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 A user-friendly reference guide

HTM L5
& CSS3
Rob Crowther

M AN N I N G
www.it-ebooks.info
Hello! HTML5 & CSS3

www.it-ebooks.info
www.it-ebooks.info
Hello! HTML5 & CSS3
A user-friendly reference guide

Rob Crowther

MANNING
SHELTER ISLAND

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For online information and ordering of this and other Manning books, please visit
www.manning.com. The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in
quantity. For more information, please contact:
Special Sales Department
Manning Publications Co.
20 Baldwin Road
PO Box 261
Shelter Island, NY 11964
Email: orders@manning.com

©2013 by Manning Publications Co. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,

in any form or by means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without
prior written permission of the publisher.

Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products
are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in the book, and Manning
Publications was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial
caps or all caps.

User Friendly artwork, characters, and strips used by permission from UserFriendly.Org.
All Rights Reserved.

Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, it is Manning’s policy to
have the books we publish printed on acid-free paper, and we exert our best efforts to that
end. Recognizing also our responsibility to conserve the resources of our planet, Manning
books are printed on paper that is at least 15 percent recycled and processed without
elemental chlorine.

Manning Publications Co. Development editor: Cynthia Kane

20 Baldwin Road Copyeditor: Tiffany Taylor
PO Box 261 Technical proofreader: Adam London
Shelter Island, NY 11964 Typesetter: Marija Tudor
Cover designer: Marija Tudor

ISBN: 9781935182894

Printed in the United States of America

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 – MAL – 17 16 15 14 13 12

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brief contents

PART 1 LEARNING HTML5 1

1 Introducing HTML5 markup 3
2 HTML5 forms 38
3 Dynamic graphics 73
4 Audio and video 119
5 Browser-based APIs 153
6 Network and location APIs 191

PART 2 LEARNING CSS3 231

7 New CSS language features 233
8 Layout with CSS3 271
9 Motion and color 313
10 Borders and backgrounds with CSS3 351
11 Text and fonts 392

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www.it-ebooks.info
contents

preface xv
acknowledgments xvii
about this book xix

PART 1 LEARNING HTML5 1

1 Introducing HTML5 markup 3
Why do we need new elements? 4
New elements for page structure 7
Sectioning content 7 ❍ Headings, headers, and the outlining
algorithm 9 ❍ Common page elements 15
The HTML DOCTYPE 17
New elements for content 18
Time 18 ❍ Images and diagrams with <figure> and
<figcaption> 21 ❍ Emphasizing words and phrases 22
HTML5’s new global attributes 23
Accessibility with ARIA 24 ❍ Extending HTML with custom
attributes 26 ❍ Expressing more than just document
semantics with microdata 28
The HTML5 content model 29
Browser support 32
Supporting Internet Explorer 35 ❍ Enabling HTML5 support
in Internet Explorer with html5.js 36
Summary 36

vii

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viii contents

2 HTML5 forms 38
The limitations of HTML4 forms 39
Numbers, ranges, dates, and times 42
Validation 46
The required attribute 47 ❍ The min, max, and pattern
attributes 47 ❍ Taking advantage of validation with
CSS 49 ❍ Turning off validation 50
Email and URLs 51
Email addresses 51 ❍ Web addresses 53
Elements for user feedback 53
The <output> element 53 ❍ The <progress> element 55
The <meter> element 56
Less-common form controls 57
Telephone numbers 57 ❍ Color pickers 58
<keygen> 59
New attributes for the <input> element 59
Placeholder text 59 ❍ Form autofocus 61 ❍ Protecting
private information with the autocomplete attribute 61
Extending forms with JavaScript 62
Customizing the validation messages 62 ❍ Triggering
validation with JavaScript 64 ❍ Responding to any
changes in value 64 ❍ Creating combo boxes with
<datalist> 65 ❍ Easy ways to work with form
values in JavaScript 67
Browser support and detecting HTML5 features 68
Browser inconsistencies 69 ❍ Detecting supported
features 69 ❍ The html5-now library 71
Summary 72

3 Dynamic graphics 73
Getting started with <canvas>: shapes, images, and text 74
Drawing shapes 76 ❍ Placing images 82 ❍ Drawing
text 84
Advanced <canvas>: gradients, shadows, and animation 87
Creating gradients 88 ❍ Drawing drop shadows 91
Transformations 92 ❍ Animation 94

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 contents ix

Getting started with SVG 96

Applying styles to SVG 98 ❍ Drawing common shapes 99
Images, text, and embedded content 101 ❍ Transforms,
gradients, patterns, and declarative animation 105
SVG vs. <canvas> 112
Browser support 114
Supporting <canvas> in older versions of IE with
explorercanvas 114 ❍ SVG in XML vs. SVG in HTML 115
Embedding SVG as an image 115 ❍ Referencing an SVG
image from CSS 116 ❍ Embedding SVG as an object 116
SVG support in older browsers with SVG Web and Raphaël 116
Summary 118

4 Audio and video 119

Audio and video on the modern web 119
The <audio> element 123
Common attributes: controls, autoplay, loop, and preload 124
Codecs and license issues 129 ❍ Using multiple sources 133
The <video> element 134
<video> element attributes 135 ❍ Containers, codecs,
and license issues 138 ❍ Easy encoding with Miro Video
Converter 139 ❍ Advanced encoding with FFmpeg 140
Using multiple sources 142
Controlling audio and video with JavaScript 144
Integrating media with other content 146
Browser support 150
Web server configuration for audio and video 151
Supporting legacy browsers with Flash video 152
Summary 152

5 Browser-based APIs 153

Rich-text editing with the contenteditable attribute 154
Basic text editing 155 ❍ The spellcheck attribute 157
Applying formatting to the editable text 160
Natural user interaction with drag-and-drop 164
Basic drag-and-drop 167 ❍ Drag-and-drop in all
browsers 169

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x contents

Managing the Back button with the history API 173

Updating page state 175 ❍ Using location.hash 176
Example: Implementing an undo feature 177
Getting semantic with the microdata API 179
Using a single microdata format 180 ❍ Using multiple
microdata formats 183
Lag-free interfaces with web workers 185
Browser support 189
Summary 189

6 Network and location APIs 191

Finding yourself with the Geolocation API 192
Finding your location 193 ❍ Finding your location more
accurately 194 ❍ Finding your location continuously 195
Practical uses for geolocation 196
Communication in HTML5 200
Enabling more secure integration with cross-document
messaging 201 ❍ Real-time communication with the
WebSocket API 205
Offline web applications 208
Setting up a development environment 209
The application cache 211 ❍ Managing network
connectivity in offline apps 215
Storing data for offline use 222
Local storage 223 ❍ Session storage 227 ❍ Putting
it all together 228
Browser support 229
Summary 229

PART 2 LEARNING CSS3 231

7 New CSS language features 233
Choosing elements through their relationships 234
Selecting sets of elements with combinators 235
Selecting among a set of elements with
pseudo-classes 240

