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Talib Hussain
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF CSS - PMS Exam Excellence: A Pathway to Quality Content* is designed to be the ultimate
Talib Hussain resource for CSS and PMS aspirants, bridging the gap between ambition and achievement.
EDITOR Every issue provides you with rigorous, in-depth analysis on topics Current Affairs, Pakistan
Kashaf Malik
Affairs, Essay, and International Relations, specifically tailored to meet the evolving
ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Sana Behain demands of competitive exams. Alongside these core articles, the magazine provides
RESEARCH TEAM comprehensive study tools—structured notes, essential facts and figures, and vocabulary
Abdul Muheed Axhk boosters—that sharpen your writing and deepen your understanding. Quality content is what
Muhammad Sami distinguishes top candidates, and CSS - PMS Exam Excellence equips you to stand out,
Adv.Sharyar Axhk making it the ideal guide to achieving high scores and transforming your hard work into
Hamna Zafar
Kashaf Malik success
Amolakh Nanjani
Farwa Zeb CSS PLATFORM'S Nexus covers essential topics, including:
Abdu Basit 1. Current Affairs 3. International Relations
2. Pakistan Affairs 4. Quality Essay Content

PUBLISHED by If you’re aiming to score high in your CSS/PMS exams, having access to
quality content is crucial. A strong score can open doors to your preferred CSS
group. At CSS PLATFORM'S Nexus, provides you with quality content and
well-researched materials on various subjects.

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 CSS Preparation Roadmap: A Blueprint for Aspiring Civil Servants
Embarking on the journey to prepare for the CSS/PMS /PCS exam is no small feat. It demands determination, discipline,
and a strategic approach - A roadmap for beginners to build a solid foundation and ensure steady progress.
1. Master the Pillar of CSS: English (2-3 Months
Your success in CSS depends largely on your command over the English language. Begin your preparation with a
dedicated focus on mastering it.
• Tenses: Learn the rules and practice their application. Proper use of tenses is crucial for making
grammatically correct sentences.
• Parts of Speech: Understand how each part of speech functions to create balanced and cohesive writing.
• Sentence Structure and Coherence: Develop the skill to construct sentences that are clear and logical.
Work on combining sentences seamlessly for better flow.
• Vocabulary: Cultivate a habit of learning 15-20 words daily. Dive into meanings, synonyms, antonyms,
and usage, enriching your expression with precision and flair.
• Phrasal Verbs and Idioms: Integrate these into your writing to enhance its appeal.
• Writing Practice: Write every day. Begin with short paragraphs and progress to short essays and précis.
This practice will refine your expression and build your confidence.
2. Simultaneously Study Pakistan Affairs
While working on your English, Pakistan Affairs to develop a strong understanding of the country’s history, politics, and
current challenges.
• Recommended Book: Start with Pakistan Affairs by Ikram Rabbani. It’s concise yet comprehensive,
making it perfect for beginners.
• Key Topics: Focus on the creation of Pakistan, constitutional developments, governance issues, Foreign
Policy and contemporary challenges.
• Additional Resources: To save time, access notes and summaries of important topics on
cssplatformbytha.com. These resources provide well-structured content that aligns with the CSS syllabus.
3. Read Dawn Editorials and Rewrite Them
• One of the best habits you can cultivate is reading the Dawn newspaper daily. The editorials are a
goldmine for developing analytical skills and staying updated on current affairs.
• Rewrite these editorials in your own words. This exercise will improve your précis-writing ability, refine
your vocabulary, and help you articulate your thoughts effectively.
• If you find it challenging to keep up, make use of the summaries available on the CSS Platform website,
which are designed to save time without compromising on quality.
4. Build on English for Essay and Précis Writing
Improving your English naturally prepares you for the Essay and Précis papers. Once you have a solid foundation, shift
your focus to learning specific techniques:
• Essay: Understand the structure, including introduction, thesis statement, body paragraphs, and
conclusion. Practice outlining and organizing your ideas.
• Précis: Master the art of concise writing while retaining the essence of the original text.
• Remember: Practice is the ultimate key to excellence. The more you write, the better you become.
5. Move to Other Subjects Gradually
Once you have a strong grip on English and Pakistan Affairs, begin preparing other compulsory and optional subjects.
Plan your study schedule wisely and stick to it.
6. Practice and Evaluate
Write paragraphs and get them evaluated to assess your progress and address weak areas.
Final Advice
Success in CSS is not a matter of chance but a product of consistent effort and smart planning.” Begin with these steps
and remain steadfast in your preparation. Remember, the journey to success is not easy, but it is always worth it.
Sir, Philanthropist - THA.

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Contents
Dawn – .................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
1. Spoiling The Youth Potential. ..................................................................................................................................... 8
2. Education Reforms...................................................................................................................................................... 9
3. After The Showdown ................................................................................................................................................ 11
4. Economic Growth ..................................................................................................................................................... 12
5. Thingification ............................................................................................................................................................ 13
6. Donald Trump Returns — So What? ............................................................................................................................ 14
7. Rethinking Afghan Policy.......................................................................................................................................... 15
8. Mirage of Stability .................................................................................................................................................... 16
9. Issue-Based Politics .................................................................................................................................................. 17
10. Democratic Backsliding ........................................................................................................................................ 18
11. Straws In The Syrian Whirlwind ........................................................................................................................... 19
12. Hooked On Artificial Intelligence ......................................................................................................................... 21
13. A Geopolitical Cauldron ....................................................................................................................................... 22
14. In Search Of Growth ............................................................................................................................................. 23
15. Judiciary Farm ....................................................................................................................................................... 24
16. Going ‘Glocal’ ........................................................................................................................................................ 26
17. Year Of Unmet Challenges.................................................................................................................................... 27
18. Struggling Against Terrorism ................................................................................................................................ 29
19. Faulting Rio Trio .................................................................................................................................................... 30
20. You And Your Tech ................................................................................................................................................ 31
21. Nuclear Deterrence And Strategic Stability In South Asia: A Focus On Pakistan. .............................................. 32
22. Youth Mental Health ............................................................................................................................................ 34
23. Assessing the RSF ................................................................................................................................................. 36
24. Digital Graveyard .................................................................................................................................................. 38
25. A National Compact For 2025. ............................................................................................................................. 40
26. Porous Loans ......................................................................................................................................................... 41
27. High Troop Losses ................................................................................................................................................. 42
28. Unpacking Trump ................................................................................................................................................. 43
29. Climate shame ...................................................................................................................................................... 44
30. Tariffs And Trade ................................................................................................................................................... 46
31. Climate Report Card 2024 .................................................................................................................................... 47
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 32. Tax Under Weak Enforcement.............................. 48
33. A Big Transition ..................................................................................................................................................... 49
34. Death In The Air .................................................................................................................................................... 50
35. A Volatile World In 2025....................................................................................................................................... 51
36. Happy New Year From Death Row ....................................................................................................................... 52
Pakistan Observer –.............................................................................................................................................................. 53
37. Role & Risks Of Artificial Intelligence In Future Wars ......................................................................................... 53
38. Trump’s Trade War And Global Fallout ................................................................................................................ 54
39. Globalization, Guns, and Butter ........................................................................................................................... 55
40. BRI, Threats, Tariffs And Trump............................................................................................................................ 56
41. Global Climate Crisis: Inequality And Action ....................................................................................................... 57
42. Is Trump’s Threat To BRICS A Hoax ...................................................................................................................... 58
43. New Global Power Chessboard & Chinese Wisdom. .......................................................................................... 59
44. Climate-Smart Irrigation: Driving Economic Gains For Women And Water Conservation. ............................... 60
45. Global Competition For Resources: A Threat To Peace & Stability ..................................................................... 61
46. BRI 2025 And Beyond: A Fair Assessment .......................................................................................................... 62
47. One Water Summit & SDG-6 ................................................................................................................................ 63
48. Army’s Commitment To National Security .......................................................................................................... 65
49. Economic Fallout Of Political Unrest.................................................................................................................... 67
50. Needed Pacification Of Nuclear Flashpoints Conflicts? ...................................................................................... 69
51. Syria: A Blessed Land In Turmoil, Lessons For Muslim World ............................................................................. 71
52. Preventing Violent Extremism Through Social Media. ........................................................................................ 72
53. China’s Diplomacy: A Growing Challenge For The US. ........................................................................................ 73
54. Resurgence Of Terrorism In Pakistan. .................................................................................................................. 74
55. Approach To Address Smog Crisis. ....................................................................................................................... 76
56. National Security Challenges. .............................................................................................................................. 77
57. NATO’s Role In Global Security............................................................................................................................. 79
58. Changing Global Geopolitics & Implications For Pakistan .................................................................................. 80
59. Why US Sanctions ? .............................................................................................................................................. 81
60. China And US: Pillars Of Global Prosperity. ......................................................................................................... 82
61. BUnity, Faith, And Discipline: A Universal Message From Quaid To Muslims. ................................................... 83
62. CPEC 2.0: Prospects & Constraints And Way Forward......................................................................................... 84
63. US Sanctions Pakistan Over Missiles Programme ............................................................................................... 85
64. Terrorism In 2024.................................................................................................................................................. 86

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The Express Tribune –............... 87
65. The Twists And Turns Of Pakistani Politics ......................................................................................................... 87
66. The Rise Of Anti-Corporate Terror?...................................................................................................................... 88
67. Middle East Edging Towards Sustainable Peace. ................................................................................................. 89
68. Sino-Russian Partnership: Depth And Fault Lines ............................................................................................... 90
69. The Syrian Surprise ............................................................................................................................................... 91
70. Syria: From Tyranny To More Tyranny ................................................................................................................. 92
71. Why Pakistan's Future Depends On Climate Education ...................................................................................... 93
72. Striving For A Better Future.................................................................................................................................. 95
73. Is There Good Governance? ................................................................................................................................. 96
74. Pakistan, India And Growing Water Disputes...................................................................................................... 98
75. Fall Of Assad: Uncertainty Grips The Middle East. .............................................................................................. 99
76. The Changing Nature Of War And Pakistan ....................................................................................................... 100
77. The Year Of Future Invasion ............................................................................................................................... 101
78. Pak-Afghan Ties On The Edge ............................................................................................................................. 102
79. Consensus For Economy's Sake .......................................................................................................................... 103
The Economist – ................................................................................................................................................................. 104
80. Trump Wastes No Time In Reigniting Trade Wars. ............................................................................................ 104
81. Tariff Threats Will Do Harm, Even If Donald Trump Does Not Impose Them. .................................................. 105
The Nation – ....................................................................................................................................................................... 107
82. Don’t Isolate Afghan Taliban .............................................................................................................................. 107
83. Nation Building Factors ...................................................................................................................................... 108
84. US-China War ...................................................................................................................................................... 109
85. Middle East Conundrum..................................................................................................................................... 110
86. Revitalising Energy ............................................................................................................................................. 111
87. ENERGY CRISIS .................................................................................................................................................... 112
88. Syria’s Fall............................................................................................................................................................ 114
89. Democrat’s 2024 Autopsy .................................................................................................................................. 115
90. A Common Journey of Climate Resilience ......................................................................................................... 116
91. Befitting Response to Us Concerns .................................................................................................................... 117
92. Counter Terrorism Concerns .............................................................................................................................. 118
The Spine Times – ............................................................................................................................................................... 120
93. Beyond Aid and Alliances: The Evolution of US-Pakistan Relations. ................................................................ 120
94. Indo-Pacific: A New Epicenter for Power Politics .............................................................................................. 122

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 95. Geo-Economy and Pakistan: Opportunities and
Challenges ....................................................................................................................................................................... 123
96. From Unipolar to Multipolar: The Evolution of Economic Blocs ....................................................................... 125
97. Rise of Populism: A Threat to Liberal Democracy.............................................................................................. 127
98. Trump 2.0: Impacts on Middle Eastern Politics ................................................................................................. 129
99. CSS Exams: A Test of Knowledge, Aptitude, and Attitude. ................................................................................ 130
100. The Post-Assad Era: Geopolitical Shifts and Regional Challenges. ................................................................... 131
101. Pakistan: Climate Crisis and Economic Recession ............................................................................................. 132
102. Understanding National Security in Changing Dynamics .................................................................................. 134
The News on Sunday – ....................................................................................................................................................... 136
103. Staggering Losses From Political Turmoil........................................................................................................... 136
104. Pakistan Must Change Direction ........................................................................................................................ 137
105. Why Education Needs Reform ........................................................................................................................... 138
Arab News Pakistan – ......................................................................................................................................................... 139
106. Pakistan’s Struggle with Militancy: The Blunt Blade Strategy Doesn’t Work. .................................................. 139
107. Water Security Cooperation Between Saudi Arabia And Pakistan ................................................................... 141
108. Pakistan’s Foreign Policy Holding The Line As Times Change. .......................................................................... 142
109. Hope Amid Challenges ....................................................................................................................................... 143
110. The Global Rise Of Saudi Arabia And Lessons For Pakistan To Learn. .............................................................. 145
111. Pak-Saudi Trade Volumes Are Not Even Close To Their True Potential ............................................................. 146
The Frontier Post ................................................................................................................................................................ 147
112. Who will rule Syria?............................................................................................................................................ 147
Difficult Words Meaning .................................................................................................................................................... 148

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 Dawn –
1. Spoiling The Youth Potential.
1. Summary:
Pakistan's political parties have largely failed to harness the immense potential of their youth, with the PTI being an
exception by mobilizing young people, albeit focusing more on Imran Khan's persona than on democratic ideals. Unlike the
intellectually grounded student movement in Bangladesh, PTI’s youth engagement lacks structural depth and intellectual
discourse. The majority of its street power consists of jobless youth, mainly from KP, without strong organizational roots
on university campuses.
The broader issue is a lack of vision from political and state institutions. Campuses are tightly controlled by the
establishment, restricting intellectual debate while promoting religious groups' influence. The elite prioritize personal
interests, sending their children abroad and ignoring broader educational reforms. This control suppresses any potential for
a genuine, youth-led movement for change. Political parties, including the PTI, focus on power retention rather than
empowering the youth, thereby diverting their energy into unproductive avenues. Consequently, even if PTI achieves its
goals, the structural challenges faced by the youth remain unaddressed.
2. Overview:
The article critiques the failure of Pakistan's political landscape to engage youth constructively, focusing on how the PTI
channels youth energy into populist rhetoric rather than fostering democratic values. Unlike Bangladesh's organized student
movement, Pakistan’s youth mobilization lacks intellectual depth and structural support. The establishment's control over
campuses and the political elite's self-interest stifle potential for meaningful change, leaving young people disillusioned and
directionless.
3. Notes:
Political parties in Pakistan, particularly PTI, fail to constructively harness the youth's potential, focusing instead on
personality-driven politics centered around Imran Khan. Unlike the organized, rights-based student movement in
Bangladesh, PTI’s mobilization lacks intellectual discourse and sustainable campus roots, relying heavily on unemployed
youth, especially from KP. Structural challenges such as the establishment's control over universities, suppression of
intellectual spaces, and fragmentation of rights movements further hinder a unified youth uprising. Political elites prioritize
safeguarding their interests, neglecting broader educational quality while sending their children abroad, thereby eroding
opportunities for meaningful youth empowerment. Transformative change requires shifting from populist rhetoric to
fostering democratic values and intellectual growth among Pakistan's youth.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Political Science: Youth engagement in political movements
• Sociology: Role of institutions in shaping social structures
• Current Affairs: Political dynamics in Pakistan and South Asia
5. Notes for Beginners:
Youth engagement means involving young people in activities that benefit society. For example, in Bangladesh, students
protested for their rights, showing how organized youth movements can lead to positive change. In contrast, in Pakistan, the
focus is more on individual leaders like Imran Khan, not on broader democratic values. Think of it like a team focusing only
on its captain rather than working together with a strategy.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Pakistan's youth makes up 59% of the population.
• PTI’s youth mobilization is concentrated in KP.
• Bangladesh’s student movement succeeded due to organized campus discourse.
To sum up, Pakistan's youth holds immense potential, but political manipulation and institutional control stifle meaningful
engagement. For real progress, the country needs to foster open dialogue, invest in education, and empower young people
beyond populist agendas. Only then can the youth become true agents of change, driving Pakistan toward a more democratic
and prosperous future.
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 2. Education Reforms
1. Summary:
Education reforms in Pakistan have long faced challenges like inequality, low public spending, and gender disparity. Despite
efforts such as the National Education Policy of 2009 and initiatives like Education for All, progress has been limited due
to inadequate implementation. The creation of the Higher Education Commission (HEC) in 2002 aimed to enhance higher
education infrastructure and teacher training, while Sindh introduced teacher licensing and professional development
programs. However, disparities in education access and quality persist, particularly in rural and marginalized communities.
Comprehensive reforms focusing on increased funding, localized solutions, and technological integration are essential for
long-term improvement.
The Federal Ministry of Education's curriculum and assessment reforms, along with provincial interventions like Sindh's
continuous professional development policy, have shown promise. The reforms aim to professionalize teaching and improve
instructional quality. Yet, donor-driven projects often operate in isolation, highlighting the need for better implementation
and sustainability. A holistic approach—addressing infrastructure, gender disparity, and regional needs—can transform
Pakistan’s education system into one that fosters equity and its citizens for modern challenges.
2. Overview:
This article highlights the persistent issues in Pakistan's education system, including low literacy rates, poor infrastructure,
and gender inequality. Efforts like HEC reforms, teacher training initiatives, and provincial policies have made strides but
lack nationwide impact due to systemic hurdles. The need for sustainable, inclusive reforms is urgent, requiring substantial
investment, cultural sensitivity, and integration of technology
3. Notes:
The article underscores the issues of inadequate public spending, low literacy rates, and gender disparity, which can be
linked to broader discussions on governance, social justice, and public service delivery. It also discusses the role of the
Higher Education Commission (HEC) in improving university-level education, research infrastructure, and teacher training,
as well as provincial efforts like Sindh’s teacher licensing and continuous professional development initiatives. These
reforms showcase the importance of policy implementation and the need for localized solutions to address regional
disparities. Additionally, topics such as donor-driven projects and their sustainability provide knowledge in the challenges
of integrating external funding into national policies.
4. Relevant CSS Subjects:
• Pakistan Affairs: Education reforms in Pakistan, their history, and challenges align with topics on social
development and governance in Pakistan. It highlights efforts to improve literacy, reduce gender disparity, and
address regional inequalities.
• Governance and Public Policy: Discussions on policy implementation, donor-driven projects, and sustainability of
reforms fit under governance, highlighting policymaking and institutional challenges.
• Essay Writing: The themes of education, inequality, and reforms are potential essay topics, providing a framework
for critical analysis.
• Social Issues: Gender disparity in education and rural-urban divides connect to broader social justice and inequality
issues.
• Education and Public Administration: Teacher training, curriculum reforms, and public sector investment in
education are directly relevant for understanding public administration strategies in Pakistan.
5. Notes for Beginners with Examples:
Pakistan’s education system struggles with low literacy rates, inadequate resources, and unequal access. For instance, rural
girls often drop out due to cultural barriers and lack of schools. Teacher training reforms, like those in Sindh, aim to improve
instructional quality through professional development and classroom observations. Technology, such as online learning
platforms, can bridge gaps in remote areas. For example, digital tools help children in tribal areas access education.

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 6. Facts and Figures:
• Public spending on education is below 2% of GDP.
• Literacy rate stands at 59%, with higher rates among males (72%) than females (46%).
• The National Education Policy of 2009 aimed for 85% literacy by 2015, yet progress remains slow.

To put it simply, The article underscores the urgency of reforming Pakistan’s education system. Effective change requires
more than project-based interventions; it needs robust policies, equitable funding, and grassroots involvement. With
sustained efforts, Pakistan can ensure inclusive, quality education, empowering its youth to contribute to
national development.

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 3. After The Showdown
1. Summary:
Pakistan's political turmoil has deepened following a clash between the government and PTI, marked by excessive force,
media blackouts, and public discontent. The government claims victory, but the protests exposed flaws in governance, lack
of political strategy, and escalating polarization. The economic consequences, including disrupted business confidence,
further weaken the fragile recovery.
The article stresses the need for dialogue between the government and PTI to avoid prolonged unrest. Repressive actions,
like imposing governor’s rule in KP, risk alienating the public and harming democracy. A neutral arbiter is necessary for
reconciliation, but the military's past role complicates this dynamic. Without compromise, the political impasse could
destabilize Pakistan’s democratic system and economy.
2. Overview:
The article highlights the ongoing political crisis in Pakistan, exacerbated by PTI's protests and the government’s
authoritarian response. This reflects broader issues such as democratic backsliding, economic instability, and institutional
mistrust. Addressing these tensions requires constructive dialogue, but distrust between political actors hampers progress.
The piece advocates for de-escalation and institutional reforms to rebuild trust and stability.
3. Notes:
The political crisis in Pakistan stems from deep polarization and mistrust between the government and opposition,
exacerbated by PTI’s protests and the ruling coalition's authoritarian response. The government's reliance on force, including
arrests and media censorship, has fueled public discontent and economic instability. The crackdown has drawn criticism
from human rights organizations and legal bodies, further undermining democratic values. To address these issues, the
article emphasizes the need for meaningful political dialogue, cessation of repressive measures, and restoration of media
freedoms. It also highlights the importance of strengthening democratic institutions and adopting a neutral mediation
approach to rebuild trust and foster stability.
4. Notes for Beginners:
Pakistan faces a political crisis due to unresolved conflicts between the government and opposition. The government used
excessive force to suppress protests, which worsened public anger and highlighted weak governance. To stabilize the
situation, both sides must engage in dialogue and avoid actions that harm democracy, like imposing governor’s rule.
5. Facts and Figures:
• Over 1,000 protesters arrested in Islamabad.
• Human Rights Commission of Pakistan called for the journalist’s release.
• 100+ deaths in sectarian clashes in KP's Kurram region.

To wrap up, The political impasse in Pakistan highlights the urgent need for dialogue and reform to stabilize the country.
Repressive actions deepen mistrust and threaten democracy, underscoring the importance of compromise for sustainable
governance and economic recovery. Failure to address these issues risks prolonged unrest and instability:

Space For Your Notes:

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 4. Economic Growth
1. Summary:
Pakistan faces a severe climate crisis that threatens its agriculture, food security, and economic stability. Extreme weather
events, such as the devastating 2022 floods, have displaced millions and inflicted substantial economic losses. Rising
temperatures, predicted to increase by up to 3.7°C by 2060, jeopardize essential crops like wheat, which has already shown
declining yields. Food insecurity affects 37% of households, and malnutrition rates, particularly among children, are
alarming. The crisis exacerbates poverty, which could rise by 4 percentage points due to climate-related disasters.
In response, organizations like the International Rescue Committee (IRC) are implementing initiatives such as Local
Adaptation Plans of Action (LAPA) and climate-smart agriculture systems to enhance resilience. These projects aim to
improve water management, sanitation, and sustainable agriculture, focusing on vulnerable groups, especially women.
However, tackling the crisis requires urgent international cooperation, increased climate financing, and strategic adaptation
measures to protect vulnerable communities and ensure sustainable development.
2. Overview:
Pakistan's climate crisis poses multidimensional challenges, impacting agriculture, poverty, and public health. Declining
wheat yields and unpredictable weather patterns worsen food insecurity and malnutrition. The IRC's localized initiatives,
such as WASH programs and climate-resilient infrastructure, aim to support affected communities. Effective solutions
necessitate global cooperation and robust adaptation strategies to mitigate the crisis's far-reaching impacts.
3. Notes:
Pakistan's climate crisis significantly impacts agriculture, food security, and public health. Rising temperatures and
unpredictable rainfall patterns threaten essential crops, such as wheat, which is projected to see a 2.5% production decline
by 2050. This situation exacerbates food insecurity, currently affecting 37% of households, with 45% of children under five
suffering from stunting. Climate-induced poverty is expected to rise by 4 percentage points, further straining vulnerable
communities. In response, organizations like the International Rescue Committee (IRC) are implementing localized
initiatives, including Local Adaptation Plans of Action (LAPA) and sustainable agriculture projects, to enhance resilience.
These efforts focus on critical areas such as water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure, with particular attention
to supporting women and other vulnerable groups. Effective mitigation of Pakistan’s climate crisis requires a combination
of global cooperation, robust adaptation strategies, and sustainable development measures to protect affected populations
and ensure long-term stability.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Climate Change and Environmental Issues in Pakistan: Impact on agriculture, food security, and
socio-economic development.
• Environmental Science: Climate Resilience and Adaptation Strategies: Role of initiatives like Local Adaptation
Plans of Action (LAPA) and climate-smart agriculture.
• Current Affairs: Global and National Climate Policies: Importance of international collaboration and climate
financing to address Pakistan’s climate crisis.
• Humanitarian Issues: Impact of climate change on poverty, food insecurity, and public health.
5. Facts and Figures:
• 2022 floods impacted 33 million people, causing $14.9 billion in damages.
• Pakistan's temperature could rise by 1.4°C to 3.7°C by 2060.
• 37% of households face food insecurity; 45% of children under five are malnourished.
To wrap up, Addressing Pakistan’s climate crisis requires concerted international and local efforts. While initiatives like
those from the IRC are important for building resilience, sustainable development depends on strategic adaptation, increased
funding, and political will. Without such measures, the country risks deepening poverty, food insecurity, and
economic instability.

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 5. Thingification
1. Summary:
The article examines the concept of "thingification" through a historical and philosophical lens, comparing the colonization
of India with current explorations of Mars. Just as colonizers reduced the identities of Indians to commodities, the modern
exploration of new frontiers like Mars evokes similar questions about conquest and control. It highlights how British
colonial powers constructed the identity of Indians by showcasing looted artifacts in museums, presenting them as objects
of curiosity and domination. This process dehumanized entire populations, portraying them as mere possessions. The article
sheds light on the future, questioning whether humanity’s drive to conquer new worlds will perpetuate this pattern of
reducing the unknown to mere "things" for exploitation.
2. Overview:
The article underscores the parallels between historical colonial practices and modern space exploration. It emphasizes how
colonizers "thingified" entire populations, reducing their identities to objects of fascination or control. Zakaria’s analysis
warns that humankind’s pursuit of new frontiers might repeat this dehumanizing pattern, turning new discoveries into
commodities rather than respecting them as realms with intrinsic value.
3. Notes:
The article draws a parallel between colonialism and modern space exploration, emphasizing how distant realms, once
unknown, become subject to human conquest and domination. In the colonial era, British narratives constructed the identity
of Indians through exhibits and artifacts, reducing them to objects of curiosity and domination—a process termed
'thingification' by Aimé Césaire. This dehumanization masked the violence of colonialism, presenting it as a civilizing
mission. Museums like the East India Company’s India Museum played a key role in this, showcasing looted treasures to
reinforce British superiority while ignoring the cultural and human context of the colonized. The author questions if
humanity's current quest for new frontiers, such as Mars, might repeat similar patterns, where technological achievements
overshadow ethical considerations and the exploitation of others. The lesson from history is clear: true progress must avoid
repeating the injustices of the past.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: Colonial Legacies and Modern Geopolitics: Impact of colonialism on global power
dynamics and identity construction.
• Pakistan Affairs: Colonial Impact on the Subcontinent: Socio-political transformations and identity formation under
British rule.
• Political Science: Theories of Colonialism and Post-Colonialism: Concepts like ‘thingification’ and cultural
hegemony in shaping national identities.
5. Notes for Beginners:
"Thingification" refers to viewing people or cultures as mere objects, similar to how British colonizers reduced Indian
identities to museum artifacts. For instance, Mars exploration raises questions about whether humanity will respect new
frontiers or exploit them as mere possessions.
6. Facts and Figures:
• British Museum Exhibits: Tipu Sultan’s mechanical tiger and Ranjit Singh’s throne were showcased to project
dominance.
• Space Exploration: NASA’s Mars rovers provide audio-visual data, symbolizing new frontiers for potential
"conquest."

In a nutshell, The article cautions against repeating colonial patterns in future explorations, urging ethical reflection and
respect for new discoveries beyond mere commodification.

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 6. Donald Trump Returns — So What?
1. Summary:
Donald Trump's return to the White House is a momentous yet polarizing development, characterized by his erratic and self-
serving governance. Despite being labeled the "most dangerous man in the world" by Noam Chomsky, Trump remains a
skilled manipulator of corporate interests and the US deep state. His potential policies may aim to ease tensions with Putin
over Ukraine while attempting to sever Russia’s ties with China, yet such maneuvers are unlikely to succeed given the
strategic foresight of Russian leadership. Similarly, his adversarial stance toward China, marked by trade wars and
containment strategies, may backfire as China's economic and diplomatic influence grows globally. Trump’s hardline
approach to Palestine and Iran further underscores his prioritization of Israel and Arab ruling elites over the aspirations of
Muslim communities.
Trump's global strategies, especially concerning China, NATO, and the Middle East, reflect a Western civilizational
challenge to Muslim nations. His neglect of climate responsibilities, illustrated by the failed COP29, signals a dangerous
trajectory toward irreversible climate consequences. Domestically, his alignment with India's anti-Muslim politics and
disdain for Pakistan indicates continued strategic sidelining. Meanwhile, his policies pose a broader threat to global order,
potentially amplifying hegemonic rivalries and weakening multilateral cooperation. Trump’s political agenda epitomizes a
blend of pragmatism and recklessness, casting uncertainty on the future of global diplomacy and climate resilience.
2. Overview:
This article explores Trump’s return as a catalyst for heightened geopolitical tensions, touching on his contentious policies
toward Russia, China, Palestine, and climate change. It critiques his governance style and its implications for global stability.
3. NOTES:
Trump’s policies serve as significant examples of unilateralism and power-centric diplomacy, highlighting how great power
rivalries shape global politics. His approach to NATO, relations with China and Russia, and disregard for climate
commitments reflects broader trends in international relations, such as strategic alliances and economic competition.
Aspirants should also consider the implications of his Middle East policy on Muslim countries and how his decisions on
Palestine and Iran align with US-Israel ties. These developments underscore the interconnectedness of geopolitics,
environmental diplomacy, and economic strategies in shaping global power structures.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: Examines US foreign policies, NATO dynamics, and global power balances.
• Environmental Science: Highlights climate diplomacy failures like COP29 and their implications.
• Pakistan Affairs: Discusses the US stance on Pakistan-India relations and its impact on regional politics.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Trump’s foreign policies illustrate a high-stakes game of international diplomacy, where every decision impacts global
alliances and rivalries. For example, his stance on NATO reflects the challenges of maintaining unity among Western
powers, while his tariffs on Chinese goods show the economic consequences of trade wars. Similarly, his lack of action on
climate issues demonstrates the risks of prioritizing politics over global sustainability. Beginners should understand how
such policies create ripple effects, influencing relationships between nations and their economic and environmental goals.
These examples highlight the importance of cooperation in addressing global challenges.
6. Facts and Figures:
• COP29’s failure marks a significant setback in global climate diplomacy.
• Trump's policies during his first term strained relations with China, resulting in $500 billion worth of trade tariffs.
• The US's global military budget accounts for over $800 billion, influencing its foreign policy strategies.

In short, The article presents Trump’s political return as a harbinger of complex global challenges. From reigniting cold war
rivalries to neglecting climate action, his leadership reflects a volatile mix of pragmatism and peril.

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 7. Rethinking Afghan Policy
1. Summary:
Pakistan’s Afghan policy is under scrutiny for failing to achieve desired outcomes, as the Taliban remain indifferent to
Pakistan’s demands for action against terrorist groups like the TTP. Economic and diplomatic measures, such as trade
restrictions and increased tariffs, have not altered the Taliban's stance, while Pakistan’s credibility has weakened. With the
Taliban leveraging relationships with Russia, China, and Central Asian nations, Pakistan's influence continues to wane.
Afghanistan's internal stability, fueled by projects like TAPI, is being used to counterbalance relations with Pakistan, while
cross-border violence in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and Balochistan worsens Pakistan's security landscape.
To address these challenges, Pakistan needs a recalibrated strategy that includes regional counterterrorism cooperation,
equitable development in border areas, and trust-building initiatives like trade facilitation and cross-border services. Simply
reshuffling diplomats or negotiating with the TTP risks exacerbating tensions. A comprehensive policy grounded in
diplomacy and mutual economic benefits is essential for fostering stability and addressing Pakistan’s internal and regional
security challenges.
2. Overview:
The article emphasizes Pakistan’s diminishing influence over the Taliban and the urgent need to overhaul its Afghan policy.
It critiques the current reliance on economic pressure, which has proven ineffective, and stresses the importance of regional
cooperation. It also highlights how the Taliban’s growing alliances with global powers like China and Russia empower them
to assert themselves in geopolitics.
3. NOTES:
Pakistan’s Afghan policy has faced criticism for its ineffectiveness in addressing security and economic challenges.
Diplomatic efforts have been hindered by the Taliban's rigid stance, as evidenced by their indifference to economic pressures
such as increased tariffs and border closures. This has amplified Pakistan's internal security concerns, particularly in KP and
Balochistan, where cross-border violence continues to rise. The Taliban’s growing ties with Russia, China, and Central
Asian nations have further limited Pakistan’s influence, enabling the Taliban to focus on transnational projects like TAPI,
which boost their regional leverage. The article highlights the need for Pakistan to explore alternatives such as fostering
regional counterterrorism cooperation, initiating trust-building measures, and focusing on equitable development in border
areas. A shift from coercive strategies to inclusive diplomacy and strategic planning is crucial for addressing these challenges
and safeguarding Pakistan’s geopolitical and economic interests.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Pakistan-Afghanistan relations, Balochistan and KP issues.
• International Relations: Regional connectivity, counterterrorism diplomacy.
• Current Affairs: Cross-border security and TAPI project.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The article shows how Pakistan’s Afghan policy has failed to address cross-border violence and economic cooperation. The
Taliban, despite facing trade losses, maintain strong alliances with China and Russia, allowing them to resist Pakistan’s
demands. For example, the TAPI project strengthens Afghanistan’s economy while bypassing Pakistan’s influence. To
improve relations, Pakistan must adopt trust-building measures, such as providing border facilities and equitable
development for affected areas.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Afghan trade declined by $54 million due to Pakistan's restrictions.
• Terrorist attacks in Pakistan increased by 27% last month.
• The TAPI project is expected to complete in two years, further empowering Afghanistan.

To put it simply, The article underscores the pressing need for Pakistan to recalibrate its Afghan policy by focusing on
mutual economic benefits and regional collaboration. A failure to adapt will only worsen internal security and diminish
Pakistan's regional standing.
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 8. Mirage of Stability
1. Summary:
The article Mirage of Stability analyzes Pakistan's recent celebration of low inflation rates as a sign of economic recovery,
exposing the deeper vulnerabilities masked by such metrics. While inflation has decreased due to statistical adjustments
rather than substantial reforms, underlying issues like stagnant growth, high unemployment, and weak demand persist.
Drawing parallels with historical and international examples, including Argentina's Convertibility Plan and Japan's Lost
Decade, the article highlights how price stability can often camouflage deeper economic stagnation and systemic challenges.
In Pakistan’s case, reliance on temporary measures like demand contraction and profits from the State Bank underscores the
lack of structural reforms necessary for sustainable growth.
The writer argues that Pakistan’s policymakers must adopt a holistic approach rather than focusing narrowly on inflation
metrics. True economic progress requires addressing structural weaknesses, investing in human capital and infrastructure,
and fostering inclusive growth. Without comprehensive reforms, low inflation remains a superficial achievement that fails
to address the country's chronic socio-economic challenges. The article emphasizes that meaningful progress lies in creating
resilient, opportunity-rich systems rather than chasing illusory indicators of stability.
2. Overview:
The article provides a critical perspective on Pakistan's economic management, emphasizing that low inflation, achieved
without structural reforms, cannot ensure long-term stability. It stresses the importance of addressing stagnant growth,
unemployment, and income inequality through holistic policymaking, drawing lessons from historical economic failures
worldwide.
3. NOTES:
This article provides in-depth analysis of Pakistan's economic challenges, underscores the dangers of focusing solely on low
inflation while ignoring structural issues like stagnant growth, unemployment, and fiscal dependency. Drawing comparisons
with Argentina's economic crisis in the 1990s and Japan's Lost Decade, the article highlights the need for structural reforms,
including investment in human capital and infrastructure, to achieve sustainable development. Aspirants can derive
knowledge into inflation dynamics, demand contraction, and lessons from international economic policies to enrich their
responses in exams.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Economic development and challenges in Pakistan.
• Governance and Public Policy: Fiscal policies and economic reforms.
• Economics: Inflation, unemployment, and growth dynamics.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The article explains that low inflation, while seemingly positive, does not always indicate a healthy economy. For instance,
stagnant growth means that economic activity is not increasing, and this can lead to fewer job opportunities. The concept of
malaise refers to a general unease in the economy, much like feeling sick without knowing the exact cause. Finally, demand
contraction refers to a situation where people have less money to spend, reducing overall demand for goods and services,
which can slow down economic growth. By understanding these basic concepts, beginners can better appreciate the article's
emphasis on the need for long-term reforms to create a resilient and thriving economy.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Inflation in Pakistan has reduced recently, but largely due to the statistical base effect.
• Approximately 40% of Pakistan's total revenues come from State Bank profits.
• Structural reforms remain absent despite a 2% primary fiscal surplus of GDP.
• Historical parallels include Argentina's 1990s Convertibility Plan and Japan’s Lost Decade of the 1990s.
To wrap up, The article emphasizes that Pakistan’s low inflation, while appearing as a success, is a mirage hiding the deeper
socio-economic cracks within the system. Policymakers must shift their focus from short-term relief to long-term .

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 9. Issue-Based Politics
1. Summary:
The article underscores the pressing need for issue-based politics in Pakistan, emphasizing how the neglect of women’s
issues in the political discourse hinders social and economic progress. Despite global campaigns like the UN’s 16 Days of
Activism against Gender-Based Violence, Pakistan remains largely silent on the challenges faced by women, including low
female labor force participation, pollution's adverse health effects on women, and gender-based violence. It criticizes the
patriarchal political system that limits female politicians to symbolic roles, leaving little room for impactful policymaking.
The writer highlights the potential benefits of addressing gendered dimensions of issues, such as improved public transport
to enhance women’s workforce participation, ultimately advocating for a broader, issue-focused political approach that
transcends identity politics and benefits all citizens.
The article also sheds light on the broader implications of such neglect, pointing to economic stagnation, limited legislative
reforms, and systemic barriers to women’s empowerment. It calls for a paradigm shift where policymaking prioritizes
critical issues like education, health, climate justice, and security, enabling the inclusion of women's concerns. The writer
emphasizes that sustainable solutions, such as promoting gender equity in the workplace, will not only empower women
but also contribute to Pakistan's overall socio-economic development. The article appeals for a departure from traditional
identity politics, advocating instead for a progressive and inclusive approach to national governance.
2. Overview:
This article discusses the importance of addressing women’s issues in Pakistan's political discourse, linking them to larger
socio-economic and environmental challenges. It analyzes patriarchal politics and advocates for issue-based governance to
foster inclusivity and national progress.
3. NOTES:
This Article provides in-depth analysis of socio-economic challenges, such as gender-based violence, low female labor force
participation, and the adverse health effects of pollution on women. It highlights the systemic barriers to women’s
empowerment, including patriarchal political structures and tokenistic female representation in parliament. Additionally,
the article emphasizes the need for issue-based politics to address critical areas like education, health, climate justice, and
security, linking these to broader socio-economic progress. For aspirants, this Piece of writing provides insightful examples
of how inclusive policymaking can uplift not just women but the entire nation, making it a vital reference for topics related
to gender equity, governance reforms, and socio-economic development.
4. Relevant to the CSS syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Socio-economic challenges, governance issues, and gender equity.
• Gender Studies: Gender-based violence, female participation in politics, and labor force.
• Environmental Science: Pollution's effects on health and gendered environmental justice.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The article highlights how neglecting women's issues negatively affects society. For example, low female workforce
participation (22.6% in 2019) limits economic growth. Pollution harms pregnant women and infants, causing pre-term births
and asthma. The article calls for solutions like public transport to support women's mobility and employment. It argues that
addressing women's challenges benefits all, showcasing how inclusivity leads to national progress.
6. Facts and Figures:
• 28% of women aged 15-49 in Pakistan face physical violence.
• Female labor force participation in Pakistan is 22.6%, below the global average of 52.6%.
• Only 12 women won National Assembly seats out of 306 candidates in the last election.

To wrap up, This article compellingly advocates for a shift towards issue-based politics in Pakistan, emphasizing the
interconnectedness of women's challenges and national progress. By addressing systemic barriers, including patriarchal
structures and governance inefficiencies, Pakistan can pave the way for a more inclusive and prosperous future.

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 10. Democratic Backsliding
1. Summary:
Pakistan's political landscape has been marked by democratic backsliding, shifting from hybrid governance to increasing
authoritarianism. Historically, the country's democracy has been fragile, oscillating between military dominance and weak
civilian governments. Since 2018, this trend has intensified, with the military taking an unprecedented role in governance
and political management. The post-2022 political environment has seen further erosion of democratic norms, with
restrictions on civil liberties, media censorship, and interference in judicial processes. These actions, coupled with laws
targeting digital platforms, have transformed Pakistan into an electoral autocracy, where the semblance of democracy
remains but its essence is diluted.
What distinguishes the current situation is the scale and direct involvement of the military establishment in suppressing
opposition, controlling public assembly, and censoring dissent. Unlike previous eras, where military influence was more
indirect, the present scenario involves overt curbs on political protests and media freedom. The classification of Pakistan as
an authoritarian regime by international indices underscores the severity of the issue. This regression highlights the
dangerous fallacy that stability can be achieved at the cost of democratic freedoms, as history has repeatedly shown that
sustainable progress requires robust democratic institutions.
2. Overview:
This article examines the ongoing democratic erosion in Pakistan, highlighting its historical context and the intensifying
role of the military in governance. It sheds light on the shift from hybrid democracy to authoritarianism, addressing issues
such as media censorship, institutional decay, and the repression of opposition voices. The article emphasizes that
compromising democracy for stability is counterproductive and unsustainable.
3. NOTES:
The article Is important for understanding topics in Pakistan Affairs, Governance and Public Policy, and Political Science.
It provides insights into the historical patterns of Pakistan’s democratic fragility and the civil-military imbalance. It discusses
the mechanisms of political suppression, media control, and institutional erosion, offering real-world examples of
governance challenges and the implications of authoritarianism.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Democratic evolution, governance issues, and civil-military relations.
• Governance and Public Policy: Institutional decay and policy implications of authoritarian regimes.
• Political Science: Comparative analysis of hybrid and authoritarian regimes.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The article highlights how democratic values, like freedom of expression and institutional independence, are compromised
in Pakistan. For instance, the government restricts protests and uses censorship to limit media coverage, as seen in the recent
barring of TV channels from reporting opposition-led protests. This showcases how institutions are undermined, preventing
fair governance.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Pakistan’s democracy was reclassified as authoritarian in the Economist Intelligence Unit's democracy index
• The military’s influence expanded post-2018, encompassing governance and economic policy.
• Recent curbs include laws targeting criticism on digital platforms and censorship of electronic media.

To sum up, This article underscores the precarious state of Pakistan’s democracy and the long-term risks of autocratic
governance. It serves as a stark reminder that genuine stability and national progress can only stem from strong democratic
institutions and the upholding of fundamental freedoms. This Piece of writing is an essential read for those analyzing
Pakistan's political evolution and governance dynamics.

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 11. Straws In The Syrian Whirlwind
1. Summary
The article critically examines the complex geopolitics surrounding Syria's recent turmoil, highlighting Western media's
portrayal of Bashar al-Assad’s regime and its fall to extremist militias. The narrative underscores the hypocrisy in celebrating
the so-called liberation of Syria while ignoring the broader impact of Western interventions in the region, including the
destruction of other secular Arab entities like Iraq, Libya, and Yemen. The writer contextualizes the situation by connecting
it to historical events, such as the 1953 coup in Iran and Reza Shah’s kashf-i-hijab decree, to show how external forces have
repeatedly destabilized the Middle East. Furthermore, the article explores the potential implications for global power
dynamics, particularly regarding the BRICS alliance, which includes Russia, China, and Iran, and their strategic interests in
Syria despite the West's attempts to undermine them.
The writer goes in-depth to analyze the geopolitical motives behind the Syrian crisis, positing that it serves as a Western
effort to curb the growing influence of BRICS and de-dollarization efforts. Assad’s ousting is presented as the final blow to
secular resistance in the Arab world. Despite the chaos, Russia and Iran have retained strategic footholds in Syria, signaling
their enduring commitment to their interests. The article concludes by pondering whether Iran and Russia's apparent restraint
signifies a tactical sacrifice of Assad or a miscalculation of the militias' swift takeover. Ultimately, the Syrian whirlwind
represents a microcosm of larger global struggles between Western powers and emerging alliances, with the fate of the
region hanging precariously in the balance.
2. Overview:
The article examines the fall of Assad's regime in Syria and its implications for Middle Eastern geopolitics and global power
dynamics. It highlights Western hypocrisy, the erosion of secular Arab states, and the strategic moves by BRICS nations
amidst growing tensions.
3. NOTES:
The article highlights the intricate dynamics of the Syrian conflict, emphasizing its geopolitical implications and historical
context. It assesses Western media's portrayal of the fall of secular regimes in the Middle East, framing them as victories
for democracy while ignoring the devastation and hypocrisy involved. The piece of writing discusses the collapse of secular
Arab entities like Syria, Iraq, and Libya and the strategic interests of global powers like the US, Russia, and China. It
highlights how BRICS countries, including Iran and Syria, are being targeted to curtail their influence in global politics.
Furthermore, the article explores the challenges faced by Syria’s allies, Iran and Russia, in maintaining their foothold amidst
the swift takeover by extremist groups. The role of Turkey and its shifting alliances is also analyzed, along with the broader
implications of these developments for regional stability, economic structures, and international relations. This
comprehensive overview underscores the complex interplay of regional and global powers in shaping Syria's future.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics
• International Relations: Western interventions, BRICS, and global power dynamics.
• Pakistan Affairs: Lessons from Middle Eastern geopolitics for regional stability.
• Current Affairs: Implications of de-dollarization and shifting alliances.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The article paints a complex picture of the Syrian conflict, showing how external and internal forces are shaping the future
of Syria and its people. For beginners, it's important to understand the role of various actors, including the US, Iran, Russia,
and regional powers like Turkey, in influencing Syria's trajectory. The discussion of secularism versus religious governance
helps explain the tensions within the region. Key terms such as "BRICS," "secularism," and "theocratic states" are important
for grasping the global dynamics at play. Additionally, the article touches on the broader impact of the Syrian crisis on the
balance of power in the Middle East and beyond. This is very important to understand the interconnectedness of global
politics and the repercussions of regional conflicts on international stability.

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 6. Facts and Figures
• BRICS expansion includes countries like Iran, UAE, and Egypt.
• The fall of Assad's regime signifies the last secular resistance in the Arab world.
• The Syrian crisis connects to efforts to prevent "de-dollarization" of the global economy.
To sum up, The article serves as a compelling critique of Western involvement in Syria, contextualized within the broader
geopolitical chessboard. It unravels the layers of hypocrisy, historical interventions, and strategic maneuvers shaping the
Middle East's future

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 12. Hooked On Artificial Intelligence
1. Summary:
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is now serving as a confidant for users seeking emotional support, companionship, or even
therapy. Apps like Character.ai create customizable bots that act as empathetic listeners, offering advice and fostering
human-like interactions. This trend reflects the growing issue of loneliness, prevalent even in Pakistan, where physical
proximity often lacks emotional connection. AI companions are lauded for their judgment-free, cost-effective availability.
However, reliance on such technology is not without risks. These bots may reinforce social isolation, provide misguided
advice, or exploit user data for commercial gain. While AI can offer temporary solace, it cannot replace genuine human
relationships or professional mental health support.
The integration of AI in emotional therapy is both a reflection of societal challenges and a testament to technological
advancement. Bots like Meta's "The Soothing Counsellor" and Chai demonstrate the demand for virtual companionship,
particularly among younger generations. However, concerns about data privacy and the long-term psychological impact of
AI interactions loom large. Users must weigh the benefits and drawbacks, recognizing AI's role as a "band-aid" rather than
a comprehensive solution. Ultimately, the ethical deployment of AI in mental health requires thoughtful regulation to
safeguard individual well-being while leveraging its potential to address accessibility gaps
2. Overview:
The article discusses the rise of AI-based companions as a tool for emotional support amidst modern-day loneliness. While
AI companions offer convenience and accessibility, they raise concerns about data privacy, social isolation, and
misinformation, necessitating caution and ethical oversight in their use.
3. NOTES:
The article provides an in-depth analysis of the growing use of AI companions as tools for emotional support, highlighting
their relevance to modern societal challenges. It emphasizes AI’s potential to address loneliness and provide therapeutic
solutions, particularly in regions where mental health services are inaccessible. However, it warns of ethical concerns,
including data privacy risks, the potential for misguided advice, and the long-term impact on human interactions.
4. Related CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: Ethical implications of AI and its role in global digital diplomacy.
• Environmental Science and Sociology: Technological influence on societal behavior.
• Current Affairs: The intersection of mental health and technology in modern society.
5. Notes for Beginners:
AI companions are digital chatbots programmed to mimic human interactions, helping people deal with problems like
loneliness or emotional struggles. For instance, apps like Character.ai allow users to create friendly or therapeutic personas.
These bots, though responsive and available anytime, cannot replace real human bonds. For example, they may misguide
users or make them overly dependent on virtual connections. AI is useful where therapists are unavailable, but its reliance
comes with risks like data misuse. This serves as a reminder that while technology can assist, it requires responsible use.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Character.ai, created by a San Francisco-based company, is one of the leading AI companion apps.
• Reports indicate increased loneliness globally, affecting both Western and non-Western societies like Pakistan.
• AI therapy is becoming a substitute in regions lacking affordable mental health services.

