their economic interests while

navigating global markets.

5. Facts and Figures:

• EU imposed up to 35.3% tariffs on Chinese EVs.

• Chinese EV registrations in Europe are projected to rise from 508,700 in 2023 to 977,600 by 2027 (S&P Global

Mobility).

• 40% of China’s Battery Electric Vehicle exports go to Europe.

• China supplies 60% of global EV demand, producing over 800,000 vehicles annually (International Energy

Agency).

In a nutshell, The ongoing China-EU trade dispute highlights the complexities of balancing economic growth, protectionist

policies, and global trade norms. As the EV market becomes a focal point of competition, China's adaptability and strategic

expansion serve as key lessons in resilience and diplomacy. The resolution of such tensions will significantly influence

future trade relations and global economic stability. Pakistan Observer - China-EU Trade Tension Escalate Over EV Tariffs.

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 55. Analysing The Rise Of Terrorism In Pakistan.
1. Summary:
The article provides in-depth analysis of the rise of terrorism in Pakistan, focusing on key events and trends from 2000 to
2024. It outlines how the country’s vulnerability to terrorism increased, particularly after the formation of the Tehreek-e-
Taliban Pakistan (TTP) in 2007 following the Red Mosque incident. The TTP united various terrorist factions and escalated
attacks across Pakistan, peaking between 2008 and 2014 despite military operations like Zarb-e-Azb. These operations
resulted in a temporary decline in attacks, but terrorism surged again after the Taliban's return to power in Afghanistan in
2021. By 2024, terrorism had reached alarming levels, with over 600 attacks, resulting in the loss of more than 1,200 lives.
The resurgence of terrorism in Pakistan is closely linked to the instability in neighboring Afghanistan and the Afghan
Taliban’s return to power. The article emphasizes the growing frequency of attacks in areas like Bannu District and along
the Pak-Afghan border, as well as the impact on security forces. It also highlights the collective responsibility of the military,
government, civil society, and religious organizations in addressing this crisis. The writer calls for a national effort to support
military operations and eliminate terrorism, stressing the importance of coordinated action from all sectors of society to
defeat this threat.

2. Overview:
Terrorism in Pakistan has evolved significantly over the past two decades, with its roots deepening after the 2001 events
and particularly following the formation of the TTP. The article emphasizes the pattern of terrorism, illustrating the severity
of the problem with statistical analysis. Initially, there was a gradual rise in incidents, peaking in the early 2010s. Despite
military operations such as Zarb-e-Azb, which resulted in substantial successes, the resurgence of the Afghan Taliban has
contributed to a steady increase in attacks. The article underscores the devastating impact of these terrorist activities, not
only on the civilian population but also on security forces, with the military suffering constant casualties. It concludes by
stressing the need for a concerted effort from all sectors of Pakistani society to tackle terrorism at its roots, particularly as
the number of attacks continues to rise.
3. Notes:
The article sheds light on the cyclical nature of terrorism in Pakistan, its connection to regional geopolitical shifts, and its
impact on national security. It provides a detailed historical timeline, showing the fluctuating patterns of violence over the
years. From 2007, when the TTP consolidated power, to the present, terrorism has been a constant threat, with military
operations temporarily mitigating but not eradicating the threat. The resurgence of terrorism in the wake of the Afghan
Taliban's rise to power is a critical point, showing how external factors influence internal security. This article is significant
for understanding the persistent challenges Pakistan faces in combating terrorism and the complex interplay between local
and global dynamics.
4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: The rise of terrorism, its historical context, and its impact on national security are central themes
relevant to Pakistan's political history.
• International Relations: The influence of the Afghan Taliban's resurgence on Pakistan’s security is a key
international concern.
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 • Current Affairs: The surge in terrorist attacks in 2024, ongoing military operations, and the role of foreign powers
are crucial aspects of contemporary issues in Pakistan.
• Governance and Security: The article provides an overview of Pakistan's security policies and military operations
in response to terrorism.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Terrorism is an ongoing global issue that affects many countries, including Pakistan. It involves the use of violence to
achieve political goals and can lead to widespread harm, especially to civilians. For example, when groups like the Tehreek-
e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) attack security forces or civilians, it destabilizes the entire country. Understanding the reasons
behind terrorism, such as political instability, foreign intervention, and extremist ideologies, is crucial. In simple terms,
terrorism disrupts peace, and combating it requires efforts from the government, military, and society as a whole.
Facts and Figures:
• Over 600 terrorist attacks have been recorded in Pakistan by October 2024.
• In 2023, 527 attacks resulted in 1,502 deaths.
• The year 2024 is considered the worst year in terms of security, with over 1,200 casualties.

To put it simply, This article assists as a stark reminder of the ongoing challenges Pakistan faces in eradicating terrorism. It
emphasizes the importance of a unified national effort to combat terrorism, stressing the need for both military and civilian
cooperation. With the rise in attacks post-2021, the article highlights the growing urgency of addressing both local and
international factors contributing to the violence, making it a pivotal read for those concerned with Pakistan's
security and stability.

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 56. Pak-Afghan Terrorism & Emerging Strategic Threats.
1. Summary:
The article explores the rising threat of terrorism from Afghanistan and its implications for Pakistan’s security. It explains
that Afghanistan’s governance issues, rooted in historical ethnic and tribal divisions, have created a fertile ground for
terrorist organizations. The region’s instability, amplified by the withdrawal of U.S. forces, has enabled these groups to
thrive. The article discusses how these terrorist factions, exploiting modern technology, particularly cyberspace, have
expanded their influence, posing a significant threat not only to Pakistan but to neighboring countries and beyond. With
growing challenges such as the lack of cohesive governance in Pakistan, these groups have infiltrated various societal
sectors, undermining political stability and economic progress.
The writer stresses the need for Pakistan to adopt a more proactive and coordinated approach to tackle the complex web of
terrorism. The article also highlights the strategic importance of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and the
critical role of international powers like the U.S. and China in shaping South Asia’s security dynamics. However, it
emphasizes the importance of regional cooperation, governance reform, and a long-term strategy for addressing these
threats, especially in areas such as FATA and Balochistan. As Afghanistan continues to provide sanctuary for these
organizations, the article concludes by urging stronger action against these groups to prevent further destabilization of the
region.
2. Overview:
The article presents a critical view of the escalating security challenges faced by Pakistan due to terrorism emanating from
Afghanistan. It highlights the historical and cultural fragmentation of Afghanistan, which has created a breeding ground for
terrorism. These groups, exploiting modern technological tools like cyberspace, have destabilized the region. The piece
discusses the need for strategic actions, including addressing the complex relations between Afghanistan, Pakistan, and
other international powers, to curb terrorism. The writer argues for better governance, regional cooperation, and a
comprehensive strategy to counter the increasing threats from these groups, including the economic development of
vulnerable areas like FATA and Balochistan.
3. Notes:
The article identifies multiple key challenges, particularly the weak governance in Afghanistan and the ethnic and tribal
divisions that prevent national cohesion, which have allowed terrorist groups to gain strength and operate freely. The U.S.
withdrawal has created a vacuum that has been exploited by these organizations, and their use of modern technology, such
as cyberspace, has enhanced their capabilities to coordinate attacks and manipulate media. Pakistan, suffering from
governance issues, has been unable to fully counter these growing threats, which are further complicated by external factors
like India’s subversive activities. The solution lies in regional cooperation, better governance, and economic development
in vulnerable areas like FATA and Balochistan to counteract these threats effectively.
4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: The article examines the historical and current geopolitical challenges between Pakistan and
Afghanistan.
• Current Affairs: The ongoing strategic and security concerns in the region, including terrorism and its impact on
neighboring countries.
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 • International Relations: The role of global powers, especially the U.S. and China, in shaping the strategic dynamics
of South Asia.
• Governance: The internal governance challenges within Afghanistan and Pakistan that enable terrorism and
insurgency.
• Security and Terrorism: Focus on the impact of terrorism on regional security and the use of technology by terrorist
groups.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The article explains the complex relationship between Afghanistan and Pakistan regarding terrorism. Afghanistan's weak
central government and ethnic divisions allow terrorist organizations to thrive. These groups often use technology and the
internet to coordinate attacks. Pakistan faces challenges due to its governance issues, which allow these groups to infiltrate
the country. To reduce the impact of terrorism, both countries must improve their political systems and work together to
control terrorist movements across their borders.
6. Facts and Figures:
• The article mentions that 60 terrorist organizations are active worldwide, with many having networks in
Afghanistan.
• Over US $60 billion is invested in Pakistan through the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which is central
to the country’s strategic importance.
• Afghanistan has experienced decades of war, including a Soviet invasion, civil wars, and the war with the U.S. and
NATO.
To wrap up, The article sheds light on the importance of addressing the root causes of terrorism in Afghanistan and its
impact on Pakistan. It stresses the need for better governance, stronger political will, and regional cooperation to counter
the rise of terrorism. Pakistan's strategic importance is undeniable, but it must handle the growing threat from these terrorist
groups with a coordinated approach involving both technological and human resources. The situation requires urgent
attention to prevent further destabilization of the region.
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 57. Pak Traditional & Non-Traditional Security Threats.
1. Summary:
In modern geopolitics, security extends beyond military threats to encompass various traditional and non-
traditional challenges. Traditional security focuses on safeguarding a nation's sovereignty, territorial integrity, and
political stability through military strength and strategic alliances. Pakistan's traditional threats largely stem from
its historical conflicts with India, border tensions, and nuclear deterrence strategy. Events such as India’s nuclear
tests, regional tensions, and the Kashmir dispute underscore the enduring importance of traditional security.
Meanwhile, economic stability, terrorism, and infrastructure protection, exemplified by the China-Pakistan
Economic Corridor (CPEC), are also crucial in this context.
On the other hand, non-traditional security threats—such as economic fragility, population growth, environmental
degradation, and terrorism—have become increasingly significant. These challenges remain active even in
peacetime and impact every aspect of society, from health and education to food and cyber security. For Pakistan,
addressing these threats requires a holistic strategy that integrates traditional defense with robust socio-economic
development. With over 80,000 casualties and a $200 billion economic loss from the war on terror, Pakistan’s
security agenda must now balance military preparedness with non-traditional dimensions to ensure long-term
stability and resilience.
2. Overview:
The article explores the dual facets of traditional and non-traditional security in Pakistan, emphasizing their
interdependence. While traditional security pertains to military defense against external threats, non-traditional
security encompasses socio-economic, environmental, and technological challenges. Pakistan’s security
framework is shaped by its geopolitical position, historical conflicts, and modern challenges like terrorism and
economic instability. The piece highlights how both forms of security must be integrated to create a
comprehensive national defense strategy, essential for Pakistan’s stability and development.
3. Notes:
Understanding the difference between traditional and non-traditional security is critical for CSS aspirants,
particularly in subjects like International Relations and Pakistan Affairs. This article highlights the importance of
a holistic security approach, integrating military strength with socio-economic resilience. Key examples, such as
the impact of terrorism, CPEC’s role in economic security, and historical conflicts with India, provide valuable
case studies for exam preparation.
4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:
1. Current Affairs: Provides awareness into Pakistan's traditional and non-traditional security challenges,
vital for understanding current geopolitical dynamics.
2. International Relations: Examines Pakistan’s strategic relationships with neighboring countries and global
powers, relevant for regional diplomacy and foreign policy.
3. Pakistan Affairs: Highlights historical conflicts, counter-terrorism efforts, and internal challenges,
essential for analyzing Pakistan’s defense and socio-political issues.
4. Security: Covers military strategy, economic security, and emerging threats, aligning with key themes in
5. Security Studies.
6. Governance and Public Policy: Discusses how non-traditional threats influence national policies, linking
to governance and policy-making concepts.
5 Notes for Beginners:
Traditional security involves protecting a country from external attacks. For example, Pakistan’s military
readiness against India’s threats represents traditional security. Non-traditional security covers issues like

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terrorism, poverty, and environmental threats. An example is how terrorism impacts Pakistan’s economy and
society. Addressing both types of security ensures overall stability.

7. Facts and Figures:

• Over 80,000 casualties due to terrorism in Pakistan
• Economic loss of more than $200 billion from the war on terror
• CPEC as a key factor in Pakistan’s economic security
To sum up, The article emphasizes that a nation’s security lies not just in military might but also in addressing
socio-economic and environmental challenges. Pakistan's future stability depends on a balanced approach to
traditional and non-traditional security threats, ensuring resilience and sustainable development.

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 58. Terrorism Surge & Chinese Safety: A Way Forward.
1. Summary:
Terrorism in Pakistan has intensified significantly, posing severe threats to national security and economic stability,
especially impacting Chinese investments under the CPEC framework. With 951 deaths and 966 injuries from 785 attacks
in the first 10 months of 2024, the situation demands urgent action. Groups like the TTP and BLA have escalated their
activities, particularly in Balochistan and KPK, eroding confidence among foreign investors. Despite Prime Minister
Shehbaz Sharif's assurances, current counterterrorism efforts are falling short. Effective strategies require comprehensive
reforms, enhanced intelligence coordination with China and Afghanistan, and better border management to curb the influx
of insurgents.
The article emphasizes that Pakistan needs to overhaul its counterterrorism apparatus by incorporating advanced technology,
establishing anti-terrorism research centers, and fostering trilateral cooperation with China and Afghanistan. Beyond
military operations, socio-economic upliftment and community engagement are essential to diminish local support for
insurgents. Strengthened diplomatic initiatives can help reduce foreign influence and proxy warfare. Prioritizing a "3S"
framework—safety, security, and systematic reforms—will be key to ensuring the protection of Chinese nationals and
sustaining economic projects like CPEC.
2. Overview:
The article highlights a significant increase in terrorist activity in Pakistan, particularly affecting regions involved in the
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). The TTP's resurgence, supported by elements in Afghanistan, has exacerbated
security challenges. Pakistan's response needs a comprehensive overhaul, including policy coordination with China and
Afghanistan, improved surveillance, and the establishment of anti-terrorism research centers. Diplomatic efforts are vital to
prevent external interference and proxy warfare. Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif's government is committed to ensuring
Chinese safety, but tangible results are needed. Enhanced intelligence-sharing, joint military operations, and grassroots
socioeconomic initiatives are proposed as holistic solutions.
3. Notes:
The rise in terrorism poses a multifaceted challenge for Pakistan, impacting national security, foreign investments, and
international relations. Effective counterterrorism requires more than military interventions; it demands a holistic approach
that includes policy overhauls, technological advancements, and socio-economic development. Strengthening partnerships
with China and Afghanistan through joint border management, intelligence sharing, and coordinated military operations is
crucial. Additionally, fostering community resilience, engaging religious scholars, and curbing external interference through
diplomatic efforts are necessary steps. These measures will not only enhance security but also restore investor confidence
and stabilize the nation's economic outlook.
4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Current Affairs: Terrorism and national security challenges.
• Pakistan Affairs: Impact of terrorism on CPEC and foreign relations.
• International Relations: Trilateral coordination among Pakistan, Afghanistan, and China.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Terrorism in Pakistan has increased, especially affecting Chinese projects like CPEC, which are vital for the country’s
economy. Groups such as the TTP and BLA are behind most of these attacks, mainly in areas like Balochistan and KPK.
The Pakistani government is trying to protect Chinese workers and investments, but more needs to be done. To improve the
situation, Pakistan should work closely with China and Afghanistan to share information and secure borders. Using
advanced technology like drones and improving local police forces will help. It’s also important to support local
communities by providing jobs and education, which can reduce support for terrorists. Diplomatic efforts are needed to stop
foreign countries from funding insurgents. All these steps together can make Pakistan safer and more stable.
6. Facts and Figures:
• 951 deaths and 966 injuries from 785 attacks in 2024 (first 10 months).
• 55 security personnel were killed in the first 20 days of November alone.
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To wrap up, Addressing terrorism in Pakistan requires a multifaceted approach, involving regional cooperation, policy
reforms, and grassroots development. Protecting Chinese investments like CPEC is important for the country's economic
future and diplomatic ties.