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 contents xi

Choosing elements by their attributes 251

Choosing what isn’t 255 ❍ Pseudo-elements 257
Choosing elements based on user interaction 261
Styling form elements based on state 262 ❍ Styling the
page based on the target of the URL 265
Browser support 267
Using jQuery to support older browsers 269
Summary 270

8 Layout with CSS3 271

Underused CSS2 layout features 272
Placing elements on a line with inline-block 272 ❍ Grouping
element dimensions with display: table 275
CSS3 improvements to CSS2 approaches 279
Mixing different length units with calc 279 ❍ Controlling
the box model 284
Using media queries for flexible layout 285
Resolution detection 287 ❍ Changing layout based on
orientation and aspect ratio 291 ❍ Additional
device-detection features 292
The future of CSS layout 293
Using flexible boxes for nested layout 294 ❍ Using the
CSS3 Grid Alignment module 298 ❍ Controlling content
flow with CSS3 Regions 303 ❍ Making complex shapes
with CSS3 Exclusions and Shapes 305
Browser support 308
inline-block in IE6 and IE7 309 ❍ calc in Chrome and
Firefox 310 ❍ box-sizing in Firefox and Safari 5 310
Flexboxes in Chrome, Firefox, IE, and Safari 310
Media queries and old browsers 311 ❍ Regions and
exclusions 311
Summary 311

9 Motion and color 313

Colors and opacity 314
Opacity 314 ❍ RGBA 318 ❍ HSL and HSLA 320

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xii contents

CSS transforms 323

2D transforms 324 ❍ 3D transforms 328
CSS transitions 330
Transition timing functions 334 ❍ Transition
property 337 ❍ Transition delay 338 ❍ Triggering
transitions with JavaScript 339
CSS Animation 343
Browser support 346
Opacity in IE8 and earlier 346 ❍ Transforms, transitions,
and animations in current browsers 346 ❍ Using
modernizr.js and jQuery for animation in older
browsers 349
Summary 350

10 Borders and backgrounds with CSS3 351

Drop shadows with CSS3 352
Box shadows 352 ❍ Text shadows 356
Easy rounded corners 358
New features for background images 361
Background size 361 ❍ Multiple backgrounds 365
Background origin and clipping 369
Selective background scaling with border images 371
Basic border-image 372 ❍ Stretching and repeating
border-image sections 374 ❍ Using border-image to
create common effects 377
Creating gradients with CSS 378
Browser support 384
Cross-browser drop shadows 385 ❍ Cross-browser
CSS3 gradients 386 ❍ Cross-browser backgrounds and
border-image 387 ❍ Supporting old versions of Internet
Explorer 388 ❍ CSS3 PIE for easy IE support 390
Summary 391

11 Text and fonts 392

Basic web fonts 393
Gaining control of fonts with the @font-face rule 394
Font formats: EOT, TTF/OTF, and WOFF 398
Browser support for downloadable fonts 399

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 contents xiii

Making your life easier with font services 400

Downloadable kits: FontSquirrel 400 ❍ Free font services:
Google Web Fonts 403 ❍ Subscription font services:
Fontdeck 405
Advanced web typography 407
font-size-adjust 407 ❍ Advanced font control 409
Text columns 416
Column count and width 416 ❍ Column spans 418
Gaps and rules 419
Wrapping and overflow 420
Word wrap 420 ❍ Text overflow 422
Browser support 423
Summary 423

Appendix A A history of web standards 425

Appendix B HTML basics 441
Appendix C CSS basics 467
Appendix D JavaScript 491

Index 523

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xiv contents

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preface

I first saw the web in my final year of university in 1993-94. All the cool
kids (bear in mind, this was a Computer Science department) were play-
ing with a strange bit of software called Mosaic on their Sun 4 work-
stations. I had some fun with it and created my first web page (a guide to
Edinburgh pubs), but it didn’t strike me as anything more than a curios-
ity and it certainly didn’t measure up to “proper” document preparation
formats like LaTeX. It’s not the first time I’ve been completely wrong
about technology—and it won’t be the last!
I went back to experimenting with websites in 1997, a full-on blinking,
scrolling plethora of tacky animated gifs which is thankfully long lost. As
I learned more about the web I stopped seeing it as a poor-quality type-
setting system and started seeing it as a great equalizer. Not only was
visiting a web page something anyone could do, making a web page was also
something anyone could do. Since then I’ve been on a mission, not only to
learn as much as I can about making web pages, but to help others learn
how to make them, and this book is a natural extension of that mission.
HTML5 and CSS3 are fascinating to me not only because of their techni-
cal features, but because they represent growth in the web platform after
several years of stagnation. The more the web can do, the more content
can be shared across the world by ordinary people like you and me.

xv

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xvi preface

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acknowledgments

I’d like to thank my Mum for inspiring my lifelong love of books, my Dad
for inspiring my lifelong love of computers, and my brother for under-
writing my move to London and giving me a chance to get a full-time web
development job. Also sincere thanks to the rest of my family for being
there for me over the years.
A big thank you to Boyd Gilchrist who, while we were both at university,
patiently answered such questions as “What’s this web browser thing,
then?” and “HTML, what the fudge is that?” among many others I
couldn’t be bothered to research on my own in the pre-Google era. Also,
thanks to my other friends at university, especially Graham Barr who not
only put up with living with me for several years but also managed to
keep in touch long enough to read drafts of several chapters in this book.
I’d like to thank everyone at Net Resources, especially my tutor John
Ayscough; Richard O’Connor for giving me the subsequent placement
which was my first commercial web development experience; and Esther
Kuperij for talking him into it. My adventures in web standards have been
greatly aided by the vibrant London web developer community, particu-
larly the London Web Standards and London Web Meetup groups.
Troy Mott at Manning is the person who originally got me involved with
this book project, though at times I’m not sure whether to blame him or
thank him for that! But Troy and all the other people I’ve worked with at
Manning have been massively supportive throughout the writing and
production processes. I’d especially like to thank Katharine Osborne,
Candace Gillhoolley, Cynthia Kane, Bert Bates, Katie Tennant, Tiffany

xvii

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xviii acknowledgments

Taylor, Martin Murtonen, Janet Vail, Mary Piergies, and of course

Marjan Bace, for making this book what it is.
Many people reviewed the manuscript at various stages of its develop-
ment, and I would like to thank all the MEAP readers who provided
comments in the forum as well as the following peer reviewers for their
invaluable feedback: ‘Anil’ Radhakrishna, Braj Panda, Brian R. Bondy,
Curtis Miller, Dave Nicolette, Dave Pawson, David McWhirter, Diane
C. Leeper, Edward Welker, Eric Pascarello, Gary Rasmussen, Greg
Donald, Greg Vaughn, James Hatheway, Jason Jung, Jason Kaczor,
John Griffin, Keith Kim, Kieran Mathieson, Lester Lobo, Lisa Morgan,
Mike Greenhalgh, Nikolaos Kaintantzis, Rudy Pena, Sarah Forst, Stu-
art Caborn, Tijs Rademakers, and Yvonne Adams. Special thanks to
Adam London for his careful technical review of the final manuscript
and for testing the code.
Finally, I’d like to acknowledge J. D. “Illiad” Fraser of User Friendly for
letting Manning use the User Friendly cartoon characters in the Hello!
series and for allowing me to put my own words in the characters’
mouths.