To put it simply, AI as a means of companionship is both innovative and controversial. While it addresses real-world issues
like loneliness and mental health barriers, it also poses risks of over-dependence and ethical dilemmas. Striking a balance
between its utility and drawbacks is essential to ensure AI contributes positively to human well-being without undermining
core human connections.

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 13. A Geopolitical Cauldron
1. Summary:
The fall of Bashar al-Assad's regime marks the end of over five decades of authoritarian rule in Syria, triggering a
geopolitical reshuffling in the Middle East. The swift collapse was driven by a united rebel onslaught, despite Syria's long-
standing internal divisions and external interventions. The regime's fall has created a vacuum filled by various groups such
as Hayat Tahrir al-Sham, the Syrian National Army, and Kurdish forces, each with diverging ideologies and foreign
allegiances. This complex mosaic of power threatens to hinder Syria's transition toward a democratic political framework.
Meanwhile, regional actors, including Turkey, Israel, and Iran, jostle for influence, further complicating the establishment
of stability in a war-torn nation.
The geopolitical implications extend beyond Syria. Turkey's growing sway among rebel groups positions it as a key player,
while Israel’s expansion in the Golan Heights highlights its opportunistic aggression amidst Syria's instability. The
weakening of Iran and Russia—long-time allies of Assad—reflects shifting power dynamics, with Moscow’s military assets
in Syria facing an uncertain future. Similarly, Western interventions continue to fuel instability, exemplified by persistent
challenges from radical groups. Ultimately, Syria’s fate hinges on whether its fractured factions and external forces can
collaborate to forge a durable and representative political order.
2. Overview:
This article explores the fall of Syria's Assad regime, analyzing its local, regional, and global repercussions. It underscores
the difficulty of transitioning from authoritarianism to democracy in a fragmented state heavily influenced by external
powers.
3. NOTES:
The fall of the Assad regime highlights the complexities of transitioning from authoritarian rule to democracy in a fractured
state. Syria's political landscape remains precarious, dominated by groups such as Hayat Tahrir al-Sham, the Syrian National
Army, and Kurdish forces, each with distinct ideologies and external backing. The involvement of regional powers like
Turkey, Israel, and Iran has further complicated the situation, as these actors pursue their interests amidst Syria's instability.
Turkey’s influence is significant due to its backing of certain rebel factions, while Israel has taken advantage of the power
vacuum by expanding its control in the Golan Heights. Meanwhile, Russia and Iran, once strong allies of Assad, face
diminishing influence, reflecting a broader shift in regional power dynamics. The article underscores the challenges of
establishing a democratic framework in a state deeply divided by internal and external pressures, with the risk of radicalism
and continued foreign interventions threatening long-term stability.
4. Related CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Lessons from governance challenges in conflict-ridden nations.
• International Relations: Regional power struggles and foreign interventions.
• Current Affairs: Middle Eastern political dynamics and their global effects.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Syria's situation shows what happens when a country ruled by one family for over five decades collapses. For example, the
Hayat Tahrir al-Sham group now leads but has a controversial past linked to Al-Qaeda, raising fears of radicalism. Turkey’s
military influence in Syria demonstrates how regional powers can shape a country's future. This reflects broader lessons for
other nations, like avoiding prolonged dictatorial rule and managing diverse political interests during transitions to
democracy.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Assad's regime ruled Syria for 53 years.
• The civil war resulted in hundreds of thousands of deaths and millions of displaced citizens.
• Key rebel factions include Hayat Tahrir al-Sham, Syrian National Army, and Kurdish forces.
To wrap up, This article provides in-depth analysis of the geopolitical transformations stemming from the Assad regime's collapse. It provides a poignant
reminder of the fragility of dictatorial systems and the complexities of post-conflict governance, particularly in regions marred by ideological and
external conflicts. Syria's fate offers critical lessons for nations on managing transitions while navigating regional and global dynamics.

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 14. In Search Of Growth
1. Summary
Pakistan's economy has faced recurring cycles of growth spurts, primarily driven by liquidity injections. These short-term
booms, spurred by foreign investments, debt, and remittances, have historically led to inflation and trade deficits,
culminating in balance-of-payments crises. For instance, periods like 2002-2007, 2014-2017, and 2020-2021 saw growth
fueled by post-9/11 funds, Saudi deposits, Eurobond floatations, and emergency loans during the pandemic. However, the
reliance on such external funding highlights policymakers' inability to devise sustainable economic strategies. Currently,
the government faces mounting pressure to revitalize growth amid IMF-imposed austerity, but past trends suggest that
without structural reforms, these efforts are likely to exacerbate economic vulnerabilities.
The article examines the government’s dependency on temporary financial inflows to stimulate the economy, resulting in
inflation, fiscal imbalances, and stagnant long-term growth. Deputy Prime Minister Ishaq Dar’s recent remarks about the
rupee's value and the push for reduced interest rates exemplify the reemergence of these unsustainable policies. The article
warns that Pakistan’s policymaking remains trapped in a cyclical pattern of short-term liquidity fixes, failing to address the
foundational issues hindering sustainable economic progress. It calls for a departure from reactive policies and the
implementation of structural reforms to ensure enduring growth.
2. Overview:
The article explores Pakistan's economic history of liquidity-driven growth spurts and their inevitable fallout. It emphasizes
the need for sustainable policymaking, warning against the government's reliance on short-term solutions to boost growth.
3. NOTES:
Pakistan’s economic trajectory reveals a repetitive reliance on liquidity-driven growth, characterized by foreign investments,
debt inflows, and remittances. These short-term fixes have historically spurred inflation and widened trade deficits, leading
to balance-of-payments crises. Key growth periods, such as 2002-2007 and 2014-2017, demonstrate the consequences of
neglecting structural reforms in favor of temporary financial STIMULI. The CSS aspirants should focus on analyzing these
cycles critically, understanding their causes and effects, and applying this knowledge to topics like economic policy,
inflation, and IMF programs. Additionally, the role of external financial institutions and the importance of sustainable
reforms are vital discussion points.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Economic challenges, balance of payments crises, IMF programs.
• Economics: Growth theories, inflation, fiscal deficits.
• International Relations: Role of foreign aid and global financial institutions.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Pakistan’s economy has often relied on quick financial boosts, such as foreign aid and investments, to achieve temporary
growth. For example, after 9/11, Pakistan received significant foreign aid, which temporarily improved the economy but
later caused inflation and trade imbalances. This pattern repeated during 2014-2017 with Saudi deposits and Eurobond
floatations, as well as during the pandemic with emergency loans from the IMF. These strategies might seem effective
initially but usually lead to long-term problems, like rising prices and depleted reserves. To truly strengthen the economy,
sustainable solutions, like improving exports and reducing fiscal deficits, are necessary instead of relying on short-term
fixes
6. Facts and Figures:
• Economic growth periods: 2002-2007, 2014-2017, 2020-2021.
• Pandemic-related foreign aid: $1.4 billion emergency IMF disbursement.
• Saudi deposit (2014): $1.5 billion.
• Trade deficit consequences: Inflation and depleted reserves.

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 15. Judiciary Farm
1. Summary:
The article analyzes the recent 26th Amendment to Pakistan's Constitution, which has restructured the superior judiciary
under the guise of improving efficiency and addressing judicial activism. This amendment transferred the power of bench
formation from the Chief Justice to the executive, creating a potential conflict of interest as the government often stands as
a litigant. Despite promises of streamlined decision-making, the newly formed constitutional benches have failed to deliver
substantial judgments, leaving critical cases pending and amplifying delays. The opacity of their proceedings, lack of
adherence to merit-based judicial appointments, and arbitrary decision-making have raised concerns about the erosion of
judicial independence and accountability.
Furthermore, the amendment’s effects are highlighted through recent controversies, such as the arbitrary exclusion of senior
judges in bench formations and the sidelining of previously established rules for judicial appointments. These changes
suggest a shift from one form of arbitrariness to another, undermining the judiciary’s credibility. The writer metaphorically
compares the situation to amputating a limb to address a minor itch, only to worsen the overall condition, signifying a
judiciary plagued by inefficiency and political manipulation.
2. Overview:
The article dissects the ramifications of the 26th Amendment, underscoring its failure to achieve the proclaimed objectives
of efficiency and impartiality. It exposes how the judiciary’s restructuring has led to executive overreach and compromised
decision-making. Key issues such as delayed cases, lack of merit-based appointments, and opacity in proceedings highlight
the need for genuine judicial reforms rather than superficial amendments.
3. NOTES:
The article critically examines the 26th Amendment to Pakistan's Constitution, highlighting its impact on the judiciary's
autonomy and efficiency. It argues that the amendment has replaced the arbitrary authority of the Chief Justice with that of
the executive, creating a conflict of interest, as the government often stands as a litigant. This shift has led to inefficiencies,
with constitutional benches failing to deliver substantial judgments on critical cases while prioritizing less significant
matters. The lack of transparency in proceedings, such as the absence of livestreaming, further undermines public trust.
Judicial appointments, once expected to follow merit-based criteria, have instead become arbitrary, with senior judges being
overlooked without explanation. The writer metaphorically compares the amendment’s impact to amputating a limb to
address a minor issue, worsening the overall condition. The article underscores the need for transparent processes and
genuine reforms to preserve judicial independence and uphold democratic values.
4. CSS Syllabus Topics or Subjects:
• Pakistan Affairs: Constitution of Pakistan, judicial reforms, and executive-judiciary relations.
• Governance and Public Policies: Impact of governance on institutional performance.
• Current Affairs: Recent amendments and their socio-political implications.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The 26th Amendment was introduced to improve Pakistan’s judicial system but has sparked controversy. Instead of allowing
judges to make decisions independently, the government now plays a significant role in selecting which judges hear cases.
This creates conflicts of interest since the government is often involved in these cases. For example, while some judges
work on minor cases, more critical cases, like military trials, remain unresolved. The lack of proper rules for appointing
judges has also led to unfair practices, with senior judges being ignored. This situation shows that without clear processes,
even well-intentioned reforms can backfire.
6. Facts and Figures:
• The 26th Amendment transferred bench-forming authority from the Chief Justice to the executive.
• Over 30 days, the constitutional benches have failed to resolve critical cases or issue detailed judgments.
• Pending cases include military trials of civilians and constitutional challenges against the amendment itself.

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To wrap up, The article provides a cautionary tale about superficial reforms that compromise institutional integrity. The
judiciary’s independence is pivotal for democratic governance, and its erosion through arbitrary amendments and executive
overreach threatens Pakistan’s legal framework. True progress lies in transparent and merit-based reforms rather than
politically motivated adjustments.

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 16. Going ‘Glocal’
1. Summary:
The article investigates the importance of bridging global and local educational practices to create a "glocal" system that
empowers students with 21st-century skills. It highlights the need for inclusivity, cultural sensitivity, and critical thinking
in classrooms while addressing the lack of professional development among teachers to meet these demands. By integrating
global standards like the UN's SDG 4 framework into Pakistan's curriculum, the writer envisions a system where students
are prepared for global citizenship without compromising their cultural heritage. However, resistance to global influences
and outdated teaching practices remain significant hurdles.
The author emphasizes the value of technology, cultural awareness, and collaborative learning to address contemporary
global challenges like climate change and social justice. The article critiques current practices that prioritize rote learning
over innovation, urging for exposure to global systems that nurture creativity and inclusiveness. The piece of writing
concludes with the sentiment that quality education is the key to equipping students with the adaptability and knowledge to
navigate a rapidly evolving world while maintaining their local identities.
2. Overview:
The article advocates for integrating global educational practices with local values, focusing on inclusivity, critical thinking,
and professional teacher development to prepare students for global citizenship. Resistance to change and lack of resources
are identified as major barriers.
3. NOTES:
The article emphasizes the importance of merging global and local educational practices to create an inclusive and culturally
sensitive learning environment. It highlights the need for teacher training and professional development to meet the demands
of 21st-century education, such as critical and creative thinking. The concept of "glocal" education suggests that students
should be equipped with global competencies, like collaborative learning and awareness of cultural diversity, without
compromising local traditions. Challenges such as resistance to global influences and outdated teaching methods are
discussed, along with the necessity of integrating frameworks like the UN’s SDG 4 to ensure quality education. By
leveraging technology and exposing students to global standards, Pakistan can prepare its youth to tackle issues like climate
change, social justice, and transnational collaboration, fostering global citizenship while retaining cultural identity.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Education Policies and Reforms in Pakistan.
• International Relations: Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 4: Quality Education).
• Current Affairs: Globalization and Its Impacts on Education.
• Science and technology: technology in education
5. Notes for beginners:
The concept of "glocal" education combines global practices with local values, like using technology for better teaching
while retaining cultural norms. For example, incorporating UN’s SDG 4 goals in schools can improve learning outcomes
while respecting local traditions. Resistance often arises from fears of losing cultural identity, but exposure to global systems
enhances creativity and problem-solving. For instance, countries using AI in classrooms report better critical thinking among
students. By preparing teachers and students for global challenges like climate change and social justice, education can
become a tool for meaningful change.
6. Facts and Figures:
• The UN’s SDG 4 emphasizes inclusive, equitable, and quality education for all.
• Countries integrating technology in education report a 25% improvement in critical thinking skills.
• Over 70% of Pakistani teachers lack professional development for modern educational practices.
To wrap up, The article underscores the transformative power of education in shaping global citizens while preserving
cultural identity. Bridging the gap between outdated practices and global innovations requires robust teacher training,
inclusivity, and the adoption of global frameworks like SDG 4. By overcoming resistance and leveraging technology,
Pakistan can create an education system that equips students with the skills to address local and global challenges alike.
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 17. Year Of Unmet Challenges
1. Summary:
The article paints a grim picture of Pakistan’s political, economic, and security landscape in 2024. Political turbulence
marked the year, beginning with disputed elections that led to a hung parliament and fragile coalition government under
Shehbaz Sharif. Allegations of ballot fraud, street protests, and the erosion of judicial independence through constitutional
amendments further deepened the chasm between government and opposition. Meanwhile, the military expanded its
influence, turning the hybrid governance model into a direct involvement in various domains, including the economy. This
political quagmire hindered economic reforms and foreign relations, leaving the government grappling with an ailing
economy, surging debt, and strained ties with key allies like China and the United States.
The security situation also deteriorated, with terrorism-related fatalities surging across KP and Balochistan, and the Baloch
Liberation Army emerging as a significant threat alongside TTP. Despite securing a $7 billion IMF bailout, economic
stabilization remained tenuous, with structural reforms absent and investor confidence waning amid political instability.
Foreign policy, too, suffered from a lack of strategic direction, as relations with neighboring countries and global powers
remained fraught. The article concludes with a call for addressing these multifaceted challenges with competence and
purpose in 2025 to steer the nation toward stability and growth.
2. Overview:
The article provides an in-depth analysis of Pakistan’s unresolved issues in 2024, ranging from political instability and
judicial interference to economic stagnation and security crises. It underscores the pressing need for political cohesion,
robust economic reforms, and a well-defined foreign policy to address these challenges.
3. NOTES:
The article emphasizes the challenges faced by Pakistan in 2024, marked by intense political instability and democratic
regression. Disputed elections, a fractured parliament, and persistent government-opposition confrontations created an
environment of uncertainty. The military's expanded influence over civilian governance further eroded democratic
principles, as constitutional amendments undermined judicial independence. On the economic front, Pakistan managed to
secure a $7 billion IMF bailout, averting default, but failed to address structural weaknesses such as unsustainable debt and
economic stagnation. Rising terrorism, particularly in KP and Balochistan, highlighted the deteriorating security landscape,
with civilian and law enforcement casualties exceeding 1,000. Internationally, Pakistan’s foreign policy lacked strategic
focus, straining relations with key allies like China and the US. These multifaceted issues underscore the pressing need for
political stability, economic reform, and effective security measures.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Political instability, terrorism, and economic challenges.
• Current Affairs: IMF loans, foreign policy, and military influence.
• Governance and Public Policies: Judicial amendments and hybrid governance.
• International Relations: Relations with China, the US, and neighboring countries.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The year 2024 was a turbulent one for Pakistan. Political instability resulted from disputed elections and weak governance,
which depended heavily on military support. The government amended the constitution, reducing judicial independence
and granting greater power to the military. Economically, Pakistan faced severe challenges but avoided default by securing
an IMF loan. However, issues like high debt and lack of investment persist. Terrorism surged, especially in KP and
Balochistan, causing insecurity across the country. On the international stage, Pakistan struggled to maintain strong
relationships with key allies like China and the US. These issues emphasize the importance of political stability, economic
reform, and strategic policymaking for a brighter future.

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 6. Facts and Figures:
• 2024 marked Pakistan's 25th IMF bailout.
• Terrorism fatalities exceeded 1,000, with nearly 200 deaths in KP’s Kurram district in November alone.
• The Baloch Liberation Army became a significant threat, comparable to TTP.

To wrap up, This article works as a wake-up call for addressing Pakistan's intertwined challenges of political instability,
economic fragility, and security threats. The author emphasizes that without coherent governance, effective economic
reforms, and strategic diplomacy, 2025 may inherit the same unresolved crises. It’s a clarion call for decisive leadership to
navigate through these stormy waters.

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 18. Struggling Against Terrorism
1. Summary:
The article highlights Pakistan's persistent struggle against terrorism, with 2024 marking a grim escalation in militant
activities, surpassing figures from the 2014 Army Public School attack. Despite promises of "never again," Pakistan
continues to grapple with targeted killings, suicide bombings, and attacks on security forces, particularly in KP and
Balochistan. A nexus between Talibanism and sectarianism has exacerbated the security crisis, while political instability and
a lack of coherent counterterrorism (CT) strategy hinder progress. The release of TTP operatives during failed peace talks
has further emboldened militant factions, highlighting the dire need for a holistic, long-term strategy.
Adding fuel to the fire, Baloch separatist movements and attacks on Chinese nationals working on CPEC projects have
compounded Pakistan's security woes. The absence of unity, coupled with external interference and ineffective governance,
has rendered kinetic operations inadequate. The article underlines the urgency for Pakistan to adopt a multifaceted approach,
prioritizing internal cohesion and strategic policymaking to counter the growing threat of terrorism effectively. It paints a
bleak picture of a nation at a crossroads, needing swift and decisive action to reclaim stability and security.
2. Overview:
This article analyzes the resurgence of terrorism in Pakistan, emphasizing the need for a cohesive strategy to address internal
and external challenges. It evaluates past mistakes, including failed peace talks, while urging policymakers to focus on
holistic and unified measures.
3. Notes:
The article underscores Pakistan's persistent battle against terrorism, particularly in KP and Balochistan, where militancy
has resurged with increased frequency and ferocity. Over 2,400 attacks in the last five years, resulting in the deaths of 1,627
security personnel, highlight the gravity of the situation. The return of the Taliban government in Afghanistan has
emboldened the TTP, exacerbating issues like sectarian violence and attacks on security forces. Failed peace talks with the
TTP, initiated under domestic and external pressures, have worsened matters by enabling militants to regroup and launch
fresh offensives. Moreover, political instability and ineffective counterterrorism strategies have further compromised the
country’s ability to address these challenges. Attacks on Chinese nationals working on CPEC projects, coupled with alleged
foreign interference, underline the complexity of Pakistan's security landscape, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive
and unified counterterrorism policy.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Terrorism, sectarianism, and national security challenges.
• International Relations: Cross-border implications of the Taliban's return in Afghanistan.
• Current Affairs: CPEC security concerns and foreign interference in terrorism.
• Governance and Public Policy: Flaws in CT strategies and policymaking.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Pakistan’s struggle against terrorism is like a recurring storm, intensified by past missteps and current instability. The TTP
has become stronger due to ineffective strategies, such as releasing hardened militants during failed peace negotiations. This
has resulted in an alarming rise in violence, with over 2,400 attacks recorded in recent years. The Taliban's return in
Afghanistan has provided a safe haven for these groups, further complicating the situation. Sectarian violence, such as in
Kurram and Orakzai districts, has also worsened due to the merging of local militancy with external influences. Political
instability and a lack of unified action hinder effective solutions, making it clear that combating terrorism requires more
than just military operations—it demands coordinated efforts involving political, social, and international cooperation.
6. Facts and Figures:
• 2,400 militant attacks reported in five years.
• 1,627 security personnel killed between 2020–2024.
• 856 attacks and 476 fatalities in 2024 alone.
• Surge in attacks on Chinese nationals working on CPEC projects.

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 19. Faulting Rio Trio
1. Summary:
The article highlights the global environmental landscape, painting a vivid picture of both progress and setbacks in
addressing climate challenges. While 2024 stands out as the hottest year on record, marked by catastrophic floods, wildfires,
and a rise in greenhouse gas emissions, it also witnessed a surge in environmental diplomacy. Summits such as the UN
Environment Assembly and the COP meetings under the Rio conventions sought to tackle interconnected issues of climate
change, biodiversity loss, and desertification. However, the outcomes of these gatherings were marred by insufficient
financial commitments from developed nations and a lack of technological support for developing countries, further
exacerbating mistrust between these blocs. Despite the shortcomings, the article emphasizes that the COPs have played an
instrumental role in shaping global environmental discourse and policy.
The piece of writing analyzes the systemic challenges plaguing global environmental efforts. It highlights the disparity
between ambitious environmental goals and the inadequacy of financial and institutional support for their realization.
Developing nations continue to bear the brunt of climate change, while wealthy countries falter in honoring their
commitments. The article calls for a holistic approach, urging nations to integrate climate, biodiversity, and desertification
strategies and adopt inclusive financial mechanisms. By fostering trust and ensuring equitable support, the world might yet
steer towards meaningful environmental progress, underscoring that the failure lies in unkept promises, not flawed
frameworks.
2. Overview
The article clarifies the advancements and challenges in global environmental diplomacy in 2024. It critically assesses the
role of COPs, their historical significance, and the systemic obstacles hindering their success. The text promotes inclusive
and holistic approaches to combat climate challenges effectively.
3. NOTES:
The article underscores the pivotal role of COPs and global environmental summits in addressing interconnected challenges
like climate change, biodiversity loss, and desertification. It highlights the progress achieved, such as fostering international
cooperation and creating platforms for policy dialogue, while also addressing their limitations, including inadequate
financial resources and technological support for developing nations. The piece of writing emphasizes that the failure to
meet global climate goals stems from unfulfilled commitments rather than flaws in the frameworks. A holistic approach is
recommended, integrating climate, biodiversity, and desertification strategies into national policies. Additionally, it
encourages inclusive and equitable financial mechanisms to bridge the trust gap between developed and developing nations
and ensure effective implementation of environmental treaties.
4. Relevant CSS Topics or Subjects:
• Environmental Science: Climate change, sustainable development, international environmental treaties.
• International Relations: Global diplomacy and environmental agreements.
• Pakistan Affairs: Implications of global environmental policies on developing nations.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The article explains how global meetings like COPs aim to address climate challenges but often fall short due to unfulfilled
promises. For example, developed nations pledged financial support to help poorer countries combat climate change but
haven’t delivered adequately. This creates mistrust and hampers progress. COPs, like COP29 held in Baku with 70,000
participants, provide a platform for discussions, but without adequate funding or technology transfer, their efforts remain
limited.
6. Facts and Figures:
• 2024 was the hottest year on record.
• COP29 in Azerbaijan hosted 70,000 participants.
• Developed nations failed to fulfill financial commitments to developing countries.

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 20. You And Your Tech
1. Summary:
In today’s age of abundant technology, decision-making regarding tech purchases often reflects social trends rather than
practical needs. The article emphasizes the importance of treating technology as a utility rather than a status symbol. For
instance, individuals often buy the latest gadgets but use them only for mundane tasks, such as social media. It advocates
for practicality by urging consumers to consider the cost-efficiency of their purchases. Be it a car, a smartphone, or a solar
system, decisions should be guided by utility, affordability, and requirements, rather than peer pressure or superficial
comparisons. Calculations like cost per kilometer for cars or unit cost for solar systems can aid in making informed
decisions.
Moreover, the author advises against relying solely on vendor projections when investing in technology like solar panels.
Real-life examples, such as personal experiences with solar energy consumption and billing, underline how misleading these
figures can be. Similarly, teaching children to resist societal pressures around tech can cultivate responsible habits. The crux
of the article is that practicality and functionality must always outweigh appearance or brand appeal in technological
decisions, making it imperative to assess needs critically and avoid impulsive choices.
2. Overview:
This article underscores the need for rational decision-making in adopting technology. It stresses cost-benefit analysis, the
pitfalls of social influence, and strategies for informed consumer behavior, aiming to help readers become more pragmatic
about their technological investments.
3. NOTES:
The article highlights the importance of treating technology as a functional tool rather than a status symbol. It emphasizes
conducting a cost-benefit analysis before making any technological purchase, whether it is a car, smartphone, or solar
system. For instance, calculating the cost per kilometer for vehicles or unit cost for solar energy can ensure better financial
planning. It warns against relying solely on supplier estimates for solar systems and stresses the need for independent
verification. Moreover, teaching children to resist peer pressure and focus on utility over appearance fosters responsible
decision-making. These rational, utility-driven approaches align with governance principles and fiscal Responsibility.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Socio-economic impact of technology on households.
• International Relations: Global trends in sustainable technology adoption.
• Environmental Science: Renewable energy solutions and their feasibility.
• Current Affairs: Evolving consumer behaviors in technological markets.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Technology should always be viewed as a tool designed to serve specific needs rather than as a display of social prestige.
For example, a mobile phone used for basic communication and browsing does not need to be the latest high-end model.
Similarly, calculating the cost of owning a car per kilometer can help evaluate its efficiency. In the case of solar systems,
comparing electricity generation costs with initial investments ensures that the returns justify the expense. For young
learners, teaching them to focus on practicality, like choosing a simple but functional gadget, helps resist societal pressures.
Verifying claims by asking peers or conducting personal research instead of blindly trusting suppliers cultivates a habit of
making informed and sustainable decisions.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Example of solar system: A 10KVA system producing 10,000 kWh annually may have a three-year pay-off period.
• K-Electric charges Rs73 per unit but buys solar power at Rs33 per unit, illustrating imbalanced tariffs.
To sum up, This article is a call to rethink consumer habits by prioritizing practicality and cost-efficiency over societal
pressures. By encouraging independent calculations and informed choices, it equips readers with tools to make smarter
decisions in an increasingly technology-driven world. Responsible adoption of technology not only enhances personal utility
but also promotes sustainable living practices.

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 21. Nuclear Deterrence And Strategic Stability In South Asia: A Focus On
Pakistan.
1. Summary:
Nuclear deterrence forms the backbone of South Asia’s strategic stability, especially for Pakistan, as it counters India’s
conventional military superiority. From its roots in Minimum Credible Deterrence (MCD), Pakistan’s nuclear doctrine
evolved into Full Spectrum Deterrence (FSD) to address India’s Cold Start Doctrine, emphasizing tactical, operational, and
strategic deterrence. While this ensures regional equilibrium, challenges like India’s technological advancements, economic
limitations, and the risks posed by non-state actors continue to strain stability. Pakistan’s dependence on China for nuclear
advancements highlights regional complexities further influenced by global geopolitical dynamics, such as the US-India
nuclear pact, which tilts the balance in India’s favor. Despite these hurdles, Pakistan emphasizes its nuclear program's
defensive intent while encouraging transparency, dialogue, and cooperation to sustain long-term peace in South Asia.
The fragile nature of strategic stability in South Asia, compounded by unresolved territorial disputes and asymmetric
warfare, underscores the volatility of the region. The risk of miscalculation, cross-border terrorism, and advanced
technologies like India’s hypersonic missiles challenge the deterrence balance, forcing Pakistan to innovate. Moreover,
economic constraints hinder nuclear modernization, while the risk of non-state actors acquiring nuclear material poses a
global threat. To mitigate these risks, Pakistan prioritizes stringent security protocols and regional cooperation initiatives,
such as confidence-building measures and agreements on no-first-use policies. A holistic approach integrating diplomacy,
transparency, and mutual trust remains pivotal in fostering a stable and secure South Asia.
2. Overview:
The article explores Pakistan’s nuclear deterrence strategy, its evolution in response to India’s threats, and the challenges to
maintaining regional stability. It emphasizes the importance of confidence-building, regional cooperation, and addressing
economic and technological constraints to ensure peace in South Asia.
3. NOTES:
Pakistan’s nuclear strategy has evolved significantly to counter the growing threats from its regional rival, India. Initially
grounded in Minimum Credible Deterrence (MCD), Pakistan’s approach shifted to Full Spectrum Deterrence (FSD) in
response to India’s Cold Start Doctrine, emphasizing tactical, operational, and strategic levels of deterrence. However, this
strategic stability faces numerous challenges, including India’s technological advancements such as hypersonic missiles and
ballistic missile defense systems, which threaten Pakistan’s second-strike capability. Economic constraints further limit
Pakistan’s ability to modernize its arsenal, while cross-border terrorism and the potential involvement of non-state actors
complicate regional security dynamics. Despite these challenges, Pakistan relies on stringent security protocols like the
Personnel Reliability Program (PRP) to ensure the safety of its nuclear assets. Additionally, the influence of global powers,
such as the US-India nuclear agreement and China’s support for Pakistan, continues to shape the region's strategic
environment. Addressing these issues through confidence-building measures, regional cooperation, and transparency is
essential for maintaining long-term peace and stability in South Asia.
4. Relevant CSS Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Pakistan’s nuclear doctrine and challenges to stability.
• International Relations: Strategic stability in South Asia and global power dynamics.
• Current Affairs: Impact of technological advancements and cross-border issues.
• Security and Strategic Studies: Nuclear deterrence and arms race implications.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Pakistan’s nuclear strategy evolved to counter threats from India, its longstanding rival. Initially, Pakistan focused on
maintaining a minimal nuclear arsenal, but as India developed rapid-strike capabilities, Pakistan expanded its strategy to
include tactical and operational deterrence. This shift ensured Pakistan could respond to any potential aggression, but
economic and technological challenges remain significant hurdles. For example, India’s hypersonic missiles could neutralize
Pakistan’s second-strike capability, forcing innovations. Additionally, Pakistan implements strict security protocols to

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prevent nuclear materials from falling into the hands of militants. Regional cooperation, such as agreements to avoid first-
use of nuclear weapons, is crucial to maintaining stability.

6. Facts and Figures:

• Pakistan’s nuclear doctrine transitioned from MCD in the late 1990s to FSD in the 2010s.
• India’s Cold Start Doctrine prompted the development of Pakistan’s tactical nuclear weapons like the Nasr missile.
• The US-India nuclear agreement in 2008 strengthened India’s position, creating a strategic imbalance.

To wrap up, The article highlights the delicate balance of nuclear deterrence in South Asia, with Pakistan striving to counter
India’s growing capabilities while facing economic and regional challenges. A comprehensive approach integrating
transparency, dialogue, and confidence-building measures is essential for ensuring long-term peace and stability. The
evolving geopolitical landscape requires Pakistan to balance defensive measures with proactive diplomacy to safeguard its
strategic interests.

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 22. Youth Mental Health
1. Summary:
The surge in youth mental health issues, particularly stress, anxiety, and depression, has become alarmingly prevalent in
recent years. This phenomenon is intricately tied to the widespread use of the internet, smartphones, and social media, which
have deeply altered childhood experiences. Unlike earlier generations, today’s youth spend less time engaging in physical
activities, socializing face-to-face, and fostering real-world connections. Social media, while offering virtual communities,
amplifies peer pressure, heightens anxiety, and undermines self-esteem, with girls bearing a greater brunt. Jonathan Haidt’s
book, The Anxious Generation, highlights how the digital age rewires childhood, revealing the stark consequences of online
exposure. With no stringent laws to regulate children's interaction with social media in most countries, its effects persist
unchecked, echoing the unchecked practices of tobacco companies in earlier decades. Australia’s bold decision to ban social
media for those under 16 provides a precedent, emphasizing the need for global debate and legislative action to safeguard
young minds.
The article also provides in-depth analysis of the Pakistani context, where internet penetration is increasing, yet
comprehensive research on the impact of digital exposure remains sparse. The limited data, however, reveals escalating
mental health challenges among Pakistani youth, mirroring global trends. Parents and schools play a pivotal role in
mitigating these risks by monitoring screen time and implementing policies like banning phones during school hours.
Governments, too, must step in to legislate regulations on social media usage for minors. Drawing parallels with
international developments, the article underscores the urgency of addressing this crisis through collective awareness and
action before the issue spirals further out of control.
2. Overview:
This article discusses the adverse effects of social media on youth mental health, focusing on the rewiring of childhood
caused by excessive online exposure. It underscores the global nature of this crisis, with specific visions into Pakistan's
emerging challenges in addressing it.
3. NOTES:
The article highlights the growing mental health crisis among youth, linked to the pervasive use of social media and
smartphones. It underscores how the virtual world has reshaped childhood, replacing outdoor activities, physical books, and
real-world interactions with online engagements. This shift has led to increased stress, anxiety, and depression, particularly
among girls, who are more vulnerable to the exaggerated peer pressure and harsh criticism prevalent on social media
platforms. Drawing attention to Pakistan’s context, the article stresses the lack of extensive research on this issue despite
rising internet penetration. It emphasizes the role of parents, schools, and governments in mitigating these risks by setting
boundaries on screen time, banning phones during school hours, and implementing stringent regulations for minors' online
usage.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Youth and mental health challenges in Pakistan.
• Sociology: Social media’s impact on societal behavior and youth development.
• Current Affairs: Global debates on regulating social media.
• Governance and Public Policy: Role of legislation in safeguarding public health.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Youth mental health is under strain due to excessive reliance on social media, which often replaces face-to-face interactions
and physical activities. For example, a teenager spending hours on Instagram might feel stressed or insecure due to
unrealistic beauty standards and peer comparisons. Parents can help by setting limits on online time, ensuring children
engage in outdoor activities and meaningful real-world interactions. Schools can contribute by restricting phone usage
during academic hours. Learning from countries like Australia, which has banned social media for children under 16,
governments should consider enacting laws to protect young minds from the harmful effects of unchecked online exposure.

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 6. Facts and Figures:
• Youth mental health issues, like anxiety and depression, have risen globally post-Covid.
• Social media significantly impacts girls, exacerbating peer pressure and emotional vulnerability.
• Australia banned social media for children under 16, setting a global precedent.
To wrap up, This article works as a wake-up call to address the growing youth mental health crisis aggravated by unregulated
social media usage. It urges parents, schools, and governments to collaborate in fostering healthier online habits, advocating
for legislative reforms, and prioritizing mental well-being in this digital age.

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 23. Assessing the RSF
1. Summary:
The article discusses the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) emerging role in addressing climate challenges through its
Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF). Pakistan is seeking over $1 billion from this facility to combat its escalating
climate woes. The RSF, launched in 2022, aims to promote long-term climate resilience and sustainability by offering
concessional financing to countries grappling with climate issues. For Pakistan, this represents an opportunity to address
strategic barriers such as the high economic cost of climate inaction, limited private-sector investments, weak climate-
related taxation, and the lack of coordinated governance among federal and provincial entities. The article emphasizes the
need for Pakistan to integrate climate resilience benchmarks into its macroeconomic framework and incentivize private-
sector participation, while simultaneously strengthening local institutions and aligning national policies with provincial
priorities.
Furthermore, the article highlights the importance of embedding climate reforms into Pakistan’s Nationally Determined
Contributions (NDCs) to foster provincial ownership and accelerate transformational change. The IMF’s RSF offers
Pakistan a platform to attract external financing and mobilize domestic resources, potentially sparking a shift toward a
sustainable and resilient economy. However, the success of these reforms hinges on building national consensus, engaging
stakeholders, and addressing systemic barriers. The article underscores the urgency of developing a cohesive strategy that
harmonizes federal and provincial efforts, fostering collaboration between government, private sector, and international
partners for effective climate action.
2. Overview:
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of Pakistan's climate resilience challenges and the opportunities presented by
the IMF's RSF. It provides an in-depth analysis of the economic governance, and financial dimensions of climate reform,
emphasizing the critical need for synchronized efforts among all stakeholders to achieve sustainable development goals.
3. NOTES:
The article underscores the critical need for aligning climate resilience with macroeconomic stability, shedding light on the
interdependence of environmental and economic policies. It emphasizes the importance of addressing systemic challenges,
such as insufficient private-sector investments, weak governance, and inadequate climate Taxation. Moreover, the
discussion on international financing mechanisms and provincial governance provides observations into policymaking,
fostering a broader understanding of sustainable development. The focus on integrating reforms into Pakistan’s Nationally
Determined Contributions further highlights the need for cohesive efforts at both federal and provincial levels, making this
article a valuable resource for developing nuanced perspectives on climate policy and governance.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Environmental Science: Climate resilience, sustainable development, and carbon taxation.
• Pakistan Affairs: Provincial governance, federal policies, and national climate strategies
• International Relations: Role of international organizations in climate financing and diplomacy.
5. Notes for Beginners:
This article introduces key aspects of climate resilience and sustainability, making them accessible for those new to the
topic. It explains how addressing climate change requires both international support and local action, such as using carbon
taxation to promote cleaner industries or encouraging private companies to invest in renewable energy projects. The article
highlights the need for collaboration between governments, private sectors, and international partners, using examples like
the IMF’s Resilience and Sustainability Facility. It also simplifies concepts like governance by illustrating the importance
of aligning federal and provincial efforts to achieve shared climate goals. These explanations provide a foundational
understanding of how nations like Pakistan can tackle climate challenges effectively.

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 6. Facts and Figures:
• Pakistan’s GDP may shrink by up to 20% by 2050 due to climate impacts.
• Cost of inaction is estimated at $1.2 trillion by 2050.
• In 2019, private-sector climate investments were only 0.5% of Pakistan’s GDP.

In a nutshell, This article plays the role of a wake-up call for Pakistan to act decisively on climate issues, leveraging IMF’s
RSF to catalyze reforms and foster resilience. The path forward requires robust governance, innovative financing, and
collective action among stakeholders. Pakistan must seize this opportunity to mitigate its vulnerabilities and chart a
sustainable course for future generations.

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 24. Digital Graveyard
1. Summary:
In 2024, Pakistan's digital landscape has been dominated by arbitrary internet shutdowns and severe connectivity issues,
significantly impacting the country's digital economy and reputation. These disruptions, exacerbated by government policies
that offer uninterrupted services only in select technology zones, have caused widespread losses. Numerous businesses have
faced financial setbacks, with some relocating abroad due to the unreliable internet infrastructure. Despite these challenges,
the government introduced the Digital Nation bill, aimed at transforming Pakistan into a digitally empowered nation.
However, the bill’s promise of fostering a digital society is overshadowed by the lack of a comprehensive data protection
law, leaving citizens' privacy vulnerable. The proposed legislation raises concerns about privacy violations, as there is
insufficient legal protection against unauthorized access to citizens' data, with little accountability for breaches, particularly
within public-sector organizations like Nadra.
The article also examines the government's failure to implement digital reforms effectively, highlighting its weak legislative
processes and disregard for public consultation. The absence of clear safeguards for privacy and civil liberties makes the
proposed digital identity framework increasingly contentious. Drawing comparisons to international standards, the article
argues that while digital rights violations are global, countries with stronger rule-of-law systems provide more robust
protections for citizens. Furthermore, the piece of writing points out the contradictions in government claims, such as the
justification for internet bans on the grounds of national security, which lack compelling evidence. It concludes by warning
that without a shift in mindset and governance, even the advancement of 5G technology and infrastructure improvements
will fail to bring stability or economic growth, as long as policies of control and censorship persist.
2. Overview:
The article provides a critical examination of Pakistan’s internet policies and the government's approach to digital
transformation. It stresses the importance of privacy protection and effective governance in the digital sphere, pointing out
the gaps in legal frameworks and the impact of government actions on the digital economy. The proposed Digital Nation
bill, while aiming to improve digital infrastructure, fails to address core issues like data privacy and accountability.
3. NOTES:
This article touches on critical aspects of Pakistan's digital rights, governance, and the implications of policy decisions on
national security and privacy. It ties into topics such as Pakistan Affairs, Environmental Science (in the context of digital
infrastructure as part of national development), and International Relations (privacy concerns in a global context). The
article provides observations into legislative processes, government accountability, and the intersection of technology and
civil liberties, which are key areas in understanding modern governance issues.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Issues of governance, digital rights, and the impact of government policies on the economy.
• International Relations: Privacy concerns, the global digital economy, and international digital rights standards.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The article highlights how internet disruptions in Pakistan are not just a technical issue but also a political one, where the
government controls access to digital services. For example, in some areas, only certain businesses have guaranteed internet
access, while others suffer from constant disruptions. This shows the importance of stable internet for businesses, especially
in the tech industry. The article also explains the concept of "digital identity," which refers to the personal data people
generate online, like social media profiles and government records. However, it points out that Pakistan lacks sufficient
laws to protect this data, making citizens vulnerable to privacy violations.
6. Facts and Figures
• Economic Losses: Reports estimate billions of rupees in losses due to internet shutdowns and disruptions, impacting
businesses and freelancers nationwide.
• IT Industry Impact: The IT industry reportedly loses $1 million for every hour of internet outage.

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 • Digital Accessibility: The proposed Digital Nation Bill aims to empower Pakistan digitally but lacks adequate data
protection measures.

• Privacy Violations: Cases of data breaches, including Nadra's compromised citizen data, highlight the vulnerabilities
in public-sector data management.
• 5G and Bandwidth: Promises for 2025 include the rollout of 5G and increased bandwidth; however, governance
issues overshadow these advancements.
• Legislative Process: Rapid approvals without public consultation and poorly drafted bills, such as the Punjab
Defamation Law, exemplify flawed governance.

To wrap up, The article works as a powerful reminder of the challenges Pakistan faces in its digital transformation journey.
It calls for a stronger legal framework, better governance, and more accountability in handling digital rights. Until these
issues are addressed, technological advancements like 5G will remain insufficient in fostering real economic and social
growth. The need for balance between security, privacy, and governance is more important than ever for a digital future
that benefits all.

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 25. A National Compact For 2025.
1. Summary:
The article discusses Pakistan’s pressing challenges and the need for a unified national compact in 2025 to address them
effectively. It advocates for consensual democracy, urging political leaders to rise above parochial interests and embrace
inclusivity, tolerance, and inter-provincial harmony. The emphasis on replacing "winner-takes-all" politics with
collaborative governance underscores the necessity of cooperation among all political actors. Furthermore, it stresses
redefining civil-military relations by aligning them with democratic norms and limiting military interference in governance
while ensuring civilian supremacy. Economic recovery is portrayed as a linchpin for stability, with structural reforms—such
as broadening the tax base, privatising loss-making enterprises, and diversifying exports—identified as the pathway to
sustainable growth. Similarly, human development, marked by improved literacy, health services, and population
management, emerges as a core pillar for progress.
Addressing institutional decay and the resurgence of terrorism requires robust reform and a comprehensive counterterrorism
strategy. The article calls for depoliticising the civil service and strengthening governance mechanisms to ensure effective
public service delivery. On terrorism, it highlights the need for coordinated efforts across intelligence, enforcement agencies,
and local communities, coupled with ideological de-radicalisation programs. Ultimately, the article underscores the urgency
of strong political will, prioritising national interests over individual agendas, to prevent Pakistan from descending into
further instability.
2. Overview:
This article highlights Pakistan's critical political, economic, and social challenges while proposing actionable solutions,
including fostering political unity, restructuring civil-military relations, implementing economic and institutional reforms,
and combating terrorism through a holistic approach.
3. Notes:
The article highlights the urgency of addressing Pakistan’s intertwined challenges through a unified national compact. It
emphasizes the need for consensual democracy, advocating for power-sharing among political stakeholders to ensure
stability. Economic reforms, such as widening the tax base, privatizing loss-making enterprises, and diversifying exports,
are essential for sustainable growth and reducing reliance on IMF bailouts. Human development is another critical focus,
with investments in education, health, and population management identified as key drivers for socio-economic progress.
Institutional reform is necessary to depoliticize the civil service and improve governance, while counterterrorism strategies
should extend beyond military actions to include community involvement and ideological de-radicalization. The
overarching theme is that political will and prioritizing national interests are indispensable for Pakistan’s advancement.
4. CSS Syllabus Topics Related:
• Pakistan Affairs: Civil-military relations, inter-provincial harmony, and governance.
• Current Affairs: Economic reforms, human development, and counterterrorism.
• International Relations: Regional stability and policy alignment with democratic norms.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The article explains how Pakistan can address its problems through collective efforts and reforms. It suggests that all
political parties should work together instead of competing for power, ensuring fair governance for everyone. Economic
improvements can come from collecting more taxes, promoting businesses, and reducing reliance on foreign loans. Investing
in schools and healthcare can create a stronger workforce, helping the country grow. Government institutions need to
function better by removing political interference, and terrorism should be tackled not only with force but by addressing its
root causes, like extremist ideologies. The key idea is that national unity and smart decision-making can lead Pakistan
towards a brighter future.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Pakistan’s poverty rate stands at nearly 40%.
• 26 million school-age children are out of school.

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 26. Porous Loans
1. Summary:
Foreign loans, ostensibly tools for economic development, have plunged Pakistan into a quagmire of dependency and
financial servitude. In 2023, developing nations paid a staggering $1.4 trillion to service their debts, with Pakistan’s external
debt reaching $133.5 billion. Repeatedly turning to international lenders like the IMF, World Bank, and ADB, Pakistan has
borrowed $203 billion since 1958 but has little to show for it. These loans, couched in technical jargon and lofty promises,
often fund similar projects, yielding negligible benefits. For instance, despite receiving multiple loans for tax reform,
disaster management, and urban infrastructure, the issues remain unresolved. The irony is stark when loans meant for
Karachi’s solid waste management or water supply end up enriching foreign contractors while leaving citizens deprived of
basic services.
The article analyzes this pattern of "loan addiction," likening it to a porous bucket that enriches a select few at the expense
of national sovereignty. Historical analysis reveals that despite securing $1.4 billion in loans for urban development between
1976 and 2003, Pakistan’s urban conditions have deteriorated. Authors like Arif Hasan and Dr. Samia Altaf underscore the
futility of these loans, urging a "cold turkey" withdrawal from foreign borrowing. Pakistan’s plight exemplifies how such
loans not only fail to deliver but also exacerbate dependency and poverty, offering a grim reminder of the urgent need for
systemic reform and self-reliance.
2. Overview:
This article highlights the chronic misuse and repercussions of foreign loans in Pakistan. It draws attention to the cyclic
nature of borrowing, which perpetuates dependency and squanders national resources. Using case studies of failed projects,
it examines the inefficacy of such loans in addressing Pakistan’s developmental challenges.
3. NOTES:
The article emphasizes how foreign loans have entrenched Pakistan in economic dependency and debt servitude. It analyzes
the cyclical nature of borrowing, where funds are repeatedly sought for identical projects without resolving underlying
issues. Notable examples include loans for tax reforms, disaster management, and urban infrastructure, such as Karachi’s
water and waste management projects, which have yielded little progress despite significant expenditures. The inefficacy
of these loans is attributed to mismanagement, lack of transparency, and over-reliance on external contractors. The article
calls for systemic reforms and self-reliance to address Pakistan’s developmental challenges, urging policymakers to
reconsider their reliance on foreign borrowing and instead prioritize sustainable, internal solutions.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Economic development and debt management.
• Current Affairs: Global financial institutions and their impact on developing nations.
• International Relations: Dependency theory and the role of international lenders.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Foreign loans are often touted as a lifeline for economic growth but tend to trap countries like Pakistan in a vicious cycle of
borrowing and repayment. For example, despite receiving loans for disaster management, Karachi’s infrastructure remains
unimproved, underscoring the inefficacy of these projects. Beginners should analyze such instances to grasp the implications
of economic policies. Developing critical perspectives through real-world examples, like the repeated failures in urban
development projects, will help articulate strong arguments in exams.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Pakistan’s external debt: $133.5 billion.
• Debt servicing in 2024: $24.6 billion.
• Developing nations’ debt repayment in 2023: $1.4 trillion.
• Loans for Karachi Water and Sewerage: $100 million (2019), $240 million (2024).To wrap up, This article acts as
a poignant reminder of how foreign loans, often marketed as development tools, can cripple a nation’s sovereignty
and progress.

