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A. J. Henley and Dave Wolf

Learn Data Analysis with Python

Lessons in Coding
A. J. Henley
Washington, D.C., District of Columbia, USA

Dave Wolf
Sterling Business Advantage, LLC, Adamstown, Maryland, USA

Any source code or other supplementary material referenced by the

author in this book is available to readers on GitHub via the book’s
product page, located at www.​apress.​com/​9781484234853 . For
more detailed information, please visit http://​www.​apress.​com/​
source-code .

ISBN 978-1-4842-3485-3 e-ISBN 978-1-4842-3486-0

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-3486-0

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018933537

© A.J. Henley and Dave Wolf 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the

Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned,
specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other
physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.

Trademarked names, logos, and images may appear in this book.

Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a
trademarked name, logo, or image we use the names, logos, and
images only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the
trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the
trademark. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks,
service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as
such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or
not they are subject to proprietary rights.

While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true
and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the
editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any
errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no
warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein.

Printed on acid-free paper

Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Springer

Science+Business Media New York, 233 Spring Street, 6th Floor,
New York, NY 10013. Phone 1-800-SPRINGER, fax (201) 348-4505,
email orders-ny@springer-sbm.com, or visit
www.springeronline.com. Apress Media, LLC is a California LLC and
the sole member (owner) is Springer Science + Business Media
Finance Inc (SSBM Finance Inc). SSBM Finance Inc is a Delaware
corporation.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1:​How to Use This Book

Installing Jupyter Notebook

What Is Jupyter Notebook?​

What Is Anaconda?​

Getting Started

Getting the Datasets for the Workbook’s Exercises

Chapter 2:​Getting Data Into and Out of Python

Loading Data from CSV Files

Your Turn

Saving Data to CSV

Your Turn

Loading Data from Excel Files

Your Turn

Saving Data to Excel Files

Your Turn

Combining Data from Multiple Excel Files

Your Turn

Loading Data from SQL

 Your Turn

Saving Data to SQL

Your Turn

Random Numbers and Creating Random Data

Your Turn

Chapter 3:​Preparing Data Is Half the Battle

Cleaning Data

Calculating and Removing Outliers

Missing Data in Pandas Dataframes

Filtering Inappropriate Values

Finding Duplicate Rows

Removing Punctuation from Column Contents

Removing Whitespace from Column Contents

Standardizing Dates

Standardizing Text like SSNs, Phone Numbers, and Zip

Codes

Creating New Variables

Binning Data

Applying Functions to Groups, Bins, and Columns

Ranking Rows of Data

 Create a Column Based on a Conditional

Making New Columns Using Functions

Converting String Categories to Numeric Variables

Organizing the Data

Removing and Adding Columns

Selecting Columns

Change Column Name

Setting Column Names to Lower Case

Finding Matching Rows

Filter Rows Based on Conditions

Selecting Rows Based on Conditions

Random Sampling Dataframe

Chapter 4:​Finding the Meaning

Computing Aggregate Statistics

Your Turn

Computing Aggregate Statistics on Matching Rows

Your Turn

Sorting Data

Your Turn

Correlation
 Your Turn

Regression

Your Turn

Regression without Intercept

Your Turn

Basic Pivot Table

Your Turn

Chapter 5:​Visualizing Data

Data Quality Report

Your Turn

Graph a Dataset:​Line Plot

Your Turn

Graph a Dataset:​Bar Plot

Your Turn

Graph a Dataset:​Box Plot

Your Turn

Graph a Dataset:​Histogram

Your Turn

Graph a Dataset:​Pie Chart

Your Turn
 Graph a Dataset:​Scatter Plot

Your Turn

Chapter 6:​Practice Problems

Analysis Exercise 1

Analysis Exercise 2

Analysis Exercise 3

Analysis Exercise 4

Analysis Project

Required Deliverables

Index
About the Authors and About the
Technical Reviewer
About the Authors
A. J. Henley

is a technology educator with over 20 years’

experience as a developer, designer, and
systems engineer. He is an instructor at both
Howard University and Montgomery College.