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about this book

You should read this book if you’re interested in learning about the new
features in HTML5 and CSS3 available to web developers and enjoy an
example-driven, visual approach to learning. Readers in any of the fol-
lowing categories should find this book useful:
❂ Experienced web developers
❂ Novice web developers
❂ App developers (iPhone, Android, Windows 8 Metro)
❂ Interactive media designers
❂ Web designers
Different readers will find different parts of the book interesting. Please
see the later section “Book structure and suggested reading order” for
further guidelines on how to navigate the book.

Extra content for beginners

This book focuses on the new features of HTML5 and CSS3; as such it
expects the reader to have a little experience with their predecessors. But
we will take things slowly, especially in the early chapters, and each feature
discussed will come with example code you can try yourself. If you know
what tags are and what a CSS rule looks like, then you should have few
problems. If you’re new to web development, then you’ll benefit from the
short introduction to HTML and CSS in appendixes B and C.
To use many of the new features in HTML5, it is helpful to have some
knowledge of JavaScript. If you are a complete beginner, then you will

xix

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xx about this book

still find this book useful as it mostly uses small examples which are
easy to experiment with. Appendix D is provided to get you started in
JavaScript.

Book structure and suggested reading order

This book is split into two sections: part 1 concentrates on HTML5 and
part 2 on CSS3. The HTML5 section has chapters on the new markup
features of HTML5, forms and form validation, HTML5’s new dynamic
graphics capabilities, using video and audio, new JavaScript APIs for
client-side development, and new APIs related to networking. As a
rough guideline, the early chapters require little-to-no knowledge of
JavaScript, with each successive chapter building your knowledge
base. The second section starts with a couple of chapters on the nuts
and bolts of CSS3 and selectors, followed by chapters on layout, motion
and color, borders and backgrounds, and fonts and text formatting.
Most of the chapters are self-contained,
although there are a few dependencies.
The following chapter diagrams show a
few suggested reading orders, based on your role and what you expect
to get out of the book. Each diagram consists of chapter numbers in
boxes as well as the recommended and optional steps, which are indi-
cated by two types of arrows as shown in the key above.

If you are a ... Read chapters in this order

WEB DEVELOPER
start
If you’re a web developer looking to get up to speed, here 1 2 3 4
then you should have no problem reading the chap-
ters in numerical order. The CSS used in chapters 2
through 6 should be easy for you to follow. If you’re A 5
interested in the history of HTML and the standards
process, then you can read appendix A before you
dive in. It’s likely that appendixes B through D are
9 8 7 6
not going to tell you anything you don’t already know,
so there’s no need to bother with them.

10 11

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 about this book xxi

If you are a ... Read chapters in this order

NOVICE WEB DEVELOPER

start
If you’re a novice web developer, then a slightly dif- here 1 7
ferent approach is recommended. Again, read
appendix A only if you’re interested in history, but do
A B C d 2
read appendixes B, C, and D if you have little-to-no
experience with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. Read
appendix C and chapter 7 right after chapter 1 to
build your familiarity with CSS so that the limited 8 6 5 4 3
amount of CSS used in chapters 2 through 6
doesn’t hold you back.
9 10 11

APP DEVELOPER
start
If your goal is to be an app developer, either target- here 1 2 3
ing mobile devices or Windows 8 Metro style apps,
then the key chapters for you are 1 through 6 which
concentrate on the markup and programming A B d 4
platform provided by HTML5. Include appendixes B
and D plus chapter 7 if you’re coming to HTML5 from
8 6 5
another platform. Chapter 8 discusses CSS layout,
which will be useful for apps. This diagram assumes
a graphic designer will handle the detailed design 7 C
work, so chapters 9 through 11 are not shown.

INTERACTIVE MEDIA DESIGNER

start
If you’re an interactive media designer who is a here 1 3 4
heavy user of Flash for media, animation, or
interactive content, then you can safely skip chapters
A B d C
2, 5, and 6. Chapter 3 deals with dynamic graphics
and 4 with audio and video, and chapters 9 and 10
deal with the more visual-impact aspects of CSS3. 11 10 9 7
Chapter 8 on layout will be of less interest to you,
but chapter 11 covers using custom fonts, so you
may want to read that section.

WEB DESIGNER
start
If you’re a pure web designer with no interest in here 1 7 8
JavaScript, then you can read the book while
avoiding most of the code. Any snippets of
JavaScript you’ll come across in chapters 1 and 7 A B C 9
through 11 can be ignored unless you want to try
replicating CSS3 effects in JavaScript for
backwards compatibility. 11 10

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xxii about this book

Characters and conventions

This book uses many graphic elements and typographical conventions
to guide you and help you learn about HTML5 and CSS3. This section
summarizes what you can expect to see.
CHARACTERS
You’ll be helped along by the characters from the popular User Friendly
cartoons. In case you’re not familiar with this web comic, let me intro-
duce each of the characters and explain their roles in this book.

A.J. is the Columbia Internet Web Developer. He loves com-

puter games, nifty art, and has a big-brother relationship with
the Dust Puppy. He’ll be your main guide through HTML5 and
CSS3, pointing out gotchas and giving you extra tips.

The Dust Puppy was born inside of a network server, a result

of the combination of dust, lint, and quantum events. He is
wide-eyed and innocent, with no real grasp of reality, but he’s
pretty cute and people love him. In this book, Dust Puppy’s
main role will be to help you move from one topic to the next,
summarizing what you’ve just learned and letting you know
what’s coming next.

Erwin is a highly advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) that

resides somewhere on the network. He was created overnight
by the Dust Puppy, who was feeling kind of bored. Erwin will
help out whenever something needs looking up on the internet
or when you need to think like a computer.

Miranda is a trained Systems Technologist and an experienced

UNIX sysadmin. A.J. is her boyfriend and she’ll be helping him
out throughout the book.

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 about this book xxiii

Greg is in charge of Technical Support at the company. He has

broad technical knowledge but no expertise in web develop-
ment. A.J. is helping him learn about web development, and
he’ll ask questions when A.J. isn’t being clear.

Stef works as the Corporate Sales Manager. He can’t under-

stand the way techies think, so he doesn’t get very far with
them. Although he admires the power of Microsoft’s marketing
muscle, he has a problem with Microsoft salesmen, probably
because they make much more money than he does.