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 27. High Troop Losses
1. Summary:
The article sheds light on the resurgence of terrorism in Pakistan, with the banned TTP escalating its attacks in 2024. Security
forces have faced substantial losses, as highlighted by the December 20th attack in South Waziristan that claimed the lives
of 16 personnel. Despite the introduction of the Azm-i-Istehkam campaign, counterterrorism measures remain ineffective,
necessitating a comprehensive overhaul. The article underscores the need for localized intelligence-based operations to curb
terrorism without displacing civilians excessively. Furthermore, it stresses the importance of dialogue with the Taliban
government in Afghanistan to dismantle TTP havens and prevent cross-border militant activities. The state's failure to secure
its territory has allowed these groups to challenge its authority, demanding urgent, decisive action to restore peace.
Additionally, the piece of writing assesses the lack of strategy and foresight in dealing with the TTP. While the army chief
has pledged to eradicate terrorism, the absence of cohesive policies has perpetuated a vicious cycle of violence. The article
calls for specialized counterterrorism teams trained in asymmetrical warfare and urges the state to ensure no militant group
establishes a foothold within its borders. This crisis demands an integrated approach encompassing military, political, and
diplomatic measures to protect the nation from further losses.
2. Overview:
The article addresses Pakistan’s struggle against rising terrorism, particularly by the TTP, and the alarming rate of security
personnel casualties in 2024. It analyzes the inefficiency of current counterterrorism strategies and suggests localized
operations and specialized teams as solutions. The importance of securing the state’s borders and urging Afghanistan to act
against TTP havens is emphasized
3. NOTES:
The article highlights the resurgence of terrorism in Pakistan, with the banned TTP escalating attacks and causing substantial
losses among security forces in 2024. It discusses the inefficiency of current counterterrorism strategies, such as the Azm-
i-Istehkam campaign, and emphasizes the need for localized intelligence-based operations to minimize civilian displacement
while effectively targeting militants. Additionally, it underscores the importance of specialized counterterrorism teams
trained in asymmetrical warfare and the necessity of engaging with Afghanistan’s Taliban government to dismantle TTP
havens near Pakistan’s borders. The editorial further stresses the state's responsibility to secure its territory and prevent any
militant group from establishing a foothold, urging immediate, cohesive actions to restore peace and security.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Terrorism and counterterrorism policies
• International Relations: Pakistan-Afghanistan relations and cross-border security
• Current Affairs: National security challenges and the role of military campaigns.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Terrorism refers to the use of violence to create fear and achieve political goals. The TTP, an extremist group, has increased
attacks in Pakistan, targeting military and police forces. Counterterrorism efforts involve campaigns like Azm-i-Istehkam,
which need improvement. For example, localized intelligence-based operations can help minimize civilian displacements
while targeting militants effectively. Engaging with Afghanistan's Taliban government is pivotal to eliminate terrorist bases
near Pakistan's borders
6. Facts and Figures:
• Over 341 terrorists killed in 2,801 intelligence operations in 10 months (2024).
• December 20th attack resulted in the martyrdom of 16 security personnel.
• Security personnel losses in 2024 are higher than in 2023.
To wrap up, The article underscores the urgent need to revamp Pakistan's counterterrorism measures. Localized operations
and diplomatic pressure on Afghanistan are imperative to dismantle terrorist networks. The state's resolve to secure its
territory and strengthen its counterterrorism capabilities will determine its success in combating this grave national
security threat..

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 28. Unpacking Trump
1. Summary:
The article critically analyzes the likely implications of Donald Trump's potential second term on U.S.-Pakistan relations,
highlighting his unique governance style marked by nepotism, loyalty, and oligarchic tendencies. Trump’s transactional
mindset, coupled with his focus on populist symbolism, creates a highly personalized administrative framework. While his
policies toward China will be assertive yet pragmatic, the article observes that U.S.-Pakistan ties remain episodic and need-
based. Pakistan, although no longer of paramount importance, retains its strategic relevance for counterterrorism and
regional stability. However, recent missile-related sanctions and America’s support for India signal a continuation of
coercive measures to maintain South Asia's strategic imbalance.
Furthermore, this article underscores how Trump's governance blends corporate and national interests, leveraging
commercial pragmatism over strategic foresight. The article points out that while Trump's China policy could open new
dynamics for India and Pakistan, his administration's approach toward Pakistan will likely depend on episodic necessities
rather than strategic partnerships. The piece of writing examines the U.S.'s duplicity in labeling Pakistan's missile program
a threat, revealing geopolitical motives behind such decisions. Ultimately, the article calls for a nuanced understanding of
Pakistan's role in global politics and urges the country to strategically navigate its relations with the U.S. amidst growing
global competition.
2. Overview:
This article presents a comprehensive view of U.S.-Pakistan relations under Trump, focusing on geopolitical challenges,
strategic diplomacy, and the episodic nature of the bilateral relationship. It critically examines Trump's governance style,
sanctions on Pakistan, and the broader implications for South Asia.
3. NOTES:
Trump’s administration reflects a governance style deeply rooted in nepotism and oligarchy, where loyalty and personal
agendas dominate policymaking. This framework significantly shapes U.S.-Pakistan relations, which are episodic and
driven by immediate needs rather than strategic partnerships. While Pakistan has lost its earlier prominence, it remains
relevant for counterterrorism and regional stability. The U.S. sanctions on Pakistan's missile program exemplify efforts to
create a strategic imbalance in South Asia, favoring India to counter China’s influence. Furthermore, despite tensions, the
U.S. acknowledges Pakistan’s nuclear status and geopolitical significance, making its economic stabilization a shared
interest. The China factor also plays a pivotal role, as Pakistan’s ties with Beijing have not yet escalated to a level of concern
in Washington.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: U.S.-China-Pakistan dynamics and global power politics.
• Pakistan Affairs: Pakistan's strategic challenges and foreign policy.
• Current Affairs: Sanctions, strategic partnerships, and regional stability.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Trump’s governance style highlights nepotism, where appointments favor loyalists and relatives, such as placing long-time
allies in key roles. The U.S.-Pakistan relationship is an example of a transactional partnership, focusing on short-term
benefits like counterterrorism rather than boosting a strategic alliance. Coercion in diplomacy is evident in the U.S.
imposing sanctions on Pakistan’s missile program to influence its regional policies. Strategic imbalance, such as the U.S.
supporting India militarily to counter China, demonstrates a deliberate shift in power dynamics. Additionally, globalist
policies reflect open trade interests, contrasting with Trump’s protectionist tariffs, which emphasize economic isolation.
These concepts are key to understanding the shifting dynamics of international relations and their impact on Pakistan.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Pakistan is crucial for U.S. counterterrorism efforts in Afghanistan.
• Sanctions aim to strengthen India’s strategic position against China.
• The U.S. economy relies on pragmatic global partnerships despite political rhetoric

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 29. Climate shame
1. Summary:
The article examines Pakistan's struggle with environmental degradation and climate change amid corruption and
mismanagement. While Pakistan's efforts at COP29 received global attention, domestic challenges reveal a stark contrast.
The government’s actions, such as attempts to commercialize Margalla National Park and its insufficient response to the
2022 floods, exemplify the rampant corruption that undermines environmental protection. Civil society's role in filling these
gaps highlights the systemic inefficiency in addressing both climate and humanitarian crises. These issues are compounded
by ongoing urban development projects that prioritize monetary gains over environmental sustainability, leaving ordinary
citizens to bear the brunt of polluted air and degraded ecosystems.
The article paints a grim picture of Pakistan’s climate future, criticizing the "rhetoric over action" approach of the authorities.
It underscores the irony of international climate advocacy juxtaposed with local environmental exploitation. From misusing
relief supplies to enabling destructive development, the government’s actions are rooted in self-interest, symbolizing a moral
and political failure. However, the writer closes on a note of cautious optimism, reminding readers that miracles are possible,
even in a system riddled with greed and shortsightedness.
2. Overview:
This article highlights Pakistan’s environmental challenges, juxtaposing the government’s global climate commitments with
its domestic shortcomings. It underscores the dire need for accountability, effective policies, and civil society participation
to protect the environment and ensure sustainable development.
3. NOTES:
Pakistan’s environmental challenges are a microcosm of global climate struggles, where policy gaps and corruption
undermine progress. The country's performance at COP29 showcased its climate advocacy but highlighted the disconnect
between international commitments and domestic actions. Issues like the Margalla National Park controversy reveal
institutional greed, while the 2022 floods expose the government's failure in disaster management, placing the onus on civil
society. Furthermore, the unchecked urbanization projects, prioritizing financial kickbacks over environmental health,
underscore the dire need for sustainable development policies and governance reforms to address these pressing concerns.
4. Related CSS syllabus topics:
• Environmental Science: Climate change impacts on Pakistan. Sustainable development and environmental
management.
• Pakistan Affairs: Governance issues in environmental policy. Role of civil society in addressing climate challenges.
• Current Affairs: Global climate forums like COP29 and their implications for Pakistan. Urbanization and
environmental degradation.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Climate change disproportionately impacts poorer nations like Pakistan, where limited resources hinder effective responses.
For instance, the 2022 floods displaced millions, yet governmental aid was largely absent, leaving civil society to step in.
Corruption exacerbates environmental damage, as seen in the controversial restaurant leases in Margalla National Park,
which harmed the habitat despite legal protection. Similarly, urbanization projects, such as unnecessary overpasses in
Islamabad, worsen air pollution and harm public health, forcing ordinary citizens to endure deteriorating living conditions
while officials shield themselves with air purifiers. These examples underline the urgent need for effective policies and
public accountability to tackle climate challenges.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Pakistan presented submissions on climate change at the International Court of Justice in 2024 to highlight its
vulnerabilities.
• During the 2022 floods, over 1,700 lives were lost, with 33 million people affected, exposing gaps in disaster
management.

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 • COP29 criticized rich nations for failing to meet climate funding commitments, disproportionately affecting poorer
nations like Pakistan.

To wrap up, The article exposes the stark reality of Pakistan's environmental governance, contrasting global advocacy with
local malpractice. While civil society provides a glimmer of hope, systemic reform and sincere efforts are pivotal for
meaningful change. This article works as a poignant reminder of the urgent need to align rhetoric with action to secure a
sustainable future.

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 30. Tariffs And Trade
1. Summary:
Pakistan's export industry faces a precarious situation as proposed tariff hikes under the new US administration loom. With
the US being Pakistan's largest export destination, contributing 18% to the nation's total exports in 2023, any changes in
tariffs could ripple across the economy. A particular focus is on the textile sector, responsible for over 70% of exports to the
US, which could face severe consequences due to high energy costs and inflation. However, this challenge also opens a
window of opportunity if Pakistan capitalizes on shifts caused by US tariffs on Chinese goods, potentially increasing its
market share. To navigate this maze, Pakistan must adopt a multipronged approach, including legal actions under WTO
principles, industrial modernization, and export diversification.
Moreover, Pakistan must focus on long-term solutions by enhancing its global competitiveness and diversifying trade
partners. Emerging markets in Asia, Africa, and the EU's GSP-Plus programme offer viable alternatives. Leveraging the
country's young, tech-savvy workforce and expanding IT and digital sectors could bolster economic resilience. Pakistan
must embrace these challenges, turning adversity into a springboard for economic transformation. The question remains
whether Pakistan can pivot from surviving the crisis to thriving amidst global trade complexities.
2. Overview:
The article highlights Pakistan’s economic reliance on the US and explores the potential fallout of tariff hikes. It emphasizes
the need for proactive reforms, diversification of trade relations, and modernization of industries to counter emerging
challenges.
3. Notes for CSS Exam Aspirants:
The article looks into Pakistan's dependency on the US for exports, particularly in the textile sector, and the challenges
posed by potential tariff hikes. It discusses the need for strategic trade diversification, industrial modernization, and
leveraging legal mechanisms under WTO regulations, such as GATT Articles I and II, to counter these issues. Additionally,
it highlights the role of Pakistan's growing IT sector and young, tech-savvy workforce in driving economic transformation.
The focus on improving energy efficiency, adopting modern machinery, and reducing reliance on single markets underscores
the broader need for economic resilience.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: US-Pakistan trade dynamics and WTO regulations.
• Pakistan Affairs: Textile sector challenges and export diversification.
• Economics: Trade policies, tariff impacts, and industrial modernization.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods, making them more expensive for buyers in the importing country, which can
reduce demand. For example, a 20% tariff on textiles could hurt Pakistan’s exports by making its products less competitive
in the US. Diversification is pivotal, as it reduces dependency on one country, such as the US, by exploring other markets
like the EU or Asia. Understanding WTO principles, like the "Most-Favoured Nation" rule, is essential for fair trade
practices, ensuring that countries treat all trading partners equally. Pakistan’s young population and growing IT sector offer
a significant advantage in transforming its economy amidst global trade challenges.
6. Facts and Figures:
• US imports from Pakistan in 2023: $5.01 billion (18% of Pakistan's total exports).
• Textile exports to the US: Over 70% of total exports.
• Young workforce: 60% of Pakistan's population is under 30.
To wrap up, The looming tariff hikes acts as a wake-up call for Pakistan to reimagine its trade and economic strategies. By
fostering industrial efficiency, leveraging its young workforce, and diversifying exports, Pakistan can not only weather these
storms but also carve a path to sustainable economic resilience. The choice lies in embracing reform or risking stagnation.

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 31. Climate Report Card 2024
1. Summary
As the year 2024 draws to a close, the global climate report card paints a grim picture of escalating environmental crises.
With global temperatures rising by 1.1°C since the 19th century, 2024 has been recorded as the hottest year, overshadowed
by El Niño’s effects and unprecedented changes in ocean and atmospheric systems. The weakening Atlantic Meridional
Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and rapid ocean acidification underscore the perilous trajectory towards ecological
collapse. Meanwhile, biodiversity is on the decline, with over a million species threatened, and the world faces the prospect
of large-scale human migration due to uninhabitable conditions. Despite the urgent need for action, climate negotiations
like COP29 failed to meet the necessary financial and emissions reduction targets, reflecting a crisis of inaction.
In South Asia, the melting glaciers of the "Third Pole" threaten freshwater reserves for over two billion people, exacerbating
regional vulnerabilities. The Amazon's worst wildfires and land degradation mirror a global crisis of deforestation and
resource depletion. Alarmingly, 75% of Earth's land is experiencing dryness, with severe droughts reshaping landscapes.
The article urges systemic transformation—beyond market-driven strategies—to address the root causes of environmental
destruction. A fragile beginning to 2025 offers humanity a last chance to realign economic growth with ecological
sustainability, emphasizing that justice and equity must guide climate actions to avert disaster.
2. Overview
This article critically examines the escalating impacts of climate change, particularly in 2024, while highlighting the
inadequacy of global responses. It focuses on temperature rises, biodiversity loss, ocean acidification, and regional impacts
like South Asia’s glacier crisis. The article underscores the failure of climate negotiations and calls for justice-driven
systemic reforms.
3. NOTES:
The article highlights the pressing challenges of climate change, detailing the alarming rise in global temperatures by 1.1°C
since the late 1800s and 2024 being the hottest year recorded. It underscores the intensification of El Niño, the acidification
of oceans that absorb 30% of annual carbon dioxide emissions, and the rapid melting of glaciers, particularly in South Asia,
threatening the freshwater reserves of over 2 billion people. Biodiversity loss is staggering, with nearly 1 million species at
risk of extinction, weakening critical ecosystem services. The failure of climate negotiations, including COP29, to meet
financial and emission reduction targets exacerbates the crisis. The piece of writing emphasizes the urgency of systemic
change that prioritizes equity and justice, moving beyond market-driven solutions to address the ecological crises of
deforestation, droughts, and resource depletion. This call to action reminds us of the dire need for realigned efforts to ensure
sustainability and survival.
4. CSS Syllabus Relevance:
• Environmental Science: Climate change, global warming, and ecosystem balance.
• Pakistan Affairs: Regional impacts on freshwater resources.
• International Relations: COP negotiations and global climate finance.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The climate crisis is accelerating, with rising temperatures causing sea levels to increase and glaciers to melt. For instance,
South Asia’s glaciers—vital for over 2 billion people—are shrinking rapidly. Oceans, which absorb carbon dioxide, are
becoming acidic, harming marine life and disrupting ecosystems. Human activities, like burning fossil fuels, are the primary
culprits. To combat this, countries must reduce emissions and fund climate adaptation measures, but current efforts fall
short, as shown by COP29’s unmet goals.
6. Facts and Figures:
• 2024 is the hottest year on record.
• Sea levels are rising at 0.44 cm per year, more than double the rate in 1993.
• Over 75% of Earth’s land is experiencing increased dryness.
• Nearly 1 million species face extinction due to climate change.

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 32. Tax Under Weak Enforcement
1. Summary:
Pakistan’s tax system, plagued by weak enforcement and inefficiency, is at a crossroads as the government struggles to meet
ambitious IMF-imposed revenue targets. The Tax Laws (Amendment) Bill 2024 introduces measures such as restricting
purchases by "ineligible persons" and sharing taxpayers' confidential data with banks and auditors. These measures, aimed
at addressing a Rs356 billion revenue shortfall, highlight systemic flaws in tax policy. However, they are unlikely to improve
tax collection or promote equity due to their impractical nature and lack of detailed planning. Instead, these steps risk
imposing undue restrictions on economic activity, increasing administrative costs, and further alienating taxpayers.
The article underscores the need for comprehensive tax reform grounded in principles of equity, efficiency, and simplicity.
Pakistan's reliance on ad hoc measures like targeting “non-filers” reflects policymakers’ inability to establish a sustainable
and fair tax framework. The failure to broaden the tax base and enforce compliance exacerbates inequality and undermines
growth. A pragmatic solution involves appointing an independent policy board of experts to devise sound, long-term tax
policies while ensuring strict enforcement. Without such reforms, Pakistan’s tax system will remain a revolving door of
ineffective measures, stifling economic progress and exacerbating public discontent.
2. Overview:
The article critically examines Pakistan's flawed tax policies, focusing on the inefficiencies of the FBR and the failure to
meet IMF revenue targets. It highlights the adverse effects of arbitrary measures on economic activity and stresses the need
for reform based on sound tax principles
3. NOTES:
The article highlights the persistent challenges in Pakistan’s tax system, emphasizing weak enforcement, impractical
policies, and a lack of strategic vision. It critiques the Tax Laws (Amendment) Bill 2024, which introduces measures such
as barring "ineligible persons" from major transactions and sharing taxpayer data with banks, as unlikely to boost revenue
or address equity. Instead, these steps impose additional burdens on economic agents, increase administrative inefficiency,
and jeopardize data privacy. The article underscores the need for tax reforms rooted in principles of equity, efficiency, and
simplicity, focusing on broadening the tax base, reducing distortions, and closing loopholes. It also stresses the importance
of an independent policy board of fiscal experts to craft sustainable tax measures while maintaining strict enforcement to
combat tax evasion and ensure compliance. Without addressing systemic flaws, the article argues, Pakistan's tax policies
will remain counterproductive, hindering economic progress and exacerbating inequality.
4. CSS Syllabus Relevance:
• Pakistan Affairs: Tax reforms and governance challenges.
• Economics: Fiscal policies, tax-to-GDP ratio, and revenue generation.
• Public Administration: Effective tax administration and policy-making.
• Current Affairs: Recent developments in Pakistan's tax system and IMF negotiations.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The government faces challenges in collecting taxes as per IMF’s conditions, which require Pakistan to raise a record-
breaking amount. It has introduced new rules, like restricting purchases for non-taxpayers and sharing tax data with banks,
to boost revenue. However, these measures often create more problems than they solve, such as making it harder for
businesses to operate and failing to reduce tax evasion. The solution lies in creating fair tax rules and enforcing them strictly,
ensuring everyone pays their share. For example, a simple and fair system could mean taxing people based on what they
earn without creating loopholes.
6. Facts and Figures:
• IMF Target: Rs13 trillion in tax revenue for FY25, a 40% increase from FY24.
• Revenue Shortfall: Rs356 billion in the first five months of FY25.
• Additional Measures: Rs1.7 trillion needed, equating to 1.4% of GDP.

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 33. A Big Transition
1. Summary:
The article examines the ideological transformation of Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi, a prominent militant leader, and his
reintegration efforts for former jihadists into mainstream society. Lakhvi’s evolution is emblematic of broader shifts in
Pakistan’s approach to militant proxies, influenced by international pressures and internal challenges. His journey, marked
by a rethinking of jihadist ideologies during his confinement, reflects a nuanced discourse within militant circles. These
shifts align with global trends, such as Saudi Arabia's reformation of Salafi thought under Mohammed bin Salman, sparking
ideological debates among Pakistan’s militants. The article also highlights Pakistan’s deradicalization programs and their
mixed outcomes, underscoring the complexity of balancing counterterrorism, societal harmony, and international
diplomacy.
Furthermore, the narrative unveils the internal frictions within banned militant groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and its
political offshoot Jamaatud Dawa (JuD). Lakhvi’s divergence from traditional militant doctrines, juxtaposed against Hafiz
Saeed’s unyielding stance, epitomizes the dichotomy within these groups. The piece of writing brings light to Pakistan’s
gradual shift away from state-sponsored militancy, driven by strategic reassessments and international obligations such as
FATF directives. This transition, however, is fraught with challenges, from internal ideological divides to external scrutiny,
painting a complex picture of Pakistan’s struggle to redefine its security and political landscape.
2. Overview:
The article examines Pakistan's evolving approach to militancy, focusing on the transformation of Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi
and broader deradicalization efforts. It reflects on the ideological debates within militant circles and the country's attempt
to balance global pressures with domestic strategies.
3. NOTES:
The article provides critical analysis of Pakistan’s evolving counterterrorism strategies and their implications on both
domestic and global fronts. It discusses how international pressures, such as those from the Financial Action Task Force
(FATF), have influenced Pakistan’s transition away from state-sponsored militancy, compelling a reassessment of its reliance
on militant proxies. The ideological transformation of militants, such as Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi, highlights the role of
confinement and prolonged separation from militant activities in fostering ideological shifts. The narrative also sheds light
on Pakistan’s deradicalization programs, initiated in regions like Swat, and their global parallels in Europe and Saudi Arabia.
Furthermore, the dichotomy within militant groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jamaatud Dawa (JuD) illustrates the
challenges of mainstreaming such entities amidst ideological divides and geopolitical realities. The article emphasizes the
broader impact of theological debates, particularly the reformation of Salafist ideologies influenced by Saudi Arabia,
underscoring the complexity of counter-extremism policies.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Militancy and counterterrorism strategies.
• International Relations: Globa influence on Pakistan's policies (FATF, Saudi Arabia).
• Governance and Public Policies: Deradicalization programs and societal integration.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The article explores how militants like Lakhvi undergo ideological changes, moving from violence to peaceful reintegration.
For example, in prisons, some militants reflect on their actions and decide to adopt non-violent paths. Deradicalization
programs, like those in Pakistan’s Swat region, aim to educate detained militants, helping them reintegrate into society.
Similarly, global initiatives in Saudi Arabia and Europe have also reformed militants, showcasing the importance of
ideological debates in addressing extremism.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Pakistan’s deradicalization programs in Swat were among the first of their kind in South Asia.
• FATF placed Pakistan on its grey list in 2018, pressuring the country to curb terror financing.
• Saudi Arabia’s reforms under Mohammed bin Salman have sparked global discussions about Salafist ideology.

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 34. Death In The Air
1. Summary:
Pakistan is grappling with a severe air quality crisis, with cities like Lahore and Multan recording unprecedented Air Quality
Index (AQI) levels of 1,900 and 2,000, respectively. These hazardous conditions stem from multiple factors, including
unchecked urban expansion, crop burning, and rampant construction, compounded by Lahore’s geographic and climatic
challenges. Government-imposed measures like temporary lockdowns have failed to address the root causes, highlighting
the need for sustainable, long-term solutions. The writer criticizes Pakistan's speculative real estate obsession, exemplified
by the Ravi Riverfront Urban Development Project, for undermining ecological balance and calls for investments in
renewable energy, public transport, and urban forests to mitigate pollution.
The article underscores the urgency of integrating urban wetlands and mini-forests into city planning to restore biodiversity,
act as carbon sinks, and improve life expectancy. It proposes revitalizing Lahore's Ravi riverbed as a tourist and ecological
hub, emphasizing that without sustainable development, even basic amenities like breathable air will remain elusive. The
piece is a clarion call for policymakers to prioritize environmental sustainability over short-sighted economic gains, urging
Pakistan to shift focus from urban sprawl to creating healthier living conditions.
2. Overview:
This article vividly portrays Pakistan's air pollution crisis, focusing on its causes, impacts, and potential solutions. It analyzes
governmental policies and emphasizes the need for ecological preservation through urban forests and wetlands.
3. NOTES:
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of Pakistan's worsening air pollution crisis, emphasizing the multifaceted
causes such as unchecked urbanization, industrial emissions, crop burning, and construction dust. It highlights policy
shortcomings, particularly the prioritization of speculative real estate over ecological preservation, as evident in projects
like the Ravi Riverfront Urban Development Project. The proposed solutions include the integration of urban forests,
wetlands, and renewable energy to counter pollution, while advocating for sustainable city planning to restore biodiversity
and improve public health.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Environmental Science: Sustainable development, urban pollution, and renewable energy.
• Pakistan Affairs: Environmental policies, urbanization challenges.
• Current Affairs: Climate change and its socio-economic impacts.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Air pollution in Pakistan is worsening due to unchecked urbanization, industrial emissions, and crop burning. For instance,
Lahore's AQI of 1,900 is far beyond the safe limit of 50, making the air toxic. Temporary measures like traffic bans offer
little relief. Instead, solutions like planting mini-urban forests can absorb carbon dioxide and improve air quality. For
example, urban wetlands around the Ravi riverbed could rejuvenate ecosystems, support biodiversity, and enhance tourism,
illustrating how sustainable practices benefit both the environment and economy.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Air Quality Index (AQI): Lahore reached an alarming AQI of 1,900, while Multan surpassed 2,000, against the safe
limit of 50.
• Population Affected: Over 25% of Pakistan’s population struggles with toxic air. Lahore and Multan alone account
for 13 million and 5.3 million residents, respectively.
• Health Impacts: High AQI levels significantly reduce life expectancy due to increased respiratory and
cardiovascular illnesses.
• Proposed Solution: Revitalization of the Ravi Riverbed into an urban wetland to act as a carbon sink, boosting
biodiversity and promoting tourism.
• Sustainable Green Spaces: The introduction of mini-urban forests and wetlands could ameliorate pollution and
reduce temperatures during summer months.

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 35. A Volatile World In 2025
1. Summary:
The year 2025 is poised to be one of volatility and unpredictability, marked by heightened geopolitical tensions, economic
challenges, and technological disruptions. Global dynamics are shifting toward a multipolar world, with middle powers
playing a crucial role. The erosion of Western dominance and weakening multilateral institutions highlight a fragmented
international order. Donald Trump’s second term introduces uncertainty, particularly in US-China relations, global trade,
and ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East. Trump’s transactional approach could either exacerbate tensions or
yield unprecedented compromises. Meanwhile, democratic erosion and the rise of right-wing populism persist as political
polarization deepens worldwide, further complicating international cooperation.
In addition to these geopolitical shifts, advancements in artificial intelligence and technology bring both opportunities and
challenges. AI’s transformative impact across sectors raises concerns about cybersecurity, military applications, and
governance, with global forums like the AI Action Summit attempting to address these issues. The article underscores the
pervasive risks of "grey zone aggression," encompassing cyberattacks, disinformation campaigns, and proxy wars, which
blur the lines between peace and conflict. These challenges, coupled with the potential for "black swan" events, demand
robust strategies and resilience from nations and the international community. 2025 stands as a critical juncture requiring
collective responses to navigate a volatile global landscape.
2. Overview:
The article examines the instability of the global order in 2025, driven by geopolitical rivalries, economic uncertainties, and
technological disruptions. It highlights the erosion of democracy, the rise of right-wing populism, and the challenges posed
by AI advancements and cyber threats.
3. NOTES:
This article provides in-depth analysis of the shifting dynamics of global power, particularly the erosion of Western
dominance and the rise of a multipolar world. It emphasizes significant challenges such as US-China relations, trade wars,
and their broader implications on international relations and the global economy. The trends of democratic backsliding and
the rise of right-wing populism are pivotal for understanding global political developments. Additionally, the article
highlights the risks posed by technological advancements, such as cyberattacks and AI-related security concerns. The
concept of "grey zone aggression" and the potential for "black swan" events provides a deeper understanding of modern
conflict and global risks, making this a relevant piece for aspirants aiming to master contemporary issues.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: Shifts in global power, US-China relations, trade wars.
• Current Affairs: Geopolitical tensions, AI governance, democratic backsliding.
• Political Science: Populism, erosion of democracy.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The article explores how global power is shifting from a few dominant countries to multiple influential ones, causing
instability. For example, while the US and China compete economically, other countries are also gaining influence. It also
highlights the role of technology like AI, which is improving industries but creating risks like cyberattacks. Democracy is
declining in many parts of the world, with more governments leaning towards authoritarianism, meaning fewer freedoms
for people. For instance, countries are facing challenges like disinformation campaigns, which spread false information to
influence public opinion. Understanding these issues helps us see how countries adapt to new challenges and opportunities
in a rapidly changing world.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Global Risks: "Grey zone aggression" includes cyberattacks and disinformation campaigns.
• AI Advancements: Chatham House forecasts increased attention to AI governance in 2025.
• Political Trends: The rise of right-wing populism continues to erode the political center.

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 36. Happy New Year From Death Row
1. Summary:
The article reflects on humanity's collective vulnerability in an era dominated by nuclear threats, likening the entire human
race to inmates on death row. It looks into global tensions fueled by Western political and economic instability, the Ukraine
conflict, and escalating hostilities involving Russia, China, and the Middle East. Analysts view the U.S. as a catalyst for
many provocations, highlighting the dangerous potential of nuclear warfare. While countries like China strive for peaceful
coexistence to advance their economic agendas, others, such as Israel under Netanyahu, are accused of pursuing aggressive
strategies that could trigger catastrophic consequences. The author references the grim insights of Annie Jacobsen's book
on nuclear war, which vividly describes the aftermath of a nuclear detonation, emphasizing the devastating power of modern
weaponry.
The article underscores the precariousness of the current geopolitical landscape, shaped by hawkish leadership and
unrelenting power struggles. It portrays the fragility of global decision-making, with scenarios like a North Korean missile
strike demonstrating the chaos that could ensue within moments. This piece of writing concludes with a haunting reminder
of humanity’s shared fate, whether in nuclear bunkers or free societies, emphasizing the urgency of diplomatic solutions to
avert annihilation. Ultimately, it paints a stark picture of a world teetering on the edge, demanding accountability from
global powers to prioritize peace over destruction.
2. Overview:
The article critically analyzes global geopolitical tensions, with a focus on nuclear threats and the power dynamics between
the West, Russia, China, and Middle Eastern states. It explores the role of U.S. foreign policies, Israel’s aggression, and the
strategic interests of emerging powers like China. The narrative is enriched with insights from analysts and the chilling
projections of nuclear warfare, urging global leaders to adopt measures for sustained peace.
3. NOTES:
This article provides critical analysis of global geopolitical conflicts, nuclear deterrence, and the role of international powers
like the U.S., Russia, and China in shaping the world order. It explores how tensions arising from Western policies, the
Ukraine war, and Middle Eastern conflicts pose threats to global peace. The strategic importance of BRICS as a
counterbalance to Western dominance and the aggressive postures of states like Israel and North Korea highlight the fragile
nature of global stability.
4. Related CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: Nuclear deterrence, geopolitical tensions, U.S. foreign policy.
• Current Affairs: Middle Eastern conflicts, BRICS, and economic realignment.
• Pakistan Affairs: Regional security dynamics involving India and Pakistan.
• Science & Technology: Impact and consequences of nuclear technology.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Nuclear war, a conflict involving devastating weapons, represents the highest risk to humanity, with historical precedents
like the Hiroshima bombing showcasing its catastrophic potential. Geopolitical tensions emerge when countries compete
for power, as seen in the U.S.-China trade disputes or the Ukraine conflict fueled by Western policies. Organizations like
BRICS challenge Western economic dominance, advocating for a multipolar world. Examples such as Russia’s advanced
Oreshnik missile or China’s Belt and Road Initiative illustrate the growing complexity of global power struggles,
emphasizing the importance of diplomacy and cooperation to prevent catastrophic outcomes.
6. Facts and Figures:
• A 1-megaton nuclear bomb generates heat four to five times hotter than the Sun's core.
• The Oreshnik missile, Russia's hypersonic weapon, can target Europe with unprecedented speed and force.
• Approximately 27,000 people work in the Pentagon, vulnerable in nuclear scenarios.

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Pakistan Observer –
37. Role & Risks Of Artificial Intelligence In Future Wars
1. Summary:
Artificial intelligence has fundamentally transformed modern warfare, elevating decision-making and strategic capabilities
to unprecedented levels. The article highlights the evolution of AI in military operations, tracing its journey from the Pre-
AI Era through to the current state, where autonomous systems, drones, and cyber warfare tools play pivotal roles. AI-driven
technologies, such as autonomous weaponry and cyber surveillance, have significantly enhanced the speed and accuracy of
military strategies, while raising complex ethical concerns. The integration of AI into military planning and combat
scenarios not only amplifies offensive and defensive capabilities but also poses risks, such as deep fakes and information
manipulation, which could destabilize global security.
Despite its strategic advantages, the proliferation of AI in warfare introduces serious ethical dilemmas and accountability
issues. Automated decision-making systems may act on incomplete data, leading to unintended escalations in conflict. The
potential misuse of AI by non-state actors or terrorists could pose severe global threats. The article underscores the necessity
of international cooperation to develop ethical frameworks and regulations for AI deployment in military contexts. Without
these safeguards, the world may witness a new Cold War driven by competition for AI supremacy, threatening international
stability and peace.
2. Overview:
The article explores the transformative impact of AI in modern warfare, detailing its applications, benefits, and risks. It
emphasizes the urgent need for ethical considerations and international regulations to mitigate potential threats posed by
AI-driven military technologies.
3. Notes:
Understanding the role of AI in warfare is pivotal for CSS exam aspirants. This article provides analysis into AI’s strategic
integration, ethical implications, and the geopolitical challenges of AI dominance. Key points include the classification of
warfare periods, the ethical concerns surrounding autonomous weapons, and the potential for AI-driven arms races. These
aspects are essential for developing a nuanced understanding of contemporary global security dynamics.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: AI’s impact on global power structures and potential for a new Cold War.
• Defence and Strategic Studies: Applications of AI in modern military operations.
• Ethics: Ethical concerns in autonomous weaponry and AI decision-making.
• Current Affairs: The role of AI in contemporary global conflicts.
5. Notes for Beginners:
AI in warfare involves the use of advanced technologies, such as drones and autonomous robots, to carry out tasks that were
traditionally done by soldiers. For instance, AI-powered drones can conduct surveillance missions, reducing the risk to
human lives. However, the use of AI raises ethical questions, such as who is responsible if an autonomous weapon makes a
mistake. An example of this is the concern about deepfakes—AI-generated videos that can spread false information, creating
chaos during conflicts.
6. Facts and Figures:
• The global military AI market is projected to reach $13 billion by 2028.
• Israel and the US are leading nations in AI military integration.
• Autonomous weapon systems can make decisions in milliseconds, faster than any human soldier.
To wrap up, AI’s integration into warfare represents a double-edged sword, providing both strategic advantages and
significant ethical challenges. As nations compete for AI supremacy, it is imperative to establish international regulations to
ensure the responsible use of these technologies. Without a collaborative framework, the potential for misuse could
jeopardize global peace and security.
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 38. Trump’s Trade War And Global Fallout
1. Summary:
Trump’s announcement of imposing new high tariffs on Chinese goods, alongside increased levies on imports from Canada
and Mexico, signals a dangerous shift towards economic isolationism. While Trump frames these measures as a safeguard
for domestic industries, history reveals that US consumers bear the brunt of such policies through higher prices and market
disruptions. Economists predict that industries like green technologies, EVs, and food commodities will face significant
turmoil. Meanwhile, China's export growth is anticipated to surge as companies rush to stockpile goods before tariffs
escalate. This scenario threatens to destabilize global supply chains and deepen economic divides, particularly affecting
developing nations. The spectre of mounting US national debt—now surpassing $36 trillion—further exacerbates fears of
inflation and economic instability.
The global implications of these protectionist policies cannot be understated. Morgan Stanley’s analysis highlights that the
politicization of tariffs jeopardizes economic growth and international cooperation, disproportionately impacting the Global
South. Trump's approach undermines the essence of globalization, with ripple effects on critical sectors such as healthcare,
real estate, and education. China’s vehement opposition to the sanctions, especially under the UFLPA, underscores the
geopolitical tensions at play. In this high-stakes economic chess game, both nations stand on precarious ground, and the
world watches as trade wars threaten to dismantle decades of economic integration.
2. Overview:
The article examines Trump's renewed protectionist stance, focusing on its potential to destabilize global markets, increase
inflation, and strain international relations. It underscores the geopolitical ramifications, particularly for developing
countries, and highlights the looming debt crisis in the US.
3. Notes:
The article provides in-depth analysis of the far-reaching implications of Trump's proposed tariffs on Chinese goods and
imports from Canada and Mexico. These protectionist measures are expected to disrupt global markets, increase inflation,
and strain international relations. Trump's approach, aimed at safeguarding domestic industries, has historically resulted in
higher costs for US consumers, undermining sectors like healthcare, real estate, and green technologies. The looming US
debt crisis, now exceeding $36 trillion, compounds these economic challenges. For developing nations, particularly in the
Global South, such policies threaten economic stability, as highlighted by Morgan Stanley's report on the politicization of
tariffs. Meanwhile, China’s robust opposition, especially against sanctions linked to the UFLPA, underscores the
geopolitical tension. The article emphasizes that the escalating trade war could destabilize international supply chains,
affecting essential commodities and industries. Thus, understanding the dynamics of protectionism, geopolitical strategies,
and their socio-economic consequences is important for grasping the global economic landscape.
4. Relevant to the CSS topics:
• International Relations: Impact of protectionism on global alliances
• Economics: Effects of tariffs on domestic and international markets
• Political Science: Role of economic policies in shaping foreign relations
• Current Affairs: Trade wars and their socio-economic consequences
5. Notes for Beginners:
Tariffs are taxes imposed on imports to protect local industries. For example, if the US increases tariffs on Chinese cars,
American consumers might pay more for them. Such measures can lead to trade wars, where countries retaliate with their
own tariffs, disrupting global markets.
6. Facts and Figures:
• US national debt: $36 trillion
• Expected Chinese export growth: $3.548 trillion in 2024
• Predicted inflation rise in the US: From 2.1% to over 3%

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 39. Globalization, Guns, and Butter
1. Summary:
In an increasingly interconnected world, developing nations grapple with the complexities of globalisation, often leaving
the ordinary citizen in a precarious position. While global powers project peace through pre-emptive doctrines, countries
like Pakistan face the persistent dilemma of prioritising between "guns" (defense) and "butter" (economic welfare). The
classical economic conundrum underscores the importance of ensuring basic necessities ("bread") before indulging in
economic luxuries ("butter"). For developing nations, allocating limited resources to defense is a nuanced challenge shaped
by geopolitical vulnerabilities and external pressures, often exacerbated by international lenders encouraging militarisation.
The article critiques the distorted priorities of nations that overspend on defense, creating metaphorical "walls" so high they
stifle internal development. International arms exporters benefit while developing countries fall into cycles of debt and
insecurity. The United Nations is called upon to assume its responsibilities in addressing global disputes by resolving root
causes rather than applying superficial fixes. True peace and stability require balancing national defense with economic
well-being, fostering sustainable development over militarisation.
2. Overview:
The article explores the intricate balance developing countries must strike between defense spending and economic welfare.
It highlights how globalisation and international lending have often fueled excessive militarisation at the cost of social
development. The author emphasizes the need for international organizations like the UN to resolve conflicts at their roots
rather than perpetuating cycles of instability.
3. Notes:
This Article provides in-depth analysis of the critical economic and strategic dilemma faced by developing nations,
especially Pakistan, regarding resource allocation between defense spending and economic welfare. It underscores the
broader implications of globalisation, highlighting how international lenders and geopolitical pressures often push these
countries towards excessive militarisation, neglecting essential socio-economic development. For CSS aspirants,
understanding this 'guns vs. butter' conundrum is vital for analyzing Pakistan's defense policies and economic challenges.
Additionally, the article sheds light on the role of international organizations like the United Nations in conflict resolution,
offering valuable insights into global governance and diplomacy.
4. Relevance with CSS Subjects /Topics :
• International Relations: Globalisation's impact on developing countries and international conflict resolution.
• Political Science: Defense policies, state security vs. economic welfare.
• Economics: Resource allocation, military expenditure vs. social development.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Developing countries like Pakistan face a tough choice: spend limited resources on defense (guns) or economic welfare
(butter). Prioritizing defense often limits economic growth, affecting basic needs. The UN is expected to resolve global
disputes but often falls short, allowing conflicts to fester.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Global Military Spending: Developing countries spend over 2% of GDP on defense, limiting economic growth.
• Pakistan's Defense Budget: Accounts for 15% of total government expenditure, impacting social welfare programs.
• UN Peacekeeping: As of 2023, the UN has 87,000 peacekeepers worldwide but struggles to resolve long-term
conflicts effectively.

To sum up, Balancing defense needs with economic growth is a critical challenge for developing nations. While national
security is vital, excessive militarisation often stifles development. The international community must foster conflict
resolution and promote policies that prioritize human welfare over arms proliferation.

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 40. BRI, Threats, Tariffs And Trump
1. Summary:
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) faces significant challenges amid evolving global economic dynamics, particularly with
the return of protectionist policies under US President-elect Donald Trump. Xi Jinping’s emphasis on high-quality BRI
development underscores the importance of strategic resilience and socio-economic cooperation to counter these emerging
threats. Trump's aggressive stance, marked by imposing tariffs on key trading partners, signals a potential trade war that
could destabilize international markets and disrupt global supply chains. For China and BRI countries, adapting to these
economic headwinds requires revisiting policies, enhancing diplomatic engagements, and strengthening regional alliances.
Trump's tariff threats extend beyond China to include BRICS nations and Southeast Asia, exacerbating geopolitical tensions
and economic uncertainties. Countries like Canada, Mexico, and Malaysia have expressed concerns about the detrimental
impact on their economies. In response, BRI member states must focus on socio-economic initiatives, community
development, and strategic partnerships to mitigate these pressures. Enhanced cooperation, transparent governance, and
targeted investments in emerging economies will be pivotal for sustaining the BRI’s momentum and countering protectionist
strategies from the West.
2. Overview:
This article highlights the global economic repercussions of Trump’s protectionist policies and the urgent need for strategic
recalibration within the BRI framework. It underlines the importance of socio-economic development, regional alliances,
and community-focused projects to counteract the destabilizing effects of tariffs and trade wars. The piece of writing stresses
that only through comprehensive, integrated approaches can BRI nations safeguard their economic interests and maintain
resilience against external pressures.
3. Notes:
Pakistan and other BRI countries face significant challenges from US President-elect Donald Trump's protectionist policies,
including sweeping tariffs targeting China, Mexico, and Canada, which could disrupt global supply chains and economic
stability. To counter these threats, BRI nations must strengthen local governance, invest in infrastructure, and address socio-
economic issues like poverty and unemployment. Diplomatic efforts should focus on fostering alliances with countries like
China and Russia to mitigate US pressures. The BRI's success hinges on comprehensive strategies beyond economic
connectivity, emphasizing community development, job creation, and social empowerment. Transparent governance,
regional cooperation, and strategic diplomacy are important for sustaining long-term growth and resilience against
geopolitical pressures.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: Global Trade Policies and Protectionism , US-China Relations and Trade Wars, Regional
Alliances and Economic Cooperation.
• Pakistan Affairs: Impact of CPEC within the BRI framework, Economic and Geopolitical Challenges for Pakistan,
Policy Responses to External Economic Pressures
• Economics: Trade Tariffs and Global Economic Stability, Socio-Economic Development in Emerging Markets
5. Notes for Beginners:
Protectionism refers to policies like tariffs that restrict international trade to protect domestic industries. For instance, if the
US imposes high tariffs on Chinese goods, it makes them more expensive, reducing competition for American products.
However, this can lead to retaliatory measures and disrupt global trade.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Trump's proposed tariffs include 25% on Mexico and Canada, 10% on China.
• Tariffs on Southeast Asian solar panels range between 21.3% and 271.2%.

To sum up, The article emphasizes that BRI’s sustainability hinges on adaptability and resilience against protectionist
policies. Strategic reforms, socio-economic investments, and robust regional cooperation are essential for navigating the
complex global trade environment shaped by emerging geopolitical tensions.
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 41. Global Climate Crisis: Inequality And Action
1. Summary:
The article discusses the rapidly escalating global climate crisis and its unequal impacts, particularly highlighting how the
developed world’s historical emissions contribute to the disproportionate suffering of developing countries. It underscores
the gap in responsibility, where wealthier nations, especially in the Global North, contribute the most to emissions while the
poorest nations bear the brunt of climate-related disasters. Additionally, the article highlights the increasing number of
climate refugees, with the United Nations predicting a rise in displaced individuals due to extreme weather. Economic
impacts are vast, with agriculture, infrastructure, and health sectors facing significant strain. However, the article also shares
hope in the form of renewable energy solutions and stresses the need for global cooperation and equitable climate policies,
with wealthy nations being urged to fulfill their climate finance commitments.
2. Overview:
The article outlines the unequal burden of climate change, highlighting the stark contrast between the emissions of developed
and developing nations and their respective impacts. It emphasizes the necessity for urgent global cooperation and equitable
climate policies, particularly targeting carbon pricing, reforestation, and financial assistance to vulnerable nations. It calls
for substantial actions, including renewable energy adoption and fulfilling climate finance promises, to mitigate the ongoing
crisis and prevent further damage.
3. Notes:
The article addresses the multifaceted nature of the climate crisis, emphasizing both the human and economic toll on
vulnerable populations. It stresses that the wealthiest nations, particularly in the Global North, are historically responsible
for a disproportionate share of emissions but are not facing the same level of adversity as poorer countries. The article also
points to the emerging trend of climate refugees, with millions displaced annually by extreme weather events. It underscores
the direct economic and social impacts of climate change, including damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and public health.
Despite the grim outlook, the piece presents renewable energy as a potential solution, advocating for a global commitment
to sustainable practices.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: Global Environmental Governance, International Climate Agreements and Cooperation.
• Pakistan Affairs: Impact of Climate Change on Pakistan, Sustainable Development in Pakistan.
• General Knowledge: Environmental Science and Ecology, Natural Resource Management.
• Current Affairs: Climate Change and Global Inequality, Technological Solutions to Climate Crisis.
5. Notes for Beginners:
When discussing climate change, terms like "disproportionate" refer to situations where the consequences are not spread
equally. For example, richer nations contribute more to global emissions but are less affected by climate disasters. "Mitigate"
means to lessen the severity of something, like taking action to reduce the impact of climate change. "Equitable" refers to
fairness, as in ensuring that vulnerable nations are treated fairly when it comes to climate finance and support.
6. Facts and Figures:
• North America contributed 21% of global emissions from 2010 to 2018.
• The UN Refugee Agency reports that 21.5 million people are displaced by climate-related disasters annually.
• By 2050, the number of climate refugees is expected to rise to 200 million.
• The World Bank predicts food production could decline by 5 to 25% by 2050 due to climate change.
• Renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower reached nearly 30% of global electricity generation in
2021.

