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Beginning JavaServer Pages™

Vivek Chopra
Sing Li
Rupert Jones
Jon Eaves
John T. Bell
Beginning JavaServer Pages™
Beginning JavaServer Pages™

Vivek Chopra
Sing Li
Rupert Jones
Jon Eaves
John T. Bell
Beginning JavaServer Pages™
Published by
Wiley Publishing, Inc.
10475 Crosspoint Boulevard
Indianapolis, IN 46256
www.wiley.com
Copyright © 2005 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published simultaneously in Canada
ISBN: 0-7645-7485-X
Manufactured in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1B/QT/QS/QV/IN
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections
107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or
authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood
Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be
addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317)
572-3447, fax (317) 572-4355, e-mail: brandreview@wiley.com.

LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKE NO REP-
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TENTS OF THIS WORK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT
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For general information on our other products and services or to obtain technical support, please contact our Cus-
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Beginning JavaServer pages / Vivek Chopra ... [et al.].
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-7645-7485-X (paper/website)
1. JavaServer pages. 2. Web sites--Design. 3. Web site development. I. Chopra, Vivek.
TK5105.8885.J38B45 2005
006.7 6--dc22
2004024591
Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, Wrox, the Wrox logo, Programmer to Programmer, and related trade
dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates, in the United States
and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. JavaServer Pages is a trademark of Sun
Microsystems, Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not
associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
About the Authors
Vivek Chopra has over ten years of experience as a software developer, architect, and team lead, with
extensive experience with Web services, J2EE, and middleware technologies. He has worked and con-
sulted at a number of Silicon Valley companies and startups and has (pending) patents on Web services.
Vivek actively writes about technology and has coauthored half a dozen books on topics such as open-
source software, Java, XML, and Web services. He contributes to open source, too, and has developed
parts of the uddi4j library, an open-source Java API for UDDI.

Sing Li, first bit by the microcomputer bug in 1978, has grown up with the microprocessor age. His first
personal computer was a do-it-yourself Netronics COSMIC ELF computer with 256 bytes of memory,
mail-ordered from the back pages of Popular Electronics magazine. Currently, Sing is a consultant, system
designer, open-source software contributor, and freelance writer. He writes for several popular technical
journals and e-zines and is the creator of the Internet Global Phone, one of the very first Internet phones
available. He has authored and coauthored numerous books across diverse technical topics, including
JSP, Tomcat, servlets, XML, Jini, and JXTA.

Rupert Jones is a Technical Lead for J2EE projects at Internet Business Systems. Over the past six years,
Rupert has provided software development and consulting services for blue-chip companies, both in
Australia and internationally. He lives and works in Melbourne, Australia. Rupert can be contacted at
rup@rupertjones.com.

Jon Eaves has been developing software in a variety of languages and domains for over 15 years. He is
currently employed by ThoughtWorks, developing large-scale enterprise systems using J2EE. When he
can find spare time, he develops J2ME/MIDP applications and works on the BouncyCastle Crypto APIs
(www.bouncycastle.org). Jon can be reached at jon@eaves.org.

John T. Bell has more than 20 years of software development experience and currently serves as the lead
software architect for the Web site of a major hospitality company based in Bethesda, Maryland. He is
also an adjunct professor, teaching server-side Java technologies for the Center for Applied Information
Technology at Towson State University. He has a master’s degree in Computer Systems Management
and a bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering, both from the University of Maryland. This is Mr.
Bell’s third contribution to a Wrox title. He is also the author of The J2EE Open Source Toolkit.
 Credits
Acquisitions Editor Project Coordinator
Robert Elliott April Farling

Development Editor Graphics and Production Specialists

Sydney Jones Jonelle Burns
Carrie A. Foster
Technical Editor Lauren Goddard
Wiley-Dreamtech India Pvt Ltd Denny Hager
Joyce Haughey
Production Editor Amanda Spagnuolo
William A. Barton
Quality Control Technicians
Copy Editor Jessica Kramer
Luann Rouff Susan Moritz
Carl William Pierce
Editorial Manager Charles Spencer
Mary Beth Wakefield
Media Development Specialist
Vice President and Executive Group Publisher Kit Malone
Richard Swadley
Proofreading and Indexing
Vice President and Publisher TECHBOOKS Production Services
Joseph B. Wikert
Acknowledgments
Vivek Chopra
I’d like to thank my coauthors and all the folks at Wrox for the effort and the long hours—thank you,
Rupert, Sing, Jon, John, Sydney, James, and Bob! I’d especially like to thank my wife, Rebecca, for her
patience and support, especially since I spent most weekends working on this book.