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 59. Proposed Strategy Against Terrorism.
1. Summary:
The article proposes a comprehensive strategy to counter the growing wave of terrorism in Pakistan, particularly from across
its western borders after the Taliban's takeover of Afghanistan in 2021. Despite significant military operations like Operation
Zarb-i-Azb and ongoing efforts like Operation Azm-i-Istehkam, the resurgence of terrorism continues to threaten Pakistan’s
security. The strategy put forth in the article involves a two-pronged approach: one focusing on military operations to combat
terrorism directly and another focused on diplomatic efforts to engage the Afghan Taliban government in curbing cross-
border terrorism. The security operations should be intensified, with an emphasis on vigilant border monitoring, intelligence
gathering, and military engagement against entrenched terrorist cells within Pakistan. On the political front, diplomatic
efforts are necessary to foster dialogue between Pakistan and Afghanistan, emphasizing the shared responsibility of
controlling terrorism, while also calling on external stakeholders to reduce their covert involvement in destabilizing the
region.
The article also stresses the importance of regional cooperation to combat terrorism, advocating for a security forum with
neighboring countries like China, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. It calls for a coordinated approach that
includes Afghanistan in the effort to combat terrorism on a long-term basis. Furthermore, the author highlights the
diplomatic challenges Pakistan faces in dealing with the Afghan Taliban government, suggesting that clear and strategic
communication is necessary to ensure Afghanistan does not become a sanctuary for terrorists. Ultimately, the article
underscores the need for a balanced and comprehensive strategy that combines military force with diplomatic and socio-
political engagement to secure Pakistan’s borders and mitigate the threat of terrorism in the region.
2. Overview:
This article focuses on the ongoing security threat posed by terrorism emanating from Afghanistan, proposing a dual
strategy involving military action and diplomatic engagement. It emphasizes the need for effective border control, military
operations targeting existing terrorist cells, and regional collaboration to address cross-border terrorism. The article also
explores Pakistan’s diplomatic challenges in dealing with the Afghan Taliban.
3. Notes:
The article emphasizes the ongoing threat of terrorism facing Pakistan, particularly from across its western borders following
the Taliban's takeover of Afghanistan. It highlights the need for a comprehensive two-pronged strategy to address this issue:
one focusing on military operations to combat terrorism directly, and the other on diplomatic efforts to engage the Afghan
Taliban government in preventing cross-border terrorism. In the security domain, Pakistan’s military is tasked with
reinforcing border security, conducting intelligence-based operations, and eliminating terrorist cells within the country. The
diplomatic aspect involves negotiating with Afghanistan, with a focus on collaborative efforts to control terrorist activities.
Additionally, regional cooperation is essential, with neighboring countries like China, Iran, and others being encouraged to
form a security mechanism to address the shared threat of terrorism. The article highlights the importance of a coordinated
approach between military action and diplomatic negotiations to effectively tackle the problem of terrorism.

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 4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations (Foreign Policy): Pakistan's diplomatic efforts to engage Afghanistan and other regional
states to combat terrorism, which ties into foreign policy strategies.
• Pakistan Affairs (National Security): The article focuses on Pakistan's internal security challenges, specifically
regarding terrorism, which is a key issue in national security.
• Current Affairs (Terrorism and Counterterrorism): The ongoing wave of terrorism affecting Pakistan and the
proposed strategies to combat it are central to current affairs and counterterrorism discussions.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Terrorism refers to violent acts meant to create fear, often for political or ideological reasons. In this article, Pakistan is
dealing with terrorism, which is coming from across its border with Afghanistan. The military is fighting these groups, but
the government is also working with Afghanistan and other countries to prevent terrorism. The key to success involves both
fighting terrorism and building strong relationships with neighboring countries.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Operation Zarb-i-Azb was a major military operation launched in 2014.
• The current Operation Azm-i-Istehkam focuses on "Resolve for Stability" in the fight against extremism and
terrorism.
To sum up, This article underscores the complexity of Pakistan's struggle against terrorism, emphasizing the need for a
holistic strategy combining military, diplomatic, and socio-political efforts. The success of this strategy relies on
cooperation, both within Pakistan and with its regional neighbors, ensuring long-term peace and stability in the region.

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 60. Ukraine War: Alarming Escalation.
1. Summary:
The Ukraine war has reached a perilous new phase, marked by high-tech missile exchanges and the involvement of
international forces, raising the specter of a global conflict. Ukraine’s deployment of American ATACMS and British Storm
Shadow missiles against Russian targets, along with Russia’s retaliatory use of the hypersonic Oreshnik missile, underscores
the intensifying military escalation. North Korea's deployment of 11,000 troops to support Russia and Putin's alarming
revision of Russia's nuclear doctrine on November 19, 2024, have heightened tensions. These developments, particularly
the lowered nuclear threshold, signal an unprecedented risk of nuclear confrontation between Russia and NATO, with the
potential to destabilize the entire European region.
The United States and European allies have heavily bolstered Ukraine’s military capabilities, contributing over $106 billion
in aid, including advanced weaponry such as F-16 jets and air defense systems. In response, Russia has vowed decisive
retaliation, viewing NATO’s support for Ukraine as direct participation in hostilities. With missile systems like the U.S.-
backed BMD base in Poland increasing regional instability, the situation has become a dangerous chess game of military
power and political brinkmanship. Russia's rhetoric, warning of mirror responses to Western aggression, adds to the growing
concern that this conflict could spiral beyond Ukraine, threatening global stability.
2. Overview:
The article illustrates the dangerous escalation in the Ukraine conflict, highlighting how international involvement and
advanced weaponry are pushing Russia and NATO toward a potential nuclear crisis. It emphasizes the critical need for
global diplomacy to prevent further escalation.
3. Notes:
This article provides in-depth analysis of the modern geopolitical dynamics, emphasizing the delicate balance of power
between nuclear-armed states. Understanding the Ukraine conflict is essential for CSS topics related to international
relations, global security, and foreign policy.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
1. Security: The escalating conflict between Russia, Ukraine, and NATO highlights nuclear brinkmanship, military
strategy, and global security concerns.
2. International Relations: Examines geopolitical rivalries, alliances, and the broader implications of foreign
intervention and aid in the Ukraine war.
3. Political Science and Governance: Analyzes state-level decision-making, foreign policy shifts, and their impact on
international stability and diplomatic relations.
5, Notes for Beginners:
The conflict in Ukraine involves not just regional powers but global stakeholders. Advanced missile systems like ATACMS
and hypersonic weapons have introduced a new level of threat, potentially involving nuclear responses. For example, the
U.S. and U.K. supporting Ukraine with long-range missiles escalates tensions, while Russia's threats of retaliatory strikes
highlight the gravity of modern warfare dynamics.
5. Facts and Figures:
• U.S. aid to Ukraine: $106 billion.
• North Korean troops in Russia: 11,000.
• Missile range of ATACMS: 300 km.
• Russian nuclear doctrine revised: November 19, 2024.
To wrap up, The Ukraine war’s escalation is a stark reminder of the fragile state of global security. Diplomatic intervention
is paramount to prevent this regional conflict from becoming a worldwide catastrophe.

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 61. Trump 2.0 And Pak-US Relations.
1. Summary:
The return of Donald Trump to the presidency marks a potential turning point in US foreign policy, particularly for countries
like Pakistan. The global landscape has transformed significantly since Trump's first term, with the Afghanistan withdrawal,
the ongoing Ukraine conflict, and the Gaza crisis redefining geopolitical priorities. For Pakistan, the main challenge will be
managing its delicate balance between the US and China, especially as Trump's administration, with a hawkish Marco Rubio
as Secretary of State, may scrutinize projects like CPEC. A more intense US-China rivalry could force Pakistan to make
difficult diplomatic choices, while India's strengthened alignment with the US adds another layer of complexity. Relations
with Iran also hang in the balance, with Trump's unpredictable stance likely to impact Pakistan’s westward economic
ambitions.
Navigating this shifting landscape requires Pakistan to prioritize its national interests with strategic foresight. The
transactional nature of Pak-US relations has historically been shaped by US interests rather than mutual benefits. Under
Trump 2.0, Pakistan must brace for a potentially bumpy diplomatic road, ensuring clarity in its relations with China, a more
assertive India, and a possibly restrained Iran. Success will hinge on skilful diplomacy and a clear understanding of
Pakistan's red lines in foreign policy, especially regarding CPEC and its traditional stance on regional issues.
2. Overview:
The article provides in-depth analysis of the implications of Trump's anticipated presidency on Pak-US relations,
highlighting key global developments such as the US withdrawal from Afghanistan, the Ukraine war, and the Gaza conflict.
It underscores the challenges Pakistan faces in maintaining balanced relations with major powers like the US and China
while managing regional dynamics with India and Iran. The analysis emphasizes the need for strategic clarity and diplomatic
dexterity to navigate these complexities.
3. Notes:
Under Trump’s new term, Pakistan may face increased pressure from the US to limit ties with China, especially regarding
CPEC. Similarly, a stricter US stance on Iran could complicate Pakistan's western economic projects. Diplomatic balancing
between the US and China will be pivotal, but difficult, due to heightened tensions. The expectation that Pak-US relations
will revive to their past state is misguided; Trump's policies are driven by situational needs, not long-term alliances.
Therefore, Pakistan must define clear priorities, strengthen ties with China, and maintain its stance on India and CPEC,
ensuring strategic clarity and diplomatic skill in managing these complex challenges.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: Dynamics of Pak-US relations and global geopolitics.
• Current Affairs: Contemporary shifts in foreign policy and regional alliances.
• Pakistan Affairs: Pakistan’s foreign policy priorities and challenges.
• Political Science: Impact of leadership changes on international relations.

5. Notes for Beginners:

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The article explains how the return of Trump as US president might affect Pakistan's relations with the US, China, and
neighboring countries. It highlights that international diplomacy often involves making tough choices based on national
interests. For example, balancing relations with the US while maintaining ties with China through projects like CPEC is
very important for Pakistan’s development. Understanding these dynamics helps grasp why countries act the way they do
on the global stage.
6. Facts and Figures:
• The US completed its withdrawal from Afghanistan during Biden's presidency.
• The Gaza conflict has significantly altered the Middle Eastern geopolitical landscape.
• Trump’s first term saw active engagement with Pakistan due to the Afghan situation, a relevance that faded under
Biden.
To sum up, Pakistan stands at a critical stage as it prepares for the potential challenges posed by Trump's return. Navigating
this complex diplomatic terrain demands strategic foresight and a clear prioritization of national interests. Effective foreign
policy will be Pakistan’s key to maintaining stability and progress in an increasingly polarized world.

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 62. New Blocs & Pakistan’s Foreign Policy.
1. Summary:
The global order is shifting into new blocs, primarily driven by competition between China and the United States for

economic dominance. This evolving dynamic presents both challenges and opportunities for Pakistan, which has

strengthened its ties with China through projects like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). With China's

economic ascent, Pakistan finds itself positioned strategically, benefiting from mutual support and infrastructure

development. The article highlights the need for Pakistan to leverage this alliance while navigating the complexities of a

divided world. The U.S.-led bloc, including India and Japan, contrasts sharply with China's growing influence, underscoring

the necessity for Pakistan to align its foreign policy with pragmatic national interests.

China’s economic model, fueled by investments and technological advancements, contrasts with the U.S.'s slowing growth.

This economic divergence is reshaping global alliances, with China and Russia reinforcing their partnership to

counterbalance Western dominance. For Pakistan, this shift emphasizes the importance of deeper economic collaboration

with China, which offers a roadmap for industrial growth, poverty alleviation, and geopolitical stability. As CPEC transitions

to focus on industrial technology, Pakistan's role as a vital corridor for Chinese development becomes increasingly critical,

ensuring sustained mutual prosperity.

2. Overview:

The article explores the geopolitical realignment with China and the U.S. at the center. It discusses the implications for

Pakistan, particularly its strategic partnership with China through CPEC. The analysis underscores China's economic rise,

its role in reshaping global power dynamics, and the opportunities this presents for Pakistan’s development and stability.

3. Notes:

Understanding the shifting global power dynamics is essential for any CSS aspirant, particularly in the realm of international

relations and foreign policy. This article highlights the critical transformation from a US-dominated world to one where

China plays a central role, providing a comprehensive view of modern geopolitics. China's rapid economic growth, strategic

investments in initiatives like the Belt and Road, and its strengthening military ties with Russia mark a significant departure

from Cold War alliances. For Pakistan, this realignment underscores the importance of the China-Pakistan Economic

Corridor (CPEC) as a cornerstone of its economic and strategic policy. CSS candidates must grasp how CPEC not only

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enhances infrastructure but also integrates Pakistan into a broader regional framework, contributing to industrial

development and poverty reduction. Additionally, understanding the economic contrasts between China and the US—such

as China’s expanding middle class and the stagnation in US manufacturing—provides valuable vision into global economic

trends. This knowledge is important for answering questions on international politics, economic diplomacy, and strategic

partnerships, reflecting a nuanced understanding of Pakistan’s foreign policy objectives and its role in a multipolar world.

4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:

• International Relations: Global power dynamics and Pakistan-China relations.

• Current Affairs: CPEC and its impact on Pakistan's development.

• Political Science: Foreign policy shifts in a multipolar world.

• Pakistan Affairs: Strategic partnerships and economic policies.

5. Notes for Beginners:

This article explains how countries form alliances to protect their interests. Pakistan's close relationship with China,

especially through CPEC, offers economic benefits like new roads and factories. For example, better infrastructure helps

reduce poverty by creating jobs. Understanding these alliances helps us see why countries like Pakistan need to balance

relations with both China and the U.S.

6. Facts and Figures:

• CPEC investments in Pakistan exceed $62 billion.

• China’s middle class is growing rapidly, adding 300 million people.

• The Belt and Road Initiative involves infrastructure projects across 140 countries.

In a nutshell, The future of global politics hinges on strategic alliances, and Pakistan’s partnership with China offers a

pathway to prosperity. Navigating this shifting landscape requires foresight, clear policy priorities, and a deep understanding

of evolving global dynamics.

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 63. BRICS, Shifting Alliances And Pakistan.
1. Summary:
The recent BRICS summit marked a pivotal moment in global geopolitics, signaling a shift towards a multipolar world
order. Traditionally dominated by Western powers, particularly the United States, the global landscape is now seeing new
alliances take shape, driven by countries like China, Russia, and India. A notable outcome of the summit was the
announcement of an alternative to the SWIFT payment system, aimed at reducing reliance on the US dollar and countering
Western economic dominance. This move, spearheaded by Russia and China, could significantly alter global financial
dynamics, especially benefiting nations seeking autonomy from US-dominated systems.
For Pakistan, these evolving alliances pose both opportunities and challenges. The potential rapprochement between China
and India, two historical rivals, could shift regional dynamics, impacting Pakistan's strategic alliances. For instance, India's
agreement with Iran on managing the Chabahar Port could challenge Pakistan's Gwadar Port in Central Asian trade.
Internally, Pakistan's economic instability may hinder its ability to capitalize on new geopolitical shifts. As Pakistan aspires
to join BRICS, it must carefully navigate these changes, recognizing the significance of a BRICS-led financial system and
evolving regional relationships.

2. Overview
The article underscores the transformation of global power dynamics through BRICS, highlighting how the coalition aims
to create a more balanced, multipolar world. A BRICS payment system could weaken the US dollar's dominance, impacting
global economics and geopolitics. For Pakistan, this changing landscape necessitates strategic reassessment, particularly in
light of improving China-India relations and internal economic challenges.

3. Notes:
The BRICS summit's key outcomes, such as the alternative payment system, demonstrate a global shift from unipolarity to
multipolarity. This has significant implications for international relations and economic policies, especially for countries
like Pakistan. Understanding these developments is essential for comprehending future global alignments and their regional
impact.

4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics

• International Relations: Emerging global alliances and shifts in power dynamics.
• Political Science: The role of BRICS in global governance.
• Economics: The impact of alternative financial systems on global trade.
•
5. Notes for Beginners:
BRICS is a group of countries (like China, Russia, and India) that want to create a fairer global system by reducing the
power of Western countries, especially the United States. They plan to set up their own system for money transactions to
avoid depending on the US dollar. For Pakistan, this means it needs to rethink its role in the region and consider how these
new alliances might affect its economy and foreign relations.
6. Facts and Figures:
• BRICS countries contribute about 31.5% of global GDP.
• The proposed BRICS payment system could involve trading in local currencies, reducing reliance on the US dollar.
To sum up, As global power dynamics evolve, BRICS's efforts to create a multipolar world could reshape international
politics and economics. For Pakistan, understanding and adapting to these changes is very important for maintaining
strategic relevance and fostering economic stability.