In a Nutshell, The article emphasizes the grave, unequal impacts of climate change, especially on developing nations, despite
their minimal contributions to emissions. It calls for urgent, equitable action, urging wealthier nations to fulfill their climate

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 42. Is Trump’s Threat To BRICS A Hoax
1. Summary:
In his recent statement, President-elect Donald Trump issued a bold warning to BRICS nations about using currencies other
than the US dollar, threatening a 25% tariff on imports from these countries. While this declaration underscores Trump's
economic concerns, it reflects either an overestimation of the US economy's power or an underestimation of BRICS'
collective influence. BRICS nations, representing 46% of the global population and 26.3% of global GDP, wield significant
economic strength. Imposing such tariffs would spark a global economic ripple effect, increasing production costs, inflation,
and unemployment in the US while disrupting BRICS economies. Furthermore, retaliatory tariffs by BRICS would create
mutual harm, weakening industrial output and trade dynamics on both sides. The potential fallout illustrates a lose-lose
scenario where global supply chains, consumer purchasing power, and economic growth would face severe setbacks.
Instead of pursuing regressive protectionist policies, the US could adopt a more constructive approach by addressing BRICS'
concerns over dollar dominance through dialogue and reforms. Trump’s strategy highlights a failure to bolster domestic
innovation or build economic resilience. Strengthening infrastructure, renewable energy, and advanced technology could
solidify the US position in global trade. Additionally, fostering cooperative trade relations with BRICS would ensure mutual
prosperity, rather than exacerbating economic disparities. This scenario underscores the importance of pragmatic and
forward-thinking economic policies to navigate complex global trade challenges.
2. Overview:
The article discusses the geopolitical and economic implications of Donald Trump’s threatened tariffs on BRICS nations. It
emphasizes the interconnected nature of global trade, showing how such policies could destabilize economies on both sides,
disrupt supply chains, and fuel inflation, advocating instead for innovative and cooperative strategies to address these
challenges.
3. NOTES:
The article sheds light on global trade dynamics, the significance of BRICS nations, and the role of economic diplomacy. It
provides an in-depth analysis of the impact of protectionist policies on global supply chains and international cooperation.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: US-BRICS relations, global trade dynamics.
• Current Affairs: Economic diplomacy, protectionist policies.
• Pakistan Affairs: Geopolitical significance of economic blocs.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Protectionism refers to imposing tariffs to protect domestic industries but often backfires, causing inflation and economic
strain. BRICS represents five powerful nations—Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa—that collectively influence
global trade. Trump's tariffs aim to discourage trade in currencies other than the US dollar but risk destabilizing economies
worldwide. For instance, if the US raises import taxes on electronics from China, consumer prices in the US will soar,
reducing purchasing power.
6. Facts and Figures:
• BRICS comprises 46% of the global population and 26.3% of world GDP.
• In 2023, BRICS exported $578 billion worth of goods to the US, with China accounting for $427 billion.
• The US exported $151 billion to BRICS, including pharmaceuticals and crude oil.

To sum up, This article highlights the fragility of unilateral economic policies in a globally interconnected world. Trump's
tariff threats may aim to protect US interests but risk creating widespread economic instability. A cooperative and
reformative approach is vital to ensure sustainable growth and foster mutual global prosperity.

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 43. New Global Power Chessboard & Chinese Wisdom.
1. Summary:
The article sheds light on the shifting dynamics of global geopolitics, marked by realignments and rising tensions in key
regions. It discusses the Ukraine crisis, where President Zelenskyy's softened stance on territorial compromises reflects
Western fatigue and shifting priorities, especially with Donald Trump's return to power. The Georgian unrest highlights the
clash between pro-European aspirations and domestic turmoil, further exposing cracks in Russia’s sphere of influence.
Similarly, South Korea’s political instability, triggered by martial law declarations, and the US's military build-up in the
Asia-Pacific underline the intensifying struggle against China’s rise. Despite these flashpoints, China's diplomatic
initiatives, such as President Xi Jinping’s roadmap for economic globalization, offer a potential pathway to global peace.
The article also touches upon the resurgence of conflicts like the Syrian civil war and their impact on regional players like
Russia, Turkiye, and Iran. It critiques the US's aggressive trade policies toward ASEAN countries, which are reconsidering
their stance on China. Through strategic diplomacy and economic cooperation, China emerges as a stabilizing force,
advocating dialogue over conflict. The article concludes with a sobering reminder of how the global power chessboard
threatens economic stability and humanity's collective progress, with China’s vision offering hope amidst the chaos.
2. Overview:
The article discusses significant geopolitical shifts driven by evolving alliances and regional conflicts. It examines Ukraine's
softened stance on territorial compromise with Russia, reflecting changing Western priorities, especially under Donald
Trump's leadership. The unrest in Georgia, sparked by EU membership suspension, and South Korea's political instability
under martial law highlight regional turbulence. Meanwhile, the US-China rivalry intensifies, with America's military build-
up in the Asia-Pacific and trade policies impacting ASEAN countries. Amid this chaos, China emerges as a stabilizing force,
advocating peace through diplomacy, as exemplified by President Xi Jinping's proposals at APEC and G20 summits.
3. NOTES:
The article highlights the importance of understanding the dynamics of emerging global power blocs, such as China's
diplomatic strategies and the implications of US policies in Asia and Europe. It emphasizes the interconnectedness of
regional crises like the Ukraine conflict, Georgian protests, and South Korea's turmoil, which impact global stability.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: Emerging power dynamics and China's diplomatic role.
• Pakistan Affairs: Insights into CPEC and regional stability.
• Current Affairs: US-China rivalry and global geopolitical trends.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The article simplifies complex geopolitics by showcasing how alliances shift with changing priorities, such as Ukraine's
compromise with Russia reflecting a broader strategic adjustment. China's diplomatic approach, emphasizing dialogue over
conflict, sets a stark contrast to the aggressive tactics of other powers, like the US's military presence in Asia. Regional
conflicts in Georgia and South Korea serve as examples of how local unrest can have global implications. These observations
underline the significance of diplomacy and stability in maintaining international harmony
6. Facts and Figures:
• Ukraine's readiness to cede territory marks a critical shift in the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
• Georgia witnessed seven consecutive nights of protests against EU membership suspension.
• ASEAN countries face new US tariffs, reshaping trade policies.

To wrap up, The article encapsulates the volatile nature of current geopolitics, emphasizing the need for diplomacy over
confrontation. China's balanced approach offers a glimmer of hope, countering the chaos fueled by Western policies. As the
global chessboard evolves, the pursuit of stability hinges on cooperation and a shared vision for peace.

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 44. Climate-Smart Irrigation: Driving Economic Gains For Women And Water
Conservation.
1. Summary:
In Pakistan, climate-smart irrigation technologies are empowering women in agriculture, addressing long-standing
challenges such as limited land ownership and exclusion from decision-making. These technologies, particularly soil-
moisture sensors, help women farmers optimize irrigation schedules, conserve water, and reduce electricity costs. Initiatives
like the UK-funded WRAP project and the IWMI-led training programs have introduced these tools to women farmers in
Punjab's Okara district. This technology is transforming lives by saving resources and increasing crop yields, offering
economic relief to women like Mrs. Tufail and Ms. Shehnaz. The benefits extend beyond water conservation, fostering
confidence and inclusion among women in a traditionally male-dominated sector.
The adoption of soil-moisture sensors demonstrates the potential of integrating innovative solutions with community
engagement. The approach combines government and NGO collaboration, gender-sensitive policies, and cultural
adaptability, ensuring inclusive development. The success of these initiatives highlights the importance of equitable access
to technology and training. By involving women in decision-making and capacity-building activities, the program not only
conserves vital resources but also paves the way for sustainable agricultural practices. This model could serve as a blueprint
for broader reforms in Pakistan’s water management and agricultural sectors.
2. Overview:
This article discusses how climate-smart irrigation technologies, particularly soil-moisture sensors, are transforming
women's roles in agriculture. The initiatives enhance water conservation and economic opportunities, demonstrating a
successful integration of technology with social equity and sustainability.
3. Notes:
Climate-smart irrigation technologies, particularly soil-moisture sensors, offer a significant leap forward in sustainable
agriculture. These tools help optimize irrigation schedules, conserve water, and reduce electricity costs. In Punjab's Okara
district, women farmers, who face systemic barriers like limited land ownership and exclusion from decision-making, have
benefited from initiatives such as the UK-funded WRAP project. These programs provide training and install sensors on
farms, enabling farmers to avoid overwatering, save resources, and increase crop yields by up to 20%. The integration of
technology with gender-sensitive policies fosters empowerment and economic resilience, highlighting the importance of
collaboration among government agencies, NGOs, and local communities.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Environmental Science: Sustainable development and water management.
• Gender Studies: Women empowerment and gender-sensitive policies.
• Pakistan Affairs: Rural development and agricultural reforms.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Climate-smart irrigation, such as soil-moisture sensors, is an innovative tool designed to guide farmers on when and how
much to irrigate, saving water and electricity. For example, farmers like Mrs. Tufail have saved up to PKR 1200 per acre
and reduced annual costs by USD 3000. Women, often excluded from agricultural decision-making, are now being trained
to use these sensors, ensuring their active in sustainable practices. Programs like the WRAP project have proven that
empowering women with tools and knowledge not only benefits them economically but also promotes better resource
management, leading to improved crop yields and environmental conservation.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Women contribute to 80% of agricultural work in Pakistan.
• Soil-moisture sensors save enough water for one wheat crop cycle per use.
• Cost savings for farmers like Mrs. Tufail reached USD 3000 annually.

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 45. Global Competition For Resources: A Threat To Peace & Stability
1. Summary:
The global competition for natural resources such as water, oil, and rare earth elements has become a major source of
geopolitical conflict, threatening global peace and stability. The article outlines how scarce resources are driving disputes,
including water conflicts in the Jordan River Basin, Nile River tensions between Egypt and Ethiopia, and the strain on the
Indus Waters Treaty in South Asia. It delves into the role of oil in shaping international relations, with examples like the
2003 Iraq War and proxy conflicts in the Middle East, exacerbating instability. The South China Sea is highlighted as another
hotspot, with territorial disputes over resource-rich zones involving China and its neighbors. Additionally, the control of
rare earth elements by China poses significant challenges to the US and EU. The article emphasizes the urgent need for
sustainable practices, renewable energy, and international cooperation to address these issues and avoid resource-driven
conflicts.
The article examines the broader consequences of resource scarcity, such as climate change-induced desertification, mass
migrations, and food insecurity, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. It calls for a shift from growth-based economies to
sustainable models, referencing books like Water: The Epic Struggle for Wealth, Power and Civilization and Collapse.
rscores the importance of global agreements like the Paris Climate Accord and regional cooperation to ensure equitable
resource distribution. By adopting innovative resource management and fostering international diplomacy, nations can
transform these challenges into opportunities, averting the potential for catastrophic conflicts over limited resources.
2. Overview:
The article emphasizes the critical role of natural resources in global geopolitics and the urgent need for sustainable and
cooperative approaches to mitigate conflicts arising from their scarcity.
3. NOTES:
The article sheds light on the critical role of natural resources in shaping global geopolitics and their influence on
international relations. It discusses the impact of resource scarcity, such as water conflicts in the Middle East, South Asia,
and Africa, which threaten peace and stability. The significance of oil in fueling proxy wars, revolutions, and international
interventions, particularly in the Middle East, is highlighted. It also explores the geopolitical importance of regions like the
South China Sea and the dominance of China in rare earth element production, which affects global power dynamics. The
need for sustainable practices, renewable energy adoption, and international agreements like the Paris Climate Accord is
emphasized to address these challenges effectively.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Environmental Science: Resource scarcity, climate change, and sustainable development.
• International Relations: Geopolitical conflicts over natural resources.
• Pakistan Affairs: Indus Waters Treaty and regional water conflicts.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Resource scarcity impacts global peace by fueling disputes over critical resources like water, oil, and rare earth elements.
For instance, water conflicts in the Middle East and South Asia show how nations struggle over shared resources, often
risking conflicts. Oil remains central to international politics, with regions like the Middle East and Venezuela being hotspots
due to their reserves. Similarly, China's dominance in rare earth production highlights economic dependencies that shape
global power dynamics. Addressing these issues requires a mix of renewable energy adoption, sustainable practices, and
robust international agreements. An example is the Indus Waters Treaty, which demonstrates how cooperation can manage
resource disputes effectively.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Over 48% of proven global oil reserves are in the Middle East.
• Water disputes, such as those involving the Nile River, impact millions reliant on shared rivers.
• China controls over 60% of global rare earth element production.

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 46. BRI 2025 And Beyond: A Fair Assessment
1. Summary:
China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has been a cornerstone of global connectivity and economic development, but it faces
mounting challenges from geopolitical tensions, particularly from Western nations. The United States and its allies are
intensifying efforts to curb China's influence, evident in military alliances and economic sanctions. These measures disrupt
global supply chains and cast a shadow over the BRI’s transcontinental projects, such as the China-Pakistan Economic
Corridor (CPEC), which has encountered security issues and Western criticism. Despite these setbacks, the BRI remains a
transformative force, fostering socioeconomic integration, technological advancements, and infrastructure development
across 150 countries. However, for sustained success, China must adopt adaptive policies focusing on safety, inclusivity,
and sustainable development while countering misinformation and strengthening ties with Global South nations.
Looking ahead, China’s focus on green energy, digitalization, and human capital will shape the BRI's trajectory. President
Xi Jinping's vision of advancing high-quality cooperation underlines the initiative's potential to address global challenges
and drive economic resilience. The BRI’s inclusivity, evident in its partnerships with developing nations, reflects China’s
commitment to shared growth. However, emerging threats, including "Trumponomics 2.0," emphasize the urgency for
strategic diplomacy to safeguard economic globalization. By fostering trust, prioritizing technological collaboration, and
advancing green principles, the BRI can achieve its goals of sustainable development and global prosperity.
2. Overview:
This article provides critical analysis of the challenges and prospects of China's BRI, emphasizing its role in reshaping
global economics amidst geopolitical rivalries. It underscores the importance of adaptive strategies, green initiatives, and
trust-building to ensure the initiative’s success.
3. NOTES:
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has emerged as a transformative force in global connectivity, fostering economic
development through infrastructure, trade, and socio-economic integration. It has connected over 150 countries and
facilitated investments exceeding $330 billion, with projects like the China-Europe freight train system exemplifying its
success. Despite these achievements, geopolitical tensions, particularly Western opposition, pose significant challenges. The
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a flagship BRI project, has faced security issues, yet China's partnership with
Pakistan remains steadfast. Moving forward, the BRI aims to emphasize sustainable development, green energy initiatives,
technological collaboration, and human capital development. By addressing security concerns, fostering trust with Global
South nations, and countering misinformation, the BRI can maintain its role as a beacon of international cooperation and
economic resilience.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: Geopolitical dynamics and global trade.
• Pakistan Affairs: CPEC's role and challenges in Pakistan.
• Environmental Science: Green development under BRI.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The Belt and Road Initiative connects countries worldwide through projects like railways and power plants, promoting trade
and development. For example, the China-Europe freight train system highlights its success. However, tensions with
Western countries pose challenges, including disrupted trade routes and security issues, especially in Pakistan’s CPEC.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Over 150 countries and 30 international organizations have joined BRI.
• Chinese investments under BRI exceed $330 billion.
• The 100,000th freight train journeyed from Chongqing, China, in November 2024.
To wrap up, The BRI embodies China’s vision of global economic integration and sustainable growth. While challenges
persist due to geopolitical rivalries and misinformation, its potential to reshape global development is immense. Strategic
diplomacy and inclusive policies will be critical for its continued success.

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 47. One Water Summit & SDG-6
1. Summary
The article underscores the critical global issue of water scarcity and its implications for human life, society, and economic
development. With over 2.2 billion people lacking access to safe drinking water and 4.2 billion without proper sanitation,
the situation is exacerbated by climate change, urbanization, and unsustainable practices. Pakistan, one of the top ten
climate-vulnerable nations, faces dual challenges of drought and floods. The government is responding with initiatives like
the National Drought Plan and promoting modern irrigation techniques and drought-resistant crops. Meanwhile, the "One
Water Summit," held alongside the UNCCD COP16 in Riyadh, aimed to foster international collaboration on SDG-6, which
targets sustainable water and sanitation management. Saudi Arabia's leadership and funding of global water projects, along
with its commitment to hosting the 2027 World Water Forum, highlight its active role in addressing this crisis.
Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif’s participation in the summit emphasized Pakistan's commitment to tackling water-related
challenges. He proposed a six-point agenda focusing on international cooperation, knowledge sharing, climate-resilient
funding, data sharing, skills development, and political will. Initiatives like "Recharge Pakistan" aim to mitigate climate-
induced risks through ecosystem-based solutions. The article concludes with an urgent call for collective global efforts to
ensure water sustainability and counter the crises induced by climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss.
2. Overview:
This article explores the escalating water crisis, its global ramifications, and the steps being taken to address it, with a focus
on SDG-6. It highlights Pakistan's vulnerabilities and the collaborative efforts at the international level to mitigate water-
related challenges, emphasizing the importance of sustainable practices and political commitment.
3. NOTES:
The article highlights the worsening global water crisis driven by climate change, pollution, overuse, urbanization, and
unsustainable practices. It notes that 2.4 billion people live in water-stressed areas, while 2.2 billion lack safe drinking water,
and 4.2 billion lack sanitation. Pakistan, as one of the most vulnerable nations to climate change, faces challenges like
droughts and floods, with 70% of its land being arid or semi-arid. The government is working on a National Drought Plan
and promoting modern irrigation methods and drought-resistant crops. The 2024 One Water Summit in Saudi Arabia, aligned
with SDG-6, aimed to foster global cooperation on water resource management, supported by significant contributions like
Saudi Arabia's $6 billion for 200 water projects. Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif proposed a six-point agenda to tackle water
issues, including international collaboration, technology transfer, climate-resilient infrastructure, regional data sharing, skill
development, and strong political will. The article underscores the need for collective global efforts to ensure sustainable
and equitable access to clean water resources.
For your understanding, These elements make the article a vital resource for understanding environmental policies,
sustainable development goals, and Pakistan's stance in global forums, which are essential for effective essay writing and
interviews in the CSS examination.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Environmental Science: Water resource management, climate change impacts
• Pakistan Affairs: National policies for climate resilience
• International Relations: Global cooperation on SDG-6

5. Notes for Beginners:

Water scarcity refers to a lack of sufficient water for basic needs. Factors like overuse, pollution, and climate change worsen
this issue. For example, Pakistan faces drought due to its arid lands and floods due to erratic rainfall patterns. Initiatives like
modern irrigation and cultivating drought-resistant crops help conserve water. Globally, forums like the One Water Summit
bring nations together to tackle such problems collaboratively.

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 6. Facts and Figures:
• 2.2 billion people lack access to safe drinking water globally.
• 4.2 billion people lack proper sanitation facilities.
• Pakistan's arid and semi-arid lands cover 70% of its area.
• Saudi Arabia has committed over $6 billion to water-related development projects.

To wrap up, The article underscores the urgency of addressing water scarcity through sustainable practices, international
cooperation, and proactive policymaking. It provides a comprehensive view of how nations, including Pakistan, are tackling
this crisis and emphasizes the collective responsibility required to ensure a sustainable future for water resources.

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 48. Army’s Commitment To National Security
1. Summary:
The article highlights the unwavering commitment of the Pakistan Army to national security, emphasizing its proactive role
in countering terrorism, ensuring socio-economic development, and maintaining regional stability. The Formation/Corps
Commanders’ Conference, led by General Syed Asim Munir, serves as a pivotal forum for strategizing against both internal
and external threats. The military’s alignment with governmental policies has contributed to notable achievements, such as
advancements in counter-terrorism efforts and economic stability, exemplified by a robust stock market performance.
Furthermore, the Army reaffirmed its support for the oppressed peoples of Kashmir and Palestine while condemning human
rights violations in these regions. It also addressed concerns about misinformation campaigns and urged the government to
enforce stringent measures against hate speech and propaganda.
The conference highlighted the importance of operational readiness, professionalism, and inter-agency cooperation. Special
focus was placed on neutralizing terrorist networks in Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and countering the use of
Afghan territory for extremist activities. Despite facing challenges, the Army reiterated its dedication to fostering political
and economic stability, aligning its actions with the broader vision of national development. The article underscores the
pivotal role of a cohesive and disciplined military in upholding the sovereignty and stability of Pakistan amidst complex
regional and global dynamics.
2. Overview:
This article discusses the Pakistan Army's role in ensuring national security and fostering economic and political stability.
It highlights the importance of strategic military forums, such as the Formation Commanders’ Conference, in addressing
domestic and regional threats. The Army’s collaboration with the government and its focus on counter-terrorism, socio-
economic development, and combating propaganda are central to the narrative.
3. NOTES :
The article provides vision into the Pakistan Army's strategic initiatives to bolster national security and promote socio-
economic stability. It emphasizes the importance of the Formation Commanders’ Conference as a platform to address
pressing issues such as terrorism, regional tensions, and internal security. The Army's alignment with government policies
has played a pivotal role in countering threats and fostering economic progress, as evidenced by improved stock market
performance. Additionally, the article highlights the Army’s unwavering support for Kashmir and Palestine, condemning
human rights violations and reinforcing Pakistan's foreign policy stance. The military also focuses on combating propaganda
campaigns and ensuring operational readiness to neutralize threats, particularly in conflict-prone regions like Balochistan
and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Military's role in national security and socio-economic development.
• Current Affairs: Regional dynamics involving Afghanistan, India, and Iran.
• International Relations: Support for Kashmir and Palestine within the global context.
5. Notes for Beginners:
This article underscores the Army's comprehensive approach to ensuring national security by countering terrorism and
addressing regional conflicts. For example, its operations in Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa aim to dismantle terrorist
networks and ensure stability in these regions. Furthermore, the Army supports oppressed communities like the Kashmiris
and Palestinians, aligning with Pakistan's foreign policy objectives. It also highlights the significance of controlling
misinformation to prevent social discord. The Army's collaboration with the government has not only enhanced security but
also contributed to economic growth, as seen in the recent surge in the stock market. This cohesive strategy ensures the
nation’s sovereignty and stability amidst challenges.

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 6. Facts and Figures:
• 84th Formation Commanders’ Conference: Held to discuss national security strategies.
• Stock Market Surge: A result of military and governmental collaboration.
• Focus on Balochistan: Addressing terrorist groups like BLA Majeed Brigade.

To wrap up, This article provides a comprehensive look at the Pakistan Army's role in maintaining national security, fostering
regional stability, and supporting socio-economic development. It emphasizes the need for synergy between the military,
government, and judiciary to achieve sustained progress. The Army's proactive measures against terrorism and its dedication
to combating misinformation reflect its commitment to safeguarding the nation's sovereignty.

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 49. Economic Fallout Of Political Unrest
1. Summary:
Pakistan's economic stability hinges on its political environment, as illustrated by the recent unrest in Islamabad. The four-
day protests paralyzed major highways and parts of Punjab, causing significant economic and social disruptions. The
government estimates daily losses of 190 billion rupees, including GDP contractions, tax revenue declines, and reduced
export earnings. Agriculture, industry, and services sectors bore heavy financial losses. Additionally, disruptions in supply
chains, especially in the textile industry, compounded export challenges. Critical shipping containers were seized, delaying
shipments during the peak Christmas season and tarnishing Pakistan's reputation as a reliable trade partner. The ripple effects
extended to ordinary citizens, disrupting essential services and livelihoods, further aggravating the country's economic
crisis.
The Ministry of Finance has openly recognized the detrimental effects of political instability, warning that such unrest deters
foreign investment and economic growth. Exporters already face high production costs due to steep electricity and gas
prices, but the protests exacerbated their struggles by halting industrial operations and transport networks. The failure of
political entities to prioritize national economic interests intensifies the crisis, undermining efforts to attract foreign
exchange. This political-economic disconnect underscores the urgency of resolving instability to secure Pakistan’s economic
future.
2. Overview:
The article highlights the adverse economic implications of political unrest, focusing on export disruptions, high production
costs, and public hardship. It provides a critical lens on how political decisions exacerbate an already fragile economic
framework. The piece emphasizes the importance of stability to attract foreign investment and maintain export reliability.
3. NOTES:
The article highlights the deep connection between political stability and economic growth in Pakistan, emphasizing the
severe consequences of recent protests in Islamabad. It sheds light on staggering daily economic losses of 190 billion rupees,
encompassing GDP contractions, export revenue declines, and tax collection shortfalls. The unrest heavily impacted key
sectors, including agriculture, industry, and services, while supply chain disruptions, particularly in the textile industry,
caused delayed shipments during a critical trading period. The Ministry of Finance acknowledged the adverse effects of
political instability on the country’s global reputation, deterring foreign investment. Furthermore, the article outlines the
ripple effects on citizens, such as disrupted access to basic services and loss of income for laborers and farmers. By
underscoring the negligence of political entities in safeguarding economic priorities, the article calls for immediate measures
to align political actions with national economic objectives.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Political instability and its economic impact.
• International Relations: Trade disruptions and global economic reputation.
• Current Affairs: Economic challenges due to protests and supply chain issues.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Political instability in Pakistan severely impacts its economy. For instance, the recent protests in Islamabad resulted in daily
losses of 190 billion rupees, halting GDP growth and reducing export revenues. Farmers faced difficulties transporting
goods, and laborers were unable to find work, directly affecting their livelihoods. Exporters lost international credibility
when shipments were delayed due to seized containers during the unrest. For example, textile shipments to Europe and the
US, crucial during the Christmas season, were stranded, causing financial losses. These examples show how political issues
disrupt economic activity and public life.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Daily economic loss: 190 billion rupees.
• GDP contraction: 144 billion rupees daily.
• Export revenue loss: 16 billion rupees per day.

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 •
• Agriculture loss: 26 billion rupees per day.
• Services sector loss: 66 billion rupees daily.
• Reduced foreign investment: 3 billion rupees per day.

To sum up, The article provides a critical reflection on how political instability exacerbates Pakistan's economic
vulnerabilities. It emphasizes the urgent need for cohesive governance and strategic policy-making to ensure stability and
foster economic growth. This case study serves as a lesson for policymakers to prioritize national economic objectives over
political gains.

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 50. Needed Pacification Of Nuclear Flashpoints Conflicts?
1. Summary:
The article sheds light on the urgent need to pacify nuclear flashpoints—Palestine, Ukraine, and Kashmir—emphasizing
that their resolution is essential for regional and global stability. It analyzes the role of major powers, particularly the US,
in exacerbating these conflicts through selective foreign policies. The Israel-Palestine dispute, fueled by the US's one-sided
support for Israel, has perpetuated violence in the Middle East. Similarly, Ukraine remains a battleground for NATO-Russia
tensions, with the US prioritizing military aid over diplomatic solutions. In South Asia, the Kashmir conflict continues to
fester due to India's suppression of human rights, compounded by geopolitical maneuvering. The article discusses that
addressing these crises requires adherence to international law, emphasizing self-determination, sovereignty, and human
rights while condemning the West's double standards in enforcing these principles.
The writer highlights that the lingering conflicts in these regions not only destabilize local populations but also heighten the
risk of nuclear confrontation. Militaristic rhetoric and geopolitical agendas have overshadowed humanitarian concerns, with
Western nations prioritizing strategic interests over genuine peace-building efforts. The US's policies, described as
oscillating between regional stability and strategic partnerships, are a major obstacle to conflict resolution. Meanwhile,
China and Russia adopt contrasting approaches, focusing on their geopolitical objectives. The article concludes by calling
for a humanitarian-focused resolution framework grounded in the UN Charter, urging global powers to abandon imperialist
ambitions for a durable peace that safeguards humanity.
2. Overview:
The article examines how geopolitical strategies dominate the resolution of global conflicts in Palestine, Ukraine, and
Kashmir. It argues that while international law advocates peace and self-determination, its implementation remains a
challenge due to the self-serving interests of global powers like the US and Russia
3. NOTES:
The article emphasizes the complexities of resolving global conflicts in Palestine, Ukraine, and Kashmir, which are critical
nuclear flashpoints with significant humanitarian and geopolitical implications. It discusses the selective enforcement of
international law, where major powers prioritize strategic interests over impartiality. The United States' role, oscillating
between advocating regional stability and supporting allies like Israel and Ukraine, complicates peace efforts and reflects
the West's double standards in addressing international crises. Similarly, militaristic rhetoric and hawkish narratives
overshadow humanitarian concerns in these regions. The article underlines the importance of self-determination,
sovereignty, and respect for human rights as principles to resolve these conflicts. However, the involvement of global
powers, with China focusing on regional stability and Russia resisting NATO influence, complicates these dynamics. The
writer advocates a resolution framework grounded in humanitarian principles and the UN Charter to address these crises,
stressing that peace is unattainable without prioritizing humanity over geopolitics.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: Role of major powers in conflict resolution, nuclear diplomacy, and humanitarian
interventions.
• Pakistan Affairs: Impact of the Kashmir dispute on regional security.
• Current Affairs: Middle East tensions and NATO-Russia dynamics.
5. Notes for Beginners:
• Geopolitics Example: The US supports Israel in Palestine and Ukraine against Russia, reflecting its strategic
interests.
• International Law: Advocates self-determination (e.g., Palestinians seeking an independent state) and sovereignty.
• Nuclear Flashpoints: Conflicts like Kashmir involve nuclear powers (India and Pakistan), increasing risks of global
instability.

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 6. Facts and Figures:
• Kashmir Conflict: India and Pakistan have fought three wars; both possess nuclear weapons.
• Ukraine War: Over 300,000 casualties since the conflict began in 2014.
• Palestine Crisis: 5.6 million Palestinian refugees registered with UNRWA.

To wrap up, This article performs the role of call for the international community to prioritize humanity over geopolitics.
The nuclear flashpoints of Palestine, Ukraine, and Kashmir highlight the dangers of militaristic policies and selective justice.
A genuine commitment to international law and humanitarian values is indispensable for achieving lasting peace.

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 51. Syria: A Blessed Land In Turmoil, Lessons For Muslim World
1. Summary:
Syria, historically revered as a blessed land, faces unrelenting turmoil, reflecting the challenges of disunity in the Muslim
world. Its intense spiritual and historical significance—highlighted in the Quran and Hadith—is marred by internal divisions
and external interventions. The Syrian Civil War, fueled by sectarian tensions and global powers pursuing strategic goals,
has fragmented the nation. This tragedy underscores the broader issues afflicting Islamic nations, including colonial legacies,
autocratic governance, economic disparities, and foreign interference. These challenges weaken collective strength, making
the Muslim world susceptible to exploitation and unable to assert itself globally.
The article emphasizes the urgency of prioritizing unity, self-reliance, and sustainable development in the Islamic world. To
address these challenges, the Muslim world must resolve internal disputes, invest in education and technological innovation,
and foster economic collaboration. It also highlights the failure of organizations like the OIC to create a unified front.
Drawing on Quranic principles of justice and compassion, the article advocates collective responsibility to rebuild Syria and
other conflict-stricken nations. This renewed commitment to unity can help the Muslim world reclaim its role as a global
beacon of peace and progress.
2. Overview:
The article provides an in depth analysis of Syria's ongoing crisis, linking it to the broader struggles of the Muslim world,
including governance issues, economic inequalities, and foreign meddling. It stresses the importance of unity, education,
and innovation as solutions, guided by Islamic values.
3. NOTES:
The article highlights the deep challenges faced by the Muslim world, with Syria serving as a stark example. It delves into
the lingering effects of colonial legacies, where arbitrary borders have fragmented cohesive communities and fueled
conflicts. Governance issues, such as autocratic regimes, corruption, and lack of inclusivity, have created widespread
discontent, making these nations susceptible to instability. Economic disparities further exacerbate the situation, with
resource-rich nations becoming targets of foreign manipulation while poorer states struggle with underdevelopment. The
role of foreign interference is emphasized, showing how external actors exploit these vulnerabilities under the guise of
promoting democracy or combating terrorism. Solutions suggested include fostering unity, building robust institutions, and
investing in education and technology to achieve self-reliance and resilience.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics
• Pakistan Affairs: Lessons for governance and unity.
• International Relations: Impact of foreign interference on regional stability.
• Islamic Studies: Quranic principles of justice and collective responsibility.
• Current Affairs: Analysis of global power dynamics in conflict zones.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The article explains Syria’s crisis as a reflection of the broader struggles faced by the Muslim world. The colonial past
created artificial divisions among nations, leading to conflicts similar to those in Syria. Weak governance, such as autocratic
rule and corruption, adds to the problem by creating unrest among the population. Economic gaps between rich and poor
nations weaken the Muslim world’s strength, as wealthier countries often face foreign interference, while underdeveloped
nations remain stagnant. External powers interfere in the name of aid or reform but often worsen the situation, as seen in
Iraq and Libya. To move forward, the Muslim world must prioritize unity, invest in education, and develop technology, just
like how developed countries thrive through innovation and collaboration.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Syria: Over 500,000 deaths and millions displaced since the civil war began in 2011.
• Islamic World: The OIC has 57 member states but struggles to resolve conflicts like Syria’s.
• Education: Most Islamic nations invest less than 4% of GDP in education compared to global averages of 5-6%.

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 52. Preventing Violent Extremism Through Social Media.
1. Summary:
In an era where social media is both a boon and a bane, its pervasive influence on fostering violent extremism cannot be
overstated. Social media has evolved into a double-edged sword: while it connects people globally, it also acts as a breeding
ground for radical ideologies and extremist propaganda. The article explores the internet's transformation of societies into
globalized networks, enabling disembedded individuals to transcend traditional spaces and boundaries. Yet, these very
platforms have been weaponized to propagate violence and intolerance, particularly in Pakistan and India, where extremism
manifests as puritanical Islamism and Hindutva ideology, respectively. The narrative emphasizes the urgency of combating
such extremist ideologies by promoting unity, education, and inclusivity, offering a counter-narrative to the pervasive
rhetoric of division.
The article also investigates the solutions necessary to curb this menace, emphasizing the role of education, effective state
policies, and proactive community engagement. It calls for the state to monitor and regulate online platforms while
empowering bodies like NACTA to counter extremist narratives. Equally significant is the role of families and religious
leaders in guiding youth toward peaceful coexistence and critical thinking. Lessons from countries like Finland underscore
the importance of equipping community leaders with the knowledge to prevent extremism effectively. In sum, the article
highlights that a collective approach—encompassing state, societal, familial, and religious efforts—is pivotal to curbing
violent extremism and fostering a peaceful, progressive society.
2. Overview:
The article addresses the escalating threat of radical ideologies on digital platforms and advocates for a multi-pronged
strategy to counter violent extremism. It emphasizes the significance of education, parental involvement, religious guidance,
and state policies in fostering a culture of tolerance and unity.
3. NOTES:
Social media is a double-edged sword that simultaneously fosters connectivity and fuels extremism. The article highlights
the importance of education, inclusivity, and the regulation of online content as critical tools to counter extremist ideologies.
Strengthening institutions like NACTA is important for combating radical narratives in Pakistan. The role of families and
religious leaders in guiding youth toward tolerance and rational thinking is equally vital. Finland’s model provides fruitful
observations into preventing extremism by empowering community leaders and fostering peace. Collectively, these
measures aim to address the root causes of violent extremism and promote unity in society.
4. CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Extremism and its socio-political impact in Pakistan.
• International Relations: Role of global digital platforms in countering extremism.
• Environmental Science: Ethical use of technology for societal well-being.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Radicalization often thrives on feelings of grievance and injustice, which extremist groups exploit to advance their agendas.
For example, they may use online platforms to target marginalized youth with divisive narratives. Education is a powerful
solution, as seen in Finland’s strategy of training community leaders to foster understanding and harmony. Families play a
pivotal role by monitoring children's online activities and promoting meaningful engagement to prevent isolation. These
collective efforts can guide young individuals toward critical thinking and inclusive behavior, creating a society resilient
against extremism.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Extremism in South Asia stems from political ideologies like Hindutva in India and religious radicalism in Pakistan.
• Finland’s preventive measures have helped it achieve high peace and safety rankings globally.
To sum up, The article sheds light on the paradoxical role of social media in modern society—bridging gaps while spreading
extremism. Its solutions emphasize the power of education, state vigilance, and familial and religious responsibility in

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 53. China’s Diplomacy: A Growing Challenge For The US.
1. Summary:
The escalating rivalry between the United States and China reflects a pivotal shift in global power dynamics, with China’s
growing economic, military, and technological prowess challenging decades of American dominance. The U.S. has taken
aggressive measures, forming alliances like AUKUS and QUAD, accusing China of unfair trade practices, and imposing
sanctions on Chinese companies to curb its technological advances. Meanwhile, China has leveraged its economic
investments and diplomatic strategies to expand its influence, gaining prominence in regions like Africa, Latin America,
and the Indo-Pacific. Despite U.S. efforts, China’s initiatives, such as mediating between Iran and Saudi Arabia and
proposing solutions to global conflicts, have often outmaneuvered Washington’s strategies.
The rivalry intensifies in the Indo-Pacific region, where the U.S. has fortified military alliances and bolstered its presence
to counter China’s growing dominance. The competition extends to trade, technology, and geopolitics, with China's CPEC
initiative criticized by the U.S. as a tool for regional dominance. The article underscores the economic and military divide,
highlighting fluctuating GDP growth rates in China and the U.S.’s efforts to hinder Chinese influence through sanctions and
alliances. However, the outcome of this “Strategy of Disruption” remains uncertain, as both nations continue their tug-of-
war for global supremacy, with far-reaching implications for international stability.
2. Overview:
The article outlines the growing tension between the U.S. and China, focusing on their economic, technological, and
geopolitical rivalry. It highlights China's diplomatic prowess, military expansions, and economic partnerships, challenging
U.S. strategies in regions like the Indo-Pacific and Africa.
3. NOTES:
China’s growing influence in global politics and its diplomatic strategies are reshaping international relations, particularly
in the Indo-Pacific and Africa. The U.S. has responded with alliances like AUKUS and QUAD, emphasizing its Indo-Pacific
Strategy to counter China’s assertiveness. Meanwhile, China’s initiatives, including the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and
CPEC, have drawn criticism for allegedly trapping nations in debt while enhancing China’s economic and strategic
dominance. The technological rivalry between the two superpowers, marked by sanctions and trade wars, reflects a struggle
for global leadership in fields like AI, cybersecurity, and microchip production.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: U.S.-China relations, Indo-Pacific strategies, global alliances.
• Pakistan Affairs: CPEC’s implications and regional geopolitics.
• Science and Technology: Technological advancements and trade wars.
5. Notes for Beginners:
China's diplomatic strategies, such as mediating between Iran and Saudi Arabia, showcase its use of soft power to influence
global politics. Meanwhile, the technological rivalry between the U.S. and China is evident through actions like U.S.
sanctions on Huawei, aimed at curbing China's advancements in cutting-edge technologies. On the military front, the U.S.
has formed alliances like AUKUS to counter China's growing influence, particularly in strategic regions like the Indo-
Pacific. These developments highlight the multifaceted competition between the two superpowers across diplomacy,
technology, and defense.
6. Facts and Figures:
• China's trade with Africa reached $254 billion in 2021.
• U.S. technological dominance dropped from 37% to 10% in microchip production.
• CPEC remains a target of U.S. criticism in South Asia.
To wrap up, The U.S.-China rivalry signifies an era of strategic competition that transcends borders and sectors. This
geopolitical chess game reflects the shifting tides of global power, with both nations vying for influence. As this rivalry
unfolds, it shapes international alliances, economic policies, and technological advancements, marking a critical period
in world history.

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 54. Resurgence Of Terrorism In Pakistan.
1. Summary:
The resurgence of terrorism in Pakistan has reached alarming levels, with a 90% increase in incidents during the third quarter
of 2024 compared to earlier this year. According to the Centre for Research and Security Studies (CRSS), these attacks have
claimed 722 lives and injured 615 individuals, predominantly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and Balochistan. While military
operations like Zarb-e-Azb once suppressed terrorism, the inconsistent implementation of the National Action Plan (NAP)
has allowed groups such as the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) to regain strength. The Afghan Taliban’s rise in 2021,
coupled with alleged support from Afghanistan's General Directorate of Intelligence (GDI), has further exacerbated the
problem. Public frustration is mounting as residents of affected regions face the brunt of repeated military operations and
insufficient rehabilitation efforts. Despite federal initiatives such as increased funding for police and intelligence operations,
gaps in socioeconomic development and intergovernmental coordination hinder progress.
A holistic strategy is essential to curb this crisis. The complete enforcement of the NAP, improved border controls, and
socioeconomic development in marginalized areas are critical measures. Transparent counter-terrorism operations and
addressing public grievances through dialogue are vital to restoring trust. KP and Balochistan residents continue to demand
sustainable solutions over temporary military offensives. The federal government's acknowledgment of 3,758 terrorism-
related deaths in two years underscores the gravity of the situation. Pakistan’s path to peace lies in a united effort involving
the government, security forces, and the public to dismantle extremist networks and address root causes such as
unemployment and underdevelopment.
2. Overview:
The article underscores the resurgence of terrorism in Pakistan, particularly in KP and Balochistan, due to flawed counter-
terrorism strategies, socioeconomic neglect, and geopolitical dynamics involving Afghanistan. It emphasizes the need for a
multidimensional approach to tackle the issue effectively.
3. NOTES:
The resurgence of terrorism in Pakistan poses significant challenges, particularly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and
Balochistan, which account for 97% of recent fatalities. Despite measures like military operations and the allocation of PKR
140 billion to enhance KP's police capabilities, the inconsistent implementation of the National Action Plan (NAP) has
allowed groups like the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) to regroup. Afghanistan's alleged support for the TTP through its
General Directorate of Intelligence has further exacerbated the issue. Residents of affected regions express frustration over
repeated military offensives, lack of rehabilitation, and stalled socioeconomic projects, which fuel resentment and enable
extremist narratives. To address this, Pakistan needs a multidimensional approach, including enforcing the NAP,
strengthening border controls, promoting socioeconomic uplift in marginalized areas, and fostering trust through dialogue
and transparent operations. With over 13,000 intelligence-based operations conducted and PKR 3.31 billion announced in
bounties for terrorists, a united front is vital to restore stability.
4. CSS Syllabus Relevance:
• Pakistan Affairs: Counter-terrorism policies, National Action Plan (NAP), and inter-provincial cooperation.
• Current Affairs: Regional security dynamics, role of Afghan Taliban, and cross-border terrorism.
• International Relations: Pakistan-Afghanistan relations, TTP resurgence, and global counter-terrorism strategies.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The resurgence of terrorism in Pakistan highlights a significant security challenge. Incidents have surged, particularly in KP
and Balochistan, due to the regrouping of militant groups like the TTP. The lack of proper implementation of the National
Action Plan and delayed development in tribal regions have exacerbated the situation. For example, despite a PKR 140
billion allocation to enhance police capabilities in KP, the absence of socioeconomic upliftment has left gaps. Afghanistan's
alleged support for the TTP further complicates matters. The federal government must focus on socioeconomic reforms,
effective border controls, and inclusive policies to rebuild trust and restore stability.

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 6. Facts and Figures:
• 90% increase in terrorism incidents in Q3 2024.
• KP and Balochistan accounted for 97% of fatalities.
• PKR 140 billion allocated to KP police.
• 3,758 terrorism-related deaths reported in two years.
• 13,000 intelligence-based operations conducted in 2024.

To wrap up, This article sheds light on the complex and persistent issue of terrorism in Pakistan, emphasizing the need for
a comprehensive strategy to counter its resurgence. The failure to fully implement the National Action Plan and address
socioeconomic grievances has left vulnerable regions in turmoil. By fostering unity among stakeholders and prioritizing
development, Pakistan can pave the way for a safer and more secure future. The road ahead is steep, but with determination
and collaboration, peace is attainable.

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 55. Approach To Address Smog Crisis.
1. Summary:
Pakistan’s smog crisis, an annual calamity, has grown into a severe environmental and public health emergency. Rooted in
industrial emissions, vehicle pollution, agricultural burning, and unfavorable meteorological conditions, this crisis has
devastating impacts on health, the economy, and societal dynamics. Health issues such as asthma, bronchitis, and heart
diseases are rampant, with two million medical consultations reported recently. Cities like Lahore and Multan face
lockdowns, construction bans, and school closures due to deteriorating air quality. Efforts like cleaner fuels and public
transport have been insufficient. Regional collaboration, particularly with India, is being emphasized to address
transboundary pollution. At COP 29, Pakistan's representatives called for international support and funding to combat
climate issues effectively.
A long-term solution necessitates stricter environmental regulations, promotion of renewable energy, sustainable farming
practices, and public awareness campaigns. Collaboration with neighboring countries and global stakeholders is important
for technology sharing and joint initiatives. The smog crisis demands an integrated approach balancing environmental,
social, and economic aspects. Pakistan must implement a sustainable policy framework that ensures clean air and a better
future for its citizens.
2. Overview:
This article highlights Pakistan’s smog crisis and its catastrophic consequences on health, education, and the economy. It
also discusses potential solutions, including stricter regulations, regional collaboration, and international assistance, urging
a comprehensive approach to address this escalating environmental challenge.
3. NOTES:
The article focuses on Pakistan’s worsening smog crisis, identifying industrial emissions, vehicle pollution, crop burning,
and unfavorable meteorological conditions as its primary causes. It highlights the dire health implications, with two million
medical consultations reported recently and vulnerable groups like children and the elderly at higher risk of respiratory and
cardiovascular diseases. Economic disruptions include business shutdowns, tourism decline, and migration to cleaner areas.
Efforts such as cleaner fuels, public transport, and stricter emissions regulations have been introduced but remain
inadequate. The article emphasizes the need for a comprehensive plan incorporating stricter environmental regulations,
renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, and public awareness campaigns. Regional collaboration, particularly with India,
is deemed pivotal for addressing cross-border pollution, while international support is essential to fund and implement
effective climate solutions. At COP 29, Pakistan advocated for global assistance to align with the climate goals of developing
nations, urging collaborative efforts for a sustainable and smog-free future.
4. CSS Syllabus Relevance:
• Environmental Science: Climate change, air pollution, renewable energy, and sustainability.
• Pakistan Affairs: Environmental policies, governance issues, and public health crises.
• International Relations: Regional cooperation and global climate negotiations (COP 29).
5. Notes for Beginners:
Smog, or air pollution, is caused by factories, vehicles, and burning crops. In Pakistan, the problem worsens in cities like
Lahore, especially in winter, due to weather conditions that trap pollution. Smog causes health problems such as coughing
and difficulty breathing. To solve this, the government promotes cleaner fuels and public transport. Regional efforts, like
working with India to stop crop burning, are also important. For instance, smog from Punjab in India can reach Pakistan
and vice versa. At an international conference (COP 29), Pakistan asked for global help, like funding for cleaner
technologies. Solutions include using solar energy instead of coal and teaching farmers better ways to manage crops.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Health Impact: Over two million medical consultations due to smog-related illnesses.
• Economic Loss: Industries and tourism suffer, with some people migrating to cleaner areas.
• Pollution Sources: Crop burning contributes up to 60% of smog in northern South Asia during winters

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 56. National Security Challenges.
1. Summary:
The article highlights Pakistan's evolving national security challenges, highlighting both external and internal threats. On
the external front, it identifies the shifting global power dynamics and the great power competition between the US and
China as key concerns, alongside the Indo-US strategic partnership, which has bolstered India's regional dominance.
Afghanistan poses an additional threat with anti-Pakistan elements, such as the TTP and IS-K, conducting terrorist activities.
Technological advancements, particularly in AI and cybersecurity, also expose Pakistan to new vulnerabilities, such as
cyberterrorism, which could disrupt critical infrastructure and national security.
Internally, Pakistan grapples with sub-nationalism, political polarization, and ethnic tensions, which erode trust in national
institutions. Moreover, non-traditional threats, including economic instability, climate change, resource scarcity, and
overpopulation, dominate the national security landscape. The article underscores the urgency of crafting a proactive foreign
policy and implementing geo-economic statecraft to mitigate external risks. Internally, fostering national unity, equitable
resource distribution, and socio-economic development are proposed as remedies. This article emphasizes the need for good
governance and youth education to build resilience against these multifaceted challenges.
2. Overview:
This article provides in-depth analysis of Pakistan's complex national security challenges, emphasizing the interplay
between traditional and non-traditional threats. It outlines the role of global power politics, internal discord, and emerging
technologies in shaping the country's security framework.
3. NOTES:
Pakistan faces a blend of traditional and non-traditional security threats, demanding an integrated approach to address both
internal and external challenges. Externally, the geopolitical rivalry between the US and China pushes Pakistan into a
precarious position, forcing it to maintain strategic balance. The Indo-US alliance, which elevates India’s role as a regional
power, exacerbates security concerns, especially given India's ideological shift under ultranationalist leadership.
Afghanistan remains a destabilizing factor with anti-Pakistan elements like the TTP and IS-K operating from its territory.
Moreover, technological advancements in AI and cybersecurity pose critical threats, as cyberterrorism can disrupt
communication networks and endanger national security data. Internally, Pakistan struggles with sub-nationalism, ethnic
unrest, political polarization, and eroding public trust in institutions. These challenges are compounded by non-traditional
issues, such as economic instability, climate change, resource scarcity, and overpopulation. To mitigate these threats, the
article recommends a proactive foreign policy, equitable resource distribution, promotion of democratic culture, and socio-
economic development initiatives to strengthen governance and national unity.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Internal security challenges, governance, and socio-economic development.
• International Relations: US-China rivalry, Indo-US partnership, and Afghanistan's impact on Pakistan.
• Environmental Science: Climate change and resource scarcity affecting national security
• Cybersecurity: Emerging threats from AI and cyberterrorism.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Pakistan’s security challenges are both external and internal, requiring careful management. Externally, the competition
between powerful nations like the US and China affects Pakistan's position, forcing it to navigate geopolitical tensions. The
partnership between India and the US increases regional security risks, especially as India grows militarily stronger.
Afghanistan also adds to the instability, with terrorist groups like the TTP and IS-K threatening Pakistan from across the
border. Internally, issues such as ethnic divisions, political conflicts, and a lack of trust in institutions weaken the country's
unity. Besides these, modern threats like cyberattacks, economic instability, climate change, and resource shortages demand
immediate attention. The article suggests solutions like fair resource sharing, improving governance, fostering democracy,
and creating development programs to address these issues effectively.
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 6. Facts and Figures:
• Pakistan faces approximately 70% of its security threats from non-traditional issues like climate change and
economic instability.
• Over 50% of cyberattacks target critical national infrastructure globally, highlighting Pakistan's vulnerability.