Mike works as a System Administrator, and is responsible for

the smooth running of the network at the office. He will help us
out whenever we need to understand some details of server-side
setup.

Sid is a self-described “lichen of the tech-forest floor,” a long-

lived, deeply experienced and acerbic observer of the geek
gestalt. His history in computing involved vacuum tubes and,
later, punch cards. He carries with him an air of compassion
mixed with disdain for the younger geeks around him.

Pitr works with Mike as a System Administrator. For some rea-

son he always wears dark glasses and has adopted a guttural
Eastern European accent. Pitr will take some time out from his
plans for world domination to keep A.J. in his place and to
demonstrate that attention to minor technical details that makes
geeks so well loved.

Crud Puppy is Dust Puppy’s evil twin and nemesis, born from
the crud in Stef’s keyboard. Whenever we need an antagonist,
Crud Puppy will be happy to oblige.

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xxiv about this book

CARTOONS & DIAGRAMS

There are many cartoons and diagrams in this book. The cartoons are
based on the actual User Friendly comic strips. Their intent is humorous
rather than educational as they poke fun at various aspects of web
development. A sample cartoon is shown below.

Diagrams are part of the text; they present information that’s easier to
understand in pictorial form. An example diagram follows.

DIAGRAMS WILL OFTEN BE DISCUSSED

BY CHARACTERS. LIKE THIS.

KEY FEATURES WILL BE

HIGHLIGHTED LIKE THIS.

CODE LISTINGS & SNIPPETS

Code listings and snippets and any occurrence of code in the text will
appear in the LucidaMonoEF font. Here is a typical code snippet:
<body>
<p>HTML5 and CSS3</p>
</body>

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Random documents with unrelated
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Lolly Willowes
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Lolly Willowes

or, the loving huntsman

Author: Sylvia Townsend Warner

Release date: November 25, 2023 [eBook #72223]

Language: English

Original publication: London: Chatto & Windus, 1926

Credits: Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team

at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
images generously made available by The Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LOLLY