Sing Li
Thanks to the virtual Beginning JavaServer Pages team, top professionals from all corners of the globe.
It was wonderful working with you throughout 2003 and 2004.

To my wife, Kim—your inspiration and support are the high-octane fuel that keeps me running, looking
joyfully forward to each brave new day.

Rupert Jones
First of all, I’d like to thank my coauthors for their dedication to this book. It’s not easy holding down a
full-time job in this industry and fitting in time for such a venture. I am constantly amazed we all still
have friends and family who will talk to us, let alone recognize us. It’s been a pleasure undertaking this
task with a group of such consummate professionals.

To the Wrox crew—in particular, Sydney Jones, our developmental editor, and our tech reviewers at
DreamTech—thanks for all your hard work in getting us across the line. I know its difficult working
with technical people at the best of times, especially when they are geographically remote.

Thanks also to my colleagues at Internet Business Systems: Steve Hayes, Rob Mitchell, and Shane
Clauson. These guys provided me with much-needed help, advice, and encouragement, even in my
grumpier moments. It really is a pleasure to work with each of you.

And last but certainly not least, thanks to my loving family: Julia, Michael, Nick, and Caroline.

Jon Eaves
I’d like to thank my coauthors and the team at Wrox for the hard work they put in while creating this
book. Closer to home, I’d like to thank my family for their encouragement, patience, and support. Mum
and Dad, everything I can do is because of your love. My wonderful wife, Sue, you rock my world more
and more every day. Boo and Maddy, your purring late at night kept me going when the words
wouldn’t come. Thank you, all.

John T. Bell
To Tammy, my loving and patient wife, maybe someday I will write a book that you can read, and to my
grandmother, Valmai Locklair, who slipped away from us as I was writing my chapters.
 Contents

About the Authors v

Acknowledgments vii

Introduction xxv
The Right Way to Do Web Development xxv
Approach xxvi
How This Book Is Structured xxvi
Conventions xxix
Source Code xxx
Errata xxx
p2p.wrox.com xxx

Part I: JSP Fundamentals 1

Chapter 1: Getting Started with JavaServer Pages 3

Creating Applications for the Internet 4
Limitations of the basic Web server model 5
Dynamic HTML generation via CGI 5
Shortcomings of CGI 7
Improving Java-based CGI: servlets 7
Summary 28
Exercises 29

Chapter 2: JSP Basics 1: Dynamic Page Creation for Data Presentation 31

The Anatomy of a JSP Page 31
Directives 32
XML-compatible syntax 33
Template data 33
Action 34
Scripting elements 35
Handling HTML form submission with JSP 36
Web site personalization 60
Summary 70
Exercises 71
Contents
Chapter 3: JSP Basics 2: Generalized Templating and Server Scripting 73
Scripting Elements for Java Code Embedding 74
Scripting elements 75
Creating a Simple Web Storefront 80
Attaching attributes to implicit objects 86
Rendering the list of categories 88
Rendering the list of products in a given category 89
Adding a Shopping Cart to a Catalog 90
Creating the Shopping Cart 95
Decoding incoming request parameters 97
Rendering order information 98
Rendering the Return to Shopping hyperlink 98
Shopping cart limitations 99
Overcoming the shopping cart limitations 100
Sessions and JSPs 107
Rendering the shopping cart using a session attribute 111
Summary 114
Exercises 115

Chapter 4: CSS, JavaScript, VBScript, and JSP 117

Code Elements That Execute
on the Client Side 118
Cascading Stylesheets 119
JavaScript 120
VBScript 121
User Preference Implementation 121
Creating a User-Customizable DHTML Menu 132
Summary 143
Exercises 144