To wrap up, This article underscores the multidimensional nature of Pakistan's national security challenges, advocating for
balanced strategies that address both external pressures and internal weaknesses. By fostering unity, enhancing governance,
and leveraging geo-economic policies, Pakistan can better navigate the complexities of modern security threats.

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 57. NATO’s Role In Global Security
1. Summary:
NATO's role in global security has been pivotal, especially in light of the Russo-Ukrainian conflict. This ongoing war,
intensified by Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, has resulted in staggering casualties, with hundreds of
thousands killed or injured. In response, NATO has redefined its strategy, emphasizing collective security and bolstering
Ukraine with substantial military and economic aid. The US, Germany, and other allies have provided advanced weaponry,
tanks, and fighter jets, ensuring Ukraine remains resilient against Russian aggression. Furthermore, NATO has fortified its
presence in Eastern Europe, deploying thousands of troops and establishing new battle groups near Russia’s borders, while
countries like Finland and Sweden abandoned neutrality to join the alliance, signaling a shift in European security dynamics.
Beyond Europe, NATO has broadened its scope, addressing global challenges such as cyber threats and China's rising
influence in collaboration with Russia. Recent summits have highlighted the strategic significance of the Indo-Pacific region
and technological warfare. This adaptive approach underscores NATO's relevance in modern geopolitics, ensuring it remains
a linchpin in maintaining international stability. As the war unfolds, NATO's actions will continue shaping the global security
landscape.
2. Overview:
The article provides an in-depth analysis of NATO's response to the Russo-Ukrainian conflict, its aid to Ukraine, troop
deployments, and expanded focus on global threats like China. It explores NATO's evolution as a guardian of collective
security in a rapidly changing world.
3. NOTES:
NATO’s role as a collective security organization is emphasized through its strategic responses to the Russo-Ukrainian
conflict. The alliance's Article 5 remains a cornerstone of its defense mechanism, although it has not been invoked in
Ukraine's case. NATO’s adaptation extends to addressing modern threats such as cyber warfare and China’s growing
influence, signaling a shift from traditional military strategies to a broader security framework. Additionally, Finland and
Sweden’s membership underscores the importance of geopolitical realignments in strengthening regional and global
security.
4. Related CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: Role of military alliances in geopolitics.
• Current Affairs: Global security threats and alliances.
• Political Science: Security strategies and collective defense.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Collective security is the concept where countries unite to protect each other from external threats. NATO exemplifies this
by supporting Ukraine against Russian aggression, deploying troops in Eastern Europe, and assisting with advanced
weaponry and funds. Cyber threats, such as hacking and digital espionage, are becoming critical concerns, leading NATO
to prioritize technological and cybersecurity advancements. Finland and Sweden joining NATO demonstrates how nations
reassess their positions during conflicts to ensure collective safety. These developments highlight the importance of alliances
in addressing modern security challenges and shaping global politics.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Casualties: 200,000 Russian and 60,000-100,000 Ukrainian soldiers killed.
• Aid to Ukraine: $200 billion in support from NATO countries.
• Troop Deployment: 40,000 NATO soldiers stationed in Eastern Europe.
• Membership Changes: Finland and Sweden joined NATO in 2023-24.

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To wrap up, NATO's proactive stance amidst global uncertainties
highlights its adaptability and commitment to maintaining security. Its strategies, from aiding Ukraine to addressing cyber
threats, reaffirm its pivotal role in shaping the modern geopolitical landscape.

58. Changing Global Geopolitics & Implications For Pakistan

1. Summary:
The shifting tides of global geopolitics cast a long shadow over Pakistan, with its economy, security, and diplomatic stance
at risk of being embroiled in sanctions and escalating challenges. Recent sanctions by the United States on Pakistan’s
National Defence Complex and affiliated entities over long-range ballistic missile programs have been met with sharp
criticism, labeled as discriminatory and detrimental to South Asia’s strategic balance. Amidst these pressures, Pakistan’s
Foreign Ministry highlights the asymmetric nature of these moves, emphasizing their adverse impact on regional peace and
stability. The sanctions reflect the US's growing strategic alignment against Pakistan, compelling Islamabad to recalibrate
its policies. Moreover, the evolving dynamics in the Middle East, including the marginalization of Iran and Israel's
increasing leverage, signal that Pakistan must brace itself for both direct and indirect repercussions, potentially altering its
"Look East" strategy and reshaping its alliances with key regional players.
In the broader global context, the resolution of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, with emerging compromises from both parties,
further underscores the need for Pakistan to craft a robust foreign policy. Strengthening ties with allies like China, Saudi
Arabia, and Türkiye, while fostering economic partnerships with Central Asian states, is crucial to diversifying its strategic
options. The author suggests a comprehensive approach to safeguard Chinese investments, particularly under CPEC, while
urging national unity and political stability as cornerstones for Pakistan's future. Navigating the geopolitical labyrinth
requires balancing immediate security needs with long-term economic self-reliance and diplomatic adaptability. The stakes
are high, and the window for strategic realignment is narrowing rapidly.
2. Overview:
This article explores the shifting global geopolitics and their implications for Pakistan, highlighting the challenges posed by
US sanctions, regional instability in the Middle East, and the evolving power dynamics in the Asia-Pacific. It underscores
the need for Pakistan to reassess its foreign and security policies, strengthen alliances, and seek economic self-reliance.
3. NOTES:
The article explains the multifaceted challenges facing Pakistan due to shifting global geopolitics, particularly US-imposed
sanctions targeting its long-range ballistic missile program. These measures are seen as discriminatory and destabilizing for
South Asia, threatening Pakistan’s strategic balance and sovereignty. The article also emphasizes the changing dynamics in
the Middle East, including Iran's waning influence and Israel's growing advantage, which could have significant
implications for Pakistan’s regional policies. Furthermore, it calls for robust foreign and security strategies, suggesting
closer ties with allies like China, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey, while advocating for diversified economic partnerships with
Central Asian countries. Ensuring the safety of Chinese investments, particularly under CPEC, and promoting national unity,
economic self-reliance, and political stability are highlighted as essential steps toward a secure and prosperous future.
4. Related CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Foreign policy challenges, economic integration, and national security.
• International Relations: US foreign policy, Middle Eastern politics, and regional alliances.
• Current Affairs: Sanctions, CPEC, and Central Asian connectivity.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The article explains how global power struggles affect Pakistan’s economy, security, and diplomacy. For example, US
sanctions on Pakistan’s missile program aim to limit its defense capabilities, labeling the actions as biased. The Middle
East's changing power dynamics, such as Israel's rising influence and Iran’s struggles, could indirectly influence Pakistan’s
foreign policy. To counter these challenges, Pakistan must strengthen its ties with allies like China and Saudi Arabia,
diversify its trade with Central Asia, and secure projects like CPEC, which significantly contribute to its economic growth.
These strategies, along with national unity and stable governance, are critical for Pakistan’s progress amidst global tensions.
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 6. Facts and Figures:
• Pakistan’s Shaheen missile has a range of 2,750 km and can carry nuclear warheads.

59. Why US Sanctions ?

1. Summary:
The United States' recent sanctions on Pakistan's missile program entities underscore a historical pattern of discriminatory
policies against Pakistan, aiming to curb its strategic independence. These sanctions, under Executive Order 13382, target
Pakistan's National Development Complex and three Karachi-based entities, accusing them of proliferating weapons of
mass destruction—claims Pakistan vehemently denies. The article emphasizes that Pakistan's missile program focuses on
defense, particularly countering India, and not on aggression toward the U.S., despite unfounded American allegations. The
piece of writing also analyzes the timing of these sanctions, linking them to strategic maneuvers by the U.S. deep state ahead
of Donald Trump's presidency, which is marked by a clear bias toward India. The sanctions are perceived as part of broader
efforts to destabilize Pakistan politically, economically, and strategically while undermining its China-Pakistan ties.
The author advocates a mature response from Pakistan's political leadership, urging domestic stability and diplomatic
engagement to counteract these allegations. It highlights that U.S. accusations lack evidence and undermine non-
proliferation regimes' credibility while endangering regional peace. Pakistan must strengthen international alliances and
maintain its defensive posture to navigate this unjustified external pressure. The article acts as a critique of American double
standards, emphasizing the need for national unity and prudent diplomacy to safeguard Pakistan's strategic sovereignty.
2. Overview:
This article highlights U.S. sanctions on Pakistan's missile program, analyzing their implications and motivations. It sheds
light on the strained U.S.-Pakistan relationship and emphasizes the need for Pakistan to address these challenges with
foresight and strategic diplomacy.
3. NOTES:
This article looks into the longstanding U.S.-Pakistan relationship, highlighting the discriminatory nature of U.S. policies,
particularly in relation to Pakistan’s strategic independence and missile program. It examines the history of sanctions,
emphasizing their use as a tool to exert pressure on Pakistan and align it with American interests. The focus on non-
proliferation regimes and the allegations of Pakistan proliferating weapons of mass destruction reflect global double
standards and the challenges faced by developing nations in asserting their sovereignty. The article underscores the
implications of such sanctions on Pakistan’s political and economic stability, advocating for strategic diplomacy and unity
among political factions to counter external pressures.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: U.S.-Pakistan relations, non-proliferation policies.
• Pakistan Affairs: Political and economic stability, strategic security policies.
• Current Affairs: Global power dynamics, sanctions, and regional implications.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Sanctions are penalties imposed by one country on another to achieve political or economic goals. The U.S. often uses
sanctions as a tool to influence nations' policies. In this case, the sanctions target Pakistan's missile entities, accusing them
of spreading weapons of mass destruction. Pakistan asserts that its missile program is defensive and India-focused, not
aimed at the U.S. These actions highlight geopolitical tensions and the importance of maintaining diplomatic relations.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Four Pakistani entities sanctioned by U.S. under Executive Order 13382.
• Sanctions focus on Pakistan’s long-range missile development.
• U.S. claims Pakistan’s program poses a proliferation threat, which Pakistan denies.

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To wrap up, The article underscores the geopolitical
challenges Pakistan faces, particularly from the U.S., which seeks to limit its strategic independence. The need for
diplomatic finesse, domestic stability, and international alliances is vital to counter such external pressures and maintain
sovereignty in an increasingly polarized global landscape.

60. China And US: Pillars Of Global Prosperity.

1. Summary:
The article "China and US: Pillars of Global Prosperity" highlights the pivotal role that the United States and China play in
shaping the global economic landscape. It emphasizes their renewed Science and Technology Agreement (STA), fostering
advancements in sectors like AI, clean energy, and quantum computing. With bilateral trade exceeding $700 billion and
immense potential for growth, their intertwined economies underscore the need for cooperation. However, this relationship
faces hurdles, including trade imbalances, tariffs, and geopolitical tensions over Taiwan and human rights issues. Despite
these challenges, a harmonious partnership could revolutionize global trade, infrastructure, and climate efforts, adding
trillions to global GDP while addressing pressing global challenges like poverty and environmental degradation.
Envisioning an ideal partnership, the article highlights the transformative potential of joint investments in clean energy,
infrastructure, and space exploration. Collaborative ventures could drive technological breakthroughs, stabilize markets,
and foster global peace, creating millions of jobs and reducing emissions. By setting aside rivalry, both nations stand to reap
significant economic, scientific, and diplomatic rewards, catalyzing a prosperous future for their citizens and the global
community. The editorial concludes by urging leaders to prioritize cooperation over conflict, framing mutual upliftment as
essential for global progress.
2. Overview:
This article discusses the significance of US-China relations, their mutual economic dependencies, and the potential for
global transformation through collaboration. It outlines challenges like trade barriers and geopolitical tensions but advocates
for a cooperative approach to unlock shared and global benefits
3. NOTES:
The article underscores the significance of US-China collaboration, particularly through their renewed Science and
Technology Agreement (STA), which has driven advancements in AI, clean energy, and quantum computing. Their annual
bilateral trade surpasses $700 billion, making it one of the largest economic relationships globally. However, challenges
such as trade imbalances, tariffs, intellectual property disputes, and geopolitical tensions over Taiwan and human rights
issues hinder deeper cooperation. Despite these obstacles, the article envisions a harmonious partnership that could double
trade volumes to $1.5 trillion annually and generate $500 billion in infrastructure development. Joint investments in clean
energy and space exploration could revolutionize global technology and reduce energy costs, while promoting peace and
stability through reduced military spending. The article highlights the transformative potential of their partnership,
emphasizing its role in addressing global challenges like poverty, climate change, and market instability, ultimately calling
for leadership that prioritizes mutual progress over rivalry.
4. Relevant to the CSS syllabus Topics:
• International Relations (US-China relations, global diplomacy)
• Environmental Science (clean energy collaboration, climate mitigation)
• Current Affairs (geopolitical dynamics, economic interdependence)
• Global Trade and Economy (bilateral trade and investment policies)
5. Notes for beginners:
The US-China partnership reflects how collaboration can transform global issues. For instance, the STA agreement boosts
innovation in renewable energy, making clean energy more affordable, reducing costs for households, and supporting
environmental goals. Bilateral trade, such as the $700 billion exchange, showcases how economic ties strengthen global
stability. Addressing challenges like tariffs through fair trade policies could unlock even greater potential, doubling trade

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volumes to $1.5 trillion annually. The article also highlights space
exploration, where joint efforts can lower costs, leading to advancements like lunar bases and affordable satellite
technologies.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Bilateral trade: Over $700 billion annually.
• US investments in China: $126.9 billion.
•
61. BUnity, Faith, And Discipline: A Universal Message From Quaid To
Muslims.
1. Summary:
The article highlights the timeless message of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, focusing on unity, faith, and discipline
as the guiding principles for Pakistan and the Muslim world. Quaid's emphasis on unity highlights its role in forging a
cohesive national identity amid Pakistan's diverse ethnic and cultural landscape. The lack of unity has resulted in political
chaos, social divisions, and economic stagnation. Furthermore, the article critiques how global Muslim disunity has left the
Ummah vulnerable to external influences, jeopardizing collective strength. Faith, another pillar of Quaid's philosophy, is
presented as a source of resilience and national progress. Faith not only empowers individuals to overcome adversity but
also instills a belief in collective potential, essential for leadership and national development. Lastly, discipline is identified
as a cornerstone of success, urging Pakistanis to embrace self-discipline for meaningful change. The article underscores that
these principles, if fully adopted, can propel Pakistan and the Muslim Ummah toward stability and global influence.
Quaid-e-Azam’s vision remains a beacon of hope, reminding Pakistanis and Muslims worldwide of the virtues essential for
enduring success. The article criticizes current leadership for their lack of faith and discipline, which has perpetuated a cycle
of disillusionment among the youth. It also points to the fragmented education system as a breeding ground for divisiveness.
A call to action resonates throughout the narrative—restoring unity, nurturing faith, and instilling discipline across all levels
of society are deemed imperative for realizing Quaid's dream. The article concludes with a plea to adopt his timeless
guidance as a roadmap for achieving national greatness and countering global challenges.
2. Overview:
The article reflects on the universal applicability of Quaid-e-Azam’s principles of unity, faith, and discipline. It analyzes the
leadership and societal shortcomings in implementing these values while presenting a roadmap for reclaiming lost national
and Ummah strength.
3. NOTES:
Quaid-e-Azam’s principles of unity, faith, and discipline serve as the cornerstone for Pakistan’s development and the revival
of Muslim strength globally. Unity is essential to overcoming the political and social divisions that hinder national progress,
while faith acts as a source of resilience, enabling individuals to face challenges with confidence and belief in their abilities.
Discipline, on the other hand, is indispensable for consistent growth, both at the individual and collective levels, as it fosters
accountability and a sense of purpose. The article also highlights the importance of leadership and education reform in
nurturing these values, urging Pakistani youth to embrace Quaid’s vision for a prosperous future.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Quaid-e-Azam’s vision and leadership.
• Governance and Public Administration: Role of leadership and discipline.
• Islamic Studies: Unity in the Muslim Ummah.
• International Relations: Challenges of global Muslim disunity.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Unity, faith, and discipline are not abstract ideas but practical virtues that can transform lives and nations. Unity means
working together, like players on a cricket team striving for victory. Faith involves believing in yourself and your
capabilities, just as Quaid-e-Azam believed in creating a separate homeland for Muslims. Discipline is about sticking to

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good habits, such as studying regularly to achieve academic
success. These principles are not only vital for personal growth but are also the building blocks for a nation’s strength and
prosperity.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Pakistan's annual GDP growth remains under 4%, hindered by disunity and political instability.
• Global Muslim population: Over 1.9 billion, yet lacking cohesive leadership due to fragmentation.

62. CPEC 2.0: Prospects & Constraints And Way Forward

1. Summary:
The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has entered its transformative Phase 2.0, aiming to redefine bilateral
relations between Pakistan and China through advanced technological transfer and socio-economic collaboration. While
Phase 1 laid the groundwork by bolstering industrialization, energy production, and infrastructure, it also faced criticism,
often labeled as a "debt trap" by Western media. Despite these narratives, CPEC proved vital for stabilizing Pakistan’s
macro-economy and fostering sustainability. Phase 2.0 focuses on innovation, safety, and regional connectivity, yet
challenges like bureaucratic inefficiencies, safety concerns, and geopolitical tensions threaten progress. Addressing these
issues requires a robust policy framework, enhanced security for Chinese stakeholders, and strategic revisions to Pakistan’s
national narrative.
Pakistan’s leadership must expedite initiatives like the Gwadar Airport and Special Economic Zones while ensuring
equitable socio-economic projects such as poverty eradication and women empowerment. The creation of knowledge
corridors and investments in artificial intelligence, green energy, and health innovation can steer the economy toward
growth. Collaborative efforts in combating terrorism and fostering mutual trust are essential for long-term prosperity.
Policymakers must align with China’s vision of regional connectivity, ensuring seamless execution of projects while
leveraging digitalization, science, and technology transfer for sustainable development.
2. Overview:
This article highlights the evolution of CPEC from its foundational Phase 1 to its ambitious Phase 2.0, emphasizing its
potential for transforming Pakistan-China ties. It highlights achievements, challenges, and the imperative for immediate
action to sustain momentum.
3. NOTES:
CPEC Phase 2.0 focuses on strengthening Pakistan-China bilateral relations through advanced technological transfer, socio-
economic collaboration, and transformative projects. Despite the criticism labeling it a "debt trap," Phase 1 proved
instrumental in stabilizing Pakistan's economy by enhancing industrialization, energy generation, and infrastructure.
However, challenges such as bureaucratic inefficiencies, safety concerns, and geopolitical tensions continue to hinder
progress. Immediate reforms, including robust safety measures for Chinese stakeholders, are essential to maintain
momentum. Key initiatives like the Gwadar Airport, Special Economic Zones, and digitalization corridors aim to address
unemployment and poverty while emphasizing innovation in renewable energy, artificial intelligence, and health sciences.
Collaboration in combating terrorism and ensuring systematic implementation of projects can lead to sustainable
development and long-term prosperity for both nations.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Economic development and inter-provincial cooperation.
• International Relations: Pakistan-China bilateral relations and regional connectivity.
• Environmental Science: Renewable energy and sustainable development.
5. Notes for Beginners:
CPEC’s first phase significantly boosted Pakistan’s energy capacity, contributing one-fifth of the national power output. For
instance, the SK Hydropower Station is now operational, reducing energy shortages. However, issues like delayed payments

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and bureaucratic hurdles slow progress. To address these,
policymakers must strengthen safety measures for Chinese stakeholders, as seen in the Gwadar development project, which
aims to enhance connectivity. Additionally, digital corridors focusing on AI and green energy can alleviate unemployment
and poverty, transforming the economy.
6. Facts and Figures:
• 14 CPEC energy projects contribute 20% of Pakistan’s power output.
• The Gwadar Airport and Special Economic Zones are critical for connectivity.
• CPEC investments aim to address poverty and unemployment via socio-economic projects.

63. US Sanctions Pakistan Over Missiles Programme

1. Summary:
The article discusses US sanctions imposed on Pakistan's missile program, highlighting the rationale behind this move. On
December 19, 2024, Deputy National Security Adviser Jon Finer expressed concerns about Pakistan's ballistic missile
development, citing potential threats beyond South Asia. Sanctions targeted the National Development Complex and
Karachi-based firms involved in advancing Pakistan’s missile capabilities, freezing assets and prohibiting transactions with
US entities. The US also sanctioned Chinese firms supplying equipment for Pakistan's missile program. Despite Pakistan’s
missiles, including the Shaheen-III with a range of 2,750 km, being unable to reach the US, Washington views these
advancements as a potential risk for regional stability, global security, and possible proliferation to hostile nations or non-
state actors.
The US fears Pakistan’s missile technology could trigger an arms race with India, destabilize South Asia, or affect Middle
Eastern and Indo-Pacific regions. Concerns extend to Pakistan’s dual-use missile capabilities, which can carry nuclear
warheads, and the possibility of their transfer to adversaries. The US is balancing its strategic goals by limiting sanctions to
specific entities while maintaining diplomatic engagement. While aiming to curb Pakistan’s missile ambitions, Washington
seeks to preserve bilateral ties, ensuring cooperation on counterterrorism and regional stability without worsening Pakistan’s
fragile economy.
2. Overview:
This article explains US sanctions targeting Pakistan's missile program, emphasizing their geopolitical and strategic
implications. It explores the potential risks and rationale behind these measures, including regional tensions and non-
proliferation concerns.
3. NOTES:
The article highlights the geopolitical implications of US sanctions on Pakistan's missile program. It looks into the strategic
concerns of global powers, focusing on how advancements in missile technology influence regional and international
stability. By understanding the nuances of missile capabilities, such as Pakistan's Shaheen-III with its range of 2,750 km,
aspirants can grasp the delicate balance between national defense and global security. The article also emphasizes the
importance of analyzing sanctions as a tool of diplomacy, shedding light on their dual impact—curbing technological
advancements while maintaining bilateral ties. It underscores the role of strategic policies in shaping US-Pakistan relations,
particularly in the context of counterterrorism, economic stability, and regional dynamics.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: Geopolitical strategies, non-proliferation, US foreign policy.
• Pakistan Affairs: Pakistan’s defense capabilities and regional impact.
• Current Affairs: Strategic partnerships and sanctions.
5. Notes for beginners:
Missile programs are about building advanced weapons that can target faraway regions. For example, Pakistan's Shaheen-
III missile can reach 2,750 km, enough to cover parts of the Middle East but not the US. The US worries such advancements

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could harm its allies, like Israel, or fall into the hands of enemies.
Sanctions are like penalties—freezing assets or banning trade—to discourage such actions.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Shaheen-III missile range: 2,750 km.
• US sanctioned Pakistan’s National Development Complex and three Karachi-based firms in December 2024.
• Earlier sanctions in September 2024 targeted Chinese firms aiding Pakistan’s program.

To sum up, This article captures the delicate balance between national security and diplomatic relations. The US’s calculated
sanctions reflect a broader strategy to address perceived threats while avoiding overt economic disruption in Pakistan.

\
64. Terrorism In 2024
1. Summary
The year 2024 witnessed an alarming surge in terrorism in Pakistan, particularly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan,
where 1,566 incidents resulted in 924 deaths and over 2,000 injuries. The Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), operating from
sanctuaries in Afghanistan with alleged support from the Taliban government and financial aid from India, has been the
major contributor to these attacks. Law enforcement agencies have launched extensive operations, eliminating 341 terrorists
and arresting many, but the situation remains precarious. Moreover, militant groups such as the TTP and Baloch Liberation
Army (BLA) targeted Chinese nationals, jeopardizing Pakistan's relations with China and the progress of the China-Pakistan
Economic Corridor (CPEC). This instability threatens foreign investments and the nation’s economic stability.
Despite diplomatic negotiations and targeted strikes on terrorist camps in Afghanistan, the Taliban government’s reluctance
to act against TTP and its support for militant groups deepen mistrust. Islamabad has implemented a dual strategy of
counterterrorism and diplomatic efforts to address these issues. However, the article underscores the need for a
multidimensional approach involving political, economic, and social strategies to ensure long-term peace and stability.
Pakistan's counterterrorism measures must evolve to address hybrid warfare challenges and foster regional cooperation for
sustainable security.
2. Overview
This article highlights Pakistan's ongoing struggle with terrorism in 2024, emphasizing the critical role of internal and
regional policies. It provides a detailed account of terrorist incidents, their repercussions on security and economy, and the
challenges posed by foreign influences, including India and Afghanistan.
3. NOTES:
The article underscores the severity of terrorism in Pakistan in 2024, with 1,566 incidents resulting in 924 deaths and over
2,000 injuries, particularly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan. It highlights the Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) as
the main perpetrator, operating from Afghanistan with alleged support from the Taliban government and Indian financial
aid. Militant groups like the Baloch Liberation Army (BLA) have also targeted Chinese nationals, jeopardizing foreign
investments and projects like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Pakistan’s dual strategy of diplomatic
engagement and targeted military strikes has seen limited success due to Afghanistan’s reluctance to act against these groups.
The situation demands a multifaceted approach, integrating political, economic, and social strategies to counter hybrid
warfare and ensure regional stability. The article also emphasizes the need for strengthened border management, innovative
counterterrorism policies, and international cooperation to address these challenges effectively.
4. Topics Related to CSS Syllabus:
• Pakistan Affairs: Counterterrorism strategies and impacts.
• International Relations: Afghanistan-Pakistan relations, hybrid warfare, and India’s role.
• Current Affairs: Security concerns and their influence on foreign investments.
5. Notes for Beginners:

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Terrorism remains a pressing challenge for Pakistan, with
regions like KP and Balochistan facing the brunt of attacks. In 2024, 1,566 incidents resulted in 924 deaths and over 2,000
injuries, highlighting the severity of the crisis. Groups like the TTP, operating from Afghanistan, carry out attacks with
alleged foreign backing, including India’s financial assistance. This situation not only endangers lives but also threatens
projects like CPEC, vital for Pakistan’s economy. For instance, attacks on Chinese workers have killed 20 individuals since
2021, raising concerns among foreign investors. Addressing this crisis requires better border management, stronger
diplomacy, and coordinated international efforts to neutralize threats effectively.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Total terrorist incidents in 2024: 1,566.
• Death toll: 924 (573 law enforcement personnel).
• Injured: 2,121 (1,353 law enforcement personnel)

The Express Tribune –

65. The Twists And Turns Of Pakistani Politics
1. Summary:
Pakistan’s political landscape has been marred by ideological shifts and instability. Initially, religion was used as a unifying
force, but it eventually led to sectarian divisions and bloodshed. The country’s political system has failed to evolve into a
platform for solving people’s problems. True democracy requires engaging with citizens and addressing their bottom-up
demands, but the ruling elite's top-down control has suppressed social movements and dissent. The recent mistreatment of
protesters in Islamabad underscores the disillusionment with democracy, as the government failed to uphold transparency
and media credibility, allowing misinformation to spread unchecked.
The West’s transformation was marked by a reassessment of its values after devastating conflicts, culminating in modern
democracies. However, Pakistan's democratic system has only exacerbated poverty and widened class divides. Unlike
Western nations where the rule of law prevails, Pakistan's power lies in elite dominance, further disenfranchising the poor.
Democracy has not delivered on its promises of equality and prosperity, raising questions about its viability. Without
addressing structural injustices, Pakistan risks descending into an autocratic or totalitarian state, far removed from the vision
of its founding father.
2. Overview:
This article critiques the ideological journey and democratic failures in Pakistan, highlighting the disparity between the
promises of democracy and the reality of elite dominance. It underscores the importance of grassroots movements, public
engagement, and rule of law in creating a just society.
3. Notes:
The article examines the political and ideological evolution of Pakistan, emphasizing the failure of democracy to meet the
needs of the people. It highlights the importance of grassroots political movements and public engagement, which are
lacking in Pakistan, where the ruling elite often suppresses the voices of the people. The article contrasts this with the
Western experience, where democracy helped address inequality and governance issues. In Pakistan, however, the
concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a few elites has widened the class divide, leading to disillusionment
among the masses. The article warns that Pakistan is increasingly moving toward an autocratic or totalitarian state, straying
from the vision of its founding fathers.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Political Science: Democracy, authoritarianism, and governance.
• Current Affairs: Pakistan’s political system and socio-economic challenges.
• Sociology: Class structures, social movements, and public engagement.
5. Notes for Beginners:
• Ideological shifts: Refers to changes in the core beliefs and principles guiding a society.
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 • Elite dominance: When a small, powerful group controls the
majority of resources and power, marginalizing others.
• Grassroots movements: Efforts initiated by ordinary people to bring about social or political change.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Western Democracies: Over 100 million lives were lost before Europe embraced modern democratic values.
• US Wealth Inequality: The top 1% now controls over 25% of GDP, compared to 9% in 1974.
To put it simply, The article paints a stark picture of Pakistan's democratic struggles, urging introspection and reform.
Without addressing structural inequalities and fostering genuine public engagement, the nation risks descending further into
autocracy, betraying its foundational ideals.

66. The Rise Of Anti-Corporate Terror?

1. Summary:
The assassination of UnitedHealthcare CEO Brian Thompson has raised concerns about growing anti-corporate sentiments,
highlighting the potential emergence of underground movements targeting the elite. The intricately planned murder, marked
by engraved bullet casings reading "deny, depose, defend," reflects not just a symbolic protest against corporate malpractice
but also a broader resentment towards socio-economic inequalities. This act, though possibly isolated, has sparked fears of
an intensifying conflict between corporate privilege and public discontent, especially amid rising inequality exacerbated by
technological advancements and billionaire-led political agendas. Historical parallels, from the World Wars to modern
corporate influence, underscore the critical need for checks on power and proactive civil engagement.
As Donald Trump and a cadre of billionaires assume prominent roles in government, concerns grow over their potential to
consolidate power, as depicted in dystopian narratives like Continuum. The socio-economic divide, as explored in works by
thinkers like Thomas Piketty and Daron Acemoglu, points to a precarious balance between capital and labor. While
economic reforms in nations like Argentina suggest that reducing bureaucracy can yield benefits, the risk of exacerbating
disparities remains high. Whether this incident signals the rise of anti-corporate terrorism or isolated outrage, it reflects a
world increasingly polarized between the elite and the working class, raising questions about leadership, governance, and
societal harmony.
2. Overview:
The article provides an in-depth analysis of the symbolic assassination of a corporate leader, highlighting its implications
on socio-economic tensions. It connects historical events, economic theories, and contemporary political dynamics,
emphasizing the fragile balance between wealth and public welfare.
3. NOTES:
The article discusses the symbolic assassination of UnitedHealthcare CEO Brian Thompson, which underscores the growing
friction between the elite and the working class. It highlights the possible emergence of organized anti-corporate movements
and critiques corporate malpractice like claim denial. Drawing parallels to historical conflicts and dystopian narratives like
Continuum, it examines how rising inequality, fueled by technological advancements and billionaire-led governance, poses
significant risks. The works of economists like Thomas Piketty and Daron Acemoglu emphasize the need for checks on
power and the active role of civil society to address these disparities. Examples such as Argentina’s reforms illustrate the
potential benefits and pitfalls of reducing bureaucracy, especially when such measures favor the wealthy at the expense of
the working class. Ultimately, the article calls for vigilance and equitable policies to prevent escalating socio-economic
polarization.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Political Science: Socio-economic inequality and governance.
• International Relations: Corporate influence and global economic shifts.

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 • Current Affairs: Political and economic challenges in a
polarized world.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The assassination symbolizes growing public frustration against corporate elites. Engraved bullet casings reflect
dissatisfaction with practices like claim denial in insurance. Such acts can signify broader socio-economic unrest, where
inequality worsens due to technological shifts. For instance, AI advancements risk benefiting only the wealthy without
proper checks. Argentina’s reforms show bureaucracy reduction’s potential but warn of consequences when benefits favor
only the elite.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Argentina’s annual inflation exceeded 200% before reforms.
• Piketty and Acemoglu emphasize wealth disparity’s risks in modern economies.

67. Middle East Edging Towards Sustainable Peace.

1. Summary:
The Middle East's turbulent history has long been a theater of conflict and discord. However, recent developments suggest
the region may be edging towards sustainable peace. Central to this shift is the November 2024 agreement between Israel
and Hezbollah, facilitated by the United States and France. This deal mandates a phased Israeli military withdrawal from
Lebanon within 60 days and the establishment of a buffer zone overseen by the Lebanese Army. The peace agreement,
emerging after decades of animosity and violence, underscores a potential turning point, though its fragility is evident in
ongoing tit-for-tat strikes and claims of ceasefire violations. Despite these challenges, both Israel and Hezbollah face
incentives to uphold the deal, offering a glimmer of hope for stability.
Yet, the broader question of Iran-Israel relations remains fraught with uncertainty. Their volatile exchanges, marked by
missile strikes and assassinations of key figures, highlight the region's precarious dynamics. While the immediate focus is
on enforcing the Lebanon agreement, the persistent underlying tensions between Iran and Israel could jeopardize peace
efforts. Skepticism prevails among border residents and regional experts, who doubt whether this truce can restore stability
or merely delay further escalations. For sustainable peace, all parties must demonstrate restraint and commitment beyond
initial violations, ensuring this agreement is more than a temporary pause in hostilities.
2. Overview:
This article explores the fragile peace efforts in the Middle East, focusing on the recent Israel-Hezbollah agreement. It
provides in-depth depthsis of the underlying complexities of regional tensions, emphasizing the need for sustained
commitment to the peace process amidst ongoing challenges.
3. NOTES:
The article highlights the intricacies of Middle Eastern geopolitics, particularly the challenges of achieving sustainable
peace through diplomacy. It illustrates the importance of international mediation, as seen in the role played by the United
States and France in brokering the Israel-Hezbollah agreement. The phased military withdrawal, creation of buffer zones,
and enforcement mechanisms by the Lebanese Army reflect conflict resolution strategies in action. Additionally, the ongoing
violations and regional skepticism emphasize the fragility of such agreements, offering lessons in the complexities of
maintaining peace amidst deep-seated animosities. This case study is highly relevant for understanding global peace-
building efforts, international relations, and regional diplomacy.
4. Related CSS Topics:
• International Relations: Regional conflicts and peace-building efforts.
• Current Affairs: Middle East geopolitics and global implications.
• Political Science: Conflict resolution theories and diplomacy.
5. Notes for Beginners:

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The article discusses how Israel and Hezbollah agreed to a truce
after years of conflict. For example, Israel's phased withdrawal and the creation of a buffer zone aim to reduce tensions.
However, continued firing from both sides shows the difficulty of achieving lasting peace. This demonstrates how peace
agreements can be both a step forward and a potential source of renewed conflict.
6. Facts and Figures:
• November 2024: Peace deal signed between Israel and Hezbollah.
• 60 days: Timeline for phased Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon.
• December 2, 2024: Hezbollah claimed ceasefire violations by Israel.

To sum up, The article underscores the delicate balance required to sustain peace in the Middle East. While the Israel-
Hezbollah agreement represents progress, its durability hinges on the restraint and mutual commitment of all parties. The
Middle East's journey to lasting peace remains fraught with complexities, yet this agreement offers a vital opportunity to
break the cycle of conflict.

68. Sino-Russian Partnership: Depth And Fault Lines

1. Summary:
The Sino-Russian partnership, forged after decades of animosity, has evolved into a strategic alliance against the US-led
Western order. This collaboration hinges on mutual economic, political, and security interests. Russia supplies vital energy
resources to China, while Beijing offers economic stability and soft power initiatives. At forums like BRICS and SCO, the
two nations present a united front for global multipolarity. However, significant disparities exist in their strategies: China
focuses on economic and diplomatic engagement, while Russia leans on hard power, evident in Ukraine. Despite their
growing interdependence, historical territorial disputes and Russia’s apprehension over China’s influence in Central Asia
remain potential fault lines.
The future of this alliance remains uncertain beyond the leadership of Vladimir Putin and Xi Jinping. While their partnership
counters Western policies, internal challenges like Russia's economic dependence on China and Beijing’s non-
interventionist stance may lead to friction. Additionally, China's insistence on safeguarding its territorial integrity (Taiwan,
Tibet, Xinjiang, Hong Kong) contrasts with Russia's aggressive geopolitical pursuits. The next few years will reveal whether
this partnership endures or weakens under emerging global and regional pressures.
2. Overview:
The article explores the depth and fragility of the Sino-Russian partnership. It examines historical and current dynamics,
the leaders’ influence, and the potential challenges post-Putin and Xi era. Central themes include geopolitical strategies,
economic interdependence, and their collective challenge to the Western-dominated world order.
3. NOTES:
The Sino-Russian partnership has transitioned from historical antagonism to a strategic alliance, driven by mutual interests
in countering the US-led Western dominance. This relationship, built on economic interdependence and shared platforms
like BRICS and SCO, emphasizes multipolarity and global stability. Despite their alignment, notable differences exist:
Russia relies on hard power for geopolitical influence, as seen in Ukraine, while China uses soft power, focusing on trade,
diplomacy, and economic growth. Territorial disputes, such as China's claims over border areas with Russia, remain a latent
challenge, along with Russia's concerns over China's growing influence in Central Asia. The partnership's future depends
heavily on leadership continuity, with uncertainty looming over the post-Putin and Xi era. Both nations recognize the need
to sustain this alliance while balancing their distinct strategies and internal challenges. Understanding these dynamics is
important for analyzing modern geopolitical alliances and their implications for global power structures
4. Related CSS Syllabus Topics
• International Relations: Geopolitical alliances, Sino-Russian relations, and multipolarity.
• Current Affairs: US-China-Russia dynamics and global stability.
• Political Science: Leadership influence in international diplomacy.

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 5. Notes for Beginners with Examples
• Strategic Alliance: Countries unite to counter a common adversary, e.g., Sino-Russian partnership against Western
policies.
• Soft Power vs. Hard Power: China uses diplomacy and trade (soft power), while Russia relies on military action
(hard power).
• Territorial Disputes: Historical claims, like China’s border conflicts with Russia, can reignite tensions.
6. Facts and Figures
• China is the world’s second-largest economy; Russia depends on energy exports.
• BRICS and SCO forums are key to their collaboration.
• China has not waged war since 1979, reflecting its soft power strategy.
To wrap up, The article provides an in-depth analysis of the Sino-Russian partnership’s evolution and challenges. It
highlights the complexities of geopolitical alliances shaped by historical grievances and contemporary strategies.

69. The Syrian Surprise

1. Summary
The article provides an in-depth analysis of the dramatic collapse of the Assad regime in Syria, marking the end of a 54-
year dynasty and triggering significant shifts in the Muslim world. Bashar Al-Assad’s downfall is a poignant reminder of
how dynastic despotism often collapses under its own arrogance and failure to adapt to popular aspirations. The Syrian civil
war, with its catastrophic toll of over half a million deaths and 13 million displaced, epitomizes the devastating human costs
of oppressive governance. The fall of Baathism has ushered in radical Islamism, altering regional power dynamics. Iran,
Russia, and other stakeholders have suffered setbacks, while Turkey, under President Erdogan, has emerged as a dominant
force in the region. Meanwhile, the West's interventionist policies have inadvertently fostered long-term chaos, exemplified
by the rise of groups like al-Qaeda and the Taliban, which have turned against their creators.
For Pakistan, the lessons are profound, as the regional winds of change signal the fragility of unpopular, narrowly based
regimes. The article underscores that Pakistan’s vibrant political culture, rooted in democracy and civil liberties championed
by its founder, must heed the warning signs of public discontent. A regime's survival hinges on legitimacy and
responsiveness, and clinging to power without addressing the needs of the populace only delays an inevitable collapse. The
narrative is a stark reminder of the need for inclusive governance and the perils of pursuing short-term tactical goals at the
expense of long-term stability.
2. Overview:
The article analyzes the fall of the Assad regime, linking it to broader historical patterns of dynastic despotism, the
consequences of Western intervention, and shifting power dynamics in the Muslim world. It also reflects on Pakistan's
governance challenges, urging introspection and responsiveness to popular aspirations.
3. NOTES:
The fall of the Assad regime highlights the inevitable collapse of dynastic despotism, which thrives on arrogance and
detachment from popular aspirations. It marks the end of Baathism, a dominant ideology in Arab politics, now replaced by
radical Islamism, reshaping the Muslim world. The dismantling of the 'Axis of Resistance,' involving Syria, Iran, Hamas,
and Hezbollah, signifies a major geopolitical shift. Turkey's resurgence under Erdogan positions it as a dominant force,
rewriting the region's power dynamics. Western interventions, such as in Afghanistan and the Middle East, have created
long-term instability, fostering groups like al-Qaeda and the Taliban, which eventually turned against their benefactors. For
Pakistan, this serves as a cautionary tale about the fragility of narrow-based regimes and the necessity of legitimacy and
responsiveness to public needs
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: Geopolitical shifts in the Middle East and their global implications.
• Current Affairs: The dynamics of regime change and lessons for governance.

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 • Pakistan Affairs: Insights into Pakistan’s political culture and
governance challenges
• Political Science: The collapse of dynastic regimes and lessons for democratic governance.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The Assad regime's collapse exemplifies the downfall of family-controlled governments that ignore public demands, as seen
in Syria's 54-year rule. The shift from Baathism to radical Islamism illustrates how ideologies evolve with political changes.
Turkey’s rise under Erdogan showcases how nations can reclaim influence, as it has in Syria. Western interventions, like
the Afghan jihad, often lead to unintended consequences, such as the rise of extremist groups. For Pakistan, the lesson lies
in building a governance system that listens to its people, avoids over-reliance on external support, and ensures justice and
inclusivity to sustain stability and legitimacy.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Over 500,000 deaths and 13 million displaced during the Syrian civil war.
• The Assad regime lasted 54 years before collapsing.
The Afghan jihad involved $2.1 billion in CIA funding.In a nutshell, The article works as a compelling review of
oppressive regimes and foreign interventions, highlighting their long-term repercussions.

70. Syria: From Tyranny To More Tyranny

1. Summary:
The fall of Syria’s regime has marked a major shift in the political landscape of the Middle East, with President Bashar al-
Assad’s sudden exit from power bringing an abrupt end to the five-decade reign of the Alawite dynasty. Assad's departure
has triggered a complex power struggle, with militant groups like Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) and remnants of ISIS taking
advantage of the chaos, potentially leading to even more tyranny than before. The situation mirrors the Taliban's rapid rise
in Afghanistan in 2021, raising concerns about the impact on neighboring Arab nations. Meanwhile, Iran, which once had
significant influence in Syria, has seen its power in the region decline sharply, while Israel has solidified its control over
areas like the Golan Heights. This complex scenario highlights the delicate balance of power and the unpredictable
consequences of regime change in the Middle East.
2. Overview:
This article provides a detailed analysis of Syria's current political situation, showing how the fall of one tyranny has simply
led to the rise of another, possibly more dangerous one. The situation in Syria is deeply intertwined with regional dynamics,
particularly with Iran's declining influence and Israel's increasing dominance. The piece of writing also reflects on the
lessons to be learned from the region's tumultuous history, especially in terms of the fragile nature of political power and
the unintended consequences of military intervention.
3. NOTES:
The article highlights the power shifts in the Middle East, focusing on the fallout from Syria’s regime change. It illustrates
the impact of authoritarianism, militant insurgencies, and external powers’ influence on the region. This article is important
for understanding the complexities of international relations, particularly the roles of non-state actors, geopolitical power
struggles, and the consequences of regime change in the Middle East.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: The article discusses the shifting alliances and power struggles in the Middle East,
especially involving Iran, Israel, and non-state actors.
• Political Theory: The rise of new forms of tyranny in Syria provides a case study in authoritarianism and the
instability that follows regime change.
• Pakistan Affairs: The regional instability in the Middle East has direct implications for Pakistan’s foreign policy
and its role in global geopolitics.
5. Notes for Beginners:

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When discussing topics related to political instability, it's important to
understand key terms that describe power struggles and the impact of leadership on a country's fate. "Tyranny" refers to a
form of government where a single ruler holds absolute power, often ruling harshly and without concern for the people's
rights. In the case of Syria, the Assad regime is described as a tyranny because the government ruled the country for years
using force and control, without regard for opposition or the welfare of the people. "Obliterated" means completely
destroyed, like when Iran's influence in the Middle East is described as being nearly gone due to recent conflicts. A "fiefdom"
is a term used for land or territory that is controlled by a single person or authority. The article uses it to describe how Assad
governed Syria like a personal kingdom, with little regard for outside opinions or interventions. These terms help explain
how power can shape a nation, especially in regions where political systems are unstable and subject to violent change.
Understanding these concepts is essential for grabbing the causes and consequences of conflicts in countries like Syria.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Assad’s regime, which lasted for over five decades, has come to a sudden and dramatic end.
• Israel's control over the Golan Heights, a territory seized in 1967, is now uncontested following the weakening of
Syrian resistance.Iran’s regional influence has been severely diminished, particularly in Lebanon, Gaza, and Syria,
impacting its geopolitical standing.In a nutshell, the article underscores the unstable nature of Middle Eastern
politics, where regime changes often lead to further conflict rather than peace.