WILLOWES ***
Lolly Willowes
OR
THE LOVING HUNTSMAN

SYLVIA
TOWNSEND WARNER

Published by
CHATTO & WINDUS
LONDON
*
CLARKE, IRWIN & CO. LTD
TORONTO

First published 1926

To

BEA ISABEL HOWE

LOLLY
WILLOWES
 Part I

W HEN her father died, Laura Willowes went to live in London with her
elder brother and his family.
‘Of course,’ said Caroline, ‘you will come to us.’
‘But it will upset all your plans. It will give you so much trouble. Are
you sure you really want me?’
‘Oh dear, yes.’
Caroline spoke affectionately, but her thoughts were elsewhere. They
had already journeyed back to London to buy an eiderdown for the bed in
the small spare-room. If the washstand were moved towards the door,
would it be possible to fit in a writing-table between it and the fireplace?
Perhaps a bureau would be better, because of the extra drawers? Yes, that
was it. Lolly could bring the little walnut bureau with the false handles on
one side and the top that jumped up when you touched the spring by the
ink-well. It had belonged to Lolly’s mother, and Lolly had always used it,
so Sibyl could not raise any objections. Sibyl had no claim to it whatever,
really. She had only been married to James for two years, and if the bureau
had marked the morning-room wall-paper, she could easily put something
else in its place. A stand with ferns and potted plants would look very nice.
Lolly was a gentle creature, and the little girls loved her; she would soon
fit into her new home. The small spare-room would be rather a loss. They
could not give up the large spare-room to Lolly, and the small spare-room
was the handiest of the two for ordinary visitors. It seemed extravagant to
wash a pair of the large linen sheets for a single guest who came but for a
couple of nights. Still, there it was, and Henry was right—Lolly ought to
come to them. London would be a pleasant change for her. She would meet
nice people, and in London she would have a better chance of marrying.
Lolly was twenty-eight. She would have to make haste if she were going to
find a husband before she was thirty. Poor Lolly! black was not becoming
to her. She looked sallow, and her pale grey eyes were paler and more
surprising than ever underneath that very unbecoming black mushroom hat.
Mourning was never satisfactory if one bought it in a country town.
While these thoughts passed through Caroline’s mind, Laura was not
thinking at all. She had picked a red geranium flower, and was staining her
left wrist with the juice of its crushed petals. So, when she was younger, she
had stained her pale cheeks, and had bent over the greenhouse tank to see
what she looked like. But the greenhouse tank showed only a dark shadowy
Laura, very dark and smooth like the lady in the old holy painting that hung
in the dining-room and was called the Leonardo.
‘The girls will be delighted,’ said Caroline. Laura roused herself. It was
all settled, then, and she was going to live in London with Henry, and
Caroline his wife, and Fancy and Marion his daughters. She would become
an inmate of the tall house in Apsley Terrace where hitherto she had only
been a country sister-in-law on a visit. She would recognise a special
something in the physiognomy of that house-front which would enable her
to stop certainly before it without glancing at the number or the door-
knocker. Within it, she would know unhesitatingly which of the polished
brown doors was which, and become quite indifferent to the position of the
cistern, which had baffled her so one night when she lay awake trying to
assemble the house inside the box of its outer walls. She would take the air
in Hyde Park and watch the children on their ponies and the fashionable
trim ladies in Rotten Row, and go to the theatre in a cab.
London life was very full and exciting. There were the shops,
processions of the Royal Family and of the unemployed, the gold tunnel at
Whiteley’s, and the brilliance of the streets by night. She thought of the
street lamps, so impartial, so imperturbable in their stately diminuendos,
and felt herself abashed before their scrutiny. Each in turn would hand her
on, her and her shadow, as she walked the unfathomed streets and squares
—but they would be familiar then—complying with the sealed orders of the
future; and presently she would be taking them for granted, as the
Londoners do. But in London there would be no greenhouse with a glossy
tank, and no apple-room, and no potting-shed, earthy and warm, with
bunches of poppy heads hanging from the ceiling, and sunflower seeds in a
wooden box, and bulbs in thick paper bags, and hanks of tarred string, and
lavender drying on a tea-tray. She must leave all this behind, or only enjoy
it as a visitor, unless James and Sibyl happened to feel, as Henry and
Caroline did, that of course she must live with them.
Sibyl said: ‘Dearest Lolly! So Henry and Caroline are to have you.... We
shall miss you more than I can say, but of course you will prefer London.
Dear old London with its picturesque fogs and its interesting people, and
all. I quite envy you. But you mustn’t quite forsake Lady Place. You must
come and pay us long visits, so that Tito doesn’t forget his aunt.’
‘Will you miss me, Tito?’ said Laura, and stooped down to lay her face
against his prickly bib and his smooth, warm head. Tito fastened his hands
round her finger.
‘I’m sure he’ll miss your ring, Lolly,’ said Sibyl. ‘You’ll have to cut the
rest of your teeth on the poor old coral when Auntie Lolly goes, won’t you,
my angel?’
‘I’ll give him the ring if you think he’ll really miss it, Sibyl.’
Sibyl’s eyes glowed; but she said:
‘Oh no, Lolly, I couldn’t think of taking it Why, it’s a family ring.’
When Fancy Willowes had grown up, and married, and lost her husband
in the war, and driven a lorry for the Government, and married again from
patriotic motives, she said to Owen Wolf-Saunders, her second husband:
‘How unenterprising women were in the old days! Look at Aunt Lolly.
Grandfather left her five hundred a year, and she was nearly thirty when he
died, and yet she could find nothing better to do than to settle down with
Mum and Dad, and stay there ever since.’
‘The position of single women was very different twenty years ago,’
answered Mr. Wolf-Saunders. ‘Feme sole, you know, and feme covert, and
all that sort of rot.’
Even in 1902 there were some forward spirits who wondered why that
Miss Willowes, who was quite well off, and not likely to marry, did not
make a home for herself and take up something artistic or emancipated.
Such possibilities did not occur to any of Laura’s relations. Her father being
dead, they took it for granted that she should be absorbed into the
household of one brother or the other. And Laura, feeling rather as if she
were a piece of family property forgotten in the will, was ready to be
disposed of as they should think best.
The point of view was old-fashioned, but the Willoweses were a
conservative family and kept to old-fashioned ways. Preference, not
prejudice, made them faithful to their past. They slept in beds and sat upon
chairs whose comfort insensibly persuaded them into respect for the good
sense of their forbears. Finding that well-chosen wood and well-chosen
wine improved with keeping, they believed that the same law applied to
well-chosen ways. Moderation, civil speaking, leisure of the mind and a
handsome simplicity were canons of behaviour imposed upon them by the
example of their ancestors.
Observing those canons, no member of the Willowes family had risen to
much eminence. Perhaps great-great-aunt Salome had made the nearest
approach to fame. It was a decent family boast that great-great-aunt
Salome’s puff-paste had been commended by King George III. And great-
great-aunt Salome’s prayer-book, with the services for King Charles the
Martyr and the Restoration of the Royal Family and the welfare of the
House of Hanover—a nice example of impartial piety—was always used by
the wife of the head of the family. Salome, though married to a Canon of
Salisbury, had taken off her embroidered kid gloves, turned up her sleeves,
and gone into the kitchen to mix the paste for His Majesty’s eating, her
Venice-point lappets dangling above the floury bowl. She was a loyal
subject, a devout churchwoman, and a good housewife, and the Willoweses
were properly proud of her. Titus, her father, had made a voyage to the
Indies, and had brought back with him a green parrokeet, the first of its kind
to be seen in Dorset. The parrokeet was named Ratafee, and lived for fifteen
years. When he died he was stuffed; and perched as in life upon his ring, he
swung from the cornice of the china-cupboard surveying four generations
of the Willowes family with his glass eyes. Early in the nineteenth century
one eye fell out and was lost. The eye which replaced it was larger, but
inferior both in lustre and expressiveness. This gave Ratafee a rather leering
look, but it did not compromise the esteem in which he was held. In a
humble way the bird had made county history, and the family
acknowledged it, and gave him a niche in their own.
Beside the china-cupboard and beneath Ratafee stood Emma’s harp, a
green harp ornamented with gilt scrolls and acanthus leaves in the David
manner. When Laura was little she would sometimes steal into the empty
drawing-room and pluck the strings which remained unbroken. They
answered with a melancholy and distracted voice, and Laura would
pleasantly frighten herself with the thought of Emma’s ghost coming back
to make music with cold fingers, stealing into the empty drawing-room as
noiselessly as she had done. But Emma’s was a gentle ghost. Emma had
died of a decline, and when she lay dead with a bunch of snowdrops under
her folded palms a lock of her hair was cut off to be embroidered into a
picture of a willow tree exhaling its branches above a padded white satin
tomb. ‘That,’ said Laura’s mother, ‘is an heirloom of your great-aunt Emma
who died.’ And Laura was sorry for the poor young lady who alone, it
seemed to her, of all her relations had had the misfortune to die.
Henry, born in 1818, grandfather to Laura and nephew to Emma, became
head of the house of Willowes when he was but twenty-four, his father and
unmarried elder brother dying of smallpox within a fortnight of each other.
As a young man Henry had shown a roving and untraditional temperament,
so it was fortunate that he had the licence of a cadet to go his own way. He
had taken advantage of this freedom to marry a Welsh lady, and to settle
near Yeovil, where his father bought him a partnership in a brewery. It was
natural to expect that upon becoming the head of the family Henry would
abandon, if not the Welsh wife and the brewery, at least Somerset, and
return to his native place. But this he would not do. He had become
attached to the neighbourhood where he had spent the first years of his
married life; the ill-considered jest of his uncle the Admiral, that Henry was
courting a Welshwoman with a tall hat like Mother Shipton’s who would
carry her shoes to church, had secretly estranged him from his relations; and
—most weighty reason of all—Lady Place, a small solid mansion, which he
had long coveted—saying to himself that if ever he were rich enough he
would make his wife the mistress of it—just then came into the market. The
Willowes obstinacy, which had for so long kept unchanged the home in
Dorset, was now to transfer that home across the county border. The old
house was sold, and the furniture and family belongings were installed at
Lady Place. Several strings of Emma’s harp were broken, some feathers
were jolted out of Ratafee’s tail, and Mrs. Willowes, whose upbringing had
been Evangelical, was distressed for several Sundays by the goings-on that
she found in Salome’s prayer-book. But in the main the Willowes tradition
stood the move very well. The tables and chairs and cabinets stood in the
same relation to each other as before; the pictures hung in the same order
though on new walls; and the Dorset hills were still to be seen from the
windows, though now from windows facing south instead of from windows
facing north. Even the brewery, untraditional as it was, soon weathered and
became indistinguishably part of the Willowes way of life.