Dave Wolf

is a certified Project Management

Professional (PMP) with over 20 years’
experience as a software developer, analyst,
and trainer. His latest projects include
collaboratively developing training materials
and programming bootcamps for Java and
Python.
About the Technical Reviewer
Michael Thomas

has worked in software development for

more than 20 years as an individual
contributor, team lead, program manager,
and vice president of engineering. Michael
has more than ten years of experience
working with mobile devices. His current
focus is in the medical sector, using mobile
devices to accelerate information transfer
between patients and health-care providers.
© A.J. Henley and Dave Wolf 2018
A.J. Henley and Dave Wolf, Learn Data Analysis with Python,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-3486-0_1

1. How to Use This Book

A. J. Henley1 and Dave Wolf2
(1) Washington, D.C., District of Columbia, USA
(2) Sterling Business Advantage, LLC, Adamstown, Maryland, USA

If you are already using Python for data analysis, just browse this
book’s table of contents. You will probably find a bunch of things
that you wish you knew how to do in Python. If so, feel free to turn
directly to that chapter and get to work. Each lesson is, as much as
possible, self-contained.

Be warned! This book is more a workbook than a textbook.

If you aren’t using Python for data analysis, begin at the

beginning. If you work your way through the whole workbook, you
should have a better of idea of how to use Python for data analysis
when you are done.
If you know nothing at all about data analysis, this workbook
might not be the place to start. However, give it a try and see how it
works for you.

Installing Jupyter Notebook

The fastest way to install and use Python is to do what you already
know how to do, and you know how to use your browser. Why not
use Jupyter Notebook?

What Is Jupyter Notebook?

Jupyter Notebook is an interactive Python shell that runs in your
browser. When installed through Anaconda, it is easy to quickly set
up a Python development environment. Since it’s easy to set up and
easy to run, it will be easy to learn Python.
Jupyter Notebook turns your browser into a Python development
environment. The only thing you have to install is Anaconda. In
essence, it allows you to enter a few lines of Python code, press
CTRL+Enter, and execute the code. You enter the code in cells and
then run the currently selected cell. There are also options to run all
the cells in your notebook. This is useful if you are developing a
larger program.

What Is Anaconda?
Anaconda is the easiest way to ensure that you don’t spend all day
installing Jupyter. Simply download the Anaconda package and run
the installer. The Anaconda software package contains everything
you need to create a Python development environment. Anaconda
comes in two versions—one for Python 2.7 and one for Python 3.x.
For the purposes of this guide, install the one for Python 2.7.
Anaconda is an open source data-science platform. It contains
over 100 packages for use with Python, R, and Scala. You can
download and install Anaconda quickly with minimal effort. Once
installed, you can update the packages or Python version or create
environments for different projects.

Getting Started
1. Download and install Anaconda at
https://www.anaconda.com/download .

2. Once you’ve installed Anaconda, you’re ready to create your first

notebook. Run the Jupyter Notebook application that was
 installed as part of Anaconda.

3. Your browser will open to the following address:

http://localhost:8888. If you’re running Internet
Explorer, close it. Use Firefox or Chrome for best results. From
there, browse to http://localhost:8888.

4. Start a new notebook. On the right-hand side of the browser,

click the drop-down button that says "New" and select Python or
Python 2.

5. This will open a new iPython notebook in another browser tab.

You can have many notebooks open in many tabs.

6. Jupyter Notebook contains cells. You can type Python code in

each cell. To get started (for Python 2.7), type print "Hello,
World!" in the first cell and hit CTRL+Enter. If you’re using
Python 3.5, then the command is print("Hello, World!").

Getting the Datasets for the Workbook’s Exercises

1. Download the dataset files from
http://www.ajhenley.com/dwnld .

2. Upload the file datasets.zip to Anaconda in the same folder

as your notebook.