71. Why Pakistan's Future Depends On Climate Education

1. Summary:
The article underscores the pressing need to integrate climate change education into Pakistan's national curriculum,
emphasizing that education is a linchpin for fostering climate-literate future leaders. Despite global efforts to mitigate
climate change, the cascading effects of rising temperatures are irreversible, impacting generations to come. The writer
argues that only those educated about climate adaptation and sustainability from an early age will thrive in this altered
world. Developed countries have taken strides in incorporating climate awareness into education systems, reaping benefits
at grassroots levels. Conversely, Pakistan's efforts, though ongoing for decades, have been fragmented, plagued by
bureaucratic delays, and lack the cohesive implementation needed to make a tangible impact. However, recent initiatives,
such as a Karachi-based NGO's comprehensive curriculum for grades 1–10, offer a ray of hope.
For a country bearing the brunt of climate change while contributing minimally to global emissions, fostering climate-
conscious practices through education is paramount. The article analyzes sporadic efforts by the government and civil
society in creating a skilled workforce capable of integrating sustainability into personal and professional realms. By
embedding climate topics into existing subjects and training teachers effectively, Pakistan can kill two birds with one stone:
tackling declining education standards and escalating climate challenges. Nevertheless, the success of such programs hinges
on unwavering government commitment and the advocacy of civil society. The integration of climate education isn't just an
option but an indispensable strategy for Pakistan's sustainable future.
2. Overview:
This article highlights the critical role of climate education in addressing Pakistan’s environmental and educational
challenges. It calls for an urgent overhaul of the curriculum to prepare a climate-literate population capable of mitigating
and adapting to climate challenges.
3. NOTES:
The article stresses the necessity of integrating climate change education into Pakistan's curriculum to address environmental
and societal challenges. It highlights the global effects of rising temperatures, emphasizing the need for a climate-literate
population equipped to handle the long-term impacts of climate change. While developed countries have successfully
incorporated sustainability into their education systems, Pakistan's efforts remain fragmented and slow due to bureaucratic
hurdles and a lack of cohesive implementation. Recent initiatives, such as a Karachi-based NGO’s curriculum for grades 1–
10, aim to integrate climate topics like mitigation, adaptation, biodiversity, and afforestation into existing subjects without
burdening students. Effective implementation will require teacher training, government commitment, and consistent
advocacy from civil society. The article underscores that fostering climate awareness and education can simultaneously
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tackle Pakistan’s declining education standards and escalating
environmental challenges, making climate literacy an essential tool for future resilience and sustainable development.
4. Related CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Environmental Science: Climate change mitigation, sustainability.
• Pakistan Affairs: Pakistan's climate policies and challenges.
• Education Policy: Curriculum reforms and their societal impacts.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Climate change causes long-term effects like melting glaciers and rising sea levels. Educating students about sustainability
helps them adapt to these changes. For example, teaching kids to save energy and plant trees creates a responsible generation.
In Pakistan, despite 30 years of efforts, climate topics in schools remain inconsistent. A recent curriculum developed with
expert input covers climate mitigation and biodiversity. If implemented effectively, it can solve two issues: poor education
standards and rising environmental problems. Global examples show that educated citizens ensure sustainability across
industries.

6. Facts and Figures:

• Pakistan's climate education efforts span 30 years but remain fragmented.
• NGOs have developed a comprehensive climate curriculum for grades 1–10.
• Climate change impacts Pakistan heavily despite its minimal carbon footprint.

To wrap up, The article works as a clarion call for Pakistan to prioritize climate education, viewing it as a cornerstone for a
sustainable and resilient future. By bridging the gap between policy and implementation, Pakistan can cultivate a generation
of leaders who place climate consciousness at the heart of every decision, ensuring a balanced approach to development.

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 72. Striving For A Better Future
1. Summary:
Pakistan stands at a crossroads, facing significant challenges that demand urgent reform and decisive leadership. The
nation’s political landscape remains marred by conflict and infighting, diverting attention from critical issues such as
economic instability, democratic backsliding, and social inequities. Political parties’ reliance on state institutions for power
undermines democratic norms, while recent constitutional changes have tilted power dynamics further in favor of non-
representative entities. The economy, heavily dependent on external financial aid from the IMF and friendly nations like
Saudi Arabia and China, has weakened Pakistan’s international standing. Meanwhile, internal discord, coupled with
population growth and underfunded education, exacerbates the plight of women and youth, leaving the nation ill-equipped
to compete globally.
Urgent reforms in governance, education, and economic policies are essential to restore stability and drive progress. The
leadership must prioritize public welfare by shelving political rivalries and embracing constitutional responsibility.
Empowering women, managing population growth, and educating the youth are vital steps to transform Pakistan into a self-
reliant nation. Collaborative policymaking among political entities and support from think tanks, media, and civil society is
necessary to address the pressing demographic and economic challenges. Only through sustained commitment to democratic
principles and innovative strategies can Pakistan build a brighter future for its people.
2. Overview:
The article examines Pakistan's internal and external challenges, emphasizing the need for political unity, economic self-
reliance, and educational reforms. It analyzes reliance on foreign aid and highlights the demographic and social issues
plaguing the country, particularly the impact on women and youth.
3. NOTES:
Pakistan's political instability, marked by infighting and reliance on state institutions, has undermined democratic norms
and weakened governance. The economy, heavily reliant on foreign aid from the IMF, Saudi Arabia, and China, poses
significant challenges to the nation’s sovereignty and international reputation. Population growth, particularly its impact on
women and youth, demands urgent attention, along with policies aimed at education, empowerment, and skill development.
Governance reforms, including adherence to constitutional principles and prioritizing public welfare, are essential for
progress. Collaborative policymaking, coupled with input from think tanks and media, is necessary to tackle demographic,
economic, and social issues effectively.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
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 • Pakistan Affairs: Political and economic challenges,
constitutional issues, governance.
• Current Affairs: Regional and global economic dependency, demographic trends.
• Public Administration: Reforms in governance, policymaking, and institutional integrity.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Pakistan faces serious issues that need attention, such as political disagreements, dependence on foreign loans, and the rapid
growth of the population. Women in rural areas and the large youth population are particularly affected by these challenges.
The government must focus on providing better education, empowering women, and creating jobs for young people. By
working together, political leaders can make laws and policies that improve life for everyone and help Pakistan become
more independent.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world, with two-thirds of its population under 30.
• The country’s economy relies heavily on loans from the IMF, China, and Saudi Arabia.
• Population growth is one of the highest in South Asia, threatening sustainability.
In a nutshell, Pakistan’s future hinges on its ability to rise above political infighting and focus on progressive reforms. A
united political front, empowered youth, and an educated population can pave the way for sustainable growth and self-
reliance.

73. Is There Good Governance?

1. Summary:
Good governance, a pillar of societal progress, emphasizes transparency, accountability, and the rule of law. It aims to create
inclusive and sustainable institutions that uphold human rights and deliver essential political goods like justice, security,
and public services. Pakistan, however, faces severe challenges in implementing these principles, as evident in its low global
rankings for governance and development indices. With 38% of children under five affected by stunting, over 25 million
children out of school, and high maternal mortality, the country struggles to meet key Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs). Governance inefficiencies, corruption, and socio-economic disparities further exacerbate Pakistan’s woes,
undermining the effectiveness of its judiciary, economic stability, and overall institutional capacity.
Despite some progress in areas like clean energy and innovation, systemic weaknesses, including fiscal deficits and
overregulated sectors, hinder sustainable growth. The poverty rate has surged to 40.5%, with economic stagnation and
inflation worsening living conditions. Pakistan ranks 137 out of 167 countries on the SDG Index, reflecting poor
performance in critical goals like quality education, gender equality, and climate action. To address these issues, Pakistan
must adopt institutional reforms, prioritize inclusivity, and strengthen its democratic processes. While the road to good
governance may appear idealistic, it remains essential for creating a just, equitable, and prosperous society
2. Overview:
This article examines the concept of good governance and its critical role in societal progress, using Pakistan as a case study
to highlight systemic shortcomings. It discusses the principles of governance, their connection to human rights, and the
pressing need for institutional reforms to address Pakistan’s socio-economic and judicial crises.
3. NOTES:
The article discusses the core principles of good governance, emphasizing transparency, accountability, the rule of law, and
inclusivity, which are vital for societal progress. The connection between governance and human rights is profound,
involving access to justice, adherence to due process, and safeguarding political freedoms. The pillars of governance,
including democratic institutions and public service delivery, are prerequisites for sustainable development, as underscored
by the UN's SDGs, particularly Goal 16, which focuses on peace, justice, and strong institutions. Despite its significance,
Pakistan faces systemic failures in governance, evident in poor global rankings, judicial inefficiencies, and socio-economic
crises. With 25 million children out of school, a stunting rate of 38%, and a rising poverty level of 40.5%, the need for
governance reform is pressing. The challenges extend to fiscal deficits, overregulated sectors, and inadequate public
services, which exacerbate poverty and inequality. Achieving good governance requires institutional reforms, functional
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specialization, and inclusive policies, aiming to strengthen
democratic processes and foster sustainable development for improved societal welfare.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Governance and Public Policies (Pakistan Affairs, Public Administration)
• Human Rights and UN SDGs (Current Affairs, International Relations)
• Socio-economic Issues in Pakistan (Pakistan Affairs, Economic Development)
• Role of Judiciary and Rule of Law (Constitutional Law, Current Affairs)
5. Notes for Beginners:
Good governance means running a country or organization in a fair and effective way. For example, if a
government ensures everyone has access to clean drinking water and quality education, it is practicing
good governance. Pakistan faces many challenges in this regard, like millions of children being out of
school and high poverty rates. The UN SDGs help measure how well countries are doing in areas like
education, health, and justice. Pakistan needs to improve its institutions, reduce corruption, and focus on
people’s welfare to achieve good governance.

6. Facts and Figures:

• Pakistan ranks 129 globally on the Rule of Law Index (2024).
• 25 million children are out of school, 53% of them girls.
• The poverty rate is 40.5%, with 2.6 million more people falling below the poverty line in 2024.
• Maternal mortality: 186 deaths per 100,000 live births.
• Pakistan ranks 137 out of 167 countries on the SDG Index.

In a nutshell, Achieving good governance is a challenging yet indispensable goal for Pakistan. By prioritizing accountability,
institutional efficiency, and inclusivity, the country can overcome its systemic inefficiencies. Strengthening democratic
institutions and addressing socio-economic disparities will pave the way for sustainable development and an improved
quality of life for its citizens.

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 74. Pakistan, India And Growing Water Disputes.
1. Summary:
Water disputes between Pakistan and India, rooted in the 1947 partition and exacerbated by climate change, have become a
pressing issue. Despite the Indus Water Treaty (IWT) of 1960, which allocated rivers to both nations with the World Bank's
mediation, India’s unilateral constructions on the Jhelum and Chenab rivers have escalated tensions. These actions threaten
the already strained relations between the nuclear-armed neighbors, with India seeking to modify the treaty unilaterally
under the guise of bilateralism. Pakistan remains steadfast, insisting on adherence to the treaty, as its water resources and
agricultural future are at stake. This situation underscores the need for efficient water governance, conservation, and
international cooperation to avert crises.
India's aggressive policies, including the 2019 revocation of Articles 370 and 35-A affecting Kashmir, have added fuel to
the fire, aiming to control water flow to Pakistan for political leverage. Modi’s strategies reflect a broader geopolitical
agenda that jeopardizes peace. International law, particularly the Vienna Convention of 1969, mandates adherence to treaties
unless all signatories consent to changes. Pakistan firmly opposes India's unilateral actions and emphasizes the treaty’s
sanctity. This stalemate, amid an intensifying global water crisis, highlights the urgent need for sustainable water
management and resolution of transboundary disputes to prevent further conflict.
2. Overview:
The article underlines the water crisis between Pakistan and India, delving into the implications of India's violations of the
Indus Water Treaty. It emphasizes climate change's role in intensifying the water scarcity issue while critiquing India’s
geopolitical maneuvers. The piece of writing also explores the significance of international law and the necessity for
peaceful dispute resolution for regional stability.
3. NOTES:
The article highlights water disputes between Pakistan and India, emphasizing the impact of climate change on shared
water resources. It highlights the significance of the Indus Water Treaty (IWT), signed in 1960, as a framework for water-
sharing between the two nations. Despite the treaty’s resilience over decades, India's unilateral actions, such as constructing
dams and proposing amendments to the IWT, have exacerbated tensions. These developments threaten Pakistan's water
security, agriculture, and overall stability. The article underscores the critical role of international law, such as the Vienna
Convention of 1969, in ensuring treaty adherence. Furthermore, it calls for sustainable water management, efficient
governance, and peaceful conflict resolution to mitigate the escalating water crisis in South Asia. The issue is linked to

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broader geopolitical dynamics, including India's attempts to
leverage water control as a political tool, which adds urgency to resolving these disputes diplomatically.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Relations with India, water policies, and Kashmir conflict.
• International Relations: Role of treaties, conflict resolution, and international law.
• Environmental Science: Water conservation, climate change impacts, and sustainable practices.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Water conflicts between Pakistan and India arise due to shared rivers allocated by the Indus Water Treaty. For example,
India controls rivers like Ravi, while Pakistan controls Indus and Jhelum. India's construction of dams disrupts Pakistan's
water supply, similar to a neighbor blocking shared access to a water tank. Climate change worsens the problem, shrinking
glaciers that feed these rivers. International laws, like the Vienna Convention, ensure treaties are honored. Imagine agreeing
on garden boundaries with a neighbor, but one party plants trees on the other's side—that’s akin to India’s actions. Resolving
such disputes needs mutual understanding and adherence to agreements.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Over 2 billion people lack access to safe drinking water globally.
• Pakistan and India share rivers governed by the 1960 Indus Water Treaty, mediated by the World Bank.
• India has constructed dams like Kishanganga (330 MW) and Ratle (850 MW) in violation of the treaty.
.
75. Fall Of Assad: Uncertainty Grips The Middle East.
1. Summary:
The dramatic fall of Bashar al-Assad’s regime in Syria, ending a 54-year dynastic rule, has deeply shaken the Middle East.
Within mere days, opposition forces overthrew Assad, leading to scenes of unrest in Damascus as citizens toppled statues
and looted the presidential palace. The regime’s collapse was attributed to geopolitical changes, including Russia’s
preoccupation with the Ukraine war and Iran’s diminishing regional strength, which left Assad without his traditional
support system. This upheaval has altered the regional power dynamics, weakening Iran and Russia while enabling Israel
and its allies to expand their influence. However, this shift has raised fears of Syria descending into chaos, potentially
mirroring the sectarian violence seen in post-Saddam Iraq or post-Gaddafi Libya.
The repercussions of Assad’s downfall extend beyond Syria’s borders, with Israel consolidating its position and neighboring
states bracing for potential spillover effects. The situation underlines a broader agenda aimed at curbing Iran’s regional
influence, with implications for Iraq and Iran in the future. Amid these challenges, the specter of Syria becoming a failed
state looms large, posing a threat to regional stability. The article calls for a united effort by Islamic nations to address the
crisis and safeguard Syria’s people from exploitation by external powers. Failing to act decisively risks Syria following the
tragic path of other war-torn states, leaving its population at the mercy of global power struggles.
2. Overview:
The article provides a detailed analysis of Assad’s fall, its regional implications, and the geopolitical strategies at play,
particularly Israel and the West's growing dominance. It highlights the risks of Syria turning into a failed state and stresses
the importance of collective efforts by Islamic nations to stabilize the region.
3. NOTES:
The fall of Assad’s regime in Syria signifies a major shift in Middle Eastern geopolitics. Assad’s reliance on Russian
airpower, Iranian support, and Hezbollah fighters crumbled as geopolitical priorities shifted, leaving his regime vulnerable
to opposition forces. The uprising reflects broader regional dynamics, including Israel's growing influence and Iran’s
weakening position. With Assad’s departure, the potential for Syria to devolve into sectarian violence or become a failed
state looms, posing significant threats to regional stability. This scenario mirrors the chaos witnessed in post-Saddam Iraq
and post-Gaddafi Libya. The article highlights the agendas of external powers, particularly Israel and the West, in exploiting
Syria's instability to curtail Iran’s influence. It also stresses the urgent need for Islamic nations to collectively intervene,

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stabilize Syria, and prioritize its people’s well-being to prevent
further exploitation by global powers. Failure to act could lead Syria into a prolonged state of turmoil, similar to other war-
torn states in the region.
4. Related CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: Middle Eastern politics and power dynamics.
• Current Affairs: Geopolitical implications of Assad’s fall.
• Pakistan Affairs: Regional stability and its indirect effects on Pakistan.
• Islamic Studies: Role of Islamic nations in conflict resolution.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The article explains how Assad’s downfall affects the Middle East. For years, Assad relied on support from Russia and Iran,
but geopolitical shifts weakened their backing, allowing Syrian rebels to overthrow his government. This change has created
opportunities for Israel to strengthen its position, while fears of Syria descending into chaos increase. Similar events in Iraq
and Libya serve as warnings. The situation shows how external powers can exploit regional instability, emphasizing the
need for unity among Islamic nations to address such crises.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Assad’s regime lasted 24 years, part of a 54-year family rule.
• Syria’s population is over 25 million, predominantly Sunni Muslims.
• Syrian rebels toppled the regime in just 11 days.
• Israel reinforced its presence in the Golan Heights post-Assad.

76. The Changing Nature Of War And Pakistan

1. Summary:
The evolving nature of warfare is transforming the global security landscape. From "Hybrid Warfare" to "Full Spectrum"
conflicts, modern wars utilize technological advancements such as artificial intelligence, robotics, and social media
networks. These innovations make combat more abstract, often enabling remote operations like drone strikes. However, the
lack of global consensus on conflict regulation, particularly in areas like cyberspace, outer space, and the high seas, risks
catastrophic miscalculations. Furthermore, socio-political currents like populism and cyber-aggression complicate national
security paradigms. Weak states increasingly resort to asymmetric tactics, employing "gray-zone" strategies to challenge
stronger adversaries. Environmental shifts, urbanization, and resource scarcity exacerbate these dynamics, necessitating
comprehensive military reforms.
For Pakistan, the implications are profound. India’s continued politico-military coercion and the growing reliance on
perception management tactics, such as fake news and AI-driven bots, highlight the need for Pakistan to adopt aggressive
policies. Establishing academic-industrial collaborations, developing AI capabilities, and enhancing nuclear deterrence are
pivotal. The proliferation of advanced warfare tools among non-state actors amplifies the urgency for legislative and
strategic preparedness. As the article argues, embracing innovative approaches while addressing conventional military
challenges is the only way forward in this high-stakes game of modern warfare.
2. Overview:
The article sheds light on the shifting paradigms of warfare, emphasizing the rise of hybrid conflicts and the challenges
posed by technological proliferation and environmental changes. It underscores Pakistan's strategic needs, including
advanced AI, robust nuclear policies, and collaboration with allies like China, to navigate an increasingly complex security
environment.
3. NOTES:
The article emphasizes the evolving dynamics of hybrid warfare, which combines traditional and modern tactics, and
underscores its global significance. It highlights the transformative role of advanced technologies such as AI, robotics, and
cyber-aggression, highlighting their implications for national security and international relations. Additionally, it discusses
Pakistan's strategic challenges, including India's coercive policies and the proliferation of modern warfare tools among non-

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state actors. The piece of writing also examines environmental and
socio-political changes, such as urbanization and resource scarcity, as critical factors influencing future military strategies.
For aspirants, understanding these dimensions is essential for analyzing Pakistan's security policies and their alignment with
global trends.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: Hybrid warfare and global security paradigms.
• Pakistan Affairs: Pakistan’s military strategies and Indo-Pak relations.
• Current Affairs: Technological advancements and their implications for warfare.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Hybrid warfare represents a blend of conventional and modern approaches, where states or groups use advanced tools like
drones and cyber-attacks to gain an edge, as seen in Russia’s strategies in Ukraine. Gray-zone tactics involve covert actions,
such as misinformation campaigns or deploying proxy forces, to destabilize opponents without engaging in direct conflict,
a method North Korea has employed in cyberspace. Virtual societal warfare refers to the use of digital manipulation, such
as spreading fake news on social media, to disrupt societal stability, as observed in election interference cases. These
concepts underline the complexities of modern conflicts and the need for adaptive strategies.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Global military expenditure surpassed $2 trillion in 2023, driven by technological innovations.
• The Middle East witnessed over 10,000 drone strikes between 2020 and 2024.
• Cyber-attacks increased by 38% in 2023, affecting over 1,000 multinational corporations.
•

77. The Year Of Future Invasion

1. Summary:
The article by Farrukh Khan Pitafi reflects on the transformative changes of 2024, marking it as the "year of future invasion."
It explores the socio-political and technological upheavals that reshaped our world, highlighting exponential advancements
in technology, the rising influence of populism, and the erosion of institutional credibility. The author attributes these trends
to acceleration and complexity—driven by population growth, technological innovation, and urbanization—which outpace
state and institutional adaptation. He delves into examples such as the 2008 financial crisis, the evolution of
cryptocurrencies, and breakthroughs in AI and medicine. However, while these advancements promise magical possibilities
for the elite, they foreshadow hardships for the working class through job displacement and automation, exacerbating
societal inequalities. The article also critiques the decline of traditional media, overshadowed by AI and social platforms,
and emphasizes the misplaced priorities of society, warning of the potential repercussions of climate denial.
In a sweeping analysis, the author underscores the dual-edged nature of innovation, offering hope and caution in equal
measure. From revolutionary medical treatments to AI-powered entertainment and quantum computing, the possibilities are
limitless yet fraught with ethical dilemmas. The piece concludes with an appeal to navigate these changes wisely, avoiding
the folly of neglecting intellect and sustainability. By invoking Murphy's Law and Arthur C. Clarke's third law, the author
encapsulates the paradox of progress, urging societies to balance technological marvels with ethical foresight and inclusivity
2. Overview:
The article examines 2024's defining shifts in technology, politics, and society, emphasizing their transformative yet
polarizing impact. It provides a nuanced understanding of how acceleration and complexity reshape governance, media, and
economic paradigms.
3. NOTES:
The article looks into the intricate interplay of technological advancements, socio-political dynamics, and economic trends
shaping the modern world. It highlights how developments in AI, quantum computing, and cryptocurrencies are redefining
governance and societal structures. The rise of populism, fueled by dissatisfaction with ruling elites, and the decline of
traditional media amid the surge of AI-driven platforms underscore the shifting paradigms of global politics and

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communication. Additionally, it addresses historical financial crises
as a lens to understand current economic disruptions, emphasizing the growing complexities that states struggle to manage.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: Technology’s role in reshaping global politics.
• Current Affairs: Populism, economic crises, and media transformation.
• Environmental Science: Challenges posed by climate denial.
• Essay Writing: Ethical dimensions of technology and governance.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The article explains how rapid technological changes, such as AI and quantum computing, are reshaping our lives, often
leaving governments unprepared to handle these transformations. For example, AI is replacing traditional jobs, creating
concerns about employment security. It also discusses how social media and AI advancements have diminished the influence
of traditional news outlets, leading to widespread misinformation. The rise of populist leaders, like Donald Trump, is
attributed to the public's frustration with entrenched elites and their failure to address evolving challenges. Furthermore, the
article cautions against ignoring critical issues like climate change, as neglecting global warming could have dire
consequences for humanity's future. These observations make the article accessible and relatable, providing clear examples
for understanding complex issues.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Nearly half of the world's population voted in 2024, with over 50% choosing populist leaders.
• Advanced medical AI innovations include 100% effective HIV drugs for African women.
• Quantum computing's progress could revolutionize cancer treatment simulations.

78. Pak-Afghan Ties On The Edge

1. Summary:
Pakistan's attempts to reset its strained relations with Afghanistan took a significant step with the visit of Ambassador
Muhammad Sadiq to Kabul after 15 months. This diplomatic effort aimed to address Pakistan's concerns about the presence
of the banned TTP on Afghan soil and to pressure the Taliban leadership to alter their approach. Amid escalating terrorist
attacks, including the ambush in South Waziristan that claimed 16 Pakistani soldiers, Ambassador Sadiq engaged with key
Taliban officials in Kabul. However, the visit coincided with allegations of Pakistani airstrikes in Afghanistan's Paktika
province, a claim Pakistan neither confirmed nor denied. These developments reflect the precariousness of Pak-Afghan ties,
with Pakistan's firm stance on the TTP's presence serving as a red line in any diplomatic negotiations.
Pakistan’s relationship with Afghanistan remains a double-edged sword. While Islamabad initially welcomed the Taliban’s
return in 2021, it soon faced mounting security challenges. The recent rise in cross-border terrorist activities has placed
immense strain on bilateral ties, with Pakistan conducting extensive counter-terrorism operations domestically. As per the
DG ISPR, over 925 terrorists were eliminated in 2024, while 383 security personnel lost their lives. Pakistan’s frustration
is evident in Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif’s blunt warning to Kabul about its "dual policy" of harboring terrorist elements.
Despite diplomatic engagements, the lack of trust and security threats emanating from Afghan soil continue to deepen the
fissures between the two nations, making the path to peace increasingly complex.
2. Overview:
This article examines the fragile state of Pak-Afghan relations, particularly in the context of rising terrorism and the role of
the banned TTP. It explores Pakistan’s diplomatic efforts, the challenges posed by Afghanistan's alleged support for terrorist
groups, and the broader implications of strained ties for regional security.
3. NOTES:
The article provides in-depth analysis of the complexities of Pak-Afghan relations, highlighting Pakistan’s diplomatic efforts
and security challenges. Ambassador Muhammad Sadiq’s visit to Kabul marked a significant attempt to mend ties and
address Pakistan’s concerns about the TTP’s activities in Afghanistan. Despite these efforts, tensions escalated with
allegations of Pakistani airstrikes in Afghanistan's Paktika province, which the Taliban condemned. Pakistan's security

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concerns are rooted in the rise of terrorist attacks, such as the South
Waziristan ambush, which killed 16 soldiers. The DG ISPR’s statement emphasized Afghanistan’s role in harboring terrorist
groups and the resultant strain on bilateral ties. This dynamic reflects a broader issue of trust and accountability between
the two nations, with Pakistan demanding action against TTP safe havens. Meanwhile, Pakistan continues its counter-
terrorism operations, underscoring the dire need for effective regional cooperation.
4. Relevant CSS Topics/Subjects:
• Pakistan Affairs: Pak-Afghan Relations, Cross-Border Terrorism, Security Challenges.
• International Relations: Bilateral Diplomacy, Regional Security Dynamics.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The article highlights how terrorism originating from Afghan soil affects Pakistan's security. For instance, terrorist groups
like the TTP conduct attacks that force Pakistan to respond militarily. In 2024, Pakistan conducted 169 operations daily to
counter these threats, demonstrating the scale of the issue. Afghanistan’s alleged failure to act against these groups strains
diplomatic ties, despite efforts like Ambassador Sadiq’s visit to Kabul. Such dynamics show how unresolved regional
conflicts lead to continuous challenges for both nations.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Pakistan conducted 169 intelligence-based operations (IBOs) daily in 2024 to counter terrorism.
• A total of 925 terrorists were killed in these operations, while 383 security personnel embraced martyrdom.
• The South Waziristan ambush claimed the lives of 16 Pakistani soldiers.
• The TTP remains a major threat, with its activities originating from Afghan soil causing friction between the two
nations.

79. Consensus For Economy's Sake

1. Summary:
Pakistan’s economic trajectory is marred by a recurring boom-and-bust cycle, fueled by an import-dependent model and
reactive economic policies. Finance Minister Muhammad Aurangzeb acknowledged that the reliance on import
compression, rising energy tariffs, and petrol prices to stabilize the current account deficit hampers economic growth. Once
stability is achieved, the push for growth—marked by increasing imports—creates dollar shortages, leading to balance of
payment crises and reliance on IMF bailouts. This cyclical pattern underscores the absence of sustainable economic
planning, with structural inefficiencies stifling long-term growth. The Minister emphasized the need for export-led growth
and increased foreign direct investment (FDI), cautioning that these are not quick fixes and require substantial reforms.
Achieving economic resilience necessitates reducing manufacturing costs through affordable energy and working capital,
as well as fostering a politically stable and violence-free environment to attract FDI. Minister Aurangzeb’s call for a “charter
of economy,” demanding national consensus among political parties, reflects the urgency for collective responsibility.
Without these reforms and unity, Pakistan risks perpetual economic instability. Structural overhauls, political cohesion, and
a long-term vision are imperative to break the vicious cycle and establish a sustainable growth trajectory.
2. Overview:
The article analyzes Pakistan's chronic boom-and-bust economic cycle and highlights the urgent need for export-driven
growth and structural reforms. It stresses the importance of political stability and a unified national approach to foster
sustainable development and attract foreign investment.
3. NOTES:
Pakistan's economy is trapped in a repetitive boom-and-bust cycle, primarily due to its reliance on imports and reactive
stabilization measures. The government often tackles current account deficits by compressing imports and raising tariffs on
energy and petrol, which slows economic growth but provides temporary stability. However, when growth efforts resume,
dollar shortages reemerge, leading to balance of payment crises and dependence on IMF bailouts. To break this cycle,
export-driven growth and foreign direct investment (FDI) are essential. Reducing manufacturing costs through affordable
energy and cheap working capital is critical, alongside fostering a stable and violence-free political environment to attract

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FDI. The proposed "charter of economy," emphasizing national
political unity, is pivotal to ensuring consistent economic policies and sustainable development. Without such reforms, the
economy will remain vulnerable to recurring instability.
4. Relevant CSS Topics:
• Economics: Cyclical economic challenges, export-led growth, and FDI.
• Pakistan Affairs: Economic policies, structural reforms, and political stability.
• International Relations: IMF reliance and global market competitiveness.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Pakistan’s economy faces cycles of highs and lows, mainly due to dependence on imports and reactive policies. To stabilize
the economy, imports are reduced, but this slows growth. When growth is pursued again, dollar shortages lead to crises.
Export-led growth and foreign investments are solutions, but they need reforms like cheaper energy and political stability.
Political parties must unite under a “charter of economy” to ensure consistent policies. For example, reducing energy costs
could make Pakistani exports competitive internationally, and a stable political climate could attract foreign companies.
This will create a more resilient economy.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Boom-bust cycle driven by import dependence and short-term stabilization.
• Measures like import reduction and tariff hikes suppress economic growth.
• Export competitiveness needs affordable energy and structural reforms.
• Political stability is vital for attracting FDI.To wrap up, Breaking Pakistan’s economic boom-and-bust cycle requires
bold reforms, political unity, and a shift to an export-led growth model. Without addressing structural inefficiencies
and fostering an investment-friendly environment, the cycle will persist,

The Economist –
80. Trump Wastes No Time In Reigniting Trade Wars.
1. Summary:
Donald Trump's swift imposition of tariffs on goods from Canada, Mexico, and China has reignited trade wars, potentially
altering global economic dynamics. The announcement of 25% tariffs on imports from Canada and Mexico and an additional
10% on Chinese goods reflects his aggressive stance on leveraging trade policies to assert American dominance. While
some speculate these tariffs might serve as mere negotiating tools, their immediate impact threatens the North American
supply chain and consumer costs in the United States. The integrated economies of Canada, Mexico, and the US face
disruption, with industries and investors bracing for potential retaliation and market instability.
This development underscores the risks of protectionist policies in a globally connected economy. Trump's post-election
strategies might aim at bargaining leverage, but they come at the expense of economic harmony. By targeting essential
imports, these tariffs could escalate inflation, strain diplomatic relations, and provoke trade reprisals. The article highlights
the challenges of balancing domestic economic interests with global trade benefits, casting a shadow over decades of free-
trade advocacy and economic collaboration.
2. Overview:
The article emphasizes Trump's reintroduction of trade wars as a political and economic tool, focusing on the potential
fallout for North America and beyond. It explores the tension between protectionism and global trade integration, reflecting
on the precarious balance of leveraging tariffs without undermining economic stability.
3. Notes:
The article highlights the strategic use of tariffs in trade negotiations and their broader implications for economic stability.
It emphasizes the impact of protectionist measures on integrated economies like North America, where Canada, Mexico,
and the US share strong supply chain ties. The imposition of tariffs disrupts these connections, inflates consumer prices,
and risks diplomatic retaliation. Moreover, the economic strain caused by such policies could destabilize markets, provoke
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inflation, and lead to shifts in global trade dynamics. This
underscores the complexity of balancing national interests with global economic cooperation.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: Trade wars and their impact on global diplomacy.
• Pakistan Affairs: Lessons on economic policies and trade diplomacy.
• Economics: Inflation, market instability, and supply chain disruptions.
• Current Affairs: Global trade challenges in modern economies.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Tariffs, which are taxes on imported goods, can significantly influence the economy. For example, imposing a 25% tax on
Canadian imports makes those goods costlier, directly affecting American consumers. North America’s economic
integration means countries depend on one another, such as the US relying on Mexico for fruits and vegetables. When tariffs
increase costs, inflation follows, making daily items like food and cars more expensive. Trade wars occur when countries
retaliate with counter-tariffs, leading to reduced trade and strained relations, such as China responding to US tariffs with its
own measures. Understanding these concepts is essential to grasp global trade dynamics.
6. Facts and Figures:
• 25% tariffs imposed on Canadian and Mexican imports.
• Additional 10% tariffs on Chinese goods.
• US imports significant goods like fruits and vehicles from Mexico and Canada.
• Trade disruption risks inflating prices and destabilizing markets.
To wrap up, This article underscores the far-reaching implications of protectionist trade policies in a globally interconnected
world. Trump's tariffs, while a bold political strategy, pose significant risks to economic stability and diplomatic relations.

81. Tariff Threats Will Do Harm, Even If Donald Trump Does Not Impose
Them.
1. Summary:
The article examines Donald Trump's tariff threats against Canada, Mexico, and China, highlighting the potential economic
and political consequences. His announcement of imposing tariffs up to 25% on neighboring countries is tied to immigration
and drug control measures. This approach risks disrupting integrated North American supply chains, impacting U.S.
consumers, and driving inflation. While some view these tariffs as a negotiating tool, others warn of their potential to spiral
into broader trade conflicts, damaging global economic stability. Trump's reliance on a mix of protectionist instincts and
strategic appointments in his economic team underscores his complex and often volatile approach to trade policies.
Even if Trump’s tariffs are merely tactical, their implications could destabilize global trade norms. Retaliatory measures
from affected countries and the diminishing credibility of repeated threats create a precarious situation. The article critiques
the waning advocacy for free trade and warns of its replacement with unilateral tariffs, which could lead to unpredictable
outcomes. This shift away from cooperative trade agreements to a confrontational stance could have long-lasting
repercussions for the global economy, particularly if such tactics become normalized.
2. Overview
The article offers an in-depth look at the risks posed by Trump's tariff policies, focusing on their impact on trade, inflation,
and international diplomacy. It highlights the delicate balance between using tariffs as leverage and avoiding a full-blown
trade war.
3. Notes:
The article sheds light on the economic and geopolitical implications of Donald Trump's tariff threats, emphasizing their
potential to disrupt global trade and harm domestic consumers. It discusses how tariffs on Canadian and Mexican goods,
aimed at curbing illegal migration and drug trafficking, would primarily burden American consumers through inflated prices
on essential goods like fruits, vegetables, and vehicles. The integrated North American supply chain highlights the
interdependence of economies, where punitive measures could spiral into retaliatory actions, damaging trade relations.
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Trump's historical use of tariffs as a negotiation tool and his current
economic-policy team's moderating influence are contrasted with the risks posed by more hardline advisors. The analysis
concludes with the broader ramifications of diminishing advocacy for free trade, signaling a shift towards protectionist
policies that jeopardize decades of economic gains.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: U.S. trade policy, global economic stability, and protectionism.
• Current Affairs: Economic diplomacy and inflationary trends.
• Economics: Tariff implications on supply chains and consumer prices.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Tariffs are taxes imposed on imports or exports, often used to protect domestic industries. For instance, Trump’s proposed
tariffs on Canada and Mexico could increase the prices of imported fruits, vegetables, and vehicles, directly impacting U.S.
consumers. Nearly $1 trillion worth of goods crossed U.S. borders last year, reflecting how integrated supply chains are at
risk. Similarly, retaliatory tariffs from other countries could lead to further economic disruptions, showcasing the delicate
balance in global trade relationships.
6. Facts and Figures:
• $1 trillion worth of goods crossed U.S. borders with Canada and Mexico last year, showcasing the deep integration
of North American supply chains.
• Half of America’s fruits and vegetables are imported from Canada and Mexico, highlighting the reliance on these
trade partners.
• More than 50% of pickup trucks sold by General Motors (GM) and Stellantis in the U.S. are manufactured in Canada
or Mexico.

• GM and Stellantis witnessed a drop in their stock prices by 9% and 5%, respectively, after the tariff announcement.
• Goldman Sachs estimates that these tariffs could increase core consumer prices (excluding food and energy) by as
much as 0.9%, exacerbating inflationary pressures.
• In 2019, similar threats by Trump to impose a 25% tariff on Mexican goods were ultimately dropped after a border
deal was reached.

In a nutshell, The article underscores the precarious nature of Trump’s tariff threats and their potential to disrupt global
trade. It serves as a cautionary tale about the risks of unilateral economic decisions, emphasizing the need for balanced
diplomacy in international relations.

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The Nation –
82. Don’t Isolate Afghan Taliban
1. Summary:
Afghanistan's challenges under Taliban rule highlight a complex interplay of governance, poverty, and geopolitical
dynamics. While the Taliban claim credit for reduced violence and improved security, their non-inclusive governance and
regressive policies, including restrictions on women's education and work, have marginalized half the population.
Afghanistan's economic woes, exacerbated by frozen $9 billion in US-held Afghan assets, hinder progress. Despite some
efforts from neighboring countries and Russia through trade and humanitarian aid, poverty remains rampant, with 52% of
Afghans reliant on aid. The Taliban’s isolation and lack of engagement with opposition or global stakeholders risk further
destabilization.
The article stresses the need for regional and international cooperation. Recommendations include unfreezing Afghan assets,
initiating dialogues within the Moscow Format, and advancing connectivity projects like CASA-1000 and TAPI. It also
calls for conditional diplomatic recognition of the Taliban tied to policy reforms, especially regarding women’s rights.
Addressing these issues is vital for Afghanistan’s stability, regional security, and sustainable development, with Pakistan
urged to spearhead regional collaboration.
2. Overview:
The article explores Afghanistan’s socio-economic and political challenges post-US withdrawal. It emphasizes the need for
inclusive governance, addressing poverty, and fostering.
3. NOTES:
The article provides an in-depth analysis of Afghanistan's intricate challenges following the US withdrawal, focusing on the
Taliban's governance, the country's dire economic conditions, and the broader regional implications. It emphasizes the need
for an inclusive approach in the Taliban regime to ensure stability while addressing poverty and humanitarian crises
exacerbated by frozen Afghan assets. The role of neighboring countries, particularly Pakistan, in fostering regional dialogue
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and cooperation through initiatives like the Moscow Format and
CASA-1000 is highlighted. It provides understanding of Afghanistan's evolving political landscape and its direct impact on
Pakistan and global geopolitics.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Regional challenges, Afghan crisis impact on Pakistan.
• International Relations: Role of international aid, diplomacy, and regional cooperation.
• Current Affairs: Governance, poverty alleviation, and women's rights.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Afghanistan faces many problems under Taliban rule. The government restricts women's rights, keeping 50% of the
population from contributing to society. Poverty is severe, with more than half of Afghans depending on international aid.
The US froze $9 billion of Afghan assets, worsening the economy. Countries like Pakistan, Iran, and Russia are trying to
help through trade and aid projects like CASA-1000 and TAPI, which could improve energy supplies and create jobs. These
efforts, combined with reforms like allowing women’s education, could stabilize Afghanistan and benefit neighboring
countries.
6. Facts and Figures:
• 52% of Afghans depend on humanitarian aid.
• 19% increase in poppy cultivation from 2023 to 2024.
• $9 billion in Afghan assets frozen by the US.
To wrap up, The article underscores the urgent need for a multi-pronged approach to Afghanistan's issues. Combining
humanitarian aid, diplomatic engagement, and economic initiatives can mitigate the country's challenges. Pakistan, as a key
regional player, must lead these efforts for regional stability and shared prosperity.

83. Nation Building Factors

1. Summary:
Nation-building demands visionary leadership, political stability, and long-term policies rooted in national consensus.
Historically, successful nations owe their progress to leaders who prioritize social cohesion, economic stability, and systemic
governance reforms over personal gains. Unfortunately, Pakistan’s political landscape has been marred by self-serving
politics, military interventions, and power struggles. The absence of true leadership has led to economic crises, political
instability, and growing disunity. The article argues for a shift from the current confrontational politics towards collective
efforts aimed at stability and reforms. Suggestions include adopting the proportional representation system to curb electoral
malpractices and ensure equal participation, alongside fostering dialogue among political stakeholders for sustainable
progress.
The article emphasizes that Pakistan’s development hinges on political stability, which acts as a foundation for economic
recovery. While initiatives like the SIFC showcase early signs of economic revival, they require sustained efforts and
cooperation from all political actors. The author advocates for compulsory voting and modernized electoral systems to
eliminate rigging and strengthen democracy. The piece concludes by stressing that without unity and a shared vision,
political maneuvering will continue to hinder Pakistan’s journey toward prosperity.
2. Overview:
The article explores the critical elements of nation-building, with a focus on the importance of visionary leadership,
economic stability, and an inclusive electoral system. It critiques Pakistan historical and present-day political dysfunctions
while offering actionable solutions for systemic reforms.
3. NOTES:
Nation-building requires visionary leadership that prioritizes unity, governance reforms, and societal welfare. Pakistan’s
progress has been hindered by a lack of such leadership, leading to political instability, economic crises, and elitist
governance. Electoral reforms, particularly a shift to a proportional representation system, are essential to eliminate rigging,

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reduce elitism, and empower smaller political parties. Political
stability, driven by collective efforts from all stakeholders, is fundamental to achieving economic recovery. Parliament must
serve as the platform for resolving contentious issues and implementing necessary reforms, while political parties must
move beyond personal agendas to focus on national goals.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Political systems, governance challenges, and electoral reforms in Pakistan.
• International Relations: Lessons from global leadership and political stability models.
• Current Affairs: Analysis of Pakistan’s economic and political crises.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Visionary leaders inspire unity and focus on long-term national goals, unlike Pakistan’s history of self-serving politics and
military interventions. Proportional representation, used in Germany, ensures fair representation by allocating seats based
on vote share, which could prevent electoral rigging and elitism in Pakistan. Economic recovery, as seen through initiatives
like SIFC and a buoyant stock exchange, depends on political stability. Politicians must work collaboratively to create a
win-win situation for all, emphasizing dialogue and reforms for lasting progress.
6. Facts and Figures
• Contesting elections in Pakistan costs nearly 100 million rupees, excluding party ticket prices.
• SIFC initiatives have resulted in a buoyant stock exchange and reduced inflation.
• Compulsory voting has proven effective in increasing democratic participation in countries like Australia.

In a nutshell, The article underscores that Pakistan’s political crises stem from a lack of visionary leadership and systemic
flaws in governance. A unified political approach, electoral reforms, and a commitment to national goals are imperative for
sustainable progress. Policymakers must seize this moment to foster dialogue and prioritize stability to steer Pakistan
toward prosperity.

84. US-China War

1. Summary:
The escalating economic tensions between the United States and China mark the onset of a modern-day conflict, primarily
centered on cutting-edge technologies and industrial dominance. Under consecutive administrations, the U.S. has imposed
restrictions on China’s access to vital technologies such as semiconductors, artificial intelligence, and renewable energy. In
retaliation, China has banned the export of rare earth metals, crucial for various industries, creating a supply chain crisis in
the U.S. Chinese President Xi Jinping warns of the dire consequences of a trade war, urging diplomacy and cooperation.
However, the potential return of protectionist policies under Donald Trump could deepen the economic rift, threatening
globalization and potentially escalating into military confrontation.
The economic decoupling of these superpowers could lead to a seismic shift in the global order, with severe ramifications
for trade and technological advancements. As the U.S. seeks to curtail China’s dominance, the latter continues to advocate
for stability while preparing countermeasures. This standoff highlights the fragility of interdependent global economies and
the pressing need for diplomacy to prevent the risks of further escalation. The interplay of aggressive policies and retaliatory
measures underscores the precarious nature of U.S.-China relations in shaping future global stability.
2. Overview:
This article examines the intensifying economic war between the U.S. and China, focusing on technological restrictions,
retaliatory bans, and their global consequences. It discusses the strategic maneuvers by both nations and the potential risks
of military escalation due to economic isolation. The analysis emphasizes the importance of diplomacy in mitigating these
tensions.
3. NOTES:

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The U.S.-China economic conflict highlights a struggle for dominance
in advanced technologies such as semiconductors, artificial intelligence, and renewable energy. The United States, through
consecutive administrations, has imposed restrictions to limit China’s technological advancements, while China has
retaliated by banning the export of rare earth metals, which are critical for various industries. This economic standoff has
disrupted global supply chains, affected technological progress, and raised concerns about escalating into a military
confrontation. The situation underscores the importance of diplomatic efforts to manage differences and avoid further
tensions, as such conflicts have far-reaching consequences for global trade and stability. This situation serves as a case study
in international relations, highlighting the complexities of economic power struggles and their implications on global
policies.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: U.S.-China relations and global power dynamics.
• Current Affairs: Economic conflicts and their global impact.
• Pakistan Affairs: Lessons for Pakistan regarding industrial and technological policies.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The ongoing economic tension between the U.S. and China shows how two superpowers compete to control advanced
technologies, such as AI and semiconductors. The U.S. has blocked China's access to vital tech tools, while China, in
response, has stopped exporting rare earth metals needed for modern industries. This economic conflict has disrupted global
supply chains, raising fears of a military conflict. Both nations need to prioritize diplomatic efforts to avoid worsening
tensions, as their rivalry affects countries worldwide. For example, Pakistan can learn to safeguard its industries by
diversifying its tech and trade dependencies.
6. Facts and Figures:
• China controls 70% of global rare earth metals and processes 90% of them.
• The U.S. imposed technological restrictions under both Trump and Biden administrations.
• Trade disruptions from a U.S.-China decoupling could reshape the global economy.

85. Middle East Conundrum

1. Summary:
The article explores Syria's long-standing turmoil, emphasizing that the recent regime change is but another chapter in a
historical saga of external manipulation and internal instability. For centuries, Syria has endured conquests, proxy wars, and
the ambitions of foreign powers, from the Ottoman Empire to modern superpowers. The recent overthrow of Bashar al-
Assad, replaced by Abu Muhammad al-Golani, mirrors the upheavals that have historically plagued the region. The piece
of writing analyzes how the global narrative focuses on geopolitics and power struggles rather than the plight of the Syrian
people, whose aspirations remain sidelined. The article paints a grim picture of Syria’s transformation into a battleground
for competing interests, leaving its people caught between betrayal and neglect.
In a striking comparison to Afghanistan, the article underscores the hypocrisy of world powers. Scenes of jubilant Syrians
are contrasted with a Russian diplomat lamenting their fate. Despite global attention on "victories," Syria’s sovereignty
continues to erode. The article concludes with a sobering observation: Syria’s story is emblematic of the Middle East's
broader plight, where powerful stakeholders prioritize their agendas over human lives. Realpolitik, rather than justice,
dictates outcomes, leaving Syria adrift amidst its shattered past and uncertain future
2. Overview:
This article provides an analytical perspective on Syria's socio-political and historical trajectory, connecting its current
struggles to centuries of external domination and internal strife. It questions the role of international players in exacerbating
Syria’s suffering while ignoring the voices of its people.
3. NOTES:

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Syria's historical trajectory reveals a nation long subjected to turmoil
and external domination, marked by invasions from empires such as the Romans, Byzantines, and Ottomans, as well as
modern-day proxy wars. Its strategic location has made it a focal point for global powers, with countries like the US, Russia,
Iran, and Türkiye vying for influence. The Assad regime's downfall symbolizes the persistence of realpolitik, where the
struggle for power overrides human rights and sovereignty. Proxy wars, internal strife, and colonial legacies have
consistently undermined Syria’s stability, leaving its people trapped in cycles of poverty, displacement, and neglect. Despite
being one of the oldest cultural hubs, the nation’s modern history underscores the destructive impact of geopolitical agendas,
reflecting broader challenges in the Middle East.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Lessons from Middle Eastern geopolitics and their relevance to Pakistan.
• International Relations: Role of global powers in shaping regional dynamics.
• Current Affairs: Geopolitical shifts and their impact on global peace and security.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Syria’s recent political change reflects centuries of instability caused by both external forces and internal conflicts. Historical
invasions by empires like Rome and the Ottomans shaped the country’s fate, while modern struggles are fueled by foreign
powers like the US, Russia, and Iran. For example, proxy wars have turned Syria into a battleground, leaving its people
suffering. The removal of Bashar al-Assad shows how realpolitik – where power, not justice, rules – dominates global
decisions. Like in Afghanistan, global powers manipulate these conflicts for their gain, often ignoring human suffering.
Facts: Syria has lost over 500,000 lives since 2011, and millions have been displaced. To understand the crisis, think of a
chessboard where powerful players make moves at the expense of the people.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Syria’s history reflects a rich cultural past, from ancient trade routes to being a cradle for Christianity and Islam.
• The thirteen-year civil war caused 500,000 deaths and displaced 12 million people.
• Political instability persists as the Assad regime's fall echoes Syria's turbulent modern history.
• Geopolitical players like the US, Russia, Türkiye, and Iran heavily shaped the war through proxy conflicts.
• The Golan Heights, lost in 1967, remains a key territorial issue.