Henry Willowes had three sons and four daughters. Everard, the eldest
son, married his second cousin, Miss Frances D’Urfey. She brought some
more Willowes property to the Somerset house: a set of garnets; a buff and
gold tea-service bequeathed her by the Admiral, an amateur of china, who
had dowered all his nieces and great-nieces with Worcester, Minton, and
Oriental; and two oil-paintings by Italian masters which the younger Titus,
Emma’s brother, had bought in Rome whilst travelling for his health. She
bore Everard three children: Henry, born in 1867; James, born in 1869; and
Laura, born in 1874.
On Henry’s birth Everard laid down twelve dozen of port against his
coming of age. Everard was proud of the brewery, and declared that beer
was the befitting drink for all classes of Englishmen, to be preferred over
foreign wines. But he did not extend this ban to port and sherry; it was
clarets he particularly despised.
Another twelve dozen of port was laid down for James, and there it
seemed likely the matter would end.
Everard was a lover of womankind; he greatly desired a daughter, and
when he got one she was all the dearer for coming when he had almost
given up hope of her. His delight upon this occasion, however, could not be
so compactly expressed. He could not lay down port for Laura. At last he
hit upon the solution of his difficulty. Going up to London upon the
mysterious and inadequate pretext of growing bald, he returned with a little
string of pearls, small and evenly matched, which exactly fitted the baby’s
neck. Year by year, he explained, the necklace could be extended until it
encircled the neck of a grown-up young woman at her first ball. The ball, he
went on to say, must take place in winter, for he wished to see Laura
trimmed with ermine. ‘My dear,’ said Mrs. Willowes, ‘the poor girl will
look like a Beefeater.’ But Everard was not to be put off. A stuffed ermine
which he had known as a boy was still his ideal of the enchanted princess,
so pure and sleek was it, and so artfully poised the small neat head on the
long throat. ‘Weasel!’ exclaimed his wife. ‘Everard, how dare you love a
minx?’
Laura escaped the usual lot of the new-born, for she was not at all red.
To Everard she seemed his very ermine come to true life. He was in love
with her femininity from the moment he set eyes on her. ‘Oh, the fine little
lady!’ he cried out when she was first shown to him, wrapped in shawls,
and whimpering at the keen sunlight of a frosty December morning. Three
days after that it thawed, and Mr. Willowes rode to hounds. But he came
back after the first kill. ‘’Twas a vixen,’ he said. ‘Such a pretty young vixen.
It put me in mind of my own, and I thought I’d ride back to see how she
was behaving. Here’s the brush.’
Laura grew up almost as an only child. By the time she was past her
babyhood her brothers had gone to school. When they came back for their
holidays, Mrs. Willowes would say: ‘Now, play nicely with Laura. She has
fed your rabbits every day while you have been at school. But don’t let her
fall into the pond.’
Henry and James did their best to observe their mother’s bidding. When
Laura went too near the edge of the pond one or the other would generally
remember to call her back again; and before they returned to the house,
Henry, as a measure of precaution, would pull a wisp of grass and wipe off
any tell-tale green slime that happened to be on her slippers. But nice play
with a sister so much younger than themselves was scarcely possible. They
performed the brotherly office of teaching her to throw and to catch; and
when they played at Knights or Red Indians, Laura was dutifully cast for
some passive female part. This satisfied the claims of honour; if at some
later stage it was discovered that the captive princess or the faithful squaw
had slipped away unnoticed to the company of Brewer in the coachhouse or
Oliver Cromwell the toad, who lived under the low russet roof of violet
leaves near the disused melon pit, it did not much affect the course of the
drama. Once, indeed, when Laura as a captive princess had been tied to a
tree, her brothers were so much carried away by a series of single combats
for her favour that they forgot to come and rescue her before they swore
friendship and went off to the Holy Land. Mr. Willowes, coming home from
the brewery through a sunset haze of midges, chanced to stroll into the
orchard to see if the rabbits had barked any more of his saplings. There he
found Laura, sitting contentedly in hayband fetters, and singing herself a
story about a snake that had no mackintosh. Mr. Willowes was extremely
vexed when he understood from Laura’s nonchalant account what had
happened. He took off her slippers and chafed her feet. Then he carried her
indoors to his study, giving orders that a tumbler of hot sweet lemonade
should be prepared for her immediately. She drank it sitting on his knee
while he told her about the new ferret. When Henry and James were heard
approaching with war-whoops, Mr. Willowes put her into his leather arm-
chair and went out to meet them. Their war-whoops quavered and ceased as
they caught sight of their father’s stern face. Dusk seemed to fall on them
with condemnation as he reminded them that it was past their supper-time,
and pointed out that, had he not happened upon her, Laura would still have
been sitting bound to the Bon Chrétien pear-tree.
This befell upon one of the days when Mrs. Willowes was lying down
with a headache. ‘Something always goes wrong when I have one of my
days,’ the poor lady would complain. It was also upon one of Mrs.
Willowes’s days that Everard fed Laura with the preserved cherries out of
the drawing-room cake. Laura soon became very sick, and the stable-boy
was sent off post-haste upon Everard’s mare to summon the doctor.
Mrs. Willowes made a poor recovery after Laura’s birth; as time went
on, she became more and more invalidish, though always pleasantly so. She
was seldom well enough to entertain, so Laura grew up in a quiet
household. Ladies in mantles of silk or of sealskin, according to the season
of the year, would come to call, and sitting by the sofa would say: ‘Laura is
growing a big girl now. I suppose before long you will be sending her to a
school.’ Mrs. Willowes heard them with half shut eyes. Holding her head
deprecatingly upon one side, she returned evasive answers. When by quite
shutting her eyes she had persuaded them to go, she would call Laura and
say: ‘Darling, aren’t your skirts getting a little short?’
Then Nannie would let out another tuck in Laura’s ginghams and
merinos, and some months would pass before the ladies returned to the
attack. They all liked Mrs. Willowes, but they were agreed amongst
themselves that she needed bracing up to a sense of her responsibilities,
especially her responsibilities about Laura. It really was not right that Laura
should be left so much to herself. Poor dear Miss Taylor was an excellent
creature. Had she not inquired about peninsulas in all the neighbouring
schoolrooms of consequence? But Miss Taylor for three hours daily and
Mme. Brevet’s dancing classes in winter did not, could not, supply all
Laura’s needs. She should have the companionship of girls of her own age,
or she might grow up eccentric. Another little hint to Mrs. Willowes would
surely open the poor lady’s eyes. But though Mrs. Willowes received their
good counsel with a flattering air of being just about to become impressed
by it, and filled up their teacups with a great deal of delicious cream, the
silk and sealskin ladies hinted in vain, for Laura was still at home when her
mother died.
During the last few years of her life Mrs. Willowes grew continually
more skilled in evading responsibilities, and her death seemed but the final
perfected expression of this skill. It was as if she had said, yawning a
delicate cat’s yawn, ‘I think I will go to my grave now,’ and had left the
room, her white shawl trailing behind her.
Laura mourned for her mother in skirts that almost reached the ground,
for Miss Boddle, the family dressmaker, had nice sensibilities and did not
think that legs could look sorrowful. Indeed, Laura’s legs were very slim
and frisky, they liked climbing trees and jumping over haycocks, they had
no wish to retire from the world and belong to a young lady. But when she
had put on the new clothes that smelt so queerly, and looking in the mirror
saw herself sad and grown-up, Laura accepted the inevitable. Sooner or
later she must be subdued into young-ladyhood; and it seemed befitting that
the change should come gravely, rather than with the conventional polite
uproar and fuss of ‘coming out’—which odd term meant, as far as she could
see, and when once the champagne bottles were emptied and the flimsy
ball-dress lifted off the thin shoulders, going-in.
As things were, she had a recompense for the loss of her liberty. For
Everard needed comfort, he needed a woman to comfort him, and abetted
by Miss Boddle’s insinuations Laura was soon able to persuade him that her
comfortings were of the legitimate womanly kind. It was easy, much easier
than she had supposed, to be grown-up; to be clear-headed and watchful, to
move sedately and think before she spoke. Already her hands looked much
whiter on the black lap. She could not take her mother’s place—that was as
impossible as to have her mother’s touch on the piano, for Mrs. Willowes
had learnt from a former pupil of Field, she had the jeu perlé; but she could
take a place of her own. So Laura behaved very well—said the Willowes
connection, agreeing and approving amongst themselves—and went about
her business, and only cried when alone in the potting-shed, where a pair of
old gardening gloves repeated to her the shape of her mother’s hands.
Her behaviour was the more important in that neither of her brothers was
at home when Mrs. Willowes died. Henry, now a member of the Inner
Temple, had just proposed marriage to a Miss Caroline Fawcett. When he
returned to London after the funeral it was impossible not to feel that he
was travelling out of the shadow that rested upon Lady Place to bask in his
private glory of a suitable engagement.
He left his father and sister to find consolation in consoling each other.
For though James was with them, and though his sorrow was without
qualification, they were not likely to get much help from James. He had
been in Germany studying chemistry, and when they sent off the telegram
Everard and Laura reckoned up how long he would take to reach Lady
Place, and planned how they could most comfortingly receive him, for they
had already begun to weave a thicker clothing of family kindness against
the chill of bereavement. On hearing the crunch of the wagonette in the
drive, and the swishing of the wet rhododendrons, they glanced at each
other reassuringly, taking heart at the thought of the bright fire in his
bedroom, the carefully chosen supper that awaited him. But when he stood
before them and they looked at his red twitching face, they were abashed
before the austerity of a grief so differently sustained from their own.
Nothing they had to offer could remedy that heart-ache. They left him to
himself, and sought refuge in each other’s society, as much from his sorrow
as theirs, and in his company they sat quietly, like two good children in the
presence of a more grown-up grief than they could understand.
James might have accepted their self-effacement with silent gratitude; or
he might not have noticed it at all—it was impossible to tell. Soon after his