Chapter 5: JSP and EL 145

EL and Its Vital Role in JSP 146
EL Named Variables 146
Applying EL 148
Using EL expressions inline with template data 148
Using EL expressions in attribute values 148
Coercion: Automatic Type Conversion 157
Boxing and unboxing 157
Coercion to a string 157
Coercion to a number 158

x
 Contents
Coercion to a character 158
Best attempt to “do the right thing” without error 158
Accessing Object Properties and Collections 162
Implicit EL Objects in JSP 2.0 167
User-Supplied Functions within EL 173
Namespace and EL functions 173
Static methods of a Java class 173
Summary 177
Exercises 178

Chapter 6: JSP Tag Libraries and JSTL 179

The Vital Role of JSP Tag Libraries 180
The JSP Standard Tag Library 181
Anatomy of a Tag Library 182
The Tag Library Descriptor 182
The taglib map in the web.xml deployment descriptor 183
Locating JSTL and understanding tag library packaging 184
JSTL tags 184
Summary 210
Exercises 211

Chapter 7: JSP Directives 213

Directive Basics 214
Directives as instructions for the container 214
Alternative XML syntax for directives 214
Available JSP directives 215
The page Directive 217
The language attribute 217
The extends attribute 217
The import attribute 218
The session attribute 218
The info attribute 219
The isELIgnored attribute 219
The isErrorPage attribute 219
The errorPage attribute 220
The contentType attribute 220
The taglib Directive 223
Two general usage forms for the taglib directive 224
Attributes of the taglib directive 225
How It Works 227

xi
Contents
The include Directive 231
The include performed at translation time 231
Summary 239
Exercises 239

Chapter 8: JSP Standard Actions 241

JSP Standard Actions Are Built-in Tags 242
Actions for Working with JavaBeans 242
The <jsp:useBean> standard action 243
How <jsp:useBean> and JSTL <c:set> Differ 258
Including JSP Output via <jsp:include> 259
Transferring Control Between JSPs 264
The <jsp:forward> standard action 264
Specifying Parameters for Other Actions 265
The <jsp:param> standard action 265
Working with Plug-ins 266
The <jsp:plugin> standard action 267
The <jsp:params> standard action 267
The <jsp:fallback> standard action 268
Standard Actions Specific to Tag Files 273
Summary 274
Exercises 274

Chapter 9: JSP and JavaBeans 275

Anatomy of a JavaBean 276
JavaBean Properties 277
JavaBean methods 280
Common JavaBean packaging 281
How JavaBeans and EJBs Differ 301
Summary 301
Exercises 302

Chapter 10: Error Handling 303

Understanding the Origin of Errors 303
Errors in Java language coding 304
Errors in JSP directives and actions 309
JSTL errors and EL errors 326
User data-input errors 327
Errors found in JSP template data 327

xii
 Contents
Summary 328
Exercises 328

Chapter 11: Building Your Own Custom JSP Tag Library 329
What Is a Tag File? 329
A Simple Tag File: Displaying Today’s Date 330
Advantages of Tag Files 331
Code reuse 331
Hiding complexity 331
Separation of concerns 331
Simplicity 332
Flexible packaging 332
Developing Tag Files 332
Scope and implicit objects 332
Using directives in tag files 335
Body processing 341
Attributes 345
Packaging Tag Files 355
Java custom actions versus tag file custom actions 358
Summary 359
Exercises 359

Chapter 12: Advanced Dynamic Web Content Generation 361

Data Validation in Web Applications 362
Server-side validation and efficient usage of resources 363
Client-side data validation 364
The need for server-side validation 365
Common client-side validation scenarios 365
Operation of client-side validation 365
Dynamic generation of client-side JavaScript code 379
Dynamic generation of XML using JSP 386
Summary 392
Exercises 393