86. Revitalising Energy

1. Summary:
The renegotiation of agreements with Independent Power Producers (IPPs) marks a pivotal step in Pakistan's journey toward
resolving its energy crisis. The government’s actions aim to reduce financial inefficiencies and shift focus toward sustainable
energy solutions. However, renegotiations alone won’t suffice unless accompanied by a substantial increase in energy
production, particularly for industries that serve as economic lifelines. Energy shortages have not only throttled industrial
growth but also exacerbated unemployment, making energy sufficiency a cornerstone for economic revival. Collaboration
with Tajikistan, a nation rich in hydropower resources, symbolizes a promising opportunity to diversify Pakistan’s energy
portfolio while fostering regional ties.
The article stresses the need for vigilance in crafting transparent, mutually beneficial energy agreements to ensure long-
term viability. The article views regional energy diplomacy as a transformative opportunity for Pakistan, paving the way for
sustainable development and broader economic stability. The government must seize this moment to build a robust energy
infrastructure, address industrial needs, and reduce dependency on fossil fuels. Immediate action and effective
implementation are important to turning Pakistan’s energy challenges into a springboard for progress.
2. Overview:
The article highlights Pakistan’s efforts to tackle its energy crisis through renegotiations with IPPs and potential energy
collaboration with Tajikistan. It emphasizes the importance of increasing energy production to boost industrial output and
ensure economic stability. The article underscores the need for transparency and decisive action to transform Pakistan’s
energy sector into a driver of national progress.

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 3. NOTES:
The article emphasizes the pivotal role of energy sufficiency in Pakistan’s economic revival, highlighting the government's
renegotiations with Independent Power Producers (IPPs) to reduce financial inefficiencies. It underscores the significance
of increasing power production to boost industrial output, which is important for alleviating unemployment and stabilizing
the economy. Regional energy collaboration, particularly with Tajikistan, is presented as a promising avenue for diversifying
energy resources and strengthening bilateral ties. The article also stresses the importance of transparent, mutually beneficial
agreements to ensure long-term viability.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Energy policies, regional collaborations, and industrial growth.
• International Relations: Energy diplomacy and bilateral cooperation with Tajikistan.
• Environmental Science: Transition toward sustainable energy solutions.
5. Notes for Beginners:
To understand Pakistan’s energy challenges, it is essential to grasp the role of energy in driving industrial and economic
growth. Energy shortages halt industrial operations, causing unemployment and stagnation. Efforts to renegotiate
agreements with IPPs aim to reduce costs and improve energy availability, while collaborations with countries like Tajikistan
provide access to renewable energy sources like hydropower. Hydropower, a cleaner energy source, reduces reliance on
fossil fuels, which are costly and environmentally damaging. Transparent agreements and strategic planning ensure that
these initiatives benefit all stakeholders. Understanding these dynamics helps in appreciating how energy sufficiency
contributes to broader economic stability.
6. Facts and Figures:
• IPP renegotiations aim to reduce financial inefficiencies in Pakistan’s energy sector.
• Tajikistan offers hydropower opportunities for collaboration, potentially addressing Pakistan’s energy demands
• Energy shortages have significantly hampered industrial productivity, leading to economic stagnation.
To wrap up, The article underscores the critical role of energy in Pakistan’s economic revival. By addressing inefficiencies,
embracing regional energy partnerships, and prioritizing industrial needs, the government has a unique opportunity.

87. ENERGY CRISIS

1. Summary:
Pakistan’s energy sector faces a precarious situation marked by inefficiencies, over-reliance on fossil fuels, and
unsustainable consumption. Despite a 12% increase in installed capacity to 45,662 MW in FY23, actual electricity
generation dropped by 10%, indicating an energy system grappling with contradictions. The reliance on costly imported
fuels, erratic seasonal demands, and disproportionate payments to Independent Power Producers (IPPs) has burdened the
economy with a staggering PKR 2 trillion in capacity payments. This unsustainable model hinders industrial growth, while
depleting natural gas reserves and rising costs for coal imports further exacerbate the crisis. The country’s failure to fully
embrace renewable energy exacerbates its challenges, as only 7% of power generation (excluding hydro) comes from
renewables, far below the 30% target outlined in Pakistan’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) commitments.
The transition towards sustainable energy remains slow due to policy inertia, financial constraints, and limited infrastructure.
With global mechanisms like the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) threatening exports, especially
textiles, Pakistan risks losing competitiveness. Integrated energy planning is critical to bridging economic and
environmental goals. Programs like the World Bank-backed fan replacement initiative and the adoption of Energy
Conservation Building Codes (ECBC-2023) highlight achievable solutions. Transitioning to a competitive electricity
market, paired with renewable energy initiatives such as rooftop solar and electric vehicles, could pave the way for a just
energy transition. However, without political will, federal-provincial coordination, and civil society oversight, Pakistan’s
energy security goals risk remaining pipe dreams.
2. Overview:

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The article emphasizes Pakistan's energy challenges, focusing on
inefficiencies, over-reliance on fossil fuels, and delayed adoption of renewable energy. It stresses the importance of
integrated planning, market reforms, and conservation measures to ensure energy sustainability and economic growth.
3. NOTES:
Pakistan's energy crisis stems from systemic inefficiencies, fiscal mismanagement, and over-reliance on fossil fuels, which
account for 52% of electricity generation. Despite a 12% increase in installed capacity to 45,662 MW in FY23, electricity
generation declined by 10%, revealing a paradoxical situation where surplus capacity fails to meet industrial demand. The
dependence on imported fuels and seasonal electricity needs adds financial burdens, with capacity payments to Independent
Power Producers (IPPs) exceeding PKR 2 trillion annually. Moreover, renewable energy contributes only 7% of electricity
generation, far below Pakistan’s target of 30% by 2030. Addressing these challenges requires integrated planning, market
reforms, and efficient governance. Steps like adopting Energy Conservation Building Codes (ECBC-2023), transitioning to
a competitive electricity market, and fostering public-private partnerships are critical to alleviating the crisis and ensuring
sustainability.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics
• Environmental Science: Sustainable development, renewable energy, climate change.
• Pakistan Affairs: Economic challenges, industrial growth, energy policies.
• International Relations: Global mechanisms like CBAM and their impact on Pakistan.
5. Notes for Beginners
Pakistan’s energy problems arise from inefficiency, expensive power generation, and reliance on fossil fuels, which are
running out and costly to import. For example, despite having enough power plants, the electricity produced has decreased
because industries use less energy. The government also pays private power producers even when they don’t supply
electricity, costing billions of rupees annually. Renewable energy like solar and wind power is underused, contributing only
7% of total electricity production, though it is cheaper and cleaner. To solve this, Pakistan needs better planning, policies
that support solar energy and electric vehicles, and programs to save electricity, like replacing inefficient fans and improving
building designs.

6. Facts and Figures

• Installed capacity: 45,662 MW in FY23, yet electricity generation dropped by 10%.
• 52% of electricity is generated from fossil fuels, contributing to $100 billion in annual inefficiencies.
• Capacity payments to IPPs exceed PKR 2 trillion.
• Renewable energy accounts for just 7% of power generation (excluding hydro).

In a nutshell, Pakistan’s energy dilemma demands a paradigm shift toward sustainability and efficiency. By embracing
renewable energy, competitive markets, and conservation measures, the country can alleviate economic strain while
safeguarding its environment. Effective governance, political will, and public-private partnerships will be important in
steering Pakistan toward a brighter, energy-secure future.

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 88. Syria’s Fall
1. Summary:
Syria's political landscape underwent a historic transformation as the Assad family's five-decade rule ended on December
8, 2024. This upheaval was driven by Sunni-led militant forces under Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), led by Abu Mohammed
al-Jolani. The fall of the Assad regime, characterized by political oppression and sectarian divide, was catalyzed by the
weakening of Iran and Russia, Assad's critical allies. Israel's strategic strikes on Iranian assets and the involvement of
intelligence agencies like Mossad and the CIA facilitated the rebels' victory. Tehran's diminished influence and Russia's
preoccupation with the Ukraine conflict left Assad vulnerable, ultimately forcing his exile to Russia. The repercussions of
this power shift are profound, with Tehran's axis of resistance shattered, Russia's strategic Mediterranean foothold
compromised, and Israel emerging as a significant beneficiary.
This collapse also has broad implications for regional dynamics. Iran's weakened hold jeopardizes its support for Hamas
and Hezbollah, while Russia's loss of influence in Syria disrupts its projection of power. Conversely, Turkey gains
opportunities for refugee resettlement zones, and Israel achieves greater security against its adversaries. The situation
remains fluid, with Western nations cautiously assessing the roles of Syrian rebel groups, many of which are designated as
terrorist organizations. This reshaping of alliances and power structures will likely redefine Middle Eastern geopolitics in
the years to come.
2. Overview:
The article chronicles the fall of the Assad regime, attributing it to internal rebellion and the weakening of external support
from Iran and Russia. It examines the regional and international implications of this shift, highlighting the roles of strategic
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interests and sectarian divides. The narrative emphasizes how Assad's
fall disrupts longstanding alliances and strengthens Israel's geopolitical position.
3. NOTES:
This article is a vital resource for understanding the complexities of Middle Eastern geopolitics, particularly the dynamics
of the Syrian conflict and broader regional impact. It highlights the significance of sectarian divisions, such as the Sunni-
Shia rift, and their influence on political and military alignments. The role of external actors like Iran, Russia, and Israel in
shaping the conflict is crucial for analyzing proxy wars and their implications. The fall of the Assad regime demonstrates
how weakened alliances and strategic interests, such as Iran's axis of resistance and Russia's Mediterranean foothold, can
shift regional power balances.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: Proxy wars, Middle East geopolitics, Russia's and Iran's roles.
• Pakistan Affairs: Comparative analysis of regional conflicts.
• Current Affairs: Sectarianism and its implications for stability.
• Political Science: Authoritarian regimes and their fall.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Proxy wars occur when powerful nations indirectly fight through supporting local groups, as seen with Iran backing Assad
and the U.S. aiding Syrian rebels. Sectarianism, like the Sunni-Shia divide, often fuels regional conflicts, exemplified by
the tension between Syria's Alawite rulers and its Sunni majority. Geopolitical alliances are vital, with nations using their
partners strategically—Russia relied on Syria for its Mediterranean base, while Iran used it to bolster groups like Hezbollah.
When regimes like Assad's collapse, it creates a power vacuum, leading to instability and competition among factions,
impacting regional politics profoundly. Understanding these dynamics helps in grabbing how global powers influence and
reshape conflict zones.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Assad family's rule: 54 years.
• Fall of Damascus: December 8, 2024.
• Duration of Arab Spring protests in Syria: Began in 2011.

89. Democrat’s 2024 Autopsy

1. Summary:
In the wake of yet another defeat to Donald Trump, Democrats find themselves at a crossroads, introspecting the causes of
their disconnection with the electorate. Dr. James J. Zogby critiques the Democrats' failure to resonate with voters'
insecurities, arguing that their policies, though progressive, often seem disconnected and patronizing to working-class
Americans. He points out how Republicans have effectively weaponized voters' fears, portraying themselves as champions
of the working class through simplified and emotionally charged narratives like "Make America Great Again." The article
traces the Democrats' challenges back to decades of systemic issues, including a lack of cohesive messaging, over-reliance
on consultants, and failure to adapt to evolving socio-political landscapes.
Zogby underscores the Democrats’ alienation from grassroots concerns, attributing their decline to an outdated political
playbook. From the economic collapse of 2008 to the divisive rhetoric of the Trump era, he paints a vivid picture of an
electorate increasingly swayed by fear and nostalgia rather than policy depth. The Democrats' inability to counter
Republican narratives with relatable solutions has left a void, making it imperative for them to reconnect with their working-
class roots. The piece of writing warns that unless Democrats overhaul their strategies and rebuild trust, they risk repeating
their November 5th defeat.
2. Overview:
This article provides a critical analysis of the Democratic Party's failures, focusing on their disconnection from working-
class voters and inability to combat Republican fear-based tactics. It highlights the need for introspection, reform, and
authentic engagement with the electorate to reclaim their position in American politics.

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 3. Notes:
The article looks into the Democrats' repeated electoral defeats, highlighting their failure to resonate with voters' fears and
insecurities. It critiques their over-reliance on policy discourse that often comes across as disconnected from working-class
struggles, contrasting it with the Republicans' successful use of emotionally charged narratives like "Make America Great
Again." The analysis points to systemic issues within the Democratic Party, such as outdated strategies, lack of cohesive
messaging, and dependence on consultants who stifle innovation. It underscores the socio-political transformations over
decades, including events like 9/11, the 2008 economic collapse, and the COVID-19 pandemic, which have shaped the
electorate's psyche. The Republicans’ ability to portray themselves as the party of the working class, despite their elitist
roots, exemplifies their strategic prowess, leaving Democrats with the urgent task of redefining their identity to rebuild trust
and relevance among voters.
4. Related CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Political Science: Party systems, leadership strategies.
• Governance and Public Policy: Electoral dynamics and messaging.
• Current Affairs: U.S. elections and global political shifts.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The article explains how Democrats lost touch with voters by focusing more on policies than people’s real-life struggles.
Republicans, on the other hand, used fear and simple slogans to win support. For example, Trump’s "Make America Great
Again" appealed to those longing for the past. Democrats need to understand voters’ anger and provide clear solutions, like
Bernie Sanders did by addressing income inequality. If they fail to connect emotionally, they might keep losing elections.
6. Facts and Figures:
• U.S. voter discontent has roots in events like 9/11, the 2008 economic crisis, and COVID-19.
• The Republican Party has rebranded itself as representing the working class, challenging traditional party roles.
To wrap up, This article is a wake-up call for the Democratic Party to reassess its strategies and reconnect with the electorate.
By addressing voters’ fears and offering practical solutions, they can regain their footing in American politics. It’s a
testament to the power of emotional resonance and authenticity in leadership.

90. A Common Journey of Climate Resilience

1. Summary:
The article highlights the growing challenges Pakistan faces due to climate change and environmental degradation, with
extreme weather events such as floods, high temperatures, and pollution causing severe damage. Despite contributing less
than 1% of global emissions, Pakistan's vulnerability to climate-related disasters remains stark, as the country suffers from
high mortality rates due to climate impacts. The government has taken proactive measures to tackle these issues, with
Punjab's local government spearheading initiatives to combat smog, utilizing both technological advancements and
international cooperation. A notable collaboration with China has led to joint efforts in addressing environmental concerns,
including the introduction of air quality monitoring stations and the sharing of climate adaptation technologies. China's
commitment to sustainable development and climate resilience, reflected in their Action Plan for Climate Change
Adaptation, provides vital support to Pakistan in tackling its climate challenges. This partnership not only strengthens the
socio-economic and ecological development of both nations but also serves as an example for other developing countries
in managing climate risks and fostering sustainable growth.
2. Overview:
The article discusses the increasing challenges Pakistan faces due to climate change and environmental issues, with extreme
weather events such as floods, temperature spikes, and severe air pollution posing significant threats to the country’s
agricultural productivity and public health. Despite its minimal contribution to global emissions, Pakistan is highly
vulnerable to climate-related risks, which are disproportionately affecting its people. The article highlights the cooperation
between China and Pakistan in addressing these climate challenges, emphasizing China's support in providing technological

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solutions, expertise, and policy recommendations. The
collaboration includes joint efforts to combat air pollution, with initiatives such as the installation of air quality monitoring
stations and the sharing of climate adaptation technologies. This partnership is also seen as a model for other developing
nations facing similar climate challenges.
3. NOTES:
This article underscores the role of international cooperation, particularly between Pakistan and China, in addressing the
existential threat of climate change. The measures discussed, such as technology-sharing and early warning systems, align
with global efforts toward climate resilience and disaster prevention, making it an important case study for students focusing
on environmental policy and international diplomacy. The article also highlights the socio-economic impacts of climate
change, offering insights into how developing countries are grappling with climate justice, adaptation, and mitigation
strategies.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Environmental Science: Climate Change Adaptation, Sustainable Development, Environmental Cooperation
• Pakistan Affairs: Government Initiatives for Climate Resilience, International Relations: China-Pakistan
Cooperation
• International Relations: Climate Change, Global Governance, COP Agreements
5. Notes for Beginners:
Climate change is a global issue, but countries like Pakistan face particularly severe challenges. Despite contributing very
little to global pollution, Pakistan suffers from extreme weather, droughts, and pollution. To help, China and Pakistan have
worked together, with China providing technology and expertise to improve air quality in Pakistan, especially in Lahore,
which is one of the most polluted cities. These joint efforts aim to protect both countries from climate disasters and help
them grow more sustainably. The collaboration also highlights the importance of countries working together to fight climate
change, which is a major threat to people’s livelihoods and the planet’s future.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Pakistan’s Contribution to Global Emissions: Less than 1%.
• Lahore Pollution: Ranked the most polluted city globally for the winter season in 2024.
• China’s Greening Efforts: Contributed nearly a quarter of the global greening area over the past 20 years.

91. Befitting Response to Us Concerns

1. Summary:
The article examines the recent imposition of sanctions by the United States against Pakistan's missile program and
highlights Pakistan's robust response. The sanctions, coupled with unfounded allegations of Pakistan's missile capabilities
being a threat beyond South Asia, have been dismissed by Pakistan as biased and detrimental to regional stability. Pakistan
reiterates that its strategic capabilities are defensive, aimed at countering existential threats, particularly from India. The
article underscores the U.S.’s double standards, citing its preferential treatment of India through agreements like the U.S.-
India Civil Nuclear Agreement, which undermines the non-proliferation regime. While Pakistan remains committed to
strategic deterrence, the piece calls for addressing the Kashmir dispute as a prerequisite for fostering peace in South Asia.
Furthermore, the article highlights the U.S.'s self-serving approach to global conflicts, often prioritizing strategic interests
over international principles. The pressure on Pakistan to curtail its nuclear ambitions, despite legitimate security concerns,
contrasts starkly with the leeway granted to India. The writer argues that the U.S. and its allies, instead of pressuring
Pakistan, should focus on resolving the Kashmir issue in line with UN resolutions. The article concludes by criticizing the
West’s hegemonic tendencies, illustrating their complicity in global conflicts, such as the ongoing Gaza crisis. Pakistan’s
sovereignty and strategic security remain non-negotiable amidst these challenges.
2. Overview:

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The article examines U.S.-Pakistan relations, focusing on nuclear non-
proliferation, strategic stability in South Asia, and the discriminatory policies of the U.S. against Pakistan. It discusses the
implications of Western bias on regional peace and calls for equitable solutions to address longstanding issues like Kashmir.
3. NOTES:
The article highlights U.S.-Pakistan relations, particularly the contentious issue of nuclear and missile programs in South
Asia. It highlights Pakistan's justified stance on maintaining strategic deterrence against India amidst growing regional
threats. The discussion analyzes the U.S.'s discriminatory approach, favoring India while pressuring Pakistan to limit its
nuclear program. Furthermore, it emphasizes the critical role of resolving the Kashmir dispute for fostering peace in the
region. Pakistan’s refusal to compromise its security aligns with its commitment to sovereignty and regional stability,
underscoring its strategic priorities amidst international biases.
4. CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Pakistan’s nuclear policy, strategic stability in South Asia, and U.S.-Pakistan relations.
• International Relations: Global non-proliferation regimes, U.S.-India strategic ties, and their impact on Pakistan.
• Current Affairs: Regional security issues, Kashmir dispute, and international double standards.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The article discusses how the U.S. accuses Pakistan of developing dangerous missiles, even though Pakistan says its missiles
are for protection against India. Pakistan believes that solving the Kashmir conflict, a long-standing issue between India
and Pakistan, is key to peace in South Asia. While the U.S. favors India in nuclear deals, it pressures Pakistan to stop
developing weapons. Pakistan argues that it needs these weapons for safety because of threats from India. This situation
shows the need for fair global policies to ensure peace and security in the region.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Pakistan’s missile program is designed for defensive purposes, focusing on deterrence against India.
• The U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement bypassed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
• Kashmir remains one of the most militarized regions globally.
To put it simply, The article is a critical analysis of U.S. policies towards Pakistan, emphasizing the need for fairness in
addressing regional conflicts. It underscores Pakistan’s justified stance on its strategic security and calls for global
accountability in promoting peace. Addressing issues like Kashmir equitably can pave the way for stability in South Asia.
this article is a rich resource for understanding geopolitical dynamics, regional security, and the role of
international diplomacy.

92. Counter Terrorism Concerns

1. Summary:
The article highlights the escalating tension between Pakistan and the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), with the latter
using Afghan soil as a haven for launching attacks. Following the brutal martyrdom of 16 Pakistani soldiers in South
Waziristan on December 20, 2024, Pakistan’s patience ran thin, prompting decisive retaliatory measures. Intelligence-based
operations were carried out in both South Waziristan and Afghanistan’s eastern Paktika province, targeting TTP camps.
Despite these actions, Pakistan faces challenges in its counterterrorism efforts due to the TTP’s cross-border safe havens
and Afghanistan's reluctance to act against these hideouts. The article looks into the complex dynamics of Pak-Afghan
relations, emphasizing the detrimental impact of the TTP’s asymmetric warfare and the Afghan Taliban's lack of cooperation
in addressing this shared threat.
Pakistan’s counterterrorism campaign, including the Azm-e-Istekam initiative, aims to dismantle terrorist networks such as
the TTP and Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA), which have grown emboldened by the availability of abandoned weaponry
in Afghanistan. The resurgence of terrorism, marked by over 1,000 incidents in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa alone in 2024,
underscores the urgency of strategic and intelligence-driven measures. However, strained Pak-Afghan relations, intelligence
limitations, and the geopolitical complexity of targeting militants across borders present significant hurdles. The article calls

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for a pragmatic approach to counterterrorism, balancing
military operations with diplomatic efforts to foster regional stability.
2. Overview:
The article explores the intensifying conflict between Pakistan and the TTP, analyzing its origins, implications, and the
broader challenges in countering terrorism along the Pak-Afghan border. It also examines the role of Afghan Taliban's
inaction in exacerbating the issue and highlights Pakistan's robust response to TTP aggression.
3. NOTES:
The TTP’s cross-border attacks underscore the regional security challenges that Pakistan faces, with its Azm-e-Istekam
campaign reflecting a proactive stance against terrorism. This initiative targets the TTP and the Balochistan Liberation Army
(BLA), both of which have leveraged abandoned weaponry in Afghanistan to intensify their assaults. Pakistan’s
counterterrorism strategy emphasizes intelligence-based operations to minimize collateral damage, which are essential
given the complexities of targeting militants across borders. The TTP’s grievances, stemming from military operations in
Swat and Waziristan and the constitutional integration of tribal areas, highlight the intersection of governance and
counterinsurgency. Additionally, strained Pak-Afghan relations further complicate the fight against terrorism, as
Afghanistan’s inaction on TTP hideouts undermines regional stability and mutual trust.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Counterterrorism strategies, Azm-e-Istekam campaign, and Pak-Afghan relations
• Current Affairs: Regional security dynamics and the impact of Afghan Taliban policies on terrorism.
• International Relations: Cross-border terrorism and its implications for bilateral relations.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Pakistan’s military campaigns in regions like Swat and Waziristan disrupted the TTP’s control, forcing them to
seek refuge in Afghanistan. This displacement intensified the TTP’s hostility towards Pakistan, especially after
acquiring leftover weapons abandoned by foreign forces. For instance, over 1,000 terrorist attacks were reported
in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2024 alone, resulting in the martyrdom of nearly 1,000 security personnel.
Intelligence-based operations have become vital for targeting terrorist camps effectively while avoiding harm to
civilians, a challenging but necessary task. Moreover, Pakistan’s counterterrorism efforts must balance military
action with diplomacy to address the complex dynamics of Pak-Afghan relations and ensure long-term stability.

6. Facts and Figures:

• Over 1,000 terrorist incidents in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2024.
• Nearly 1,000 security personnel martyred in TTP-led attacks in 2024.
• Pakistan launched its Azm-e-Istekam campaign to counter terrorism effectively.

To wrap up, This article underscores the gravity of Pakistan’s counterterrorism challenges, exacerbated by the TTP’s cross-
border operations and Afghanistan’s inaction. It highlights the importance of a balanced approach, integrating military
precision with diplomatic strategies, to address the pressing threat of terrorism and foster regional stability.

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The Spine Times –
93. Beyond Aid and Alliances: The Evolution of US-Pakistan Relations.
1. Summary:
The US-Pakistan relationship has been a complex and often tumultuous one, defined by mutual strategic interests rather
than ideological alignment. From the Cold War era, where Pakistan was seen as a bulwark against Soviet expansion, to the
more recent partnership during the War on Terror, the relationship has been transactional at its core. The two countries have
often cooperated when their national interests aligned, such as in Afghanistan during the 1980s and after 9/11. However,
their partnership has been marred by deep mistrust, especially with accusations of Pakistan playing a "double game" by
supporting militant groups, and the US's unilateral actions like the 2011 raid that killed Osama bin Laden in Pakistan. Over
time, this mistrust has only grown, especially as Pakistan strengthens its ties with China through initiatives like the China-
Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), adding another layer of complexity to the relationship.
The future of US-Pakistan relations will likely be shaped by the balancing act between these competing alliances. Pakistan
must navigate its historical ties with the US while strengthening its relationship with China, making this a key challenge for
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its foreign policy. For CSS exam aspirants, this article goes into the
nature of bilateral relationships based on national interests, the impact of shifting global alliances, and the importance of
strategic positioning in a volatile region. It is relevant to topics like South Asian geopolitics, international relations, and
Pakistan’s foreign policy. Understanding the transactional nature of such alliances and the role of trust and mistrust in
shaping foreign policy is crucial for a comprehensive grasp of global diplomacy.
2. Overview:
This article explores the evolution of US-Pakistan relations, focusing on the transactional nature of the alliance shaped by
strategic necessities rather than ideological compatibility. It covers key events, such as the Cold War, the War on Terror, and
the rise of Pakistan-China relations, which continue to influence this complex relationship.
3. Notes:
The article is pertinent for understanding how strategic interests define international alliances, especially in the context of
US-Pakistan relations. Aspirants should focus on the role of national interest in shaping foreign policy, the complexities of
balancing relationships with competing powers, and how historical events impact contemporary diplomacy.
4. Relevant to the CSS syllabus:
• International Relations: It explores how strategic interests, rather than ideological alignment, shape US-Pakistan
ties, highlighting the transactional nature of their alliances.
• Pakistan Affairs: The article examines Pakistan's evolving foreign policy, its strategic partnership with the US, and
its growing relationship with China.
• Geopolitics: It discusses the shift in regional alliances, focusing on the growing ties between Pakistan and China
through CPEC, and how global power dynamics influence regional diplomacy.
• Current Affairs: the impact of US-Pakistan relations on regional stability and the role of China in shaping Pakistan's
foreign policy.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The US-Pakistan relationship has always been based on mutual needs rather than shared values. For
example, during the Cold War, Pakistan aligned with the US for protection against Soviet influence,
while the US relied on Pakistan as an ally in the region. However, the relationship has been strained by
issues like Pakistan’s support for militant groups and the US’s unilateral actions, like the raid that killed
Osama bin Laden. Today, Pakistan is balancing its relationship with both the US and China, as its
economic and military ties with China grow.

6. Facts and Figures:

• US-Pakistan Relations: Over 72% of Pakistanis view the United States as an enemy rather than a friend, with
favorability ranging from 10% to 23% between 1993 and 2013.
• Osama bin Laden Raid: The presence of Osama bin Laden in Abbottabad, Pakistan, led to a significant reduction in
US aid to Pakistan, deepening the mistrust between the two nations.
• Pakistan’s Economic Ties with China: The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) represents a significant shift
in Pakistan’s foreign policy, as it strengthens economic and strategic ties with China.

To sum up, The US-Pakistan relationship serves as a reminder that international alliances are not based on friendship or
shared ideals but on strategic necessity. As global power dynamics shift, Pakistan’s foreign policy will continue to evolve,

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requiring a careful balance between its long-standing
relationship with the US and its growing ties with China. Understanding these complexities is pivotal for grasping the ever-
changing landscape of international relations.

94. Indo-Pacific: A New Epicenter for Power Politics

1. Summary:
The Indo-Pacific region, which connects three continents and drives 60% of global GDP, is becoming a critical arena for
power struggles, particularly between the U.S. and China. This region, vital for global trade, is witnessing escalating tensions
due to China's territorial claims, including those on Taiwan and the South China Sea. The U.S. has responded by
strengthening military alliances like QUAD and AUKUS to counter China's growing influence. The region's strategic
importance is heightened by its role in global trade and energy supplies, especially with 40% of global transshipment and
80% of China's energy imports passing through it. As the rivalry intensifies, smaller nations like those in ASEAN are caught
in the crossfire, navigating complex diplomatic pressures. The future stability of the Indo-Pacific hinges on cooperative
solutions between these superpowers to avoid regional conflict.
2. Overview:

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This article discusses the Indo- Pacific as a major geopolitical
hotspot, focusing on the U.S.-China rivalry and its implications for global stability. It traces the region's historical
significance, from colonial exploitation to its current role in the global economy and politics. The article highlights China’s
growing military and economic power and the U.S.'s efforts to maintain its dominance through strategic alliances and
military bases. It emphasizes the necessity of collaboration between the two superpowers to prevent further instability,
especially given the region's essential role in global trade and energy security.
3. Notes:
The Indo-Pacific region is pivotal in global geopolitics, accounting for 60% of the world’s GDP and controlling vital trade
routes. The article provides a detailed account of the rising tensions between the U.S. and China, particularly over Taiwan
and the South China Sea. The region’s economic significance is enhanced by its strategic trade corridors and energy imports,
making it a key area of conflict. The U.S. has sought to counter China’s influence through military alliances like QUAD
and AUKUS, which have resulted in an arms race. The ongoing power struggle in the Indo-Pacific highlights the need for
diplomacy and collaboration to ensure regional stability.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: The article’s focus on the U.S.-China rivalry and power politics in the Indo-Pacific aligns
with global power dynamics and international diplomacy.
• Security Studies: The discussion on military alliances like QUAD, AUKUS, and U.S. military bases in the region
ties into security concerns and strategies for maintaining global peace.
• Economic: The Indo-Pacific’s significance in global trade and energy supplies is relevant to the study of economic
diplomacy and trade routes.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The Indo-Pacific region is crucial for global trade, and its stability is threatened by the ongoing competition between the
U.S. and China. Terms like hegemonic refer to dominance or control by one state, in this case, China's growing influence.
Transshipment describes the process of transferring goods, essential in understanding the economic importance of the
region. Militarization refers to the build-up of military forces, which is occurring in the Indo-Pacific as both the U.S. and
China strengthen their positions. It's important to grasp these terms when discussing the geopolitical dynamics of the
region.
6. Facts and Figures:
• The Indo-Pacific region accounts for 60% of global GDP and handles 40% of global transshipment.
• It represents over half of the global population.
• The region holds strategic trade routes that account for two-thirds of global trade.
• Taiwan is the global leader in semiconductor production, producing 69% of the world's semiconductors and 90%
of the most advanced chips.
• 80% of China’s energy imports pass through the Indo-Pacific region.
• China’s Belt and Road Initiative aims to strengthen its economic and strategic influence in the region.

95. Geo-Economy and Pakistan: Opportunities and Challenges

1. Summary:
Pakistan's geo-economic potential is substantial, owing to its strategic location connecting South Asia, Central Asia, and the
Middle East. The country is uniquely positioned to benefit from opportunities like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
(CPEC), Gwadar Port, and the blue economy, especially maritime trade. Its geographic location also offers prospects for
tourism, with cultural sites and breathtaking landscapes ready to attract global visitors. However, these advantages are
overshadowed by numerous challenges, such as bureaucratic inefficiency, regional conflicts, and over-reliance on external
debts. Institutional inefficiencies, inconsistent policies, and slow-paced development—evident in CPEC's delayed
progress—hinder Pakistan's geo-economic ambitions. Moreover, regional competition from nations like India and

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Bangladesh, coupled with the country's dependence on a few
geopolitical allies, further complicates the situation. The lack of diversified economic strategies limits the country's growth
potential and leaves it vulnerable to shifts in global politics.
For Pakistan to realize its geo-economic potential, the article argues that critical reforms are necessary. Streamlining
bureaucracy, ensuring policy continuity, and investing in human capital through educational reforms are vital steps forward.
The government must embrace economic diversification, especially in emerging industries like IT, renewable energy, and
biotechnology. Financial stability, achieved by improving tax collection and reducing dependence on foreign debt, is another
key factor. Pakistan must also improve its foreign policy approach, favoring economic diplomacy over traditional
geopolitical alignments. To address these challenges, visionary leadership and a unified effort from both government and
the people are essential. While the obstacles are significant, the rewards of tapping into Pakistan's geo-economic strengths
are immense. The country's future hinges on its ability to leverage its strategic position, develop consistent policies, and
build lasting economic partnerships.
2. Overview:
This article explores Pakistan's geo-economic potential, focusing on its strategic location and the opportunities it offers,
such as CPEC, Gwadar Port, and tourism. It highlights the internal and external challenges hindering progress, including
bureaucratic inefficiency and regional conflicts, and suggests ways forward through policy reforms, economic
diversification, and improved financial stability.
3. NOTES:
Pakistan’s geo-economic potential is vast due to its strategic location connecting South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle
East, presenting key opportunities through initiatives like CPEC, Gwadar Port, and the blue economy. However, the country
faces significant challenges, including bureaucratic inefficiency, regional conflicts, and over-reliance on external debts,
which hinder progress and development. To leverage its geo-economic advantages, Pakistan needs to focus on streamlining
bureaucracy, ensuring policy consistency, and investing in human capital through educational reforms. Economic
diversification is pivotal, particularly in emerging sectors such as IT, renewable energy, and biotechnology. Additionally,
enhancing financial stability by improving tax collection and reducing foreign debt dependency is essential. Pakistan must
also shift its foreign policy focus towards economic diplomacy and seek to build more diverse international partnerships,
reducing its reliance on a few geopolitical allies. By tackling these challenges and capitalizing on its geographical strengths,
Pakistan can unlock its true economic potential, paving the way for a more prosperous and stable future.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs (e.g., economic challenges and opportunities, foreign policy strategies)
• International Relations (e.g., economic diplomacy, regional economic cooperation)
• Economics (e.g., economic diversification, financial stability, fiscal policy)
5. Notes for Beginners:
For beginners, understanding geo-economics requires recognizing how countries use economic resources to further their
political and strategic goals. Pakistan's location connects multiple regions, which presents opportunities for trade, tourism,
and economic partnerships, but challenges like internal inefficiency and regional tensions need to be overcome. For
example, CPEC is an initiative that could bring significant economic benefits, but slow progress due to bureaucratic

obstacles is a real issue. The article shows that diversification, such as promoting industries like IT and renewable energy,
can help Pakistan move away from relying on a few sectors like agriculture.
6. Facts and Figures:
• CPEC: A significant initiative to improve Pakistan's infrastructure, connecting it to Central Asia and China.
• Gwadar Port: A strategic port that is expected to handle massive international trade and significantly boost Pakistan's
economy.
• Blue Economy: Pakistan’s coastline stretches over 1,000 kilometers, with significant untapped potential in maritime
trade.
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To wrap up, The article emphasizes that Pakistan has the potential to reshape its future by capitalizing on its geo-economic
strengths. While the challenges are considerable, the country’s strategic location offers unmatched opportunities for growth.
By addressing internal inefficiencies and focusing on economic diplomacy, Pakistan can build a more stable and
prosperous future.

96. From Unipolar to Multipolar: The Evolution of Economic Blocs

1. Summary:
The evolution from a unipolar to a multipolar world is reshaping global power dynamics, driven by China's rise, the
influence of middle powers, and the emergence of economic blocs like BRICS and SCO. This transformation challenges
U.S. dominance, reduces reliance on Western systems, and promotes economic sovereignty. China's Belt and Road Initiative
and BRICS' efforts to introduce alternative currencies highlight the shift towards regional cooperation and a decentralized

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economic system. Meanwhile, middle powers, leveraging their
geopolitical, economic, and military strengths, are playing a critical role in shaping the multipolar global order.
Historically, the global order evolved from multipolarity to bipolarity during the Cold War, and then to unipolarity with the
U.S. as the sole superpower post-1991. However, the rise of China, coupled with the strategies of countries like India, Saudi
Arabia, and Brazil, has paved the way for a multipolar order. Economic blocs now counter U.S. sanctions and seek financial
independence, signaling a peaceful yet significant transition. This realignment fosters opportunities for developing nations
while addressing vulnerabilities caused by unilateral dominance. Although the long-term implications remain uncertain, the
ongoing trajectory promises a more balanced and inclusive global economy.
2. Overview:
This article focuses on the global shift from a U.S.-led unipolar system to a multipolar one, driven by economic blocs,
middle powers, and China's rise. It highlights the growing importance of alliances like BRICS and SCO, which are
transforming global trade, economic policies, and political alliances.
3. NOTES:
The global shift from unipolarity to multipolarity marks a significant change in international relations, with alliances like
BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) challenging U.S. dominance. China’s rise as an economic
powerhouse, along with the increasing influence of middle powers such as India, Brazil, and Saudi Arabia, plays a central
role in reshaping the global order. These nations are leveraging their economic, military, and geopolitical strengths to drive
regional cooperation and reduce dependence on Western-dominated systems. The article highlights the role of sanctions
imposed by the U.S., particularly on countries like Russia and Iran, and how these have prompted nations to seek alternatives
through economic blocs. BRICS, for example, has expanded from five to eleven members, promoting a more diversified
global financial system and reducing reliance on the U.S. dollar. The growing influence of middle powers and the rise of
economic partnerships signal a more balanced global economic order that is less susceptible to the dominance of a single
superpower.
4. Related CSS Topics:
• International Relations: Global power dynamics, multipolarity, and economic blocs.
• Pakistan Affairs: Effects of U.S. sanctions on Pakistan (e.g., Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline).
• Current Affairs: Economic initiatives like BRI and shifts in global alliances.
• Economics: Regional trade agreements and currency independence from the U.S. dollar.
5. Notes for Beginners:
In simpler terms, the global system has shifted from being controlled by a single superpower, known as unipolarity, to a
more balanced system where multiple powerful countries, or a multipolar system, share influence. This transformation is
largely driven by China’s rise, which began with its economic reforms in the late 20th century and continues with massive
projects like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), a trillion-dollar effort to improve global trade connections. Additionally,
middle powers such as India and Brazil are playing key roles in shaping this new order by strengthening their economies
and forming alliances like BRICS. These middle powers may not be superpowers, but their economic and political strategies
significantly impact global affairs. The U.S., while still a major power, has increasingly relied on sanctions to control other
nations, such as Russia and Iran, but these actions have pushed other countries to find new ways to cooperate economically,
often outside the U.S.-led systems. For example, BRICS nations are considering creating a common currency to reduce their
reliance on the U.S. dollar. This shift in power dynamics offers more opportunities for developing nations and reflects the
ongoing changes in the global economic and political landscape.

6. Facts and Figures:

• BRICS represents over 40% of the global population and 37.3% of GDP (PPP).
• China's BRI is a trillion-dollar infrastructure initiative influencing Asia, Africa, and Europe
• The U.S. imposed sweeping sanctions on Russia after its invasion of Ukraine.
• Approximately 800 million people were lifted out of poverty in China due to economic reforms.

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To wrap up, The shift from unipolarity to multipolarity reflects
a rebalancing of global power that prioritizes regional cooperation and economic sovereignty. As nations collaborate to
counter Western dominance, this transformation fosters inclusivity, development, and resilience against unilateral
influences. The article underlines the interplay between economics and geopolitics, making it a critical study for
understanding modern international relations.

97. Rise of Populism: A Threat to Liberal Democracy.

1. Summary:
Populism poses a double-edged threat to liberal democracy by exploiting public frustrations and undermining democratic
institutions. It thrives on economic inequality, social discontent, and lack of public trust, often using divisive rhetoric to gain
traction. While liberal democracies have shown resilience, the unchecked rise of authoritarian populism risks eroding
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foundational principles like pluralism, freedom, and
transparency. Leaders like those in Hungary and Turkey exemplify how populists consolidate power and weaken
institutional safeguards, turning reforms into tools for authoritarianism. Furthermore, the transnational spread of populist
ideologies amplifies their influence, resembling historical fascist movements. To combat this, governments must address
underlying economic and social grievances, involve diverse stakeholders in policymaking, and strengthen democratic norms
to maintain institutional integrity.
The solution lies in proactive measures. Liberal democracies should prioritize economic growth, reduce inequality, and
enhance citizen engagement to restore public trust. Strengthening checks and balances, ensuring transparency, and
promoting international accountability are essential to counteract the global spread of populism. A pragmatic, balanced
approach—free of overreaction—can mitigate the immediate risks posed by populism. However, failure to act decisively
could embolden illiberal movements, endangering global democratic stability. This battle between populism and democracy
is a defining challenge of our era, requiring steadfast commitment to democratic values.
2. Overview:
The article discusses the growing threat of populism to liberal democracy, highlighting its roots in social frustrations and its
potential to undermine democratic institutions. It underscores the need for robust institutional frameworks, transparent
governance, and economic policies that address public grievances. The transnational nature of populism and its resemblance
to historical ideologies underline the urgency for global cooperation to counter its spread.
3. NOTES:
Populism poses a significant threat to democracy when it undermines institutions, restricts freedoms, and challenges pluralist
principles. It thrives on economic inequality, public distrust, and discontent, making it essential to address these root causes
to diminish its appeal. Strengthening democratic frameworks, such as checks and balances, transparent governance, and
inclusive policymaking, can counteract populist narratives. Globally, populism spreads through shared strategies and
rhetoric, necessitating international accountability and cooperation. Furthermore, tackling economic challenges like
unemployment, rising living costs, and limited access to basic rights is crucial to restoring trust in liberal policies and
reinforcing democratic values. Recognizing the role of geopolitical dynamics and strategic alliances in enabling populist
regimes also offers insights into the broader implications of this phenomenon.
4. Related CSS Topics:
• Political Science: Authoritarianism and Democracy.
• International Relations: Global Governance and Populism.
• Pakistan Affairs: Challenges to Democratic Norms.
• Governance and Public Policy: Institutional Reforms and Accountability.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Populism arises when leaders exploit public frustrations, such as economic inequality and lack of trust in institutions, to
gain support. It becomes dangerous when leaders push authoritarian policies, limit freedoms, or weaken democratic
institutions. For example, leaders in Hungary and Turkey have used populist tactics to consolidate power, harming
democracy. Populism also spreads internationally, with movements borrowing ideas and strategies. Governments must
address social issues like unemployment and rising costs to reduce populist appeal. Transparency and fairness in
policymaking can restore trust, ensuring democracy’s stability.

6. Facts and Figures:

• Hungary and Turkey are key examples where populism has undermined democratic institutions.

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 • Populism often peaks during periods of economic
distress and political dissatisfaction.
• Historical parallels: Fascist movements of the 1920s and 1930s spread similarly through shared strategies and
ideologies.
To wrap up, this article captures the escalating threat populism poses to liberal democracy, urging swift action to counteract
its effects. By addressing economic grievances, restoring public trust, and fostering transparency, governments can weaken
populist appeal. International cooperation and accountability are pivotal in curbing its global diffusion. The resilience of
democracy, tested by populism, can prevail if leaders remain steadfast in promoting pluralism, freedom, and justice. Failure
to act decisively, however, risks tipping the scales toward authoritarianism.

98. Trump 2.0: Impacts on Middle Eastern Politics

1. Summary:

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Trump's return to power promises both continuity and chaos in U.S.
Middle Eastern policies, as his "America First" doctrine blends traditional strategies with unpredictable tactics. His
unwavering support for Israel, sanctions on Iran, and push for Arab-Israeli normalization underscore a familiar trajectory.
Yet, Trump's diplomacy, often veering into turbulence, risks escalating tensions in an already volatile region. The withdrawal
from the JCPOA and actions like the assassination of General Soleimani exemplify his hardline stance, leaving a legacy that
strained regional stability. Meanwhile, the Gulf states' growing alignment with China reflects a geopolitical shift,
challenging U.S. dominance and complicating Trump's approach.
Geopolitical dynamics in the Middle East under Trump 2.0 are likely to feature enhanced Israeli-Arab relations juxtaposed
with heightened U.S.-Iran hostility. While his strategies may build on existing policies, their unilateral nature could further
destabilize the region. Additionally, China’s growing influence in Gulf trade and diplomacy reflects a decline in U.S.
dominance, underscoring the complex landscape of global power rivalries. In essence, Trump's leadership could exacerbate
instability while reshaping alliances, demanding careful navigation by all stakeholders in a region central to international
politics.
2. Overview”
This article analyzes the implications of Trump’s second Middle Eastern politics. It explores his likely continuation of pro-
Israel policies, sanctions on Iran, and efforts at Arab-Israeli normalization, juxtaposed with his erratic diplomacy that could
foster instability. It also highlights the shifting geopolitical dynamics, including China's rising influence in the Gulf region.
3. Notes:
Trump’s potential return to power highlights a mix of continuity and disruption in U.S. Middle Eastern policies. His staunch
support for Israel, continuation of sanctions on Iran, and efforts to normalize Arab-Israeli relations align with his previous
administration’s strategies. However, his unpredictable diplomacy could exacerbate tensions in an already fragile region.
Policies like the Abraham Accords and the withdrawal from the JCPOA showcase his administration’s preference for
unilateral actions, which often challenge established diplomatic norms. Additionally, the growing autonomy of Gulf states
and China’s increasing influence signal significant geopolitical shifts, potentially undermining U.S. dominance in the region.
This evolving dynamic emphasizes the need for understanding global power rivalries and their implications for regional
stability.
4. Related Css Syllabus topic
• International Relations: U.S. foreign policy, shifting global power dynamics.
• Pakistan Affairs: Lessons for Pakistan in balancing global and regional powers.
• Current Affairs: China's growing influence and U.S.-China rivalry.

5. Notes for Beginners:

Trump’s second term could keep the focus on backing Israel, punishing Iran, and fostering peace deals between Arab
countries and Israel. For example, the Abraham Accords strengthened ties between Israel and some Arab states. However,
his unpredictable decisions, like pulling out of the Iran nuclear deal, made the region more unstable. Meanwhile, countries
in the Gulf are forming closer ties with China, which means the U.S. might lose some influence. This shows how leaders’
choices impact global relationships, often creating new challenges and opportunities.
6. Facts & Figures
• Bilateral trade between Gulf states and China reached $315.8 billion in 2022.
• Trump recognized Jerusalem as Israel's capital and imposed severe sanctions on Iran.
• The Abraham Accords normalized relations between Israel and several Arab nations.

99. CSS Exams: A Test of Knowledge, Aptitude, and Attitude.

1. Summary:
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The CSS examination works as a litmus test of not only knowledge
but also one’s aptitude and attitude, demanding rigorous preparation, unwavering discipline, and a resilient mindset. It
underscores the need for candidates to rise above shallow reading, shortcuts, and over-reliance on guidebooks. Success
hinges on the quality of preparation, conceptual clarity, and consistent writing practice. Misguided by illusions of easy
success, many aspirants neglect the arduous effort and commitment required, ultimately succumbing to failure. The system’s
merit-based design provides an egalitarian platform for aspirants from all walks of life, yet the blame game persists among
those unwilling to accept personal accountability for their shortcomings.
Mental resilience and self-motivation are pivotal to navigating the high-pressure CSS environment. Candidates must
approach the exam with clarity of purpose, focusing on comprehensive preparation that includes deep engagement with core
texts and critical thinking. The article highlights the detrimental effects of academy culture, which fosters superficial
learning, and stresses the importance of fostering mature ideas and diverse perspectives to excel, particularly in essay
writing. Success in CSS is not a matter of chance but a deliberate outcome of sustained effort, quality reading, disciplined
writing practice, and a deep sense of purpose. It is a journey of self-discovery, resilience, and transformation, testing not
just intellectual capabilities but also character and perseverance.
2. Overview:
The article emphasizes the CSS examination as a rigorous and merit-based process that demands accountability, resilience,
and in-depth preparation. It emphasizes superficial learning approaches, highlighting the importance of quality reading,
writing practice, and self-motivation as key to success.
3. NOTES:
Success in the CSS exam requires a multifaceted approach to preparation, with an emphasis on quality reading, conceptual
clarity, and consistent writing practice. Aspirants should focus on developing critical thinking and mature arguments while
avoiding shortcuts like reliance on guidebooks or academy notes. Building mental resilience is crucial for managing the
immense pressure associated with the exam. Understanding the merit-based nature of the CSS system and trusting its
transparency is essential, alongside holding oneself accountable for preparation and addressing individual shortcomings.
Dedication, perseverance, and a disciplined routine are the bedrock of achieving success in this competitive exam.
4. CSS Syllabus Topics/Subjects
• Essay Writing: Importance of practice and clarity in essays.
• English (Precis and Composition): Need for improved language skills.
• Governance and Public Policies: Transparency and meritocracy in competitive systems.
• Pakistan Affairs: Socio-economic mobility through civil services.
• General Aptitude: Testing knowledge, critical thinking, and resilience.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Beginners should adopt a steady and structured approach, starting with reading diverse materials to broaden their
understanding and enhance analytical skills. Writing a paragraph daily can significantly improve expression and precision
over time. It is essential to focus on core texts and critical discussions to develop depth in arguments rather than relying on
academies or quick-fix solutions. Viewing failures as learning opportunities can build the resilience needed for this
demanding journey. By staying consistent, fostering clarity of purpose, and taking ownership of their progress, beginners
can lay a strong foundation for CSS preparation.
6. Facts and Figures:
• CSS Special Examination 2023 had only a 3.40% pass rate.
• Most failures stemmed from inadequate preparation and shallow reading habits.
• The English Essay paper is the toughest, with a high failure rate.
To wrap up, The CSS exam is a formidable challenge that requires an unrelenting pursuit of excellence. It is not just a test
of knowledge but of discipline, perseverance, and adaptability. Aspirants must take ownership of their journey.