return he did a thing so unprecedented in the annals of the family that it
could only be explained by the extreme exaltation of mind which possessed
him: for without consulting any one, he altered the furniture, transferring a
mirror and an almond-green brocade settee from his mother’s room to his
own. This accomplished, he came slowly downstairs and went out into the
stable-yard where Laura and his father were looking at a litter of puppies.
He told them what he had done, speaking drily, as of some everyday
occurrence, and when they, a little timidly, tried to answer as if they too
thought it a very natural and convenient arrangement, he added that he did
not intend to go back to Germany, but would stay henceforth at Lady Place
and help his father with the brewery.
Everard was much pleased at this. His faith in the merits of brewing had
been rudely jolted by the refusal of his eldest son to have anything to do
with it. Even before Henry left school his ambition was set on the law.
Hearing him speak in the School Debating Society, one of the masters told
him that he had a legal mind. This compliment left him with no doubts as to
what career he wished to follow, and before long the legal mind was
brought to bear upon his parents. Everard was hurt, and Mrs. Willowes was
slightly contemptuous, for she had the old-fashioned prejudice against the
learned professions, and thought her son did ill in not choosing to live by
his industry rather than by his wits. But Henry had as much of the Willowes
determination as either his father or his mother, and his stock of it was
twenty-five years younger and livelier than theirs. ‘Times are changed,’ said
Everard. ‘A country business doesn’t look the same to a young man as it did
in my day.’
So though a partnership in the brewery seemed the natural destiny for
James, Everard was much flattered by his decision, and hastened to put into
practice the scientific improvements which his son suggested. Though by
nature mistrustful of innovations he hoped that James might be innocently
distracted from his grief by these interests, and gave him a new hopper in
the same paternal spirit as formerly he had given him a rook-rifle. James
was quite satisfied with the working of the hopper. But it was not possible
to discover if it had assuaged his grief, because he concealed his feelings
too closely, becoming, by a hyperbole of reticence, reserved even about his
reserve, so that to all appearances he was no more than a red-faced young
man with a moderate flow of conversation.
Everard and Laura never reached that stage of familiarity with James
which allows members of the same family to accept each other on surface
values. Their love for him was tinged with awe, the awe that love learns in
the moment of finding itself unavailing. But they were glad to have him
with them, especially Everard, who was growing old enough to like the
prospect of easing his responsibilities, even the inherent responsibility of
being a Willowes, on to younger shoulders. No one was better fitted to take
up this burden than James. Everything about him, from his seat on a horse
to his taste in leather bindings, betokened an integrity of good taste and
good sense, unostentatious, haughty, and discriminating.
The leather bindings were soon in Laura’s hands. New books were just
what she wanted, for she had almost come to the end of the books in the
Lady Place library. Had they known this the silk and sealskin ladies would
have shaken their heads over her upbringing even more deploringly. But,
naturally, it had not occurred to them that a young lady of their
acquaintance should be under no restrictions as to what she read, and Mrs.
Willowes had not seen any reason for making them better informed.
So Laura read undisturbed, and without disturbing anybody, for the
conversation at local tea-parties and balls never happened to give her an
opportunity of mentioning anything that she had learnt from Locke on the
Understanding or Glanvil on Witches. In fact, as she was generally ignorant
of the books which their daughters were allowed to read, the neighbouring
mammas considered her rather ignorant. However they did not like her any
the worse for this, for her ignorance, if not so sexually displeasing as
learning, was of so unsweetened a quality as to be wholly without
attraction. Nor had they any more reason to be dissatisfied with her
appearance. What beauties of person she had were as unsweetened as her
beauties of mind, and her air of fine breeding made her look older than her
age.
Laura was of a middle height, thin, and rather pointed. Her skin was
brown, inclining to sallowness; it seemed browner still by contrast with her
eyes, which were large, set wide apart, and of that shade of grey which
inclines neither to blue nor green, but seems only a much diluted black.
Such eyes are rare in any face, and rarer still in conjunction with a brown
colouring. In Laura’s case the effect was too startling to be agreeable.
Strangers thought her remarkable-looking, but got no further, and those
more accustomed thought her plain. Only Everard and James might have
called her pretty, had they been asked for an opinion. This would not have
been only the partiality of one Willowes for another. They had seen her at
home, where animation brought colour into her cheeks and spirit into her
bearing. Abroad, and in company, she was not animated. She disliked going
out, she seldom attended any but those formal parties at which the
attendance of Miss Willowes of Lady Place was an obligatory civility; and
she found there little reason for animation. Being without coquetry she did
not feel herself bound to feign a degree of entertainment which she had not
experienced, and the same deficiency made her insensible to the duty of
every marriageable young woman to be charming, whether her charm be
directed towards one special object or, in default of that, universally
distributed through a disinterested love of humanity. This may have been
due to her upbringing—such was the local explanation. But her upbringing
had only furthered a temperamental indifference to the need of getting
married—or, indeed, of doing anything positive—and this indifference was
reinforced by the circumstances which had made her so closely her father’s
companion.
There is nothing more endangering to a young woman’s normal
inclination towards young men than an intimacy with a man twice her own
age. Laura compared with her father all the young men whom otherwise she
might have accepted without any comparisons whatever as suitable objects
for her intentions, and she did not find them support the comparison at all
well. They were energetic, good-looking, and shot pheasants with great
skill; or they were witty, elegantly dressed, and had a London club; but still
she had no mind to quit her father’s company for theirs, even if they should
show clear signs of desiring her to do so, and till then she paid them little
attention in thought or deed.
When Aunt Emmy came back from India and filled the spare-room with
cedar-wood boxes, she exclaimed briskly to Everard: ‘My dear, it’s high
time Laura married! Why isn’t she married already?’ Then, seeing a slight
spasm of distress at this barrack-square trenchancy pass over her brother’s
face, she added: ‘A girl like Laura has only to make her choice. Those
Welsh eyes.... Whenever they look at me I am reminded of Mamma.
Everard! You must let me give her a season in India.’
‘You must ask Laura,’ said Everard. And they went out into the orchard
together, where Emmy picked up the windfall apples and ate them with the
greed of the exile. Nothing more was said just then. Emmy was aware of
her false step. Ashamed at having exceeded a Willowes decorum of
intervention she welcomed this chance to reinstate herself in her brother’s
good graces by an evocation of their childhood under these same trees.
But Everard kept silence for distress. He believed in good faith that his
relief at seeing Laura’s budding suitors nipped in their bud was due to the
conviction that not one of them was good enough for her. As innocently as
the unconcerned Laura might have done, but did not, he waited for the ideal
wooer. Now Emmy’s tactless concern had thrown a cold shadow over the
remoter future after his death. And for the near future had she not spoken of
taking Laura to India? He would be good. He would not say a word to
dissuade the girl from what might prove to be to her advantage. But at the
idea of her leaving him for a country so distant, for a manner of life so
unfamiliar, the warmth went out of his days.
Emmy unfolded her plan to Laura; that is to say, unfolded the outer
wrappings of it. Laura listened with delight to her aunt’s tales of Indian life.
Compounds and mangoes, the early morning rides along the Kilpawk Road,
the grunting song of the porters who carried Mem Sahibs in litters up to the
hill-stations, parrots flying through the jungle, ayahs with rubies in their
nostrils, kid-gloves preserved in pickle jars with screw-tops—all the solemn
and simple pomp of old-fashioned Madras beckoned to her, beckoned like
the dark arms tinkling with bangles of soft gold and coloured glass. But
when the beckonings took the form of Aunt Emmy’s circumstantial
invitation Laura held back, demurred this way and that, and pronounced at
last the refusal which had been implicit in her mind from the moment the
invitation was given.
She did not want to leave her father, nor did she want to leave Lady
Place. Her life perfectly contented her. She had no wish for ways other than
those she had grown up in. With an easy diligence she played her part as
mistress of the house, abetted at every turn by country servants of long
tenure, as enamoured of the comfortable amble of day by day as she was.
At certain seasons a fresh resinous smell would haunt the house like some
rustic spirit. It was Mrs. Bonnet making the traditional beeswax polish that
alone could be trusted to give the proper lustre to the elegantly bulging
fronts of talboys and cabinets. The grey days of early February were tinged
with tropical odours by great-great-aunt Salome’s recipe for marmalade;
and on the afternoon of Good Friday, if it were fine, the stuffed foxes and
otters were taken out of their glass cases, brushed, and set to sweeten on the
lawn.
These were old institutions, they dated from long before Laura’s day. But
the gradual deposit of family customs was always going on, and within her
own memory the sum of Willowes ways had been augmented. There was
the Midsummer Night’s Eve picnic in Potts’s Dingle—cold pigeon-pie and
cider-cup, and moth-beset candles flickering on the grass. There was the
ceremony of the hop-garland, which James had brought back from
Germany, and the pantomime party from the workhouse, and a very special
kind of sealing-wax that could only be procured from Padua. Long ago the
children had been allowed to choose their birthday dinners, and still upon
the seventeenth of July James ate duck and green peas and a gooseberry
fool, while a cock-pheasant in all the glory of tail-feathers was set before
Laura upon the ninth of December. And at the bottom of the orchard
flourished unchecked a bed of nettles, for Nannie Quantrell placed much
trust in the property of young nettles eaten as spring greens to clear the
blood, quoting emphatically and rhythmically a rhyme her grandmother had
taught her:
 ‘If they would eat nettles in March
And drink mugwort in May,
So many fine young maidens
Would not go to the clay.’