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 The Economist Article
64.Israeli Strikes On Beirut And Tehran Could Intensify A Regional War.
1. Summary:
The article examines the escalating violence in the Middle East, triggered by Israeli air strikes in Beirut and Tehran. These
actions are seen as part of a broader Israeli operation with the potential to spark a regional war. The first strike targeted Fuad
Shukr, a key Hizbullah military advisor, and the second hit the home of Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh, who was also killed.
Israel’s motive behind these assassinations was both tactical and symbolic, aiming to weaken its adversaries and deter further
aggression. While Israel and Hizbullah have largely adhered to an unspoken rule of targeting military positions, these recent
killings violate those norms, raising the risk of a larger conflict. The situation is further complicated by Iran’s involvement,
as it has been cautious about escalating the war but now faces the dilemma of responding to Israel’s actions. Meanwhile,
peace talks between Israel and Hamas, which had shown signs of progress, are now in jeopardy. The article notes that despite
the military actions, the underlying humanitarian crisis in Gaza persists, pressing both sides to make difficult decisions
regarding a ceasefire.
2. Overview:
The article grabs the delicate balance of power in the Middle East, highlighting the fragility of peace efforts and the high
stakes of military actions. By focusing on the targeted assassinations of key leaders, the piece emphasizes how small acts
of violence can escalate into a broader regional conflict. It underscores the complex interplay between Israel, Hamas,
Hizbullah, and Iran, showing how regional powers are maneuvering within the context of an ongoing war that has yet to
reach resolution.
3. Notes for CSS Exam Aspirants:
This article provides rigorous investigation
into Middle Eastern geopolitics, specifically the consequences of military escalation and the delicate nature of ceasefire
negotiations. It will help CSS/PMS aspirants understand the impact of regional conflicts, the role of external powers like
Iran and the U.S., and how political decisions can influence broader military outcomes. The article is relevant for topics on
international relations, regional security, and conflict resolution.
4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Current Affairs: Middle Eastern conflict dynamics, Israeli-Hamas relations, and the role of international diplomacy.
• Pakistan Affairs: Understanding the broader regional tensions and their impact on Pakistan’s foreign policy.
• International Relations: The strategic role of Israel, Hizbullah, and Iran in the Middle East.
• Political Science: The implications of military action on diplomatic negotiations and the balance of power in conflict
zones.
5. Notes :
This article highlights how regional powers often engage in proxy wars, with smaller conflicts having the potential to ignite
larger wars involving multiple countries. For example, Hizbullah and Hamas have been key players in the conflict, with

Iran supporting them, while Israel responds with air strikes targeting their leadership. A key aspect of the article is how these
military actions can delay peace talks or even prevent progress, as seen with the assassination of Hamas leader Haniyeh,
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which derailed ceasefire negotiations. The article also explores how powerful countries like the U.S. may play a role in
preventing escalation by calling for restraint or sending military forces to the region.
6. Facts and Figures:
• The ongoing conflict has lasted nearly ten months, with significant loss of life, particularly in Gaza, where almost
40,000 people have died.
• Israel’s targeted strikes have been carried out in cities like Beirut and Tehran, signaling a widening of the conflict
beyond the borders of Israel and Palestine.
• The U.S. has deployed an aircraft carrier strike group in the Persian Gulf as a deterrent against Iranian involvement
in the conflict.
To wrap up, This article provides in-depth analysis of the delicate balance in the Middle East, where military actions have
the potential to trigger wider regional conflicts. It highlights the complexities of achieving peace in the midst of such
volatility, as military tactics, political motives, and external alliances all intertwine. For CSS/PMS aspirants, the article
offers a rich perspective on the role of military power in shaping diplomatic negotiations and regional security.
Understanding the nuanced decisions made by Israel, Iran, and their allies is crucial for grasping the broader dynamics of
conflict in the Middle East.

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 65.The Middle East must step back from the brink.
1. Summary:
In The Middle East must step back from the brink, the article critically examines the volatile nature of the Israeli-Palestinian
conflict and the ongoing diplomatic efforts to establish a ceasefire amid escalating hostilities. Initially, there was optimism
that Israel and Hamas were nearing a truce, but the conflict took a drastic turn following a deadly rocket attack from Lebanon
and Israel's subsequent retaliations. This included high-profile assassinations of Hamas and Hizbullah leaders, intensifying
fears of a larger regional war. The assassination of Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh may pause peace talks, yet the desperation
for stability in Gaza persists. The article points out that, despite political calculations, Israel's Prime Minister Netanyahu has
been reluctant to commit to a ceasefire, concerned about the potential shift in focus back to Israel's domestic issues and his
own corruption trial.
The article further explores the United States' role, with President Joe Biden applying pressure on Netanyahu to de-escalate
the situation. Biden’s efforts, however, are contrasted by Israel's military actions and Netanyahu’s political maneuvering.
The piece warns that without decisive action toward peace, the situation may deteriorate into an uncontrollable conflict,
undermining regional stability and possibly jeopardizing Israel’s future.
2. Overview:
This article provides an in-depth analysis of the complex Israeli-Palestinian crisis, focusing on the challenges of achieving
a ceasefire in a climate charged with retaliatory attacks and entrenched political motives. The analysis delves into the
implications of political decisions on regional peace, highlighting the need for a pragmatic approach to conflict resolution
amidst an evolving geopolitical landscape.
3. NOTES:
For CSS/PMS aspirants, this article is highly relevant to understanding Middle Eastern geopolitics, diplomatic relations,
and conflict management. It aligns with topics within Current Affairs, Pakistan Affairs, and International Relations,
discussing how regional alliances and military decisions impact both local populations and broader international stability.
4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Current Affairs: Regional stability, ceasefire negotiations, and U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East.
• Pakistan Affairs: Insight into Pakistan’s neighboring regions and their influence on Pakistan’s strategic interests.
• International Relations: The dynamics of U.S.-Israel relations and the impact of military actions on diplomatic
efforts.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The article emphasizes how fragile peace efforts can be in a conflict-ridden region. For instance, the article points to Israel’s
hesitance, influenced by Netanyahu’s political situation, which complicates peace initiatives. The U.S. has made efforts to
encourage a ceasefire, but frequent retaliatory actions escalate tensions further. The concept of deterrence also appears as
various states avoid direct conflict yet occasionally engage in limited military responses to convey strength.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Over the past year, Israel and Hamas have been in conflict, with nearly 40,000 people reportedly affected in Gaza.
• Israel’s recent retaliatory actions included targeted strikes in Beirut, a city it had not directly targeted since 2006,
signaling a shift in the Middle East’s "rules of engagement."
• In support of Israel, the U.S. recently moved an aircraft-carrier strike group into the Persian Gulf to deter Iranian
involvement.
To wrap up, The article amplifies the uncertain nature of peace in the Middle East, where political, military, and diplomatic
considerations create a complex web of challenges. It argues for an urgent ceasefire, emphasizing that a prolonged conflict
risks destabilizing the entire region. For CSS/PMS aspirants, this analysis provides critical insight into the role of strategic
decisions and diplomacy in conflict zones, offering a framework to understand how international alliances and regional
politics impact efforts toward lasting peace.

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 66.Will Donald Trump “Stop The Wars” In The Middle East?
1. Summary:
Donald Trump’s return as president-elect has left the Middle East both united and uncertain. Leaders and analysts predict

his second term will transform American foreign policy in the region, but the direction remains unclear, depending on the

influence of his close advisors. Trump's prior policies, including "maximum pressure" on Iran, have left the region on edge,

particularly concerning potential military escalations or diplomatic breakthroughs. His unpredictable stance has stirred both

apprehension and hope among regional players like Iran, Iraq, and Israel, signaling a possible continuation of America's

controversial involvement.

The article highlights concerns about a possible resurgence of aggressive policies like sanctions and military actions under

Trump’s leadership. His campaign promises to prioritize American interests, coupled with fluctuating regional strategies,

have raised questions about whether he will escalate conflicts or pursue peace initiatives. The Middle East remains wary of

the implications of a more interventionist or isolationist approach during his second term, emphasizing the delicate balance

of geopolitical tensions.

2. Overview:

Donald Trump’s re-election as president-elect has reignited debates about the future of American engagement in the Middle

East. While some view his tenure as a chance to reduce military involvement and focus on diplomacy, others fear an

intensification of the "maximum pressure" strategy, particularly toward Iran. His administration's potential sanctions or

military strikes could exacerbate tensions across the region. The article suggests Trump's decisions will be influenced by

key advisors, making his policies unpredictable.

The Middle East is at a crossroads, with Iran wary of further isolation and Iraq anticipating heightened volatility. Israel,

under Benjamin Netanyahu's leadership, seeks reassurance of continued American support, while Palestinian territories

brace for possible neglect of their cause. Trump's previous policies have shown a duality: firm stances on adversaries like

Iran while courting allies for economic and military collaboration. Whether his presidency brings conflict resolution or

escalation remains a pivotal question for the region and beyond.

3. Notes:

Trump’s return to power has raised apprehensions about his administration’s potential impact on the Middle East. His

approach may either escalate conflicts through sanctions and military interventions, particularly against Iran, or foster peace

initiatives that address longstanding tensions in Palestine and Iraq. Israel is expected to seek stronger backing under

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Netanyahu’s leadership, while countries like Iran brace for the possibility of intensified isolation. The region’s future hinges

on Trump’s decisions, which are likely to be shaped by key advisors and evolving geopolitical dynamics.

4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:

• International Relations: U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East.

• Current Affairs: Contemporary geopolitics in the region.

• Pakistan Affairs: Impacts of Middle Eastern conflicts on Pakistan.

• Political Science: Leadership dynamics and foreign policy strategies.

5. Notes for Beginners:

Trump's presidency could shape the Middle East’s future, either by reducing conflicts or intensifying them. His prior

policies, like pressuring Iran through sanctions, left the region in turmoil. Examples include escalating tensions in Iraq and

strengthening ties with Israel. Beginners should watch for terms like "maximum pressure" and understand their implications

on regional stability.

6. Facts and Figures:

• Iran faced severe sanctions under Trump's previous administration.

• Iraq experienced a drop in violence but remains at risk of becoming a battleground.

• Israel’s defense policies were heavily supported by the U.S. during Trump’s first term.

To wrap up, The article sheds light on the uncertain trajectory of U.S. policy in the Middle East under Trump’s leadership.

Whether he pursues diplomacy or conflict, his decisions will significantly influence the region’s stability. With Iran, Iraq,

Israel, and Palestine at the center of these dynamics, the stakes are high, and the global community watches closely for the

direction his second term will take.

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 67.Computers Unleashed Economic Growth. Will Artificial Intelligence?
1. Summary:
Two years after OpenAI’s GPT-3.5 made its groundbreaking debut, artificial intelligence (AI) has yet to produce the

anticipated economic transformation. Despite initial excitement reminiscent of the early computer age, only 6% of U.S.

businesses utilize AI in production, and productivity growth remains stagnant. Historical parallels with the computer

revolution of the 1990s reveal key factors that drove significant economic gains—large-scale investments in IT

infrastructure, plummeting tech prices, and operational reinventions. Today, while AI investments are rising slowly, they

fall short compared to the tech boom of the late 1990s. Software costs have not decreased significantly, and businesses have

yet to integrate AI broadly into core operations.

The comparison with the computer age suggests that transformative impacts require time and substantial adaptation. Firms

need to rethink their business models, much like Walmart's revolution with real-time data systems. AI tools are currently

limited to narrow applications, with most businesses lacking robust data infrastructure. As with the slow build-up in the

1970s before the explosive tech gains of the 1990s, AI’s true potential may still be on the horizon. The current phase mirrors

a period of technological promise mixed with underwhelming productivity, suggesting that the AI revolution will need

sustained investment and structural change to drive an economic leap.

2. Overview:

This article from The Economist explores why AI, despite its potential, has not yet delivered substantial economic and

productivity gains. Drawing lessons from the computer age, it highlights three critical factors that spurred the IT revolution:

heavy investment in infrastructure, falling technology prices, and significant operational changes. In comparison, AI

adoption is still in its infancy, with limited investment and high software costs. Businesses also need more extensive data

integration to harness AI’s potential fully. The historical analogy suggests that AI’s impact will likely follow a similar

trajectory—slow initial growth followed by transformative leaps once structural changes occur.

3. 6. Notes:

The article highlights that the economic impact of AI has been slower than anticipated, with only 6% of businesses currently

utilizing it for production. This slow uptake parallels the early stages of the computer age, which required significant

investments, cost reductions, and operational restructuring before transforming economies. In contrast to the 1990s, when

IT investment surged by 20% annually and hardware costs dropped by 30%, AI investment has grown by only 4% annually,

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and software prices remain high. Companies today lack the comprehensive data infrastructure needed to integrate AI fully,

much like Walmart’s transformative use of real-time data in the 1990s. Without a similar overhaul in business models and

processes, AI’s true potential remains untapped, suggesting that a productivity boom may still be forthcoming, pending

essential structural advancements.

4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:

• Current Affairs: Understanding AI's economic impact helps assess future global economic shifts.

• Essay:

5. Notes for Beginners:

The article compares AI’s current situation to the early days of computers. In the 1970s, computers had potential but didn't

impact productivity until the 1990s, when businesses adapted their operations. AI today faces a similar phase: it needs time

and investment to show its full economic power. For example, a company like Walmart improved productivity by integrating

new data systems—AI needs such large-scale changes.

6. Facts and Figures:

• Only 6% of businesses use AI in production.

• In the 1990s, IT investment grew by 20% annually, compared to 4% for AI today.

• Software prices fell by 30% from 1995 to 2000; AI tools haven’t seen similar reductions.

To put it simply, AI holds transformative potential, but history suggests that economic revolutions require time. Businesses

need to invest more and integrate AI comprehensively, just as they did with computers. While the impact is slow today, a

future surge in productivity could be on the horizon.

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 The Nation Article
68. Chip Wars
1. Summary:
The article discusses the escalating competition between the United States and China in the realm of military technology,
specifically regarding advancements in microchip manufacturing and artificial intelligence (AI). Alarmed by China's
advancements in its navy and hypersonic missile capabilities, the U.S. is increasing military funding to maintain its edge.
Both nations are heavily investing in AI and microchips, essential for military applications, with Taiwan's TSMC being the
leading supplier of advanced microchips. The U.S. has imposed an embargo on China to limit its access to cutting-edge
technology while also investing in domestic manufacturing. The article compares this modern arms race to the Cold War
era, emphasizing the strategic importance of silicon technology.
2. Overview:
The article presents a detailed analysis of the chip wars between the United States and China, illustrating how both countries
are not only competing in military hardware but also in the realm of computing technologies. With advancements in AI and
machine learning becoming increasingly vital for military effectiveness, the race for superior microchip technology is at the
forefront. The U.S. seeks to contain China by limiting its access to advanced chip manufacturing technologies, while China
is investing heavily to bridge the gap and secure its technological future.
3. NOTES
• U.S.-China Relations: Understanding the dynamics of competition between these superpowers is crucial for the
International Relations section of the CSS syllabus.
• Technological Warfare: The significance of microchips and AI in contemporary military strategies is vital for
security studies.
• Economic Policies: The impact of embargoes and trade restrictions on global technology supply chains can be
explored under Pakistan Affairs and Current Affairs.
• Historical Comparisons: The article draws parallels with the Cold War, which can be relevant in discussions about
historical military strategies.
4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus/Subjects
This article is relevant to topics within CSS/PMS syllabus, such as International Relations, Current Affairs, and Security. It
provides depth analysis into contemporary geopolitical issues and the strategic importance of technology in global power
dynamics.
5. Notes for Beginners with Examples:
• Modernising: Countries often need to modernise their military equipment to remain competitive; for instance,
upgrading naval fleets to include advanced missile systems.
• Embargo: The U.S. placed an embargo on certain technology exports to China to limit its military advancements,
demonstrating how trade restrictions can impact international relations.
• Pursuing: Nations are pursuing advancements in AI to enhance their military capabilities, similar to how companies
pursue innovation to stay ahead in the market.
6. Facts and Figures:
- Taiwan’s TSMC is the sole leader in advanced microchip production, crucial for both U.S. and Chinese military
technologies.
- The U.S. is investing billions into domestic manufacturing to reduce reliance on foreign technology sources.
To sum up, The article emphasizes the critical role of technology in modern military strategy, framing the U.S.-China competition as a pivotal conflict of the 21st century.
With advancements in AI and microchips shaping the future of warfare, the race for technological superiority is reminiscent of past geopolitical tensions, highlighting the
significance of strategic investments in military and technological capabilities. As both nations intensify their efforts, the outcomes will have profound implications for
global stability and security.

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 69. Wall of BRICS
1. Summary:
Article highlights the recent BRICS+ summit in Kazan, Russia, which saw the addition of new member countries, marking
a shift in global alliances focused on energy security and economic cooperation. The inclusion of Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran,
Saudi Arabia, and the UAE underscores the bloc's strategic interests. Despite its geostrategic importance, Pakistan was
excluded due to economic challenges, political instability, and external influences, particularly from the U.S. However,
Russia’s recent diplomatic efforts towards Pakistan are seen as positive developments for balanced foreign relations.
Meanwhile, India and China are undergoing a gradual rapprochement, fueled by shared economic dependencies and
evolving global dynamics, despite their historical border disputes.
2. Overview:
The BRICS+ summit in Kazan symbolizes a significant restructuring of global alliances, with emerging economies aligning
based on mutual interests in energy and economic stability. This gathering saw India and China move towards reconciling
their strained relations, motivated by India's reliance on Chinese imports and a mutual interest in reducing Western
dependency. Pakistan's absence from the bloc reflects its ongoing political and economic challenges but also presents a call
for re-evaluation of its foreign policy. Pakistan must prioritize economic stability and development to potentially align with
such multilateral platforms.
3. NOTES :
This article is valuable for understanding Pakistan’s foreign policy challenges and opportunities within the BRICS
framework. The key takeaways include the influence of economic stability on diplomatic relations, the importance of
diversified alliances, and how geopolitical shifts affect Pakistan’s standing in global affairs. Aspirants should analyze how
Pakistan can achieve economic resilience and why stable internal policies are essential for inclusion in major economic
groups like BRICS. This analysis is beneficial for questions on Pakistan’s foreign policy in Pakistan Affairs and International
Relations.
4. Relevance to CSS Subjects:
- Pakistan Affairs: Pakistan’s foreign policy adjustments and relations with emerging blocs.
- International Relations: Geopolitical dynamics within BRICS and implications of Pakistan's absence.
- Current Affairs: Shifts in global power, specifically between BRICS members and the West, and their economic
implications.
5. Notes for Beginners with Examples:
- Rapprochement refers to efforts to improve relations between two previously hostile parties. For instance, India and
China are undergoing rapprochement to stabilize their trade relations.
- Geo-economic considerations involve the financial impact of political alliances. In the case of BRICS, member
countries align due to mutual economic goals.
- Mandate signifies the public’s permission for government action. A stable government with a strong public mandate
can enact effective foreign policies.
6. Facts and Figures:
- The BRICS trade summit, which saw new members join, aims to strengthen mutual economic interests, particularly
in energy.
- India and China’s trade stood at $136.26 billion in 2022, reflecting their economic interdependence despite border
disputes. - Pakistan’s exports to China were valued at $2.79 billion in 2022, highlighting its trade imbalance and
reliance on imports from China.
To wrap up, Pakistan’s exclusion from BRICS+ presents an opportunity for introspection and policy reform. A focus on
internal economic stability, diplomatic independence, and alignment with emerging global blocs is essential for Pakistan’s
future inclusion in significant multilateral platforms. The lesson here is that sustained economic growth, underpinned by
political stability, forms the foundation of effective foreign relations and national security.