3. Run the Python code in Listing 1-1 to unzip the datasets.

path_to_zip_file = "datasets.zip"
directory_to_extract_to = ""
 import zipfile
zip_ref = zipfile.ZipFile(path_to_zip_file, 'r')
zip_ref.extractall(directory_to_extract_to)
zip_ref.close()

Listing 1-1 Unzipping dataset.zip

Other documents randomly have
different content
cage as this is not necessary, and the collector will succeed with one
or more clean store-boxes covered with a lid consisting of a frame
over which gauze or muslin has been stretched. The food-plant on
which the caterpillar feeds is kept fresh in bottles or jars. It is
important, after the plants have been put into the jar of water, to stuff
around the stems cotton or soft paper, so that the caterpillars may
not crawl down and, falling into the water, drown themselves. The
bottom of the box may be filled to the depth of four or five inches with
loam and covered with dead forest leaves. The loam should not be
allowed to dry out thoroughly, but should be kept somewhat moist,
not wet. A little sprinkling of water from time to time will suffice when
done with care. The caterpillars feed upon the food-plant, and finally
undergo transformation in the cage into the pupa, and eventually
emerge as the butterfly or moth. The breeding of lepidoptera in this
way is a fascinating occupation for those who have leisure to attend
to it. For more minute instructions in reference to this matter the
reader is referred to “The Butterfly Book.” The caterpillars and
chrysalids themselves may be preserved in little phials, in alcohol or
in a solution of formaldehyde. The latter, however, is not to be
recommended, because, although it preserves colors better than
alcohol, and does not tend to shrivel up the bodies, it makes them
stiff and difficult to handle and examine. The best way of preserving
caterpillars is to inflate them. Directions for doing this are contained
in “The Butterfly Book.”

THE PRESERVATION AND ARRANGEMENT OF

COLLECTIONS

In order to preserve collections of lepidoptera in beautiful

condition, light, moisture, and insect pests must be excluded. Light
bleaches many species, especially those which are red, brown, or
green in color. Moisture produces mold and mildew. Insect pests
such as mites, Anthrenus, and Dermestes, the two latter being
species of beetles, devour specimens. The receptacles containing
collections should therefore be furnished with covers excluding the
light, kept in a dry place, and be so tight that insect pests will not
enter. However, as an additional precaution, it is well to place in
every box or drawer moth balls or lumps of camphor, secured so that
they cannot roll about. These tend to deter predaceous insects from
entering the receptacles. If by any chance they have entered, neither
the naphthaline nor the camphor in some cases will prevent their
ravages. In the great collections which are under the care of the
writer it is a rule from time to time to go over all the cases and put
into every receptacle a small quantity of carbon bisulphide. The
fumes of carbon bisulphide kill all grubs and matured insects which
may have hidden themselves in the cases, and it is believed that it
also tends to destroy the life in eggs which may have been laid in the
boxes. Great care should be used, however, in employing carbon
bisulphide, as the fumes mingled with the oxygen of the atmosphere
form an explosive compound. The work should never be done where
there is danger of ignition from an open fire or light. Boxes for the
preservation of insect collections are made by many firms, and
prices for such receptacles vary according to their size and the
materials employed in their construction. All receptacles, however,
should be lined at the bottom with cork or some other soft material
into which the pins sustaining the insects can be put. We employ in
the Carnegie Museum a composition cork covered with white paper,
which is made in sheets of varying sizes, according to requirement,
by the Armstrong Cork Manufacturing Company of Pittsburgh, Pa.,
the largest cork-manufacturing establishment in the world. This is the
most satisfactory material which is made.
Large collections are advantageously preserved in cabinets, the
drawers of which are covered with glass through which the insects
may be inspected without handling them. Here again, for the details
of the construction of boxes, trays, and cabinets, the reader is
referred to “The Butterfly Book,” which may be found in every public
library, and is in the hands of multitudes of individuals.
In arranging specimens the scientific order should be followed.
The species belonging to a given genus should be placed together.
The little labels attached to the pins should give both the generic and
the specific name, the locality where the specimen was taken, and
the sex, if known. For the purpose of designating the sex naturalists
employ what are known as “sex marks,” the male being indicated by
the sign of Mars, ♂ , while the female is indicated by the sign of
Venus, ♀ . The inscription Papilio philenor, ♀ , means that the
specimen is a male, and the inscription Papilio philenor, ♀ , means
that it is a female of the same species.
The classification of the genera and species should be
subordinated further to the classification into families. There are five
families of butterflies represented in the United States and Canada.
They are the following:

1. The Nymphalidæ, or “Brush-footed Butterflies.”

2. The Erycinidæ, or “Metal-marks.”
3. The Lycænidæ, or “Blues,” “Coppers,” and “Hair-streaks.”
4. The Papilionidæ, or the “Swallowtails” and their allies.
5. The Hesperiidæ, or the “Skippers.”