Laura would very willingly have drunk mugwort in May also, for this
rhyme of Nannie’s, so often and so impressively rehearsed, had taken fast
hold of her imagination. She had always had a taste for botany, she had also
inherited a fancy for brewing. One of her earliest pleasures had been to go
with Everard to the brewery and look into the great vats while he, holding
her firmly with his left hand, with his right plunged a long stick through the
clotted froth which, working and murmuring, gradually gave way until far
below through the tumbling, dissolving rent the beer was disclosed.
Botany and brewery she now combined into one pursuit, for at the spur
of Nannie’s rhyme she turned her attention into the forsaken green byways
of the rural pharmacopœia. From Everard she got a little still, from the
family recipe-books much information and good advice; and where these
failed her, Nicholas Culpepper or old Goody Andrews, who might have
been Nicholas’s crony by the respect she had for the moon, were ready to
help her out. She roved the countryside for herbs and simples, and many
were the washes and decoctions that she made from sweet-gale, water
purslane, cowslips, and the roots of succory, while her salads gathered in
fields and hedges were eaten by Everard, at first in hope and trust, and
afterwards with flattering appetite. Encouraged by him, she even wrote a
little book called ‘Health by the Wayside’ commending the use of old-
fashioned simples and healing herbs. It was published anonymously at the
local press, and fell quite flat. Everard felt much more slighted by this than
she did, and bought up the remainders without telling her so. But mugwort
was not included in the book, for she was never allowed to test its virtues,
and she would not include recipes which she had not tried herself. Nannie
believed it to be no less effective than nettles, but she did not know how to
prepare it. Once long ago she had made a broth by seething the leaves in
boiling water, which she then strained off and gave to Henry and James. But
it made them both sick, and Mrs. Willowes had forbidden its further use.
Laura felt positive that mugwort tea would not have made her sick. She
begged for leave to make trial of it, but to no avail; Nannie’s prohibition
was as absolute as that of her mistress. But Nannie had not lost her faith.