100. The Post-Assad Era: Geopolitical Shifts and Regional Challenges.

1. Summary:
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The fall of Bashar al-Assad's government marks a watershed
moment in Middle Eastern geopolitics, unraveling a power structure that shaped regional politics for decades. This collapse,
driven by systemic weaknesses such as economic decline, corruption, and over-reliance on external allies like Russia and
Iran, underscores the volatile nexus of competing international interests. The aftermath highlights a fractured Syria
struggling with governance and rebuilding while navigating the ambitions of regional players like Turkey, Saudi Arabia,
and Israel. Simultaneously, the shift disrupts Iran's Axis of Resistance, challenges Russia's regional dominance, and raises
concerns about terrorism, particularly the resurgence of ISIS.
In a post-Assad era, the geopolitical chessboard shifts dramatically. Turkey's involvement, fueled by its opposition to
Kurdish autonomy, and Israel's vigilance over border security reflect the multi-layered challenges ahead. The United States,
though less directly involved, focuses on counterterrorism and strategic alliances. Amid these dynamics, the Palestinian
cause emerges as a critical concern, with Syria's evolving stance potentially altering regional solidarity. This transformative
period for Syria, marked by instability and competing agendas, represents both a cautionary tale and a canvas for potential
regional realignment.
2. Overview:
The article underscores the geopolitical consequences of Bashar al-Assad's downfall, focusing on the economic, military,
and political factors leading to his regime's collapse. It explores the roles of key players—Russia, Iran, Turkey, Israel, and
the United States—in shaping the post-Assad era. The article also examines the regional instability caused by rivalries,
fractured opposition groups, and emerging threats like ISIS.
3. Notes:
The fall of Bashar al-Assad's regime highlights a culmination of systemic weaknesses, including economic decline,
corruption, and over-reliance on external allies like Russia and Iran. These vulnerabilities destabilized Syria’s military and
political structure, allowing rebel forces to gain control rapidly. The geopolitical repercussions are significant, with Iran's
influence waning and Russia's ambitions in the Middle East questioned. Turkey emerges as a key player, leveraging its
influence over opposition groups, but its concerns over Kurdish autonomy may lead to conflicts with other factions,
including the US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces. Meanwhile, Israel must navigate the challenges posed by Sunni Islamist
groups near its borders, and the United States faces a dual task of countering terrorism while supporting stability in
northeastern Syria. The regime's collapse presents opportunities for Saudi Arabia and its allies to assert leadership, while
Syria's fragmented opposition and devastated infrastructure underscore the immense challenges of rebuilding. This
geopolitical shift has implications for regional stability, counterterrorism, and the Palestinian cause, making Syria a focal
point of international and regional strategies.
4. CSS Relevance:
• International Relations: Middle East geopolitics, alliances, and power struggles.
• Current Affairs: Counterterrorism, rebuilding war-torn nations, and global security concerns.
5. Notes for Beginners:
The fall of Assad’s regime is like a house collapsing due to a weak foundation—corruption, economic struggles, and
dependence on others. This created openings for groups like ISIS to return, causing security concerns. Imagine a cricket
match where one team loses key players and faces disarray; similarly, Assad’s fall left Syria in turmoil. Countries like Turkey
and Israel are like captains trying to control the game, but each has its own strategies. The article shows how fragile systems
can crumble and how rebuilding requires both internal unity and external support.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Assad’s government lasted nearly 50 years before its fall in 2024.
• Years of sanctions and war led to Syria’s economy collapsing, with billions needed for reconstruction.
• Regional rivalries now influence key areas like Aleppo, Homs, and the Golan Heights.

101. Pakistan: Climate Crisis and Economic Recession

1. Summary:
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The article highlights the devastating impact of climate
change on Pakistan's economy, exacerbated by human activities such as deforestation, reliance on fossil fuels, and outdated
agricultural practices. With events like the 2022 floods draining the economy and displacing millions, the country faces a
dire need to address its vulnerabilities. Pakistan's fragile economy, heavily dependent on agriculture and manual labor,
struggles to cope with the repercussions of extreme weather, soil degradation, and rising sea levels. The lack of climate
financing and political instability further impede efforts to combat these challenges. However, the article emphasizes that
proactive investments in renewable energy, modern agricultural techniques, and disaster risk management can mitigate these
effects and pave the way for a sustainable future.
The author proposes actionable strategies such as adopting green technologies, implementing efficient water management
systems, and focusing on resilient infrastructure to safeguard vulnerable communities. By learning from countries like
Vietnam, which successfully leveraged climate funds, Pakistan can overcome funding gaps and align its policies with global
objectives. The article concludes with a call for collective efforts and robust policymaking to harmonize human actions with
environmental needs, ensuring a greener and more resilient Pakistan.
2. Overview:
The article discusses Pakistan's climate crisis, its economic ramifications, and the urgent need for sustainable strategies. It
highlights the consequences of human-induced climate change and offers insights into effective solutions.
3. NOTES:
The article aligns with environmental science and Pakistan affairs, exploring topics like climate resilience, renewable
energy, and socio-economic policies. It looks into challenges such as financing gaps and highlights the role of modern
technology and governance in addressing climate change. Understanding these issues is essential analyzing Pakistan's
environmental and economic policies.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Environmental Science: Climate change impacts, renewable energy, sustainable development.
• Pakistan Affairs: Economic policies, agriculture sector challenges, disaster risk management.
• International Relations: Global climate agreements, climate financing challenges.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Climate change results from human activities like burning fossil fuels and cutting forests, leading to extreme weather events
such as floods and heatwaves. For example, the 2022 floods in Pakistan displaced millions and caused billions in losses.
Sustainable practices like using solar energy and modern farming techniques can reduce these impacts. Countries like
Vietnam have successfully addressed similar challenges by using climate funds, showing that investing in renewable energy
and resilient infrastructure can lead to economic benefits while protecting the environment.
6. Facts and Figures:
• The 2022 floods cost Pakistan 4.8% of its GDP.
• Agriculture contributes 26% to Pakistan’s GDP but could face an 8-10% productivity loss by 2040.
• Rising sea levels threaten 10% of Pakistan’s coastal population.
• Investment in resilient infrastructure yields a $4 return for every $1 spent.

To sum up, This article works as a wake-up call for Pakistan to address its climate vulnerabilities and economic fragility.
By adopting innovative strategies, fostering global partnerships, and ensuring sustainable development, Pakistan can turn
the tide against climate-induced challenges. The journey to a greener Pakistan demands collective effort, but the rewards—
a resilient economy and a sustainable environment—are worth every step.

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 102. Understanding
National Security in Changing Dynamics
1. Summary:
National security, once narrowly defined by military strength and territorial defense, has evolved into a multidimensional
concept encompassing economic resilience, cybersecurity, environmental sustainability, and human security. This shift
reflects the demands of a globalized world where traditional threats coexist with emerging challenges like cyberattacks,
climate change, and economic instability. Historical frameworks, such as the Westphalian system, emphasized state
sovereignty, but the post-Cold War era necessitated an expanded understanding of security, addressing issues like terrorism
and environmental degradation. The United Nations’ 1994 Human Development Report highlighted "human security,"
stressing the need to prioritize individual welfare alongside state defense.
Today, non-traditional threats redefine security priorities. Cyberattacks like the SolarWinds incident demonstrate the
urgency of robust digital defenses. Climate change disrupts agriculture and resources, escalating conflicts and
displacements, while economic instability, as seen during the COVID-19 pandemic, challenges national resilience.
Addressing these complexities requires a proactive and inclusive approach involving technological innovation, public-
private partnerships, and international collaboration. Policymakers must adopt integrated strategies, combining traditional
and modern measures to tackle interconnected security challenges in an increasingly unpredictable world.
2. Overview:
The article emphasizes the transformation of national security, highlighting its expansion from militaristic concerns to
include economic, environmental, and technological dimensions. It underscores the importance of adapting policies to
address globalized threats and stresses the need for collaborative, forward-thinking strategies to ensure stability.
3. NOTES:
National security has transformed into a multifaceted concept that addresses both traditional and non-traditional threats. It
now encompasses military strength, economic resilience, cybersecurity, environmental sustainability, and human security.
The Cold War era’s focus on territorial defense evolved as globalization introduced new challenges like terrorism, climate
change, and cyber threats. The United Nations Development Programme's 1994 Human Development Report emphasized
"human security," shifting the narrative towards prioritizing individual welfare. Contemporary strategies stress proactive
policies involving public-private partnerships, modern technologies like AI, and adaptive governance to counter emerging
issues effectively. Furthermore, international cooperation, such as through frameworks like the Paris Agreement, is
important to address shared threats like environmental degradation and cybercrimes
4. Related CSS syllabus topics:
• International Relations: Global security challenges, cybersecurity, and climate change.
• Current Affairs: Non-traditional security threats and policy adaptations.
• Pakistan Affairs: National security policies in the context of global dynamics.
5. Notes for Beginners:
National security is no longer just about armies and borders. It now includes protecting the economy, environment, and
digital systems. For example, cyberattacks like the SolarWinds breach exposed vulnerabilities in global supply chains,
showing the need for robust defenses. Climate change also poses risks, as rising sea levels threaten coastal cities, while
droughts affect food supplies, sparking conflicts over resources. During COVID-19, economic instability underscored how
deeply security and financial stability are connected. Solutions like the Paris Agreement and public-private partnerships
offer pathways to tackle these issues effectively, ensuring safety in a globalized, unpredictable world
6. Facts and Figures:
• The SolarWinds cyberattack (2020) exposed vulnerabilities in global supply chains, affecting thousands of
organizations, including U.S. government agencies.
• The UNDP’s 1994 Human Development Report introduced the concept of "human security," prioritizing individual
welfare over traditional militaristic approaches.
• Climate change is expected to displace over 200 million people globally by 2050, exacerbating resource conflicts
(World Bank, 2021).
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 • Global military spending reached $2.24 trillion in 2022, reflecting traditional security priorities amidst emerging
threats (SIPRI, 2022).
• Cybercrime is projected to cost the global economy $10.5 trillion annually by 2025, highlighting the critical need
for robust cybersecurity measures (Cybersecurity Ventures, 2021).
To wrap up, This article effectively outlines the evolution of national security, advocating for a comprehensive approach to
address modern challenges. By integrating traditional and non-traditional strategies, promoting international cooperation,
and emphasizing innovation, it provides a roadmap for ensuring stability and resilience in an ever-changing
global landscape.

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The News on Sunday –
103. Staggering Losses From Political Turmoil.
1. Summary:
Pakistan's political turmoil has inflicted colossal economic losses, with daily disruptions costing an estimated Rs 190 billion.
Protests and shutdowns paralyze essential sectors, including tax collection, exports, and foreign investments, creating
cascading economic impacts. Political instability undermines investor confidence and derails long-term development
initiatives like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. This cycle of political unrest, fueled by divisive agendas and
weaponized protests, exacerbates societal fractures and weakens institutional frameworks. The recent PTI-led
demonstrations exemplify this destructive pattern, turning cities into battlegrounds and compounding economic volatility.
Violent clashes, misinformation, and state responses contribute to a climate of distrust, undermining governance and the
rule of law.
The article stresses that genuine progress requires political maturity, responsible governance, and impartial law enforcement.
Protests must foster dialogue rather than chaos, and misinformation must be combated through media literacy and
transparent communication. Pakistan's potential remains untapped due to chronic instability; a unified, nation-first approach
is crucial to breaking this cycle and fostering sustainable growth. Stability and responsible governance are the bedrock of
prosperity, and political actors must prioritize national welfare over short-term gains to unlock the country's true potential.
2. Overview:
The article highlights the severe economic and societal consequences of Pakistan's ongoing political instability. Daily
protests and shutdowns drain the economy, stifle investment, and disrupt essential services, leading to a loss of public trust.
Political factions exploit institutions for personal agendas, further eroding governance. To move forward, Pakistan must
embrace stability, prioritize national interests, and combat misinformation, fostering a unified approach for sustainable
development.
3. Notes:
This article underscores the intersection of political stability and economic prosperity, illustrating how governance and
institutional integrity directly national development. Key takeaways include the importance of investor confidence, the role
of misinformation in societal unrest, and the need for impartial law enforcement. Understanding these dynamics is crucial
for CSS candidates, particularly those focusing on political science, public administration, and economic development.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Political Science: Political instability and governance
• Economics: Economic impacts of political turmoil
• International Relations: Foreign investments and political credibility
• Current Affairs: Recent political developments in Pakistan.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Political instability refers to frequent changes or disruptions in a country's political environment. For instance, protests that
shut down roads disrupt businesses, causing financial losses. Imagine a factory that cannot transport goods due to blocked
roads; this affects production, sales, and jobs. Similarly, misinformation during political crises spreads false information,
like fake news on social media, which can escalate tensions and mislead people.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Pakistan loses Rs 190 billion daily due to political turmoil.
• GDP losses amount to Rs 144 billion per day.
• Export disruptions cost Rs 26 billion daily.
• The Pakistan Stock Exchange lost 3,505 points in a single day due to recent protests.
In a nutshell, Political stability is the cornerstone of national prosperity. Pakistan's ongoing turmoil underscores the need for
responsible governance, constructive dialogue, and societal unity.
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 104. Pakistan Must Change Direction
1. Summary
Pakistan's struggle to achieve economic stability stems from political instability, corruption, and governance failures.
Frequent leadership changes and military interventions disrupt economic planning, while corruption erodes public trust
and misallocates resources. The country’s low tax-to-GDP ratio, inefficient judicial system, and energy crises further impede
progress. Agriculture's dominance and an underdeveloped industrial base limit diversification, leaving Pakistan vulnerable
to global market fluctuations. Additionally, inadequate healthcare, underfunded education, and rapid population growth
hinder the development of a skilled workforce. Persistent issues such as terrorism, brain drain, and infrastructure deficits
amplify economic challenges, leaving the nation at a crossroads.
A shift to technocrat democracy, where competent professionals lead decision-making, is essential for progress. Reforms
in governance, resource management, and economic diversification can pave the way for a knowledge-driven economy.
High-value exports, improved infrastructure, and equitable justice are critical for sustainable development. To foster long-
term growth, Pakistan must address corruption, enhance tax collection, and invest in education and healthcare. Only
through a holistic approach can the nation overcome these hurdles and reclaim its potential as a thriving economy.
2. Overview
The article emphasizes Pakistan's governance crisis, chronic corruption, and lack of economic planning. It proposes a
transition to a technocrat democracy, highlighting the need for judicial reform, industrial diversification, and investment in
human capital to address systemic challenges.
3. NOTES:
Pakistan's persistent challenges stem from political instability, corruption, and governance failures. Frequent leadership
changes disrupt long-term planning, while corruption, including mismanagement of public funds and nepotism, weakens
institutions and erodes public trust. The lack of an effective tax system, with only around three million active taxpayers out
of a population exceeding 240 million, constrains government revenue, leading to over-reliance on indirect taxes that
disproportionately burden the poor. Energy crises caused by flawed contracts have led to industrial shutdowns and rising
unemployment, while an overdependence on agriculture and a failure to diversify exports leave the economy vulnerable
to global market fluctuations. Additionally, underfunded healthcare and education systems hinder the development of
human capital, with rural areas suffering the most from inadequate facilities. Infrastructure deficits, such as outdated
transportation systems, coupled with rising debt and low foreign investment, exacerbate economic woes. Terrorism and
brain drain further compound the challenges, necessitating urgent reforms to governance, industrial diversification, and
resource management for sustainable growth.
4. Related CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Political instability, governance, economic policies, and corruption.
• International Relations: Impact of global market dynamics on Pakistan.
• Economic Policies and Governance: Tax reforms, energy crises, and industrial development.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Pakistan faces challenges due to political instability, where frequent leadership changes prevent long-term policies.
Corruption misuses public funds, as seen in projects like the Orange Line Train. Poor tax collection leaves the government
financially weak, while energy crises shut industries, causing unemployment. Agriculture employs 40% of workers but
contributes only 22% to GDP due to outdated methods. The lack of modern industries restricts export growth, unlike
Bangladesh's success in diversifying its economy. Education and healthcare also remain underfunded, limiting workforce
skills. Reforming governance and diversifying the economy are necessary for progress.
Example: Bangladesh’s shift to high-value exports has boosted its economy; Pakistan can replicate this by developing
industries like IT and high-tech manufacturing.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Tax-to-GDP ratio among the world’s lowest.
• Circular debt exceeds Rs2.5 trillion.
• Youth unemployment above 8%.
• Over 765,000 Pakistanis emigrated in 2022 alone. To sum up, This article underscores the pressing need for
Pakistan to address governance, economic, and social challenges holistically.
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 •

105. Why Education Needs Reform

1. Summary:
The article critically examines Pakistan's deteriorating education system, highlighting a series of challenges that plague
state-run educational institutions across all levels. Primary education suffers from a lack of qualified teachers, insufficient
infrastructure, and minimal financial resources, leaving many schools under-enrolled and ineffective. The article
underscores the alarming divide between public and private education, where private institutions dominate but remain
unaffordable for many, creating a class divide and socio-economic disparity. While the prime minister's initiative to bring
26 million out-of-school children back to school is commendable, it risks being overshadowed by political instability,
corruption, and bureaucratic inefficiencies.
Furthermore, the writer emphasizes the urgent need for comprehensive reforms, including teacher training, administrative
restructuring, and better utilization of resources in state institutions. He warns that neglecting quality education will deepen
social and moral crises. The article calls for a renewed commitment to Article 25-A of the constitution, which mandates free
and quality education for children aged five to sixteen. Without addressing these systemic flaws, the future of millions of
Pakistani students remains bleak in an increasingly competitive global landscape.
2. Overview:
This article highlights the structural and administrative flaws in Pakistan’s education system, highlighting the decline of
state-run schools and the growing reliance on private education. It underscores the need for immediate reform to address
inequality, improve quality, and meet constitutional obligations.
3. NOTES:
The article highlights Pakistan's declining education system, emphasizing the poor state of primary education due to a lack
of qualified teachers, inadequate infrastructure, and insufficient funding. Many rural schools are ghost structures or operate
with minimal staff, while urban public schools face under-enrollment. Private schools dominate but remain unaffordable for
lower-income families, creating a widening class divide and socio-economic inequality. The prime minister's initiative to
enroll 26 million out-of-school children is a positive step but risks failure without addressing underlying issues like
corruption, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and outdated administrative systems. The article stresses the need for comprehensive
reforms, including teacher training, better resource allocation, and adherence to constitutional mandates like Article 25-A,
which guarantees free and compulsory education. It warns that without immediate and sustained efforts, the education crisis
will continue to deepen, exacerbating social and economic challenges.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Challenges in state education, constitutional obligations under Article 25-A.
• Current Affairs: Socio-economic inequality and the class divide.
• Governance and Public Policies: Need for administrative and infrastructural reforms in education.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Pakistan’s education system is struggling due to issues like unqualified teachers and poor infrastructure. For example, many
rural schools have only one or two teachers for all subjects, leading to low-quality education. Private schools, though better,
are too expensive for most families. This creates a divide between the rich and poor, where wealthier children get better
opportunities. The government has promised to bring 26 million children back to school, but without proper reforms like
teacher training and better facilities, this promise might not succeed.
6. Facts and Figures:
• 26 million: Number of out-of-school children targeted by the government.
• 52.2%: Students enrolled in state institutions.
• 43.8%: Students attending private schools.
• 40%: Population living below the poverty line.To sum up, This article highlights the urgent need for education
reform in Pakistan, addressing systemic flaws and inequalities. While the government’s initiatives are a step in the
right direction, they require consistent effort and accountability.
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Arab News Pakistan –
106. Pakistan’s Struggle with Militancy: The Blunt Blade Strategy Doesn’t
Work.
1. Summary:
Pakistan’s persistent battle against militancy, especially in regions like Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), highlights a strategic
failure rooted in overreliance on military force without addressing socio-economic causes. Despite numerous
counterterrorism operations, insurgents remain entrenched, as evidenced by staggering casualties among security personnel
and civilians. Militants like the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) have evolved, developing sophisticated financial
networks through extortion and smuggling while exploiting the void left by inadequate governance. They provide services
and order that the state has failed to deliver, attracting disenfranchised youth. The real solution lies in tackling poverty,
unemployment, and lack of education, which breed extremism. Diplomatic pressure on the Afghan Taliban and regional
cooperation with countries like China and Russia are essential to dismantle cross-border threats. Paul Collier's development-
focused approach underscores that economic opportunities, not just kinetic operations, are pivotal. Effective governance,
local empowerment, and socio-economic investments are key to lasting peace.
2. Overview:
Pakistan’s counterterrorism efforts have focused primarily on military operations, yielding short-term results but failing to
eliminate militancy. The root causes—poverty, lack of education, and unemployment—remain unaddressed, allowing
militant groups to exploit disenfranchised communities. The insurgents’ resilience is strengthened by their ability to provide
civil services where the state has failed. The solution lies in comprehensive governance reforms, socio-economic
development, and empowering local authorities. Diplomatic efforts to dismantle safe havens in Afghanistan and regional
cooperation are also necessary to curb cross-border militancy. A balanced approach combining military efficiency with
transparent, accountable governance is essential to restore state credibility and engage local communities.
3. Notes:
Pakistan’s militancy problem persists due to a flawed strategy focusing solely on military force without addressing
underlying socio-economic issues. Militants exploit poverty, lack of education, and unemployment, offering services in
neglected areas, which attracts disenfranchised youth. The TTP funds itself through extortion and smuggling, sustaining
operations despite counterterrorism efforts. A more effective strategy requires:
• Strengthening local governance and providing civil services.
• Socio-economic investments in education, health, and infrastructure.
• Diplomatic efforts to eliminate Afghan safe havens and regional cooperation.
• Empowering local law enforcement with resources and autonomy.
• Transparent governance to build public trust, avoiding extrajudicial tactics.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Pakistan Affairs: Terrorism and Militancy in Pakistan: Impact of groups like TTP on security and governance.
• Socio-Economic Challenges: Links between poverty, unemployment, and extremism.
• Governance Reforms: Need for effective local governance to counter militancy.
• International Relations: Regional Cooperation: Role of Afghanistan, China, and Russia in combating cross-border
militancy.
• Public Administration: Governance and Development: Importance of socio-economic investments and
strengthening local law enforcement.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Pakistan’s struggle against militancy shows that military force alone cannot solve the problem. Militants gain support by
providing services in neglected areas. The real solution is improving governance, reducing poverty, and creating
opportunities for youth. Regional cooperation and addressing safe havens in Afghanistan are also crucial.
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 6. Facts and Figures:
• Over 193 security personnel killed this year.
• More than 35 terror attacks in October 2024.
• TTP generates billions through extortion and smuggling.
To wrap up, Pakistan’s fight against militancy needs a paradigm shift from force to governance. Socio-economic
development, regional cooperation, and transparent governance are essential to winning this battle and restoring peace.

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 107. Water Security Cooperation Between Saudi Arabia And Pakistan
1. Summary:
The article emphasizes the growing importance of water security, especially for countries like Saudi Arabia and Pakistan,
in the face of climate change and rising water demands. The One Water Summit in Riyadh highlighted global water
challenges such as drought, desertification, and irregular rainfall patterns. Saudi Arabia, under Crown Prince Mohammad
bin Salman's leadership, showcased its commitment by announcing the establishment of the World Water Organization and
investing $6 billion in water-related projects globally. Pakistan, facing both water scarcity and flooding, has been urged to
adopt innovative technologies for sustainable water management. The collaboration between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan,
both bilaterally and through multilateral forums, is seen as vital for achieving sustainable agricultural development and
addressing shared climate challenges.
The article provides an in-depth analysis of the pressing need for global cooperation to combat the adverse impacts of
climate change, including desertification, soil degradation, and biodiversity loss. Pakistan’s Prime Minister highlighted the
catastrophic floods of 2022 and called for advanced irrigation, rainwater harvesting, and dam construction to mitigate water-
related challenges. The article underlines the importance of technology transfer, afforestation, and the shift to alternative
energy resources as solutions to global warming. Joint efforts, including data sharing and sustainable resource use, are
essential to address water security issues and ensure food security for future generations
2. Overview:
This article discusses the critical importance of water security in addressing climate change-induced challenges like
droughts, floods, and desertification. It highlights Saudi Arabia's proactive global leadership and Pakistan’s urgent need for
sustainable solutions. Collaboration between nations, technology transfer, and innovative practices are stressed as necessary
measures to combat environmental and food security challenges.
3. NOTES:
The article highlights the growing global importance of water security amidst challenges like irregular rain patterns,
droughts, and desertification. It underscores Saudi Arabia's leadership through initiatives such as the establishment of the
World Water Organization and its $6 billion investment in water-related projects across 60 countries. Pakistan’s
vulnerab2ilities, including floods and water scarcity, necessitate the adoption of sustainable water management practices
like dam construction, rain harvesting, and modern irrigation methods. Furthermore, the need for international cooperation,
technology transfer, and innovative agricultural development is emphasized, as these measures are vital for addressing food
security and environmental sustainability.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• Environmental Science: Water resource management, climate resilience.
• Pakistan Affairs: Pakistan’s water policies, climate change challenges.
• International Relations: Global partnerships in addressing climate change.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Water security is essential for ensuring sufficient clean water to meet global demands, especially with the increasing impacts
of climate change. Saudi Arabia has taken a leading role by initiating global water projects and creating organizations to
combat drought and desertification. Pakistan, facing challenges like floods and droughts, must adopt strategies such as
building dams, planting trees, and using advanced irrigation techniques. Moreover, the article stresses the importance of
sharing modern technologies globally, like rain harvesting, to improve water resource management. Through international
collaboration, sustainable solutions can help secure water and food for future generations.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Saudi Arabia has invested $6 billion in water-related projects across 60 countries.
• Pakistan experienced catastrophic floods in 2022, causing billions in damages.
• 70% of Pakistan's land is arid or semi-arid.

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 108. Pakistan’s Foreign Policy Holding The Line As Times Change.
1. Summary:
Pakistan's foreign policy is in a state of flux, shaped by its geographical realities, domestic challenges, and evolving global
dynamics. Over the years, Pakistan has maintained a delicate balance between defending its sovereignty and adapting to
international trends. The post-9/11 era saw Pakistan align with the U.S. in the war on terror, gaining financial aid at the cost
of internal socio-political fractures and enduring terror threats like the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP). Relations with
neighbors such as India, Afghanistan, and Iran remain strained, highlighting the need for pragmatic re-engagement
strategies, including trade normalization and strategic dialogues. Meanwhile, Pakistan’s historical ties with China and
transactional relationship with the U.S. demand a tailored, interest-based approach rather than an attempt at balancing
alliances.
On the broader geopolitical stage, Pakistan’s principled stance on issues such as the Palestinian cause and Middle Eastern
conflicts underscores its commitment to regional stability. The Abraham Accords and the shifting power dynamics in the
Middle East call for diplomatic recalibration. While historical grievances like the situation in Gaza persist, Pakistan
emphasizes sovereignty and unity in Lebanon and Syria. By fostering regional cooperation, adopting flexible diplomacy,
and addressing economic and security challenges, Pakistan can adapt to global changes and safeguard its national interests.
2. Overview:
This article underscores the need for a dynamic foreign policy framework tailored to Pakistan’s unique challenges and
opportunities. It highlights the importance of pragmatic diplomacy, regional cooperation, and addressing economic and
security concerns to strengthen Pakistan’s position in a rapidly changing global landscape.
3. NOTES:
Pakistan’s foreign policy reflects its geographical and geopolitical realities, necessitating pragmatic diplomacy and a focus
on regional cooperation. Relations with neighboring countries, including India, Afghanistan, and Iran, remain crucial, with
steps like trade normalization and reappointing diplomats potentially improving ties. Strengthening economic and security
frameworks is vital, especially against threats like the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP). Balancing relations with global
powers such as China and the U.S. should be interest-based rather than an attempt to equalize alliances. In the Middle East,
Pakistan’s support for Palestine and commitment to peace in Lebanon and Syria emphasize its principled stance on
sovereignty and unity. The article highlights the importance of recalibrating foreign policy to adapt to changing global
dynamics while safeguarding national interests through flexible and strategic diplomacy.
4. Relevant CSS Topics/Subjects:
• Pakistan Affairs: Foreign policy, regional relations, and economic strategies.
• International Relations: Diplomatic practices, U.S.-China rivalry, and Middle Eastern politics.
• Current Affairs: Palestine-Israel conflict, Abraham Accords, and global terrorism.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Foreign policy is how a country interacts with others to protect its interests. Pakistan has faced challenges due to its location
and history, especially after supporting the U.S. in the war on terror. Improving relations with India could involve small
steps like restoring trade or appointing diplomats. Balancing ties with global powers like China and the U.S. requires
focusing on Pakistan’s specific needs rather than choosing sides. In the Middle East, Pakistan strongly supports Palestine
and aims for peace in conflict areas like Lebanon and Syria. Examples of foreign policy actions include enhancing trade
with Iran and maintaining cooperation with China despite challenges.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Pakistan-U.S. relations have historically been transactional, with $33 billion in military and economic aid post-9/11.
• Terrorism-related challenges led to over 83,000 casualties in Pakistan between 2001 and 2022.
• Trade normalization with India could unlock significant economic benefits, as bilateral trade potential is estimated
at $37 billion annually.

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 109. Hope Amid Challenges
1. Summary:
The article highlights the political turbulence in Pakistan, which has been marked by intense government-opposition
confrontations and protests, particularly from the opposition Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) demanding the release of their
leader, Imran Khan. The article discusses the ongoing political talks between the government and opposition, initiated in
December 2024, which are still in their early stages. These talks aim to de-escalate tensions and could have a positive impact
on Pakistan’s economic stability and potential growth. Despite an IMF bailout averting a debt crisis, the country faces
serious challenges, such as rising terrorist violence, especially in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan. The dialogue
between the government and opposition is important, as it may pave the way for resolving these issues, promoting economic
reform, and restoring political calm.
The article stresses that for successful political reconciliation, both sides must demonstrate flexibility, with PTI refraining
from disruptive actions and the government addressing the opposition’s concerns. The involvement of the military is also
pivotal in encouraging impartiality. While the trust deficit is significant and talks may falter, the potential for a peaceful
modus vivendi remains, offering a glimmer of hope for domestic peace and long-term stability. The resolution of political
and security issues is essential not just for the country's internal dynamics but also for fostering an environment conducive
to economic recovery and growth.
2. Overview:
This article focuses on the political and security challenges facing Pakistan and the possibility of reconciliation between the
government and opposition. It underlines the need for dialogue to address the country's economic and security issues and
emphasizes the importance of a peaceful resolution to foster stability
3. NOTES:
The article discusses the ongoing political strife in Pakistan between the government and opposition, particularly focused
on the confrontations and protests led by the opposition Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI). The political talks that have
commenced aim to ease tensions and create a path towards reconciliation. These talks, though in their early stages, are
essential for bringing down the political temperature, which has impacted the economy. Despite receiving an IMF loan to
avert a debt crisis, Pakistan faces a long road ahead in terms of stabilizing its economy and moving towards growth. Political
calm is important for encouraging investment and addressing Pakistan's pressing economic challenges, including fiscal
discipline and reforms. On the security front, escalating violence in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan poses a
significant threat, requiring federal and provincial cooperation. The involvement of the military as an impartial mediator in
the political process is highlighted as essential for the success of reconciliation efforts. Both the government and opposition
must show flexibility to achieve a modus vivendi, which would significantly benefit Pakistan’s stability and future
prospects..
4. Beginners:
Political tensions in Pakistan are a result of deep divisions between the ruling government and opposition parties, with PTI
leading protests to demand the release of their leader, Imran Khan. These tensions have not only disrupted the political scene
but have also affected the country’s economy, making it hard to attract investment. The IMF bailout has temporarily
stabilized Pakistan’s finances, but more must be done to sustain economic growth, especially by ending political unrest. The
government and opposition are currently in talks, and if they can find common ground, it will benefit Pakistan greatly by
reducing uncertainty and paving the way for much-needed reforms. Meanwhile, the country faces significant security
challenges, especially in regions like Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, where violent militant activities have claimed
numerous lives. Resolving these issues requires strong cooperation between the federal and provincial governments, as well
as the military playing a neutral role in guiding political dialogue.

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 5. Facts and Figures:
• IMF Loan Package: Pakistan secured a $7 billion loan package from the IMF in September 2024 after meeting
conditions such as fiscal discipline, limiting subsidies, and implementing austerity measures.
• Casualties from Violence: Over 1,000 lives were lost in terrorist attacks in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan
in 2024, highlighting the severity of the security threat in these regions.
• Political Protests: The PTI-led protests in November 2024 paralyzed the capital, resulting in casualties among both
law enforcement and opposition activists.

To wrap up, This article underscores the delicate balance Pakistan must strike between political stability and economic
recovery. For the country's future, the government and opposition must move past their differences and cooperate for
national progress.

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 110. The Global Rise Of Saudi Arabia And Lessons For Pakistan To Learn.
1. Summary:
Saudi Arabia’s strategic rise on the global stage, exemplified by hosting mega-events like the 2034 FIFA World Cup, the
2027 AFC Asian Cup, and the Riyadh Expo 2030, offers significant lessons for Pakistan. These events symbolize the
Kingdom’s commitment to economic diversification under Vision 2030. Massive investments in infrastructure, from
building state-of-the-art stadiums to expanding airports, highlight Saudi Arabia’s proactive approach to sustainable growth,
creating countless job opportunities in the process. The Kingdom’s transformation reflects the shifting global economic
center of gravity toward Asia, with China and India driving much of the world’s economic activity. Saudi Arabia has
embraced this change by fostering economic and cultural ties with China, even incorporating the teaching of the Chinese
language in schools.
In contrast, Pakistan struggles to emulate Saudi Arabia’s success. While Pakistan once showed promise with events like the
1989 South Asian Games, it failed to sustain economic momentum. The article suggests initiatives such as reciprocal
language instruction between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, which could open economic opportunities for both nations. For
example, teaching Urdu in Saudi schools could bridge cultural gaps, while teaching Arabic in Pakistan could help Pakistanis
secure high-skill jobs in the Kingdom. Saudi Arabia’s commitment to long-term growth, as seen in its infrastructure and
cultural policies, provides Pakistan a roadmap for leveraging its potential in an evolving global economy.
2. 3Overview:
This article analyzes Saudi Arabia's economic transformation, emphasizing its strategic efforts under Vision 2030 and the
lessons Pakistan can derive from this success. It underscores the importance of cultural exchange and sustained growth to
achieve economic diversification.
3. NOTES:
The article highlights Saudi Arabia's remarkable progress under Vision 2030, emphasizing its strategic use of mega-events
like the FIFA World Cup 2034, AFC Asian Cup 2027, and Riyadh Expo 2030 to boost economic growth, infrastructure
development, and job creation. It reflects on the Kingdom’s ability to capitalize on the shifting global economic center of
gravity toward Asia, driven by China's and India’s economic expansion. Saudi Arabia’s proactive measures, such as
introducing Chinese language in school curricula, showcase its commitment to cultural and economic integration. In
contrast, Pakistan’s past initiatives, like hosting the 1989 South Asian Games, lacked long-term planning and economic
follow-through. The article suggests promoting cultural exchange through reciprocal language programs between Saudi
Arabia and Pakistan to enhance mutual benefits. As Saudi Arabia positions itself as a global economic leader, the importance
of strategic foresight, collaboration, and leveraging regional opportunities becomes evident for nations like Pakistan.
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Subjects:
• International Relations: Regional cooperation and economic policies.
• Pakistan Affairs: Lessons from global economic success stories.
• Current Affairs: Economic diversification and regional integration.
• Economics: Strategies for sustainable growth.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 involves massive projects like building stadiums and airports to boost the economy. For instance,
hosting the FIFA World Cup not only enhances global recognition but also creates jobs, similar to how organizing a school
event can increase participation and collaboration. In contrast, Pakistan’s past initiatives, like the 1989 South Asian Games,
lacked follow-through, illustrating the importance of planning and sustained efforts.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Saudi Arabia will host three mega-events: the FIFA World Cup 2034, AFC Asian Cup 2027, and Riyadh Expo 2030.
• Vision 2030 has driven substantial investments in infrastructure and created numerous job opportunities.
• The global economic center of gravity has shifted back to Asia after 2,025 years.
• Urdu is spoken by millions across South Asia and parts of Africa, offering untapped potential for cultural exchange.

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 111. Pak-Saudi Trade Volumes Are Not Even Close To Their True Potential
1. Summary:
Pakistan and Saudi Arabia share deep cultural and spiritual bonds, yet their bilateral trade of $3.5 billion does not reflect the
potential of their close political and defense ties. Pakistan predominantly exports textiles, cereals, and fruits, while Saudi
Arabia supplies oil, plastics, and fertilizers. However, untapped opportunities exist in sectors like leather goods,
pharmaceuticals, IT, and marble. The upcoming "Made in Pakistan" exhibition in Jeddah seeks to bridge this gap by
connecting Pakistani exporters with Saudi importers and investors. This trade expansion is vital for diversifying Pakistan’s
economy and aligning with Saudi Vision 2030, which aims to reduce dependence on oil exports. Enhanced trade relations,
supported by improved infrastructure and people-to-people interaction, can significantly strengthen economic ties and
generate mutual benefits.
Pakistan must ensure competitive quality, pricing, and timely delivery to excel in international trade. The operationalization
of Gwadar port will lower transport costs, fostering bilateral trade. Moreover, Saudi investment in Pakistan's IT and defense
sectors can lead to a win-win scenario, leveraging Saudi capital and Pakistani expertise for competitive exports. With
Pakistan's vast population and Saudi Arabia’s role as a significant remittance source, stronger economic ties are not only
essential for development but also for national security. Establishing a robust Joint Commission to oversee trade relations
is pivotal for sustained growth and collaboration.
2. Overview:
This article examines the potential of enhancing trade relations between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, emphasizing
diversification, economic collaboration, and infrastructural development. It highlights the importance of expanding exports
beyond traditional goods and aligning economic strategies with Saudi Vision 2030 for mutual benefit.
3. NOTES:
Pakistan and Saudi Arabia share deep cultural and economic ties, with their bilateral trade volume standing at $3.5 billion.
Despite close political and defense collaboration, trade relations remain limited to a narrow range of goods. Pakistan
primarily exports textiles, cereals, and fruits, while Saudi Arabia supplies oil, plastics, and fertilizers. Untapped sectors like
IT, pharmaceuticals, and marble hold immense potential for diversification. Initiatives like the "Made in Pakistan" exhibition
aim to bridge gaps by connecting businesses and fostering investment opportunities. The operationalization of Gwadar port
is expected to reduce transport costs, enhancing trade efficiency. Moreover, trade ties align with Saudi Vision 2030, which
focuses on reducing reliance on oil exports, presenting Pakistan with opportunities for collaboration in IT and defense
manufacturing. Strengthening trade relations is vital for economic growth, job creation, and bolstering national security for
both nations.
4. CSS Syllabus Relevance:
• International Relations (Pakistan's bilateral ties and regional trade partnerships).
• Pakistan Affairs (economic challenges, Gwadar port, and Vision 2030).
• Economic & Social Development (trade diversification and remittances).
5. Notes for Beginners:
Trade relations between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia are an important example of how countries can collaborate economically
while addressing mutual challenges. Pakistan exports goods like textiles and rice, but it can expand into pharmaceuticals
and IT to tap into Saudi markets. The upcoming "Made in Pakistan" exhibition in Jeddah aims to connect businesses and
foster economic cooperation. Saudi Vision 2030 seeks to reduce dependence on oil by promoting sectors like tourism and
IT, offering Pakistan opportunities for collaboration. Additionally, Gwadar port will lower transport costs, making trade
more efficient. For example, exporting software and defense equipment produced with Saudi investment could boost
Pakistan's economy, demonstrating how international trade strengthens economies and creates jobs.
6. Facts and Figures:
• Current trade volume: $3.5 billion.
• Pakistan’s population: 250 million.
• Saudi Arabia: Key source of remittances and imports like oil.
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The Frontier Post
112. Who will rule Syria?
1. Summary:
Syria stands at a historic crossroads following the potential fall of the Assad regime, grappling with questions about
governance, unity, and external influence. The country's future appears fragmented, with power divided among groups like
Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), the Southern Operations Room, and the Kurdish-majority Syrian Democratic Forces. Echoing
the geopolitical dynamics of post-war Berlin, these factions are shaped by foreign influences, including Turkey, the US, and
regional neighbors. Governance is expected to transition under UN Security Council Resolution 2254, yet lingering
questions remain about whether a federal system or dominance by HTS will prevail. External powers such as Iran, Turkey,
and Iraq, alongside global players, will likely continue shaping Syria's fate, balancing between stabilizing the region and
pursuing their own strategic interests.
Rebuilding Syria demands reconciliation and collaboration, ensuring the new leadership mitigates internal and external
threats. The nascent government must address the scars of polarization and seek Arab support, both politically and
humanitarianly. Lessons from failed revolutions in the region underline the urgency of cautious governance. Syria’s
transformation is not merely a domestic affair but a regional challenge, necessitating diplomacy and resilience to forge a
stable and independent path forward.
2. Overview:
The article explores the complex dynamics of post-Assad Syria, delving into internal divisions, external interventions, and
the prospects for governance. It emphasizes the role of local factions and foreign powers in shaping the country’s trajectory,
highlighting the need for reconciliation and regional collaboration to ensure stability.
3. NOTES:
The article highlights Syria's fragmented future, shaped by local factions and significant foreign influence. Key players
include Hayat Tahrir al-Sham, the Southern Operations Room, and the Syrian Democratic Forces, all operating under the
shadow of external powers like Turkey, the US, Iran, and Iraq. Governance, as outlined in UN Security Council Resolution
2254, is expected to transition to a coalition of revolutionaries and independents, yet the likelihood of HTS emerging as the
dominant force is high. The regional and global stakes remain pivotal, with Syria's future tied to its ability to reconcile
internal divisions, secure regional stability, and foster collaborative relationships. The need for humanitarian support and
Arab solidarity is critical to avoid repeating past failures observed in other revolutions
4. Relevant CSS Syllabus Topics:
• International Relations: Role of UN Security Council resolutions, external powers, and regional stability.
• Current Affairs: The geopolitics of Syria, foreign influences, and humanitarian needs.
• Political Science: Federal governance and transitional political systems.
5. Notes for Beginners:
Syria’s situation can be likened to a puzzle with missing pieces, where different groups control various areas under external
influences. Governance will involve a transition to shared power as per UN agreements, but achieving unity remains a
challenge. Lessons from history, like Berlin's division after World War II, show the difficulties of balancing diverse interests.
Foreign powers, such as Iran and Turkey, play a significant role in shaping Syria’s path. The new government will require
not just internal cooperation but also support from Arab neighbors to rebuild the country and prevent chaos. This situation
underscores the importance of unity, diplomacy, and mutual support for lasting peace.
6. Facts and Figures:
• UN Security Council Resolution 2254 outlines Syria's transitional governance framework.
• Hayat Tahrir al-Sham is currently the most dominant faction, achieving a swift overthrow of Assad's regime.
• Regional actors like Iran, Turkey, and Israel hold substantial influence over Syria's future.

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 Difficult Words Meaning
Words Meaning Synonyms Antonyms
Agitation Organized protest unrest peace
Rhetoric Persuasive speech oratory silence
Populist Appealing to ordinary demagogic elitist
people
Subdue Bring under control suppress encourage
Marginalized Excluded or sidelined oppressed included
Accreditation Certification of quality authorization, disapproval
or standards endorsement
Marginalized Excluded or pushed to disenfranchised, included, empowered
the edge of society. oppressed
Formative Related to development developmental, shaping regressive
or growth
Sustainability The ability to maintain viability, durability instability, fragility
or continue over time
Polarization Division into opposing division, split unity
factions
Repressive Controlling through oppressive, authoritarian permissive
force
Alienation Feeling isolated or estrangement, inclusion
estranged detachment
Resilience Endurance or the ability toughness weakness
to recover
Mitigate Reduce severity alleviate exacerbate
Stunting Impaired growth due to underdevelopment healthy growth
malnutrition
Thingification The reduction of people dehumanization, humanization,
or entities to mere objectification recognition
objects or commodities
Colonialism The practice of acquiring imperialism liberation
and exploiting territories
Recontextualize To reinterpret or place in reinterpret, redefine preserve original
a different context meaning
Neutralize Eliminate a threat Counteract, Invalidate Enable, Strengthen
Leverage Influence over someone Advantage, Clout Weakness, Disadvantage
Jubilant Overjoyed Elated, Overjoyed Depressed, Sorrowful
Coercive Using force or threats Compulsive, Permissive, Voluntary
Authoritative
Stagnant Showing no activity or Motionless, inactive. Active, dynamic.
progress.
Malaise – A general feeling of Uneasiness, discomfort Comfort, well-being.
discomfort or unease.

Femicide The killing of women Gendercide Gender protection

based on their gender
Malaise A general feeling of Uneasiness Comfort
discomfort or unease
Dynastic Pertaining to hereditary Lineal Democratic
rule or lineage

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 Patriarchal Dominated by men or Male-dominated Matriarchal
male authority
Democratic Gradual decline in the regression progress
backsliding quality of democracy
Autocratisation Transition to autocratic despotism democratization
governance
Electoral A system with elections pseudo-democracy liberal democracy
autocracy but authoritarian
practices
Censorship Suppression of restriction freedom
information
Zealotry Fanatical devotion to a Extremism, fervor Moderation, tolerance
cause
Subterfuge Deceptive strategy. Deception, trickery Honesty, openness
Cosmopolitan Inclusive and diverse Multicultural, worldly Provincial, narrow-
minded.
Tethered Secured or anchored Attached, fastened Released, detached
Iteration A version or form of Version, revision. Original, stagnation.
something.
Alienation Feeling of being Isolation, estrangement. Connection, inclusion
isolated.
Confidant A trusted person to share Adviser, companion Opponent, stranger.
secrets.
Manipulate Handle or control Exploit, influence. Neglect, ignore.
unfairly.
Sentient Capable of feeling. Conscious, aware. Insentient, unaware.
Cauldron A situation of instability Turmoil, upheaval. Stability, calm.
or turbulence
Mosaic A diverse mixture. Medley, patchwork. Uniformity,
homogeneity.
Bellicosity Aggressive behavior or Hostility, belligerence Peacefulness,
intent. diplomacy.
Liquidity Availability of cash or cash flow, solvency illiquidity
easily convertible assets
Spurt Sudden increase or burst surge, boost decline
Fiscal Related to government financial, monetary non-financial
revenue or spending
Austerity Strict economic policies frugality, restraint extravagance
to reduce spending
Concessionary Offered at reduced terms preferential, lenient strict
Arbitrariness Randomness or lack of capriciousness, whimsy consistency, equity.
fairness.
Inclusiveness The practice of including Openness, diversity Exclusion, bias
people from all
backgrounds.
Autocratisation Transition toward Despotism, tyranny Democracy, freedom
authoritarian
governance.
Quagmire A complex or hazardous Predicament, Solution, ease
situation. entanglement
Tenuous Weak or insubstantial. Fragile, shaky Strong, stable
Erosion Gradual destruction or Deterioration, decay Preservation, strengthening
weakening.

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