In every well-arranged collection of butterflies certain drawers or

boxes should be set apart for the reception of the insects belonging
to these families, and they should be placed under their proper
genera, according to their species. Nothing is more beautiful or
interesting to those who have a love of nature than a collection of
butterflies thus classified and displayed.
In recent years an ingenious friend of mine has devised a system
of mounting butterflies under glass in cases made of a shell of
plaster of paris, which he backs with cardboard and seals around the
edges with gummed paper. Latterly he has taken to mounting them
between pieces of glass which he secures in the same way.
Specimens thus preserved keep well, may be handled readily
without fear of injury to them, and in the glass cases both sides of
their wings may be examined. A collection of butterflies mounted in
this way may be stored in shallow trays and placed in scientific order.
The process of mounting in this fashion is, however, somewhat
laborious and expensive, and is not generally adopted by scientific
men, who wish to be free to examine their specimens under the
magnifying glass, occasionally touching the wings with benzine to
disclose the facts of neuration, and to minutely investigate the feet
and other parts of the body, which, when sealed up in the way I have
described, are not easily accessible.

Having thus briefly outlined the principal facts as to the nature of

butterflies in general, and the best methods of collecting and
preserving them, we now pass on to the description of the
commoner species which are found on the continent of North
America, north of Mexico and the Straits of Florida.
Class Insecta (Insects)
Order Lepidoptera (Scale-winged Insects)
Suborder Rhopalocera (Butterflies)
Family Nymphalidæ (The Brush-footed Butterflies)
The Nymphalidæ may be distinguished from all other butterflies by
the fact that in both sexes the foremost, or prothoracic, pair of legs is
greatly dwarfed, useless for walking, and therefore carried folded up
against the breast. This is the largest of all the families of butterflies
and has been subdivided into many subfamilies. Some of the genera
are composed of small species, but most of them are made up of
large or medium-sized forms. To this family belong many of the most
gorgeously colored butterflies of the tropics, among them the brilliant
blue Morphos of equatorial America.
The caterpillars, when they emerge from the egg, have heads
much greater in diameter than the rest of their bodies. In the earlier
stages the bodies taper from before backward, and are adorned with
little wart-like protuberances, which bear hairs. In later stages these
little protuberances in many genera are replaced by branching
spines and fleshy projections, which impart to the caterpillars a
forbidding appearance. The mature caterpillar generally has a
cylindrical body, but in the subfamilies, Satyrinæ and Morphinæ, the
larvæ are thicker at the middle, tapering forward and backward.
The chrysalids, which are generally marked by metallic spots,
always hang suspended by the tail, except in the case of a few arctic
species, which are found under a frail covering composed of strands
of silk woven about the roots of tufts of grass, under which the larva
takes shelter at the time of pupation.
In the region with which this booklet deals all the butterflies
belonging to the Nymphalidæ fall naturally into one or the other of
the following subfamilies: (1) the Euplœinæ, or Euplœids; (2) the
Ithomiinæ, the Ithomiids; (3) the Heliconiinæ, the Heliconians; (4) the
Nymphalinæ, the Nymphs; (5) the Satyrinæ, the Satyrs; (6) the
Libytheinæ, the Snout-butterflies.

KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES OF THE NYMPHALIDÆ OF

TEMPERATE
NORTH AMERICA

I. With the veins of the fore wings not greatly swollen at the
base.
A. Antennæ naked, not clothed with scales.
(a) Fore wings less than twice as long as
broad Euplœinæ.
(b) Fore wings twice as long as broad and
often translucent, the abdomen
extending far beyond the inner angle
of the hind wings Ithomiinæ.
B. Antennæ clothed with scales, at least above.
(a) Fore wings at least twice as long as
broad Heliconiinæ.
(b) Fore wings less than twice as long as broad.
1. Palpi not as long as the thorax Nymphalinæ.
2. Palpi longer than the thorax Libytheinæ.
II. With some of the veins of the fore wing
greatly swollen at the base Satyrinæ.
 Subfamily EUPLŒINÆ
(The Euplœids).
Large or medium-sized butterflies; fore wings somewhat produced
at apex; hind wings rounded, never with tails; fore legs greatly
atrophied in the males, somewhat less so in the females; hind wings
of the males marked with one or more sexual brands which in the
American species are located on or near the first median nervule;
some of the oriental species are white, many are dark brown or black
in color, shot with purple and violet; all of the American species are
of some shade of reddish brown or fulvous, with the apex of the fore
wings and the outer borders of both fore and hind wings margined
widely with darker color, and the veins and nervules also darker,
standing out in bold relief upon the lighter ground-color; the apex of
the primary and the outer border of the secondary wings are more or
less spotted with light color, often with white.
The adult caterpillars are cylindrical in form, adorned with long
fleshy filaments, and with their bodies of some light shade of yellow
or green banded with darker colors. The American species feeds
upon the plants belonging to the family of the Asclepiadaceæ, or
Milkweeds.
The chrysalis is smooth, pale in color, often ornamented with
metallic spots, usually golden.
This subfamily, which is represented in the tropics of the Old World
by many genera and species, is only represented in the United
States by one genus, Anosia.

Genus ANOSIA Hübner

Butterfly, large or medium-sized; fore wings triangular, produced;

hind wings rounded, the inner margins clasping the abdomen when
at rest; apex, outer margins, and veins, dark; male with sex-mark on
first median nervule of hind wing. Egg ovate conical, ribbed
perpendicularly and horizontally. Larva cylindrical, with long, dark,
fleshy filaments before and behind; body usually pale in color, ringed
with dark bands. Chrysalis pendant, stout, cylindrical, abdomen
rapidly tapering, and ending in long cremaster; pale, with metallic
spots.
A large genus, many species being
found in the tropics of both hemispheres, PL. I
but only two in the United States. The
insects are “protected,” being distasteful to
other animals, thus escaping attack.
(1) Anosia plexippus (Linnæus), The
Monarch, Plate I, ♂ ; Plate C, Fig. g, egg;
Figs. a-c, larva pupating; Fig. d, chrysalis.
Upper side of wings reddish brown,
apex, margins, and veins black, under
side paler; a double row of whitish spots
on outer borders, apex crossed by two
bands of light spots. Expanse of wings
3.25 to 4.25 inches. Egg pale green.
Caterpillar feeds on milkweeds, and is
found in Pennsylvania from June onward.
Chrysalis pale green spotted with gold.
Breeds continuously. As summer comes the butterflies move
north, laying eggs. The insect spreads until it reaches its northern
limit in the Dominion of Canada. In fall it returns. Swarms of the
retreating butterflies gather on the northern shores of Lakes Erie and
Ontario and in southern New Jersey. Recently the Monarch has
become domiciled in many parts of the Old World.
(2) Anosia berenice (Cramer), The Queen, Plate II, ♀.
Smaller than the Monarch; the ground-color of the wings livid
brown. The markings, as shown by the Plate, are somewhat different
from those of the preceding species. Expanse 2.5 to 3 inches.
 This butterfly does not occur in the
PL. II North, but ranges through New Mexico,
Texas, Arizona, and southward.
 Subfamily ITHOMIINÆ
(The Ithomiids).
Butterflies of moderate size, though a few species are quite large.
Fore wings at least twice as long as wide; hind wings small and
rounded, without tails. Abdomen produced beyond the margin of the
hind wing. Wings more or less transparent. Antennæ long and very
slender, with a slender club at end, naked. Fore legs greatly
atrophied, especially in the males. Larvæ and chrysalids resembling
those of the Euplœinæ, the chrysalids being short, cylindrical, and
marked with metallic spots. The family, with the exception of the
Australian genus, Hamadryas, is confined to the New World, in the
tropics of which there are swarms of genera and species. Like the
Euplœinæ they are “protected.” But two genera are reported from
our territory.