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 70. US Policy Under Trump or Harris
1. Summary:
The article discusses how the 2025 U.S. presidential election will shape U.S. foreign policy toward the Global South,
highlighting key differences between Donald Trump and Kamala Harris’s approaches. Trump is anticipated to adopt a
protectionist stance, emphasizing economic nationalism through tariffs that may disrupt trade with countries in Latin
America, Africa, and Asia. His policies could pressure these regions to align with the U.S. in its rivalry with China,
potentially unsettling economic and geopolitical stability. Conversely, Harris is expected to favor multilateralism and
collaborative initiatives, such as the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework, which would enable Global South nations to
maintain flexible trade relations while managing U.S.-China tensions without drastic realignments.
In terms of security and diplomatic influence, Trump’s transactional alliances could lead to reduced U.S. security
commitments, particularly in Asia and the Middle East, pushing some nations to independently strengthen their defenses.
Harris would likely continue Biden-era policies, emphasizing stable alliances and a consultative approach to security that
fosters stability. Her administration might also support economic cooperation on climate change and digital infrastructure,
appealing to Global South nations aiming for sustainable growth. Both candidates’ approaches will profoundly impact trade,
security, and diplomatic dynamics across these regions, each presenting distinct challenges and opportunities.
2. Overview :
The article critically examines the starkly different foreign policy approaches that Donald Trump and Kamala Harris might
bring if either claims the U.S. presidency in 2025, focusing on their possible effects on the Global South. With Trump,
expect a bold return to protectionism—his economic nationalism could create waves across Latin American, African, and
Asian markets, as countries brace for stricter U.S.-China trade policies. Trump’s approach is like a storm on the horizon,
unpredictable and potentially disruptive, demanding Global South nations to carefully chart their own course amid rising
tensions.
Harris, by contrast, is seen as an advocate of multilateralism, likely to support trade frameworks offering Global South
nations more flexibility in managing U.S.-China relations. Her style leans towards cooperation rather than confrontation,
building bridges where Trump may erect barriers.
In security and diplomacy, Trump’s “transactional” alliance model might reduce America’s defense commitments, especially
in Asia and the Middle East, nudging regional players to invest more heavily in their own defenses. Meanwhile, Harris
would probably build on Biden’s strategy, strengthening partnerships and promoting a stable global order. Her likely focus
on climate action and digital infrastructure aligns closely with the development priorities of emerging economies. In essence,
the next U.S. administration will not only shape America’s foreign policy but could cast a long shadow over the growth and
stability of the Global South, setting the stage for either friction or cooperation across global trade, security, and diplomacy.
3. NOTES :
This article provides In-depth analysis into international relations, especially in the context of U.S. foreign policy’s influence
on the Global South. Examining Trump's protectionist policies and Harris’s multilateral approach could help aspirants

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understand the economic and geopolitical impact of great power politics on developing regions, relevant to subjects like
International Relations, Current Affairs, and Pakistan Affairs.
4. CSS Syllabus Relevance:
- International Relations: Impact of U.S. foreign policy on trade, security, and alliances.
- Current Affairs: U.S. influence on the Global South’s economic and security dynamics.
- Pakistan Affairs: Analysis of global power shifts and their potential impact on Pakistan's foreign policy.
5. Notes for Beginners with Examples:
- Protectionist Policy Example: A government raising tariffs on imported goods to boost local industries.
- Transactional Alliance Example: A relationship where two countries support each other’s policies primarily for
mutual benefit, such as military support in exchange for financial aid.

6. Facts and Figures:

- Trump's previous administration imposed tariffs on $350 billion worth of Chinese goods.
- Harris’s stance supports international frameworks like the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework, aimed at
strengthening regional trade without aggressive tariff measures.

To sum up, This article sheds light on the contrasting impacts of Trump's and Harris’s foreign policy directions on the Global
South. While Trump’s potential policies could disrupt trade and security ties, Harris’s multilateral approach may encourage
stability and balanced alliances, allowing Global South nations to navigate U.S.-China dynamics with more autonomy. The
upcoming U.S. election is thus poised to influence both economic resilience and geopolitical strategies across these
developing regions.

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 71. Conflict Management and Resolution.
1. Summary:
The article by Imran Malik examines the pressing issues of conflict management (CM) and conflict resolution (CR) in South
Asia. It highlights the persistent and complex disputes in the region, particularly those involving India, such as the Kashmir
conflict and territorial disputes with neighboring countries. The article emphasizes the importance of managing and
resolving these conflicts through diplomatic means, mediation, and negotiation. CM focuses on preventing escalation, while
CR aims to address root causes and ensure lasting peace. The piece calls for a trilateral approach, including China, India,
Pakistan, and the Kashmiri people, to resolve these longstanding issues.
2. Overview:
This article is very important for understanding conflict management and resolution in international relations, particularly
in the South Asian context. It touches upon key concepts like coercive diplomacy, territorial disputes, and the role of
international institutions in managing conflicts. For CSS/PMS exam aspirants, this article provides on-depth analysis into
the practical applications of diplomacy, conflict management strategies, and the broader implications of unresolved
international issues.
3. Notes :
- Conflict Management (CM): Involves addressing and managing ongoing conflicts without escalating them to war,
using diplomacy, sanctions, or force short of war. It aims to prevent the spread of violence and maintain peace.
- Conflict Resolution (CR): A more comprehensive approach focused on addressing the root causes of conflict and
finding mutually acceptable solutions to prevent future disputes. CR often involves diplomacy, legal frameworks,
and international cooperation.
- Key examples of successful CR include the Rann of Kutch dispute resolution (India-Pakistan), the Good Friday
Agreement (Northern Ireland), and the Tripartite Agreement (Namibia).
- South Asian Context: The article highlights ongoing conflicts in South Asia, particularly involving India, and
suggests a joint trilateral approach to resolve issues like Kashmir.
4. CSS Syllabus Relevance:
- International Relations: Conflict management and resolution are key components of international relations,
especially in the South Asian context.
- Pakistan Affairs: The Kashmir dispute and India-Pakistan relations are central to understanding Pakistan's foreign
policy and national security.
- Current Affairs: Understanding contemporary conflicts like those in Kashmir and Sino-Indian relations is crucial
for current affairs knowledge.
5. Notes for Beginners with Examples and Facts:
- Conflict Management Example: The handling of Sino-Indian clashes along the LAC, where both parties control
the spread of conflict while maintaining bilateral trade, is an example of CM.
- Conflict Resolution Example: The successful resolution of the Rann of Kutch dispute through arbitration between
India and Pakistan is an example of CR. This was a territorial conflict, which was diplomatically resolved through
third-party mediation.
6. Facts and Figures:
- The Kashmir region remains a volatile area with significant international attention, involving three nuclear-armed
countries: India, Pakistan, and China.
- Over 3 billion people in South Asia and neighboring regions are directly affected by the ongoing conflicts,
particularly in Kashmir.
To wrap up, The article underscores the need for a new, innovative approach to conflict management and resolution in South Asia. A
joint diplomatic initiative involving China, India, Pakistan, and the Kashmiri people could be a crucial step toward achieving lasting
peace and stability in the region. This would require overcoming external pressures and focusing on the mutual benefits of peace.

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 72. Trump’s Impact
1. Summary:
In a surprising turn of events, Donald Trump has won the U.S. presidential election for a second term, shocking political
analysts who had predicted Kamala Harris's victory. Trump's re-election highlights widespread discontent among
Americans, particularly regarding the U.S. government’s involvement in Middle Eastern conflicts and economic
policies. Trump has vowed to secure U.S. borders, stimulate the economy, and minimize foreign interventions. His
previous term's decisions, including economic sanctions on China and withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, have
already set complex challenges for the administration. Trump's victory has also sparked varying reactions in Pakistan,
where political leaders are adjusting their positions in anticipation of changes in U.S.-Pakistan relations, particularly
concerning economic aid and support for Pakistan’s domestic issues. Many hope that Trump's leadership will facilitate
prosperity without the heavy foreign policy involvement seen in the previous administration.
2. Overview:
This article focuses on Donald Trump's re-election and its potential effects on U.S. foreign and domestic policies, with
wide-ranging implications for global politics and relations with Pakistan. Key points to note are Trump's approach to
foreign policy, economic sanctions, and reduced military interventions, which could have a significant impact on
international trade, regional power dynamics, and U.S.-Pakistan relations.
3. Notes :
Understanding Trump's policies and his focus on economic isolationism is important for CSS aspirants, as these could
redefine diplomatic and trade relationships worldwide. Important areas include U.S.-Pakistan relations and Trump's
stance on reducing military interventions, both of which influence Pakistan's geopolitical strategy and economic
dependencies. Given Trump's approach to global politics, CSS aspirants should pay close attention to how these
policies might shape regional power dynamics, trade agreements, and Pakistan's standing in the global economy.
4. Relevance to CSS Subjects/Syllabus:
- Pakistan Affairs: U.S.-Pakistan relations and the implications of U.S. foreign policies, including economic
aid and military support.
- Current Affairs: The impact of Trump's re-election on global trade, economic sanctions, and diplomatic
relations, especially concerning China and the Middle East.
- International Relations: U.S.-China rivalry, Middle Eastern politics, and the broader implications for global
geopolitics.
5. Notes for Beginners with Examples:
For beginners, understanding terms like "foreign policy," "economic sanctions," and "isolationism" is essential. For
instance, economic sanctions refer to trade penalties applied by one nation onto another, like the U.S. sanctions on
China, which impact global supply chains. Similarly, Trump's isolationist approach prioritizes internal economic
stability over international interventions, which could impact allied nations like Pakistan.

To wrap up, Trump’s re-election could lead to great changes in international politics and economic landscapes,
particularly impacting allies like Pakistan. His policies may reshape U.S. relations with key players, potentially leading
to a shift in power balance within the Middle East and Asia, where nations like China and Iran are significant
stakeholders. For Pakistan, adapting to these changes will be essential for maintaining favorable U.S. relations and
achieving stability.

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 73. Smog in 2025
1. Summary:
The editorial discusses the ongoing smog crisis in Pakistan, particularly in Punjab's urban areas and Hyderabad, which is
expected to continue throughout November and December. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has
issued a warning, emphasizing the urgent need for immediate measures such as closing schools and banning certain activities
to reduce the health risks. The editorial stresses the importance of long-term planning to address the issue, suggesting that
stubble burning be criminalized, factories be reviewed for their environmental standards, and hybrid work models be
adopted during the worst smog months. It also advocates for the promotion of electric vehicles and the consideration of
technologies like cloud seeding to mitigate the smog problem in the future.

2. Overview:
The editorial highlights Pakistan’s ongoing struggle with smog, exacerbated by activities like stubble burning and industrial
pollution. The NDMA’s advisory focuses on short-term solutions such as closing schools and offices to prevent exposure.
However, the editorial stresses that a more comprehensive, year-round strategy is needed to combat the issue in the long
term. This includes banning harmful practices, improving industrial emissions standards, and encouraging the adoption of
electric vehicles to reduce pollution. The piece suggests that these measures must be implemented with foresight and not as
reactive actions when the smog reaches hazardous levels.

3. Notes :
The editorial emphasizes the urgency of tackling Pakistan’s smog problem by integrating long-term solutions and proactive
planning. It focuses on the detrimental effects of pollution on public health and advocates for stronger regulation of
industries and agricultural practices, such as stubble burning. The piece calls for policy interventions and practical solutions,
like remote work arrangements and electric vehicle incentives, to address the crisis more effectively.

4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:

• Current Affairs: Environmental issues like smog and air pollution, their impact on public health, and government
responses.
• Pakistan Affairs: Policy recommendations to address environmental crises and long-term development planning.
• Essay: Solutions to environmental challenges, urban planning, and sustainable development in Pakistan.
5. Notes for Beginners:
This editorial focuses on the urgent need for Pakistan to address its smog crisis, which affects millions each year. Immediate
actions like closing schools and implementing hybrid work models are necessary, but more long-term measures, such as
banning stubble burning and encouraging electric vehicles, are also vital. The editorial encourages the government to take
proactive steps rather than reacting when the crisis reaches its peak.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Stubble burning should be criminalized to prevent its contribution to smog.
• The electric vehicle transformation of the domestic vehicle fleet could help reduce pollution.
• Hybrid work models could be implemented during the three months of severe smog.

To wrap up, This piece of writing calls for immediate and proactive measures to combat smo
g in Pakistan. It stresses that the government must implement long-term solutions, such as banning harmful practices,
improving industrial standards, and encouraging electric vehicles, to protect public health and prevent recurring smog crises.
If these steps are taken, Pakistan can significantly reduce smog levels and
improve air quality in the coming years.

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 74. Pakistan’s Climate Crisis.
1. Summary:
Pakistan is facing a climate crisis that is severely affecting its agriculture and food security. Extreme weather events, such
as the catastrophic floods of 2022, displaced millions and caused significant economic damage, foreshadowing the
worsening impact of climate change. Rising temperatures, projected to increase by up to 3.7°C by 2060, threaten vital crops
like wheat, which could see production decline by 2.5% by 2050. This situation is already reflected in declining yields, with
wheat production dropping from 27.46 million tons in 2020-21 to 26.21 million tons in 2021-22. Food insecurity is
escalating, with 37% of Pakistani households affected and a high malnutrition rate, particularly among children.
The humanitarian situation is further compounded by an increasing national poverty rate, which could rise by as much as 4
percentage points due to climate-induced disasters. In response, the International Rescue Committee (IRC) Pakistan is
leading initiatives to enhance climate resilience, including developing Local Adaptation Plans of Action (LAPA) with local
communities. These efforts aim to improve water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), strengthen infrastructure, and support
sustainable agriculture, especially for vulnerable groups like women in farming. The IRC's projects, such as climate-smart
agriculture systems and health resilience efforts, are essential to mitigating the impacts of climate change. However,
addressing Pakistan's climate crisis requires urgent international collaboration, greater climate financing, and swift
adaptation strategies.
2. Overview:
The climate crisis in Pakistan presents multifaceted challenges, impacting food production, poverty rates, and health. Rising
temperatures threaten key crops, while food scarcity contributes to widespread malnutrition, especially among children.
With millions facing poverty and food insecurity, Pakistan needs robust adaptation strategies. The International Rescue
Committee (IRC) leads initiatives to enhance climate resilience, such as Local Adaptation Plans of Action and climate
financing efforts. Projects like the Inclusive Climate Resilience in WASH and climate-smart agriculture systems in Sindh
and Balochistan address specific vulnerabilities, aiming to build sustainable, community-centered infrastructure.
3. Notes:
Pakistan’s climate crisis is a complex issue impacting agriculture, food security, and public health. The economy, heavily
reliant on agriculture, faces significant losses due to changing weather patterns, including higher temperatures and
unpredictable rainfall, which threaten essential crops. The declining wheat production reflects the broader trend of reduced
agricultural output, exacerbating food insecurity. With 37% of households facing food insecurity and millions suffering
from malnutrition, the crisis is deeply intertwined with poverty and health issues. The IRC is implementing local solutions
like climate-resilient infrastructure, water management systems, and health-focused projects to support vulnerable
communities. These initiatives address not just the immediate consequences of climate change but also aim to build long-
term resilience by empowering local populations, particularly women in agriculture, and improving access to climate-related
information.
4. Notes for Beginners:
Pakistan faces serious challenges due to climate change, with floods, high temperatures, and changing weather patterns
harming farming and increasing poverty. Organizations like the IRC work with local communities to adapt to these changes,
focusing on sustainable water, health, and agricultural practices.
5. Facts and Figures:
• 2022 floods affected 33 million people, caused $14.9 billion in damage.
• Temperatures in Pakistan projected to rise by 1.4°C to 3.7°C by 2060.
• Food insecurity affects 37% of households; 45% of children under five are stunted.
To sum up, Pakistan’s struggle against the climate crisis draws attention to the urgent need for both local and global action. While the IRC’s initiatives
are making meaningful strides in building climate resilience, the path forward requires a united international approach to increase funding, implement
adaptive strategies, and protect the most vulnerable populations.