Chapter 13: Internationalization and Localized Content 395

About Internationalization-Ready Applications 396
Internationalization and Localization 396
The unique i18n requirements of a Web-based JSP application 397

xiii
Contents
Building on the Java Platform’s i18n Capabilities 399
The concept of a locale 399
Maintaining locale information 400
Summary 433
Exercises 434

Chapter 14: JSP Debugging Techniques 435

The Science of Debugging 436
Catching Bugs at Compile Time 437
Using a Debugging System versus a Production System 441
Using System.out.println() to Instrument Code 442
Using a Logging System 445
Logging through the servlet container 445
Logging with the JDK logger 447
Logging with Log4j 454
Logging with tag libraries 460
Debugging with Tools 464
Setting breakpoints 464
Examining variables and setting watchpoints 467
Stepping through code 468
Remote debugging 468
Debugging Code in Production Environments 469
Debugging when the JSP is precompiled 470
Debugging under load 470
Adding contextual information to log files 471
Adding log filters 474
Finding the Intermittent Problem 474
Adding information as response comments 474
Snoop application 475
Avoiding Concurrency Issues 479
Summary 479
Exercises 479

Part II: JSP and Modern Web Server

Software Development 481

Chapter 15: JSPs and Servlets 483

A JSP Is a Servlet 484
Anatomy of a servlet 488
The lifecycle of a servlet 492

xiv
 Contents
Describing servlets to containers in the deployment descriptor 495
The servlet declaration 497
Using servlets when JSP is available 503
Specifying initialization parameters 504
Accessing initialization parameters within the ControllerServlet 506
Custom forwarding of incoming requests via the controller servlet 508
The forwarding targets 509
Summary 510
Exercises 510

Chapter 16: The Role of JSP in the Wider Context: Web Applications 511
What Is a Web Application? 512
Directory Structure for a Web Application 512
The Deployment Descriptor 513
Deployment descriptor elements for a JSP developer 513
Using a Web Archive 523
Development and Deployment Strategies 523
Packaging and Deploying for Tomcat 524
Introduction to Web application security 528
Summary 529
Exercises 530

Chapter 17: Model View Controller 533

What Is MVC? 534
MVC and Web Applications 534
Summary 546
Exercise 547

Chapter 18: Web Frameworks 549

What Is a Framework? 549
Why Frameworks Are Good 550
Types of Frameworks 551
Application frameworks 551
Persistence frameworks 552
Utility frameworks 553
WebWork 554
Components of WebWork 554

xv
Contents
The Spring Framework 567
Main components of the Spring MVC 567
An example using Spring 569
Summary 589
Exercises 590

Chapter 19: Struts Framework 591

Introducing Struts 592
A Struts walkthrough 593
Controller: actions and forms 594
Model 603
View 604
Example application 624
Summary 641
Exercises 641

Chapter 20: Layout Management with Tiles 643

Introduction to Tiles 643
What is the Tiles framework? 644
Tiles terminology 645
Installing Tiles 646
Tile Scope 650
Definitions 650
Tiles Tags 652
insert 653
definition 654
put 654
putList 655
add 656
get 656
getAsString 656
useAttribute 657
importAttribute 657
initComponentDefinitions 658
Passing Parameters to Tiles 658
Advanced Tiles 659
Definitions and inheritance 659
Nesting tiles 664

xvi
 Contents
Tiles and Struts 671
Configuring Tiles with Struts 671
Tiles definitions as action forwards 671
Passing values from Struts to Tiles 673
Summary 678
Exercises 679

Chapter 21: JavaServer Faces 681

Configuring a JSF Project 681
Getting Started with JSF 683
Using backing beans 685
Managed beans 687
Controlling navigation 687
Preventing direct access to Faces JSP files 690
JSF Lifecycle 690
Restore view 692
Apply request values 692
Process validations 692
Update model values 692
Invoke application 693
Render response 693
Validating Data 693
Using standard validators 697
Creating your own validation 697
Converting Data 705
Standard converters 711
Implementing the Converter interface 713
Handling Events with Listeners 715
JSF versus Struts 718
Summary 719
Exercises 719