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 The Express Tribune Article –
75.The impact of US elections
1. Summary:
The ongoing U.S. presidential election has garnered global attention, especially with candidates Donald Trump and Kamala
Harris presenting distinct policy approaches. Trump's domestic policies include tariff increases to promote local industries
and tax cuts favoring the rich, which critics argue could harm global trade and increase the national deficit. His stance on
immigration focuses on stricter controls, particularly targeting illegal immigration from South America, while excluding
Muslim migrants. Despite his controversial policies, Trump has support from various influential groups, including some
Muslim communities, due to his economic and foreign policies.
In contrast, Kamala Harris advocates for expanding immigration, introducing tax incentives for families, and increasing
resources for border management. She also proposes policies that target middle-income groups and small businesses
overseas. Harris’s foreign policy would likely continue the Biden administration’s support for Ukraine and stable alliances,
with a focus on containing Russia. On China, both candidates may maintain the status quo, although Trump is inclined to
reduce imports from China to promote domestic production.
For Pakistan, the U.S. election’s outcome is expected to have modest implications, likely continuing the existing U.S. policy
with a focus on regional security. Kamala's ties to India may influence her foreign policy, especially in strengthening political
and strategic relations with India. Both candidates are expected to continue strong support for Israel, which may intensify
tensions in the Middle East, particularly regarding the Palestinian issue.
2. Overview
This article by Talat Masood examines the contrasting domestic and foreign policy platforms of U.S. presidential candidates
Donald Trump and Kamala Harris, highlighting their approaches to trade, immigration, and international relations. The
analysis explores how these policies could impact global dynamics, including Pakistan’s relationship with the U.S. and the
broader geopolitical landscape.
3. NOTES
- The article provides analysis of election dynamics and their global impact, which can be valuable for understanding
International Relations and Current Affairs.
- The geopolitical implications of U.S. foreign policy, particularly on trade, immigration, and relations with China
and India, are important for Pakistan Affairs and International Relations.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
- International Relations: U.S. foreign policy, geopolitical shifts, U.S.-China relations
- Current Affairs: Impact of U.S. elections on global politics, trade, immigration, and security issues
5. Notes for Beginners with Examples:
• Protectionism – A policy where a country limits imports to protect its local businesses. For example, if the U.S.
imposes tariffs on foreign goods, it might make local products cheaper by comparison.
• Bilateral Relations – When two countries work together on issues like trade. For example, the U.S. and China
have a bilateral trade agreement that benefits both economies.
6. Facts and Figures:
- Kamala Harris proposes the Child Tax Credit bill aimed at making it easier for families to start.
- Trump's tax cuts are expected to benefit the wealthiest Americans, potentially increasing the national deficit.
- Trump’s plan to increase tariffs could strain global trade, especially with China.

To wrap up, U.S. presidential election has far-reaching effects not only for domestic policy but also for global affairs. The
contrasting approaches of Trump and Kamala Harris on trade, immigration, and foreign policy will likely shape international
relations,

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 76. Injustice Within The Justice System.
1. Summary:
In her article, Saira Samo highlights the deep-rooted issues plaguing Pakistan's justice system, particularly the prolonged
delays in legal proceedings and the immense backlog of cases. With over 2.1 million cases pending across the judicial
system, the lack of efficiency in resolving legal matters has led to a growing sense of frustration among the public,
weakening trust in the judiciary. The article points out that recent constitutional amendments, including changes to the
judiciary's autonomy, have further compromised its effectiveness. These reforms have led to concerns about political
interference, especially regarding the judiciary's ability to make unbiased decisions. Moreover, the process of judicial
appointments now being in the hands of a parliamentary committee raises alarms over potential political influence in shaping
the judiciary. Saira Samo stresses that while reform is necessary, it must prioritize judicial independence and efficiency to
restore credibility in the legal system.
2. Overview:
This article provides an in-depth look at Pakistan's judicial system, which is essential for understanding the complexities of
governance, law, and political dynamics in Pakistan. The discussion on judicial reforms, case backlog, and political
interference touches upon constitutional law, governance challenges, and the impact of legal frameworks on a nation's
political stability. For CSS aspirants, this article highlights the real-world applications of legal principles and the importance
of judicial independence, offering insights into how reforms can either strengthen or undermine the justice system.
3. NOTES :
- Judicial Autonomy: This refers to the independence of the judiciary from political pressures, enabling judges to
make decisions based on law rather than political influence. In the context of Pakistan, judicial autonomy has been
a subject of controversy, particularly after constitutional amendments that limit the judiciary's powers.
- Case Backlog: A significant issue in Pakistan's judicial system, where millions of cases remain unresolved due to
inefficiencies and administrative overload. This backlog undermines public trust in the justice system.
- Political Influence on Judiciary: The article discusses concerns about how political interference, especially in
judicial appointments, can compromise the independence of the judiciary and affect the fairness of judicial
decisions.
4. CSS Syllabus Relevance:
- Pakistan Affairs: The article discusses the challenges faced by Pakistan’s legal and judicial system, which is central
to the country's governance and political stability.
- Governance: The impact of political interference and judicial reforms touches on governance issues, which are
critical for understanding the role of institutions in a country’s administrative structure.
- Constitutional Law: The article refers to recent constitutional amendments, discussing their impact on judicial
autonomy and independence, which is a core aspect of constitutional law in Pakistan.
5. Notes for Beginners with Examples and Facts:
- Judicial Independence Example: In countries with strong judicial independence, such as the United States, judges
are able to make decisions without fear of political retribution, ensuring fair trials.
- Case Backlog Example: In Pakistan, the delay in resolving cases like the long-standing land disputes in Sindh has
left many citizens without justice for decades, contributing to the overall backlog.
6. Facts and Figures:
- Pakistan’s judiciary faces an enormous backlog of over 2.1 million cases.
- Recent changes in the constitutional framework have significantly impacted the autonomy of the judiciary, which
now faces challenges in maintaining impartiality.

To sum up, The article underscores the critical need for judicial reform in Pakistan, focusing on reducing the case backlog
and safeguarding judicial independence. While legislative changes have been introduced, they must be implemented
carefully to avoid further politicizing the judiciary.

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 77. Another Bloodshed
1. Summary:
The editorial, Another Bloodshed, confronts the persistent terrorism challenge in Pakistan, focusing on a recent tragic suicide
bombing at Quetta railway station that claimed at least 26 lives and injured over 60. The attack, targeting the Peshawar-
bound Jaffer Express, is yet another act of violence by the Baloch Liberation Army’s Majeed Brigade, highlighting the
ongoing threat from this insurgent group, which frequently aims to destabilize Pakistan and strain its foreign relations,
particularly with China. Despite Pakistan’s numerous anti-terrorism efforts, the regularity and severity of such incidents
underscore critical flaws in the country's counterterrorism strategy, raising questions about its effectiveness and the state's
capacity to ensure public safety.
The editorial points out that terrorism in Pakistan has evolved beyond a mere security crisis to become a broader political
and economic issue. Over 1,600 terror incidents have occurred nationwide in the last 15 months, creating widespread
insecurity among citizens and hampering Pakistan’s appeal to foreign investors. The article argues for a strategic overhaul
in counterterrorism efforts, advocating for a shift from temporary solutions to a sustainable, "organic" approach that can
address root causes and foster long-term stability in conflict-prone areas like Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
2. Overview:
This article explores Pakistan’s ongoing struggle with terrorism, emphasizing the urgent need for a more effective
counterterrorism framework. It provides detailed analysis for CSS aspirants into the nation's security, foreign policy
challenges, and governance dynamics, aligning closely with key topics in the Pakistan Affairs, Current Affairs, and
Governance.
3. Notes :
- Counterterrorism Strategy: This refers to Pakistan’s measures for preventing and responding to terrorist threats.
The article critiques the country’s current approach, highlighting its limitations in addressing regional insurgencies.
- Economic and Political Impacts: Terrorism severely impacts Pakistan's economy by driving away foreign investors
and creating long-term instability in affected regions like Balochistan, directly impacting socio-political stability.
- Baloch Liberation Army (BLA): A separatist militant group that frequently conducts attacks on government and
foreign targets, complicating peace and security efforts in Pakistan.

4. Relevance to CSS Subjects/Syllabus:

- Pakistan Affairs: Pakistan’s internal security issues and challenges in countering insurgency.
- Current Affairs: The implications of terrorism on foreign policy, particularly with China.
- Governance and Public Policy: Examination of the state's counterterrorism policies and their effectiveness.

5. Notes for Beginners with Examples and Facts:

- Example of Terrorism: The recent Quetta bombing exemplifies how terrorism disrupts public safety, creating
ripples in the economic and political landscape.
- Counterterrorism Example: Comprehensive counterterrorism efforts in countries like the UK focus on intelligence
and community relations to counter extremist threats effectively.
6. Facts and Figures:
- The attack at Quetta railway station resulted in over 60 injuries and 26 fatalities.
- Pakistan has recorded over 1,600 terror incidents in the last 15 months, reflecting a severe security crisis.

To wrap up, The editorial underscores the critical need for Pakistan to reassess and revamp its counterterrorism strategy,
emphasizing that temporary measures are insufficient. For CSS/PMS aspirants, this analysis provides a deeper
understanding of Pakistan’s internal security complexities, the repercussions of terrorism on governance and international
relations, and the urgent need for resilient policy reform to ensure long-lasting peace and stability.

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 78.Women In Cricket: Redefining Gender Norms And Challenges.
1. Summary:
Women's cricket has a rich history dating back centuries, yet it has only recently begun to gain the recognition it deserves
due to increased investment, dedication, and visibility. The journey for female cricketers has been fraught with societal
pressures, gender norms, and inadequate infrastructure, but players like Sana Mir, Javeria Khan, and Bismah Maroof in
Pakistan have become icons of resilience and inspiration for young girls. Their achievements have empowered women
across Pakistan to pursue sports, challenging the idea of cricket as a "man's game" and promoting gender equality through
their presence on the field.
Despite the progress, women in cricket still face challenges, such as limited family support and a lack of funding.
Internationally, however, women’s cricket has seen more investment and media coverage, helping it gain popularity and
paving a path for Pakistani players. By succeeding in sports, Pakistani women are not only breaking stereotypes but also
redefining economic and social standards, gaining financial autonomy and setting a model for gender equality. With
continued support, women’s cricket in Pakistan holds immense potential to influence lasting social change and inspire future
generations.
2. Overview:
This article highlights the evolving role of women in cricket, particularly in Pakistan, where players have had to fight
traditional gender expectations to participate in a sport historically dominated by men. The piece of writing traces women’s
cricket history, beginning with the first recorded match in 1745, and celebrates figures like Christina Willes, who adapted
bowling techniques to overcome clothing limitations. Pakistani cricketers have become trailblazers, boosting gender
equality and empowering younger generations. Yet, the sport's professional infrastructure still lags due to insufficient
funding, limited family support, and entrenched gender roles. Recent efforts by the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) and media
platforms to improve visibility and support have been promising, allowing female athletes to pursue careers in sports and
gain financial independence. Ultimately, women’s cricket is framed not only as a struggle to break into a male domain but
as a broader movement for social and economic empowerment.
3. Notes:
• Women's cricket history and its social impact.
• Gender norms and sports empowerment in Pakistan.
• Influence of notable female players and their contribution to gender equality.
• Challenges in funding and support for women’s sports in Pakistan.
• Role of cricket in broader economic and social empowerment for women.
4. Detailed Notes:
In the article, the history and impact of women’s cricket are examined, particularly within the context of Pakistan. It
highlights how women cricketers have broken traditional gender roles, paving the way for equality and inspiring future
generations. Notable players like Sana Mir and Bismah Maroof have made significant contributions, encouraging young

girls to participate in sports. However, women’s cricket in Pakistan faces funding issues and limited familial support, with
many families still viewing cricket as a male-dominated pursuit. Despite these obstacles, efforts from the Pakistan Cricket
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Board (PCB) and increased media attention have allowed female athletes to pursue professional careers, promoting financial
independence and social empowerment. This growing movement is about more than just breaking into a male-dominated
field; it is a testament to the potential of sports as a vehicle for broader economic and social transformation for women in
Pakistan.
5. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Gender Studies: Gender roles, women’s empowerment, and equality in sports.
• Current Affairs: Impact of media and government initiatives on women's cricket.
• Essay:

6. Notes for Beginners:

Cricket has long been seen as a men’s game, but in recent years, women in Pakistan and around the world have made
impressive strides. Women like Sana Mir and Bismah Maroof are not only playing but also inspiring younger girls to
participate. Families may initially resist, seeing sports as unsuitable for women, but with strong role models, girls are gaining
confidence to pursue cricket. With more media coverage and financial support, women’s cricket is becoming popular, and
these athletes are changing societal views on what women can achieve.
7. Facts and Figures:
• The first women’s cricket match was recorded in 1745 in Surrey, England.
• Prominent players like Mithali Raj hold international records, inspiring women globally.
• Ellyse Perry is the first woman to represent Australia in both cricket and football World Cups.
• Investment from platforms like Sportsbreaks.com has boosted international women’s cricket visibility.

In a nutshell, Women's cricket in Pakistan is more than just sports; it represents a shift in societal norms and economic
opportunities for women. As these athletes continue to defy gender expectations, they inspire future generations and create
a legacy of resilience, equality, and empowerment. The challenges may persist, but with growing support and visibility, the
future for women's cricket—and for Pakistani women in sports—is bright.

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 79. Afghan Refugee Crisis.
1. Summary:
The Afghan refugee crisis has escalated into a critical challenge for Pakistan, straining its already fragile economy and
limited resources. Hosting a vast number of refugees has overburdened the country’s employment opportunities and social
services, leaving little room for sustainable support. Despite over 600,000 Afghan refugees registered for resettlement
through the UNHCR, only 8,000 applications are processed yearly. Meanwhile, countries like the US, Australia, Canada,
Germany, and Britain have approved resettlements but failed to expedite relocation due to restrictive visa processes and
anti-immigration sentiment. This crisis traces back to flawed international policies, particularly the US’s hasty troop
withdrawal from Afghanistan, which facilitated the Taliban’s return to power. The article underscores the need for global
solidarity, with wealthier nations providing financial aid and upholding their commitments to refugee resettlement.
The global response to this crisis has been disappointing, as wealthy nations prioritize domestic politics over international
responsibilities. Far-right movements have fostered stricter immigration laws, further complicating resettlement efforts.
Pakistan, bearing the brunt of this crisis, demands immediate financial and logistical support to ensure humane treatment
for Afghan refugees. As nations debate their responsibilities, the call for equitable burden-sharing has become urgent,
emphasizing the importance of collective action to address one of the most pressing humanitarian challenges of our time.
2. Overview:
This article provides in-depth analysis the complexities of Pakistan’s Afghan refugee crisis, presenting a dual narrative of
strained resources and delayed international aid. It discusses the socio-political hurdles preventing effective resettlement,
including restrictive immigration policies in wealthy nations. The US’s role in creating this crisis, through its rushed
withdrawal from Afghanistan, is highlighted as a pivotal factor. Moreover, the piece emphasizes the importance of
immediate global intervention, urging countries to fulfill their promises of resettlement while offering financial and
humanitarian support to Pakistan.
3. Notes:
The Afghan refugee crisis reflects the dire consequences of geopolitical instability and unmet international responsibilities.
Pakistan, grappling with its economic challenges, has become a reluctant host to one of the largest refugee populations
globally. Over 600,000 Afghan refugees, registered with the UNHCR for resettlement, face prolonged uncertainty as wealthy
nations falter in their commitments. Countries such as the US, Australia, Canada, and Germany have delayed relocation
processes due to anti-immigration sentiments and complex visa regulations. Meanwhile, the US’s role in the flawed Afghan
peace process and the hasty withdrawal of troops has exacerbated the crisis. As Pakistan reaches its limits, the international
community must step in, ensuring equitable burden-sharing and honoring their resettlement promises to address this
humanitarian challenge effectively.
4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Socio-economic implications of hosting Afghan refugees, resource allocation challenges, and
policy responses.

• Current Affairs: Global refugee crises and the international community's responsibilities in conflict resolution.

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 • International Relations: Pakistan's role in addressing forced migrations and the responsibilities of global powers in
managing refugee crises.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Refugees are people forced to leave their country due to war or persecution. Afghan refugees fled to Pakistan after the
Taliban regained control in 2021. While Pakistan provides temporary shelter, it cannot sustain this responsibility alone.
Countries like the US, Canada, and Germany had pledged to resettle these refugees but have delayed the process. For
instance, over 25,000 Afghans approved for US relocation are still in Pakistan due to visa delays. This highlights the need
for international cooperation to address refugee crises.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Over 600,000 Afghan refugees registered for resettlement with the UNHCR.
• Only 8,000 resettlement cases are processed annually by the UNHCR.
• 25,000 Afghans await relocation to the US from Pakistan.
• Australia (9,000), Canada (6,000), and Germany (3,000) have approved Afghan refugees but delayed their
resettlement.
To conclude, The Afghan refugee crisis is a stark reminder of the global community's moral and legal obligations to support
displaced populations. Pakistan’s continued generosity in hosting refugees cannot be sustained without international
assistance. Wealthy nations must fulfill their resettlement promises and provide financial aid, ensuring equitable burden-
sharing and upholding humanitarian values.

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 80. Return of Donald Trump.
1. Summary:
Donald Trump's second presidential term could bring about significant upheaval, both domestically and internationally.
Domestically, his aggressive policies could lead to chaos, including mass deportations of immigrants, administrative
breakdowns, and intensified clashes with the media, legislature, and judiciary. His "America First" agenda, while appealing
to his base of middle-class white Americans, threatens to create severe economic and social disruptions, including rising
living costs due to tariffs. On the international stage, Trump's policies are unpredictable, with potential risks of heightened
tensions with China, a more aggressive stance toward Iran, and closer ties with India, all while moving away from long-
standing US commitments like NATO and the Ukraine war. While Trump showed some restraint during his first term, his
second might bring a much more confrontational approach, particularly in relation to Pakistan and China.
Trump's unpredictability is a central theme in understanding his potential return. His key cabinet appointments signal a shift
towards more aggressive foreign policies, especially in relation to China, Russia, and Iran. The article highlights concerns
for Pakistan, which may face more challenges under Trump's leadership, particularly in its relations with India and China.
The best course for Pakistan, the article suggests, is damage control through diplomacy, particularly leveraging past
cooperation with the US while maintaining its strategic partnerships with China.
2. Overview:
This article discusses the implications of Donald Trump's potential return to power, analyzing both domestic and
international repercussions. It raises concerns about the disruption his policies could cause within the US and globally,
highlighting his unpredictable nature and the challenges that may arise for countries like Pakistan, India, and China.
3. Notes:
This article examines the intersection of domestic and foreign policy and their impact on international relations, a topic of
relevance to the CSS syllabus under Political Science, International Relations, and Pakistan Affairs. Aspirants should focus
on the influence of political leaders on national and global stability, with particular emphasis on foreign policy shifts and
their regional implications.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Political Science: National Security, Domestic Policy
• International Relations: US Foreign Policy, Global Power Dynamics
• Pakistan Affairs: US-Pakistan Relations, Regional Security Issues
5. Notes for Beginners:
When analyzing articles like this, it is important to understand the broader political context. For example, "dislocation"
refers to significant disruptions, often within a system, while "diplomacy" deals with maintaining peaceful international
relations. An understanding of Trump's past actions, such as his approach to North Korea and Iran, helps contextualize the
possible outcomes of his policies in his second term.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Trump’s "greatest deportation in history" could affect millions of immigrants, primarily from Latin America, Asia,
and the Middle East.
• His new cabinet includes hardliners like JD Vance and Marco Rubio, signaling a shift towards more aggressive
foreign policies.
• Trump’s approach to tariffs may lead to a 60% increase in trade tariffs with China, increasing economic tensions.

To put it simply, The article critiques Trump’s potential return to power, highlighting the risks of significant disruption both
within the US and on the global stage. It highlights the challenges his policies may present to countries like Pakistan, with
a focus on the need for careful diplomatic engagement to manage these tensions while safeguarding national interests.
Trump's unpredictable nature remains a defining factor in assessing the future of international relations under his leadership.

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 81.Pakistan's Multiple Wars And The India Factor
1. Summary:
Pakistan is grappling with multiple internal conflicts, including proxy wars led by groups like the TTP and Baloch
separatists, sectarian clashes in regions like Kurram, and targeted persecution of religious minorities. Compounding these
issues is a fragile economy hindered by resistance to crucial reforms, and the looming threat of climate change. These
conflicts are aggravated by deep-seated governance issues, with the government facing significant credibility loss due to its
handling of political dissent, particularly against the PTI. Incidents such as the recent confrontation in Islamabad reflect a
widening chasm between citizens and state institutions, further weakening the social fabric.
Externally, Pakistan faces a hybrid warfare environment, particularly with India leveraging Pakistan’s internal
vulnerabilities, notably in Balochistan. Indian leaders’ past remarks highlight their intent to exploit Pakistan’s internal
divisions. However, the real threat lies within: governance failures, human rights denial, and marginalization fuel
resentment, making citizens susceptible to external manipulation. To counter these threats, Pakistan must foster trust through
responsive governance, civil discourse, and rule of law. Suppressing dissent through force only deepens societal fissures,
undermining national unity and weakening Pakistan’s defense against external interference.
2. Overview:
The article underscores Pakistan's internal instability, ranging from ethnic conflicts to governance failures, and stresses that
external threats, particularly from India, exploit these divisions. Bridging the trust gap between citizens and the state is
crucial for national resilience.
3. Notes:
This article underscores the complex interplay between internal instability and external manipulation, particularly
highlighting Pakistan’s multifaceted internal conflicts. The key issues include ethnic insurgencies, sectarian violence,
religious persecution, and economic stagnation. These challenges, if unresolved, create vulnerabilities that external actors,
particularly India, exploit through hybrid warfare. The observations provided are very important for understanding
Pakistan's internal security dynamics, the importance of governance reforms, and the broader implications of geopolitical
strategies. Aspirants should focus on the connection between governance failures and national security, the role of proxy
wars, and how external forces leverage internal discord to destabilize a nation. Effective governance, respect for human
rights, and societal cohesion are emphasized as essential for national resilience.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Internal Security Challenges in Pakistan, Governance and Public Administration, Ethnic and
Sectarian Conflicts, Role of Political Stability in National Security.
• International Relations: Hybrid Warfare and Its Implications, Pak-India Relations and Regional Dynamics, Role of
External Forces in Internal Conflicts.
• Security: Proxy Wars and Hybrid Conflicts, Counterterrorism Strategies, Impact of Governance on National
Security.

5. Important Concepts:

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 • Proxy War: A conflict where external powers support local factions to achieve strategic goals indirectly, without
direct involvement.
• Hybrid Warfare: A combination of conventional warfare, cyber tactics, economic pressure, and propaganda to
destabilize an adversary.
• Marginalization: The social and economic exclusion of specific groups, leading to resentment and unrest.
6. Notes for beginners:
Internal conflicts like ethnic insurgencies and economic instability weaken a country, making it easier for external forces,
such as India, to exploit these weaknesses. Responsive governance, protecting citizens' rights, and addressing grievances
are essential to build national unity and strength. Hybrid warfare involves using multiple tactics to destabilize a country,
including supporting local insurgencies and spreading misinformation.
7. Facts and Figures:
• Pakistan faces ongoing insurgencies in Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, driven by groups like the TTP and
Baloch separatists.
• Indian officials have openly discussed exploiting Pakistan's internal divisions, particularly in Balochistan.
• The resurgence of the TTP since 2007 highlights the persistent security challenge.
• Governance failures and economic stagnation exacerbate internal instability, making the country vulnerable to
hybrid warfare.

To sum up, Addressing internal challenges through effective governance and social cohesion is crucial for national security.
A united and resilient society forms the first line of defense against external manipulation, ensuring long-term
stability and prosperity.

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 The News International
82. do-Pak Trade Restart?
1. Summary:
The article Indo-Pak Trade Restart? by Maryam Mastoor explores the potential revival of trade between India and Pakistan
despite ongoing political tensions. Since India’s revocation of Article 370 in 2019, relations have soured, stifling economic
cooperation in the region. Yet, there is a renewed push within Pakistan to reestablish trade ties, motivated by the hope that
economic interdependence could bring stability and reduce conflict risks. By drawing parallels to the economic
interdependence of the U.S. and China, the article argues that similar ties between India and Pakistan could improve South
Asia’s economic landscape. Restoring trade could also create jobs and support communities in Jammu and Kashmir along
the Line of Control.
The article further discusses Pakistan’s limited options amid India’s firm stance on restricted dialogue, focused mainly on
security concerns. With limited pathways for economic growth, the article suggests that Pakistan diversify its trade with
other neighboring countries such as Iran and Bangladesh. Ultimately, it emphasizes that political stability is foundational
for economic advancement, recommending that Pakistan prioritize governance reforms and stability if it is to achieve
sustainable economic growth, whether or not trade with India resumes.
2. Overview:
This article emphasizes the role of trade in Indo-Pak relations, advocating economic ties as a bridge to reduce tensions and
encourage sustainable growth, especially in areas like Kashmir. The writer suggests that Pakistan should not only seek
stability but also consider alternative trade routes to enhance economic resilience.
3. Notes :
For CSS aspirants, this article is important for understanding international relations, economic diplomacy, and regional
integration, which relate to Pakistan Affairs and International Relations. It highlights how economic policies influence
diplomatic ties, providing an important perspective for essay writing and for grasping the geopolitical dynamics of South
Asia.
4. Relevant Topics in CSS Syllabus:
- Regional Integration and Cooperation (International Relations)
- Foreign Policy of Pakistan
- Economic and Political Relations with Neighboring Countries (Pakistan Affairs)
- Role of Diplomacy and Economic Ties in International Peace
5. Notes for Beginners with Examples:
Economic diplomacy involves using trade and investment to advance national interests. For instance, if Pakistan reopens
trade with India, it could lessen bilateral tensions, similar to how U.S.-China trade ties have managed tensions despite
rivalry.
6. Facts and Figures:
- South Asia’s intra-regional trade is considerably low compared to other global regions.
- Trade between Pakistan and India along the Kashmir LoC, when operational, was worth around $1.2 billion until
2019.

To wrap up, The article highlights trade as a diplomatic tool that could ease Indo-Pak tensions and stimulate economic
progress. Despite current challenges, Pakistan’s approach to regional cooperation and political stability may lay the
groundwork for long-term development and stronger diplomatic positioning in South Asia.

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 The Spine Times –
83. Digital Silk Road: Strategic and Economic Benefits for Pakistan.
1. Summary:
China’s Digital Silk Road (DSR) is a global initiative aimed at enhancing digital connectivity and infrastructure
in developing countries, including Pakistan. By investing in submarine cables like the PEACE and CPFOP
projects, China is helping Pakistan bridge the digital divide, connecting remote areas, improving internet access,
and fostering economic growth through e-commerce and education. These projects reduce Pakistan's reliance on
Western technologies and offer alternative routes for internet traffic, ensuring national security concerns are
addressed. Additionally, China’s investments in smart cities, such as the Gwadar Smart Port City, promise to
modernize urban infrastructure and improve public service delivery.
However, the DSR has drawn criticism due to concerns about China’s growing influence in global digital
governance. Critics argue that the project could lead to data security risks, surveillance, and the spread of digital
authoritarianism. They also warn that China could control international standards for internet governance, leading
to fragmented digital landscapes and possible restrictions on internet freedoms. Despite these concerns, DSR's
benefits for Pakistan in terms of economic growth, job creation, and digital infrastructure development are
undeniable, as the country stands to gain significantly from its participation in this large-scale project.
2. Overview:
The Digital Silk Road (DSR) is an initiative under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) aimed at enhancing digital
infrastructure in developing countries, including Pakistan. Through investments in submarine cables like PEACE
and CPFOP, China is helping Pakistan improve internet connectivity, the digital divide, and fosterfostermic
growth through e-commerce and education. AdditiAdditio China is supporting theng theopment of smart cities
liies lidar Smart Port City, which aims to modernize urban infrastructure and public services. While DSR offers
significant strategic and economic benefits, it has also faced criticism for potentially increasing China’s control
over global digital governance and raising concerns about data security and surveillance.
3. Notes:
This road offers substantial strategic and economic benefits to Pakistan, notably by improving internet
connectivity through the PEACE and CPFOP submarine cables. These projects enable Pakistan to bypass bridge
Indian-controlled internet routes, reducing the risk of surveillance and data theft. Furthermore, the introduction
of high-speed internet and mobile apps has improved access to e-commerce, education, and health services in
remote areas. DSR is also crucial for the development of smart cities, such as the Gwadar Smart Port City, aimed
at enhancing urban living standards with modern technology. Despite the concerns about China's influence on
global internet governance, the DSR's impact on bridging Pakistan's digital divide and fostering economic growth
is significant.

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 4. Relevance to CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: The DSR initiative has profound implications for Pakistan’s economic and strategic relations with
China, contributing to national security and digital development.
• International Relations: DSR is an example of China’s growing influence on the global stage, challenging Western
dominance in technology and governance.
• Economics: The DSR promotes economic growth by improving digital infrastructure, creating jobs, and enhancing
e-commerce opportunities in Pakistan.
• Governance: The development of smart cities and improved public services through DSR highlights the importance
of digital governance and urban administration.
4. Notes for Beginners:
The Digital Silk Road (DSR) is a project by China to improve internet access in countries that don’t have advanced digital
infrastructure. This includes things like underwater internet cables and smart cities. Pakistan is benefiting from this project
by getting better internet and technology, especially in remote areas. This helps people learn, start businesses, and connect
with the rest of the world. However, some worry that too much control by China over the internet could lead to more
surveillance and less freedom online.
5. Facts and Figures:
• The PEACE cable project spans 15,000 km and connects Pakistan to Africa, Europe, and Asia, generating an
estimated USD 400 million in revenue per year.
• The CPFOP project includes two phases: the first phase involves 820 km of fiber optic cable from Khunjerab to
Rawalpindi, costing USD 44 million, while the second phase extends to Karachi and Gwadar, at a total cost of USD
240 million.

In a nutshell, China’s Digital Silk Road is a transformative project that offers Pakistan significant opportunities in digital
connectivity, economic growth, and national security. While concerns about China's growing influence and the risks of
digital authoritarianism remain, the strategic and economic benefits of DSR cannot be ignored. Pakistan’s participation in
DSR is a crucial step in bridging the digital divide and improving access to modern technologies for its people, especially
in remote regions. The success of these projects will play a key role in shaping Pakistan’s digital future.

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 84. How AI Could Shape the Rise and Fall of Nations.
1. Summary:
Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform global politics by reshaping power dynamics among nations. This
article explores how the development and regulation of AI could influence national stability, economic advantage, and even
geopolitical influence. Since the release of advanced AI technologies in 2023, public discourse has centered on issues like
job displacement and ethics. However, its effects on international power structures remain underexplored. The article
outlines multiple potential AI-driven futures, from a scenario in which the United States allows private corporations to lead
AI innovation to more centralized, government-controlled models. Each approach presents unique risks and rewards,
whether it’s prioritizing technological advancement, ethical concerns, or national security.
In contrast, China’s state-led, data-rich approach could position it as a dominant player in AI, challenging Western
dominance and possibly triggering an AI arms race. An alternative scenario imagines global cooperation, where
governments, industries, and academia form a consortium to establish shared standards and mitigate AI risks. This
collaborative approach could ensure equitable development while preventing competitive escalation. The article emphasizes
that whichever path nations choose, AI’s role in global politics will demand thoughtful regulatory frameworks to balance
innovation with security and ethical responsibility.
2. Overview:
This article by Asadullah Khan Wazir highlights the transformative potential of AI in geopolitics, analyzing how different
national approaches—ranging from free-market-led innovation to strict government regulation—could influence global
power dynamics. The focus on ethical, security, and economic concerns illustrates AI's complex role in shaping future
political landscapes.

3. NOTES :
- The article presents diverse models of AI governance that can be referenced in discussions on technology policy,
cybersecurity, or economic stability.
- This analysis provides on-depth analysis into geopolitical risks associated with technological advancements,
relevant for International Relations and Current Affairs.

4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:

- International Relations: Power dynamics, technological advancements in global politics
- Current Affairs:Impact of AI on national security, economic inequality, and geopolitical competition

5. Notes for Beginners with Examples:

1. Geopolitical Influence – Understanding the balance of power among countries shaped by natural and
technological resources. For example, a country with advanced AI capabilities may wield more international power.
2. Consortium Approach – Cooperation among nations to ensure responsible AI development; for example, an
international AI regulatory body could prevent misuse and foster collaboration.

6. Facts and Figures:

- Since 2023, AI technologies have been rapidly advancing, raising concerns over job losses and national security.
- China’s AI investments are projected to exceed $150 billion by 2030, aiming to surpass Western AI innovations.

To wrap up, AI's rapid growth signals intellectual shifts in global power, with nations needing to balance competitive
innovation and ethical governance. This article offers a thorough examination of the potential paths for AI's influence in
international politics, urging policymakers to consider frameworks that prevent risks and promote collaborative progress.