Chapter 22: JSP in J2EE 721

Overview of J2EE 721
What is J2EE? 722
What does a container do? 724
J2EE Technologies 724
J2EE APIs 725
J2EE platform architecture 727
JSP development scenarios 728

xvii
Contents
Using JSP with J2EE Components 729
Servlets 730
JNDI 735
JDBC 738
EJB 741
Benefits of EJB 742
Restrictions on EJB 742
Types of EJB 743
Session beans 743
Entity beans 744
Message-driven beans 745
Timer Service 745
Summary 746
Exercises 746

Chapter 23: Access to Databases 747

Introduction to Databases 748
Connecting to a database 749
Downloading and Installing MySQL 752
JDBC APIs 753
Building Applications 774
Data characteristics 774
Transactions 775
Object-relational mapping 777
Different Types of Applications 777
Simple applications 778
Using JSP and JDBC 778
More complex applications 782
Using Hibernate 782
Installing Hibernate 784
Summary 823

Chapter 24: Security 825

Areas of Security 825
Authentication 826
Authorization 828
Data integrity 830
Confidentiality 830
Data Integrity and Confidentiality 830
Implementing SSL 831

xviii
 Contents
Authentication 837
HTTP BASIC authentication 837
Form-based authentication 843
Client-certificate authentication 849
Authorization 855
Container 855
Programmatic 855
Summary 860
Exercises 860

Chapter 25: Performance 861

Performance Concepts 861
What to measure 862
The user’s perspective 863
How to measure performance 863
What to do after performance testing 865
Measuring Performance Using JMeter 866
Installing JMeter 866
JMeter concepts 866
Performance Tuning Tips 872
Development-time measures 872
Deployment-time measures 875
Summary 883

Chapter 26: Best Practices and Tools 885

Development Methodologies 886
Waterfall and iterative methodologies 886
Rational Unified Process 888
Extreme Programming 888
Test-driven development 889
Feature-driven development 890
Development Tools 890
Version-control tools 890
Build tools 890
Testing tools 891
Logging tools 891
Tools for enforcing coding standards 891
Apache Ant 892
Installing Ant 892
Ant concepts 893
Additional resources 903

xix
Contents
CVS 903
Installing CVS 903
CVS concepts 903
Connecting to a CVS server 904
Checking in code 905
Checking out code 906
Comparing changes across revisions 906
Additional resources 907
JUnit 907
Installing JUnit 907
JUnit concepts 908
Additional resources 915
HttpUnit 915
Installing HttpUnit 915
HttpUnit concepts 916
Additional resources 919
Best Practices for Web Development 919
Follow good JSP coding practices 919
Separate application logic and presentation 920
Use design patterns where appropriate 920
Use frameworks for developing applications 921
Early testing and integration 921
Summary 921
Exercises 922

Part III: Spreading Your New Wings:

Applying JSP in the Real World 923

Chapter 27: JSP Project I: Personalized Portal 925

The Portal Project 925
Introduction to RSS 926
Introduction to Web services 929
Project Features 930
Use cases 931
Initial analysis 931
The Application Design 932
Designing the persistent store 932
Defining the key entity objects 935
Designing the Web site control flow 944

xx
 Contents
The Development Environment 945
Directory structure 946
Build scripts 947
Struts 949
Tiles 950
Log4j 951
Rome 953
Apache Axis 956
The Application 958
View 959
Controller 966
Running the portal application 975
Summary 981
Exercises 981

Chapter 28: JSP Project II: Shopping Cart Application 983

The Bookstore Project 984
Project features 984
Use cases 984
Initial analysis 985
Application Design 986
Database design 986
Defining the key entity objects 989
The Development Environment and Its Configuration 1008
Directory structure 1009
Tomcat 1010
Ant 1010
Database 1016
Hibernate 1016
Struts, Validator, and Tiles 1022
web.xml 1023
The Application 1024
Application layout: Tiles 1024
Cart status 1026
Presenting a list of categories 1028
Presenting a list of books 1030
Adding a book to the shopping cart 1034
Managing the shopping cart 1036
Checkout 1042
Summary 1055
Exercises 1055