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 85. COP29 in Baku: A Global Truce for Climate Action and Peace.
1. Summary:
COP29 in Baku underscored the alarming acceleration of climate change, with global temperatures surpassing 1.3°C above
pre-industrial levels and threatening to breach the 1.5°C threshold within six years. The summit, attended by leaders from
197 nations, saw Azerbaijan propose a groundbreaking truce linking peace and sustainability, inspired by the ancient
Olympic truce. This initiative aimed to reduce warfare emissions, which account for 5-6% of global emissions, and foster
collaboration amid geopolitical tensions. Highlighting South Asia's vulnerabilities, the summit urged demilitarization of the
Siachen Glacier—a symbol of regional conflict—to promote climate stability and resilience. The proposal called for holistic
strategies that merge peace and environmental stewardship, particularly for regions like the Hindu Kush Himalayas, which
are warming at four times the global average. These measures aim to address interconnected crises, emphasizing that
vulnerable nations, though contributing minimally to global emissions, suffer the most severe consequences.
The conference delivered a resounding call for collective global action, urging high-emission countries, notably the G7 and
G20, to honor their climate commitments. Developing nations such as Pakistan face compounded challenges as they grapple
with both environmental and socio-political crises. The discussions at COP29 highlighted the necessity for unity and
decisive action, stressing that lofty promises must translate into tangible results. The stakes are high: without immediate
intervention, temperatures will continue to surpass critical thresholds, posing existential threats to future generations. For
countries like Pakistan, COP29 represents not just a climate summit but a potential turning point for national resilience and
global stability.
2. Overview:
This article emphasizes the interconnectedness of climate action and peace, showcasing Azerbaijan's proposal for a global
truce zs a pivotal step in reducing warfare emissions. It spotlights South Asia, particularly the Siachen Glacier, as a case
study for climate diplomacy and regional cooperation.
3. Notes:
Key takeaways include understanding the relationship between climate change and geopolitical tensions, the concept of
climate diplomacy, and the uneven burden on developing nations. South Asia’s challenges, particularly in the Hindu Kush
Himalayas, highlight the importance of holistic strategies in international relations and environmental governance. Focus
on topics such as international climate agreements, regional conflict resolution, and sustainable development policies.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations (IR): The truce proposal during COP29 reflects the intersection of diplomacy and climate
policy, highlighting how international cooperation can address both peace and environmental sustainability.
• Environmental Science and Climate Change: Discusses critical climate issues such as global warming thresholds,
carbon emissions, and the impact of climate change on vulnerable regions like South Asia.
• Current Affairs: Analyzes global geopolitical tensions, such as conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, and their
impact on climate negotiations.Governance and Public Policy: Emphasizes the need for international frameworks
and policies that address interconnected crises through holistic approaches.
5. Notes for Beginners:

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Climate diplomacy is the practice of using diplomatic efforts to address climate issues globally. For example, reducing
military tensions in regions like Siachen can help focus resources on environmental protection instead of conflict. Facts
such as the Hindu Kush Himalayas warming four times faster than the global average highlight the urgency of such
measures.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Temperature Rise: Global warming has exceeded 1.3°C above pre-industrial levels, with projections indicating the
1.5°C threshold may be breached within six years.
• Emissions Data: In 2023, the world emitted 57.1 GtCO2, while only 400 GtCO2 remains in the carbon budget to
stay within the 1.5°C limit.
• Warfare Emissions: Military activities contribute 5-6% of global emissions.
• South Asia Impact: The Hindu Kush Himalayan region is warming four times faster than the global average,
exacerbating glacial melting and water scarcity.
• Siachen Glacier: Over 20,000 soldiers are stationed at altitudes up to 6,700 meters, with more deaths caused by
extreme weather than combat.
• Natural Disasters: Asia experienced 167 natural disasters in 2023, with 13 affecting Pakistan, underscoring the
region's vulnerability.
In short, COP29's outcomes will shape the global climate response, especially for vulnerable nations like Pakistan. Only
through unity and decisive action can the world hope to mitigate the existential threats posed by climate change and foster
a future where peace and sustainability coexist.

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 86. Empowered Women, Empowered World: The Transformative Power of Financial
Autonomy.
1. Summary:
Financial autonomy is an undeniable force driving gender equality, enabling personal empowerment and societal
transformation. The journey toward economic independence has been arduous, with women historically relegated to
domestic spheres and denied property rights and fair wages. Through the relentless efforts of suffragist and feminist
movements, including the modern #Me too movement, significant strides have been made. Yet, the gender pay gap remains
a stark reality—women still earn 16% less than men globally. Financial independence not only empowers individuals but
fuels economic growth, reduces poverty, and fosters community development. Institutions, NGOs, and technological
advancements such as microfinance and fintech have played pivotal roles, particularly in developing countries. The success
stories of leaders like Indra Nooyi and the transformative potential highlighted in reports from McKinsey and the Gates
Foundation underscore the broader societal benefits of women’s economic empowerment.
However, the road ahead is long. Despite substantial progress, achieving global gender parity will take decades if current
trends continue. Financial autonomy is more than a personal milestone; it is the cornerstone for building equitable societies.
Technology has democratized access, but systemic changes and policy support remain important. Women investing in their
families and communities create a ripple effect of development, as seen in microcredit initiatives. The future demands a
concerted effort to make gender equality the norm, not an exception. Role models demonstrate that financial independence
isn't just about self-sufficiency—it’s a path to societal transformation, where empowered women shape stronger, resilient
communities.
2. Overview:
The article emphasizes the essential role of financial independence in achieving gender equality and societal progress. It
outlines historical struggles, modern advancements, and the transformative impact of women’s economic empowerment on
global development.
3. Notes:
Understanding financial autonomy's role in gender equality is crucial for various CSS topics, including gender studies,
social issues, and economic development. Key insights include historical movements, current challenges, and the socio-
economic impact of empowered women. Facts like the gender pay gap, McKinsey's $12 trillion GDP projection, and
examples of role models offer concrete evidence for essay writing and analysis.
4. Relevant CSS Topics:
• Gender Studies: Focuses on financial autonomy as a key driver for gender equality and women's empowerment.
• Sociology: Explores societal impacts, how financial independence challenges patriarchal norms, and fosters
community development.
• Economics: Covers the economic implications of financial inclusion, the gender pay gap, and microfinance's role
in boosting global GDP

• Current Affairs: Highlights recent reports and data, providing insights into ongoing global gender equality issues.
5. Notes for Beginners:
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Financial autonomy means having control over one’s income and financial decisions. For instance, a woman running her
own business or managing her salary independently exemplifies this. In developing countries, microfinance programs
provide small loans to women, helping them start businesses and support their families. This not only uplifts the individual
but also boosts the community's economy.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Women earn 16% less than men globally.
• Closing the gender gap could add $12 trillion to global GDP by 2025.
• Microcredit initiatives have empowered millions of women in countries like Bangladesh.

In a nutshell, Financial independence is the linchpin of true gender equality. Empowering women economically isn’t just
about fairness; it’s about creating a more prosperous, equitable world. The journey is challenging, but within reach, and
every step forward builds a stronger future for all.

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 87. Water Scarcity: A Global Challenge and Pathways to Sustainable Solutions.
1. Summary:
Water scarcity presents an escalating global challenge driven by population growth, climate change, and inefficient water
management. As the demand for freshwater surges, this issue manifests in physical shortages, economic constraints, and
inequitable distribution, severely affecting health, economies, and ecosystems. The impacts are profound: reduced
agricultural yields lead to food insecurity, contaminated water causes widespread diseases, and biodiversity loss destabilizes
natural ecosystems. Marginalized communities suffer the most, exacerbating social inequalities and heightening tensions.
Addressing this crisis demands multifaceted solutions. Conservation practices, integrated water resource management
(IWRM), infrastructure upgrades, and international cooperation are key pathways forward. Simple measures like fixing
leaks, adopting smart irrigation, and rainwater harvesting can make significant differences. Additionally, modern
technologies, such as wastewater recycling and desalination, offer promising alternatives. Collective efforts involving
policymakers, industries, and communities are crucial to ensuring equitable access and building resilience against future
water-related challenges.
2. Overview:
The article draws attention to the multifaceted nature of water scarcity, highlighting its root causes—rapid population
growth, climate change, and poor governance—and detailing its severe consequences on health, economies, and ecosystems.
Sustainable solutions like conservation, IWRM, infrastructure modernization, and global cooperation are emphasized as
essential steps toward securing freshwater resources for future generations.
3. Notes:
Water scarcity, driven by rapid population growth, climate change, and inefficient management, poses a significant threat
to global health, economies, and ecosystems. Addressing this crisis requires immediate and multifaceted action, including
sustainable practices such as reducing water waste and adopting efficient technologies. Integrated water resource
management (IWRM) is essential for optimizing allocation and minimizing waste, while infrastructure upgrades, like
modern pipelines and wastewater recycling systems, can enhance access to clean water. Climate change exacerbates water
scarcity through droughts and disrupted agriculture, intensifying food insecurity and disproportionately affecting
marginalized communities. Equitable resource distribution and international cooperation are important to managing shared
water resources and preventing conflicts. By fostering public awareness, promoting conservation, and implementing
innovative, region-specific solutions, we can build resilience and ensure a sustainable, equitable future for all.
4. Relevant CSS Topics:
- Environmental Science: Water resource management and conservation strategies.
- International Relations: Transboundary water cooperation and conflict resolution.
- Public Administration: Governance and infrastructure in resource management.
- Sociology: Impact of resource scarcity on marginalized communities.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Water scarcity happens when there isn’t enough clean water to meet people’s needs. Imagine living in a town where the
water supply runs dry for months due to drought or poor infrastructure. This can cause health problems (like cholera), reduce
food production, and make daily life challenging. Solutions like fixing leaks in homes, using water-saving technologies in
farms, and cooperating with other countries to share water resources are crucial.
6. Facts and Figures:
• By 2050, the global population may reach 10 billion, increasing freshwater demand.
• The UN reports that over 2 billion people already face water scarcity annually.
• Climate change could reduce freshwater resources by 40% by 2030.To wrap up, Water scarcity is a defining
challenge of our time, requiring collective action and innovative solutions. Sustainable management, equitable
distribution, and international cooperation are not just options—they are necessities for safeguarding our future.

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 Arab news
88. Top Reads This Year: From Middle East Turmoil To The Great Meta-Problem.
1. Summary:
As the year winds down, one of the most enlightening non-fiction books I encountered was The Coming Wave by Mustafa
Suleyman, which explores the transformative impact of new technologies, particularly AI and biotechnology. Suleyman, a
tech insider and co-founder of two AI companies, argues that the coming wave of technological advancements will
drastically change human history, bringing both unprecedented wealth and potential catastrophes. He emphasizes the "great
meta-problem of the 21st century"—the challenge of balancing the rewards and risks of these innovations. Through his
analysis, he calls for a careful containment strategy, ensuring societal control over technology without stifling progress. The
book delves into the pressing need for a balance between technological optimism and caution, highlighting the complex
interplay of governance, culture, and politics in navigating these challenges.
The second compelling read was What Really Went Wrong by Fawaz Gerges, which examines the US's role in the instability
plaguing the Middle East. Gerges contends that the chaos in the region is primarily the result of America's foreign policy,
particularly during the Cold War, which turned the Middle East into a proxy battleground. This interventionist approach,
including support for repressive regimes and interference in key moments like the 1953 CIA-backed coup in Iran, has left a
legacy of dysfunction. The book challenges popular narratives, arguing that the Middle East's instability is not rooted in
ancient cultural issues but rather in the consequences of Western intervention and its strategic interests, especially in securing
oil supplies. The third noteworthy book, War by Bob Woodward, compares the leadership styles of Donald Trump and Joe
Biden, particularly in handling international crises such as the wars in Ukraine and Gaza. Through revealing anecdotes,
Woodward offers a candid look at the tense and often contradictory dynamics within the US administration, shedding light
on the strained relationships and internal struggles faced by these leaders.
2. Overview:
This article covers three influential books from 2024, discussing the impact of technology, Middle Eastern instability, and
US foreign policy. The themes of technological change and its governance, Middle Eastern geopolitics, and the leadership
of global powers in crisis situations are explored in depth.
3. Notes for CSS Exam Aspirants:
• Focus on understanding the complex interplay between technological innovation and its societal impacts, which
can be explored under the topic of Technology and Society in the General Knowledge section.
• The discussion on US foreign policy and the Middle East fits well under International Relations and Political
History, particularly in relation to Cold War history and modern conflicts.
• Woodward's analysis of Trump and Biden provides valuable insights into leadership, political dynamics, and foreign
policy, useful for Political Science and Governance topics.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
- Technology and Society: The Coming Wave explores the societal impact of AI and biotechnology, relevant to
understanding technological governance in the CSS syllabus.

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 - International Relations: What Really Went Wrong analyzes US foreign policy in the Middle East, offering
knowledge into international dynamics and the consequences of interventionism.
- Political Science and Governance: War examines leadership during crises, linking to governance topics on decision-
making and its effect on international relations.
- Security: Suleyman’s book addresses emerging technological security threats, relevant to modern security
challenges in the CSS syllabus.
- History and Politics: Gerges' work on US Cold War interventions highlights the lasting political effects of past
conflicts, important for understanding current geopolitical issues.

5. Notes for Beginners:

The books mentioned in the article highlight the profound influence of both historical decisions and technological
advancements on global affairs. For beginners, understanding these factors is essential to grasping the dynamics of modern
politics and technology. For instance, the Cold War’s influence on the Middle East can be seen through the lens of proxy
wars and how these still shape current conflicts. Similarly, the growing role of AI and biotechnology underscores the need
for informed governance to harness their potential without causing harm to society.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Suleyman's book explores how AI and biotechnology will lead to significant progress, though their dangers are
undeniable.
• Gerges traces the Middle East's instability back to US Cold War policies, highlighting key moments like the 1953
CIA-backed coup in Iran.
• Woodward’s book examines the strained political relationships within the US administration, especially during
international crises.
In short, The books discussed in the article provide critical insights into contemporary global issues, from technological
innovations and their implications to the long-term effects of foreign policy decisions. These readings not only inform us
about the past but also offer warnings and lessons for the future.

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 Business Recorder
89. It’s All About Political Stability.
1. Summary:
Political instability is wreaking havoc on Pakistan’s economic landscape, creating an environment of uncertainty that deeply
concerns both local and foreign investors. Prominent business leaders, including officials from the Karachi Chamber of
Commerce and Industry (KCCI) and the Pakistan Business Council (PBC), emphasize that the lack of political cohesion
and the high cost of doing business are driving industrialists to seek better opportunities abroad. The departure of capital
and talent is a significant threat to the country's economic future, particularly as investors face bureaucratic red tape, rising
energy costs, and deteriorating security conditions. In contrast, countries like the UAE offer streamlined processes and stable
environments, attracting entrepreneurs who feel disillusioned by Pakistan's political chaos.
The ripple effects of this instability are far-reaching, affecting sectors such as trade, industry, and the stock market. The
recent record plunge in the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) and a potential revenue shortfall for the Federal Board of
Revenue (FBR) highlight the fragility of the economic situation. Business leaders call for urgent dialogue between political
factions to restore confidence and establish a consistent policy framework. Strengthening institutions like the judiciary and
the election commission is deemed essential to uphold the rule of law. Without political stability, any economic gains will
remain temporary, as sustainability hinges on creating an environment conducive to investment, both domestic and foreign.
2. Overview:
The article underscores the critical link between political stability and economic prosperity, stressing that persistent turmoil
hampers investor confidence, inflates costs, and drives businesses abroad. It highlights the urgent need for political
consensus and institutional reforms to revive economic growth and attract investments.
3. Notes:
This article provides an in-depth analysis of the interconnectedness between political stability and economic performance
in Pakistan. It provides awareness of the challenges faced by the business community, which can be useful for topics related
to Pakistan’s economy, governance, and public policy. Understanding these dynamics is essential for answering questions
on economic challenges and political instability in the CSS exam.
4. Related CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Current Affairs: Economic Challenges of Pakistan
• Pakistan Affairs: Political Systems and Governance
• International Relations: Comparative Political Systems
• Business and Economic Policy
5. Notes for Beginners:
Political stability means a consistent and predictable political environment where the government operates smoothly. For
example, in countries like the UAE, investors enjoy a stable environment with clear policies, leading to rapid business
growth. In contrast, political turmoil in Pakistan creates uncertainty, making it difficult for businesses to plan long-term
investments. Stability attracts both local and foreign investors, which boosts economic growth.
6. Facts and Figures:
• The Pakistan Stock Exchange recently experienced a historic drop of 3,505.62 points due to political instability.
• FBR faces a potential revenue shortfall of Rs160 billion for November 2024.
• Countries like the UAE clear investor applications within days, whereas in Pakistan, it can take over a year.

In conclusion, Political stability is the cornerstone of economic prosperity. Without resolving political disputes and creating
a business-friendly environment, Pakistan risks losing valuable investments and talent. Urgent reforms and consensus
among political parties are vital to ensure sustainable growth and restore investor confidence.

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 Difficult Words and Meanings:
Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Distortions Alterations that Alterations Accuracy
misrepresent or affect the
original form.
Exacerbate To make a problem, bad Aggravate Alleviate
situation, or negative
feeling worse.
Subsidies Financial support extended Grants Penalties
by the government to
promote economic sectors.
Dynamics Forces or properties that Forces Stagnation
stimulate growth,
development, or change
within a system.
Insurgent A person who rises in revolt Rebel Loyalist
against civil authority or an
established government.
Dynastic pertaining to a succession hereditary, lineage-based; individual, meritocratic.
of rulers from the same
family;
Meritocracy a system where success is competency-based, merit- nepotism, favoritism.
determined by ability rather driven;
than birthright;
Stagnation lack of movement, immobility, dormancy; dynamism, progress.
progress, or growth;
Entrenched firmly established and rooted, fixed; flexible, evolving.
difficult to change;
Alliance a union formed for mutual partnership, coalition; rivalry, opposition.
benefit, especially between
countries or organizations;
Charade an absurd pretense intended facade, pretense; honesty, reality.
to create a pleasant or
respectable appearance;
Quagmire a situation from which predicament, dilemma; solution, clarity.
extrication is difficult,
especially an unpleasant or
dangerous one;
Sovereignty the authority of a state to independence, autonomy; subjugation, dependence.
govern itself or another
state;
Genocidal relating to or denoting the exterminatory, annihilative; protective, preservative.
deliberate and systematic
extermination of a national,
racial, political, or cultural
group;
Ideological Based on a set of beliefs or Belief-based Pragmatic
ideals.
Sovereignty The authority of a state to Independence Subjugation
govern itself.

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 Terrorism The unlawful use of Violence Peace
violence and intimidation,
especially against civilians,
in pursuit of political aims.
Commercial Enterprise A business venture or
operation.
Militancy The use of confrontational Aggression Pacifism
or violent methods in
support of a political or
social cause.
Conduit A means of transmitting channel, pipeline barrier, block
something
Trans-regional Extending across multiple cross-border, multinational local, domestic
regions
Geostrategic Relating to the impact of geopolitical nonstrategic
geography on politics
Inadvertently Unintentionally or Unknowingly, mistakenly Intentionally, deliberately
accidentally.
Necropolis A large ancient cemetery. Graveyard, burial ground Settlement, city
Remote-Sensing Technology used to detect Long-distance detection, Direct observation, close-
objects or areas from a satellite imaging range observation
distance, usually through
satellites or aircraft.
Interconnectedness The state of being Linkage, connection Disconnection, separation
connected with each other.
Conservation The act of preserving Preservation, protection Neglect, destruction
something, especially
heritage sites or natural
resources.
Unilateralism The policy of a country acting Isolationism, independence Multilateralism,
independently without cooperation
external support.
Transactional Focused on business-like Pragmatic, businesslike Idealistic, emotional
exchanges rather than
ideological alliances.
Containment Restricting the expansion of a Limitation, restriction Expansion, liberation
particular influence, often
referring to foreign policy
strategies.
Entrenchment The firm establishment of establishment,
power or influence reinforcement
Peripheral Marginal or on the outskirts outer, secondary
Insurgents Rebels or revolutionaries rebels, revolutionaries
against the government
Contentious Likely to cause controversial, debatable
disagreement or argument
Subsidiary Additional or
supplementary.
Mobilisation The action of gathering
resources or people for a
specific purpose.
Integrative Combining various Unifying, holistic Fragmented, disjointed
elements into a unified
whole.
Transactional Based on an exchange reciprocal altruistic
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 Primacy The state of being first in dominance inferiority
importance
Retribution Punishment as a response vengeance forgiveness
Quell To suppress or put an end Subdue, suppress. Incite, provoke.
to.
Atrocity An extremely cruel act. Barbarity, brutality. Kindness, compassion.
Imperil To put at risk of harm or Endanger, jeopardize. Protect, safeguard.
danger.
Impasse A deadlock or stalemate Standstill, gridlock Agreement, solution
Bifurcate To divide into two branches Split, separate Merge, combine.
or parts
Obdurate Stubbornly refusing to change Unyielding, inflexible Flexible, yielding.

Cyber Sovereignty The concept of a nation’s Digital independence, Digital dependence

control over its digital online autonomy
infrastructure and data.
Privacy Breaches Unauthorized access or Data leak, security breach Data protection
disclosure of personal
information.
Harassment Aggressive pressure or Bullying, persecution Support, kindness
intimidation, especially
online.
Xenophobia Dislike or prejudice against Racism, intolerance Tolerance, acceptance
people from other
countries.
Nationalism Advocacy for the interests Patriotism, chauvinism Internationalism, globalism
of a particular nation, often
at the expense of others.
Consolidate To make something Strengthen, unite Weaken, disperse
stronger or more unified.
Autocracy A system of government in Dictatorship, tyranny Democracy, republic
which one person has
absolute power.
Bilateral Ties Relationships or dealings Relations, cooperation Hostility, isolation
between two countries.
Prerogative A special right or privilege Right, entitlement Restriction, disqualification
exclusive to a particular
individual or group.
Counter-terrorism (CT) Actions and policies Anti-terrorism, security Vulnerability, unprotected
implemented to prevent enforcement state
terrorism.
Capacity-building Strengthening abilities, Development, Decline, degradation
skills, and expertise within empowerment
an organization or system.
Ramifications Consequences or effects of repercussions, outcomes causes, origins
an action
Touted Promoted or praised heralded, proclaimed criticized, downplayed
Kosher Proper or legitimate acceptable, permissible questionable, illegitimate
Factionalism Division within a group infighting, discord unity, cooperation
Multilateralism Cooperation among Alliance, coalition Unilateralism, isolation
multiple countries
Aspirational Aiming for a goal Ambitious, hopeful Uninspired, indifferent
Mitigation Reducing the severity Alleviation, reduction Aggravation, intensification
Marginalised Excluded from mainstream Sidelined included
society or systems
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 Elite Capture A situation where powerful
groups dominate resources
and policies for their
benefit
Populism Political approach demagoguery
appealing to the ordinary
people against the elite
Deceptive Misleading or dishonest. Misleading, false. Honest, truthful.
Stage-managed – Something that is Contrived, planned. Natural, spontaneous.
orchestrated or manipulated. Natural, spontaneous.
Patriarchal Male-dominated male-oriented, sexist egalitarian, feminist
Impunity Exemption from immunity, exemption accountability,
punishment responsibility
Conviction A formal declaration of sentence, judgment acquittal, release
guilt
Toxic Harmful or poisonous harmful, dangerous healthy, beneficial
Machismo Strong or exaggerated manliness, chauvinism femininity, weakness
masculinity
Repressive Controlling through force oppressive, restrictive permissive, liberal
Authoritarian Exercising strict control dictatorial, autocratic democratic, lenient
Erode Deteriorate or weaken undermine, corrode strengthen, reinforce
gradually
Arrogance Overbearing pride or self- hubris Humility
importance
Riparian Relating to the banks of a riverside inland
river
Sectarian Relating to or involving a partisan inclusive
sect, especially a religious
sect
Surveillance Close observation, monitoring neglect
especially of a suspected
person or place.
Contrived Created or arranged in a forced natural
way that seems artificial or
forced.
Intercensal Period between two Interim continuous
censuses
Demographic Economic growth potential Benefit burden
from population age
structure changes
Fertility Transition Shift from high to low birth demographic shift fertility stagnation
rates
Reprehensible Deserving condemnation. Deplorable, disgraceful Commendable,
praiseworthy
Lacunae Gaps or deficiencies. Shortcomings, omissions Completeness,
thoroughness
Asymmetrical Lacking symmetry or Irregular, disproportionate Balanced, symmetrical
balance, often in conflict.
Intrinsic Belonging naturally inherent extrinsic
Stagnation Lack of activity or growth inactivity progress
Paradigm A typical example or model anomaly
pattern

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 Stabilization The process of making Balance, steadiness Instability, volatility
something steady or
balanced.
Deficits The amount by which Shortfall, gap Surplus, excess
expenses exceed revenue.
Jeopardy Danger Risk, Peril Safety, Security
Disparity Inequality : Difference, Imbalance Equality, Parity
Anaemia Deficiency of red blood Bloodlessness, Weakness Robustness, Vitality
cells
Precarious Uncertain Unstable, Risky Secure, Stable
Teflon Durability The ability to withstand Resilient, Invulnerable Fragile, Vulnerable
criticism without lasting
damage.
Nostalgia A sentimental longing for Sentimentality Indifference
the past.
Encroachment Intrusion on a person's Intrusion Withdrawal
territory or rights
Multipolar Having multiple centers of polycentric, decentralized unipolar
power
Rapprochement Establishing friendly reconciliation, détente estrangement
relations
Leverage Influence or power advantage, control weakness
Exclusion Being shut out or denied omission, barring inclusion
access
Instability Lack of stability volatility, uncertainty stability
Paradox a situation with contradiction; consistency
contradictory elements;
Mismanagement poor handling of resources; mishandling management
Pertinent relevant or applicable;
synonym: appropriate;
antonym: irrelevant
Abysmal extremely poor or bad; dreadful excellent
Veritable Being truly or very much genuine, real fake, false
so.
Ostensibly Apparently or purportedly, seemingly, outwardly genuinely, truly
but perhaps not actually.
Pragmatic Dealing with things practical, realistic idealistic, unrealistic
sensibly and realistically.
Conducive Making a certain situation helpful, favorable unfavorable, detrimental
or outcome likely.
Fractious Irritable or quarrelsome. Argumentative, combative Agreeable, cooperative
Diversified Made up of various Varied, assorted Uniform, homogeneous
different elements or
qualities.
Strategic Important in terms of Tactical, planned Unimportant, irrelevant
achieving a particular goal.
Sustainability The ability to maintain or Durability, longevity Unsustainability, instability
support an activity or
process over the long term.
Manifestation The action or fact of Demonstration, expression Concealment, hiding
showing something clearly.
Exodus A mass departure of people, Departure, migration, Arrival, influx
often used in the context of emigration
migration.
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 Complicit Involved with others in an Involved, guilty, responsible Innocent, blameless,
illegal activity or uninvolved
wrongdoing.
Catastrophic Involving or causing great Disastrous, ruinous, Beneficial, fortunate, lucky
damage or suffering. devastating
Merit-based Referring to a system Competence-based, skill- Arbitrary, biased, unfair
where decisions are made based, achievement-
based on merit, such as oriented
skills, knowledge, or
performance.
Polarization The division into two Division, segmentation Unification, harmony
sharply contrasting groups
or sets of opinions.
Bureaucracy A system of government in Administration, governance Democracy, self-
which decisions are made governance
by state officials rather than
elected representatives.
Disparity A great difference. Inequality, imbalance Equality, parity
Bilateral Involving two parties or mutual unilateral
countries
Nationalism A belief in the superiority patriotism internationalism
and interests of one's nation
over others
Sectoral Related to a specific sector Departmental Universal
(field or division) within a
larger area.
Interoperability The ability of systems or Compatibility Incompatibility
organizations to work
together.
Geopolitics The influence of geography Political geography Non-political
on politics and relations
among countries.
Cohesion Unity and solidarity among Unity Division
individuals or groups.
Inclusivity The practice of including Acceptance Exclusion
people with different
backgrounds.
Ecological Related to the relationship Environmental Industrial
between living organisms
and their environment.
Chilling Disturbing alarming reassuring
Viable Capable of working feasible impractical
successfully
Conducive Making a situation or favorable hindering
outcome more likely
Sectarian Related to religious or factional united
political sects and their
divisions
Nepotism favoritism shown to favoritism impartiality
relatives, especially in job
appointments.
Elite capture when resources or benefits monopolization equal distribution
intended for the broader

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 public are appropriated by a
privileged minority.
Extractive limiting or exploiting exploitative inclusive
resources without
benefiting broader society.
Implications Possible effects or results Consequences Causes
of an action.
Geopolitics Politics influenced by Central Minor
geographical factors.
Geopolitical Relating to politics International Local
influenced by geographical
factors.
Infrastructure The basic physical and Foundation Disorganization
organizational structures
needed for a society.
Surveillance Close observation, Observation Neglect
especially of a person or
place to ensure security.
Alliance A union formed for mutual Partnership, Union Rivalry, Opposition
benefit.
Resilient Able to withstand difficult Strong, Adaptable Weak, Fragile
conditions.
Transparency Clarity and openness, free Clarity, Openness Secrecy, Obscurity
of hidden agendas.
Reciprocated Responded with a Returned, Repaid Ignored, Withheld
corresponding action.
Strategic Important for planning, Tactical, Calculated Random, Unplanned
especially military or
political
Impediments Barriers or obstacles hindrances Aids
Holistic Comprehensive and integrated Fragmented
interconnected
Eradication Complete removal or elimination Proliferation
destruction
Geopolitical relating to politics, Political-geographical Non-political
especially international
relations, influenced by
geographical factors.
Ascendancy the state of rising to a Supremacy Decline
position of dominance
Initiative an active strategy or plan Proposal Inaction
aimed at achieving a
specific goal
Maneuvering skillful or strategic Navigation Mismanagement
movement or action
Bolstered supported or strengthened Reinforced Weakened
Transactional Based on mutual benefits Conditional, pragmatic Unconditional, altruistic.
without deeper connections.
Geopolitics The influence of geography Diplomacy, strategy Local, domestic affairs.
on international politics.

Manoeuvring Strategic or skillful Navigation, negotiation Mismanagement,

management of affairs. blundering.
Escalatory Increasing in intensity Intensifying, Aggravating De-escalating
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 Doctrine A set of official beliefs or Principle, Policy Ambiguity
policies
Colloquially Informally or : Casually, Informally Formally
conversationally
Menace A threat or danger danger, hazard safety, security
Penetrated To enter or pass through infiltrated, breached exited, retreated
something
Covert Not openly acknowledged hidden, secret open, overt
or displayed
Onslaught A fierce or destructive Assault Defense
attack
Porous Allowing passage through Permeable Impervious
Sovereignty Supreme power or authority Autonomy Dependence
Proxy war Indirect conflict between Surrogate war Direct conflict
two states
Deterrence Preventing action through Discouragement Incitement
fear of retaliation
Holistic Comprehensive or all- Integrated Fragmented
encompassing
Degradation Decline or deterioration Erosion Improvement
Geostrategic Relating to the strategic Strategic, geopolitical Insignificant
significance of geographical
locations.
Cyberspace The virtual environment in Internet, digital space Physical space
which online
communication takes place.
Terrorism The unlawful use of extremism peace
violence, especially against
civilians, in the pursuit of
political aims.
Resurgence The return or growth of revival decline
something after a period of
decline.
Internal displacement The forced movement of relocation stability
people within their own
country, due to conflict or
violence.
Anti-subsidy tariffs Taxes imposed to counteract countervailing duties
unfair subsidies on imported
goods
Protectionism Policies restricting imports trade barriers free trade
to protect domestic
industries
Reciprocity Mutual exchange of : mutuality inequality
privileges or actions
Decoupling Detachment or separation, Disconnection, Integration, connection.
especially in trade relations. disengagement.

Unilateral Action performed by one Independent, one-sided. Bilateral, collaborative.

party without agreement
from others.
Diversification Expansion into varied Variety, expansion. Uniformity, singularity.
sectors to reduce reliance on
one.
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 Dependency Reliance on another for Reliance, dependence Independence, autonomy
support or resources.
Restrictive Imposing limitations. Limiting, constraining Permissive, liberal
Manipulation Controlling or influencing Exploitation, control Fairness, equity
unfairly.
Insurgency A rebellion against authority Revolt, uprising Peace, compliance
or an established
government.
Symbiotic Involving interaction or Cooperative, Independent, solitary
cooperation between two interdependent
parties for mutual benefit.
Bloc Mentalities Group-oriented biases that factionalism unity
divide nations
Interoperability Ability to operate together compatibility incompatibility
smoothly
Geo-strategies Strategic policies related to geopolitical tactics non-strategic.
geography
Embargo An official ban on trade or Ban, prohibition Approval, consent
other activities with a
particular country.
Annihilation Complete destruction or Obliteration, extermination Preservation, protection
obliteration.
Indifference Lack of interest or concern. Apathy, disregard Interest, concern
Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Fine particles in the air that Dust, airborne particles Clean air, pollutant-free
are harmful when inhaled.
Emission Release of pollutants into Discharge, release Containment, absorption
the atmosphere.
Inversion Atmospheric condition that Atmospheric layering, Dispersion, scattering
traps pollutants close to the stratification
ground.
Respiratory Related to breathing or the Pulmonary, lung-related Non-pulmonary
lungs.
Humanitarian Crisis A situation where human Catastrophe, disaster Peace, stability
suffering requires urgent
assistance.
Logistical Obstacles Challenges in organizing Operational difficulties, Smooth operations
resources or movements. administrative issues

Ceasefire A temporary suspension of Truce, armistice Conflict, warfare

fighting.
Escalation An increase in the intensity intensification, de-escalation, reduction.
or magnitude of a conflict. amplification.
Retaliation The act of revenge or vengeance, retribution. forgiveness, reconciliation.
counteraction in response to
an attack.
Proxy A representative or agent, stand-in. principal, leader.
substitute, especially in
military or political
conflicts.
Interlocutor A person who participates in mediator, negotiator. adversary, opponent.
a conversation or dialogue.
Ceasefire An agreement to stop truce, armistice; conflict, warfare.
hostilities temporarily;
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 Escalation A rise in intensity or intensification, reduction, de-escalation.
seriousness, often in amplification;
conflict;
Prevaricate To delay or avoid making a stall, hesitate; decide, commit.
decision;
Deterrence The act of preventing an prevention, restraint; encouragement,
action through fear or doubt; provocation.
Sanctions Penalties or restrictions Penalties, embargoes. Approvals, allowances.
imposed by one country on
another.

Muted Softened or subdued. Restrained, quiet Loud, intense

Exuberance Enthusiastic excitement. Elation, euphoria Restraint, gloom

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