xxi
Contents

Part IV: Appendixes 1057

Appendix A: JSP Syntax Reference 1059

Scoping 1060
page scope 1060
request scope 1061
session scope 1061
application scope 1061
Implicit Objects 1062
The request object 1062
The response object 1062
The pageContext object 1063
The session object 1063
The application object 1064
The out object 1064
The config object 1065
The page object 1065
The exception object 1065
Directives 1066
The page directive 1066
The taglib directive 1067
The include directive 1067
Tag file directives 1068
Actions 1070
Standard actions 1070
Other JSP standard actions 1074
Scripting Elements 1075
Declaration scripting elements 1075
Scriptlets 1075
Expression scripting elements 1076

Appendix B: JSP Expression Language Reference 1077

EL Expressions 1077
EL expressions in-line with template data 1077
EL expressions in attribute values 1078
Accessing Arrays, Maps, Object Properties, and Collections 1078
Object properties access 1078
Array member access 1078
Java map access 1078
Java collection access 1079

xxii
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“I think I have found your lordship’s ring, which

you lost. I have it around my neck.”

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ring.

“That is most surely my Lucky Ring,” said he.

“Where did you find it?”

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“Oh, I know him well, the lazy scamp, for he eats up
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“You have given me back what I prize most in the

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receive a bag of gold.”

Nibbles was almost too happy to speak, but he

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hurry home to her as fast as we can, Teenie Weenie.”

“I’ll take you part of the way,” yawned Mr.

Scratchetty-Claw, “although I am fearfully sleepy.”
 Chapter VIII

Nibbles’ Return

Away they sailed towards home, as happy as two

little mice could be.

Mr. Scratchetty-Claw towed them for a long way,

until he became so sleepy that he had to stop and
take a nap. He shed tears when he said good-bye to
Nibbles and Teenie Weenie, but he soon settled
himself comfortably on a mud bank in a shady spot,
and in two minutes was snoring so loudly that you
could have heard him half a mile away.

Nibbles and Teenie hoisted their sail, and, as they

floated along, Teenie Weenie sang this song:

“Two little mice sailed down the stream

 One lovely summer day.
The sky was blue, the banks were green,
The birds in the tree tops sang unseen,
As they merrily sailed away.

“Their silken flag was red and white,

Their sail a butterfly’s wing;
With a firefly their pilot light,
They went to seek their fortune bright,
And found it in a ring.

“Deep buried in the golden sand,

Beneath the water blue,
Far away in a distant land
The little mice went hand in hand,
And sought the token true.”

For more than a week they sailed up the pretty

river, but at last, one afternoon at sunset, they
reached home. Quietly they stole up to the cottage
and peeped in at the window.
 There was Mrs. Poppelty-Poppett cooking supper,
while Sniffy and Snuffy were peeling potatoes, and
Gobble was eating an apple behind the door.
 Nibbles tapped gently on the window-pane, and
Mrs. Poppelty-Poppett turned quickly around. With a
squeak of perfect delight, she cried: “Oh, here is
Nibbles!” and ran to the door, upsetting the soup-
kettle right into the fire in her haste. Of course, Sniffy
and Snuffy, Gobble and the baby, all ran out, too, and
then they all talked together so fast that no one knew
what any one else was saying. Pretty soon they
quieted down, and Nibbles told them of his wonderful
adventures, and of the finding of the Lucky Ring.
When he gave his mother the bag of gold, poor little
Mrs. Poppelty-Poppett did not know whether to laugh
or cry with happiness, so she did both. She had
worked hard for her children, and now there would be
comfort and plenty for the rest of her life.

After a little while she dried her eyes, and thought

of supper. It was all in the fire and burned up!
 “Never mind,” said Nibbles. “Teenie Weenie and I
would far rather have some of your nice corn cake
and toasted cheese than soup.”

“Indeed we would,” said Teenie Weenie.

So they all helped, and in a few minutes

everything was ready; and how good the supper
tasted!
 When at last they went to bed, they all dreamed of
bags of Lucky Rings, and rivers of gold, guarded by
Alligators, who ate nothing but toasted cheese and
corn bread.
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