Genus CERATINIA Fabricius

Distinguished from other allied genera by the strongly lobed costal

margin of the hind wings in the male.
There are fifty species of this genus known from the American
tropics, but only one occurs within the limits of the United States, and
only in the extreme southwestern portion of our territory.
(1) Ceratinia lycaste (Fabricius), Plate III, Fig. 2, ♀ (Lycaste
Butterfly).
This insect, which may easily be identified by the figure we give, is
reported from southern California. The plate shows the variety,
named negreta, which has a spot at the end of the cell of the hind
wing instead of a black bar, as is the case in specimens from
Panama. Expanse 2.1 to 2.25 inches. Wright does not include this
species in his list of butterflies of the west coast.
 Genus DIRCENNA Doubleday

Medium-sized butterflies, with quite

PL. III transparent wings. Abdomen not as long
as in the preceding genus. Hind wing of
male strongly bowed forward at middle,
the costal vein tending to coalesce with
the subcostal. Only one species occurs in
our region. There are many species in the
American tropics.
(1) Dircenna klugi (Hübner), Plate III,
Fig. 1, ♂ (Klug’s Dircenna).
The wings are pale brown, narrowly
margined with darker brown; the fore
wings have a pale yellowish diagonal bar
at the end of the cell, followed by two
bands of similar spots, curving from the
costa to the inner margin. Expanse 2.5 to
2.75 inches.
Habitat: Southern California and Mexico according to Reakirt. The
citation of California by this authority may refer to Lower California.
In recent years no specimens have been taken in Upper California. It
may be that with the changes which have taken place in the
development of the country the insect has become extinct about Los
Angeles and San Diego, where Reakirt collected.
 Subfamily HELICONIINÆ
(The Heliconians).
Moderately large butterflies. Fore wings twice as long as wide.
Antennæ nearly as long as the body; club tapering, but stouter than
in the Ithomiids, clothed with scales above. Fore legs feeble in both
sexes. Color black, sometimes shot with blue, and variously marked
with white, yellow, orange, or crimson spots. Eggs cylindrical, twice
as high as wide, tapering and truncate above, ribbed. Caterpillar,
when mature, with six branching spines on each segment. Chrysalis
angulated, covered with curious projections, making it look like a
shrivelled leaf, dark in color.
These insects, which are strongly “protected,” abound in the
forests of tropical America. There are many species, but only one
occurs in our region.

Genus HELICONIUS Latreille

(1) Heliconius charithonius (Linnæus). Plate IV, ♀ (The Zebra).

The figure suffices for identification. The caterpillar feeds upon the
foliage of different species of Passion-flower. Common in the hot
parts of the Gulf States, thence ranging all over the American
tropics. Expanse 2.5 to 3.5 inches.
 Subfamily NYMPHALINÆ
(The Nymphs).
The butterflies belonging to this subfamily are usually medium-
sized or large, although some are very small. Antennæ usually as
long as, or longer than, the abdomen, more or less heavily clothed
with scales. Palpi stout, densely clothed with hairs and scales.
Thorax stout or very robust. Fore wings relatively broad, except in
certain forms which mimic the Heliconiinæ, produced at apex, more
or less excavated on outer margin; discoidal cell generally less than
half the length of wing, and in most genera closed; costal vein
terminating behind the middle of the front margin of the wing; the two
inner subcostal nervules given off before, the outer subcostals
beyond, the end of the cell. Hind wings rounded, or angulated, with
the outer border either rounded, scalloped, or tailed, the inner border
always forming a channel for the reception of the abdomen; discoidal
cell often open, or closed by an almost imperceptible veinlet. Eggs
conoid, barrel-shaped, or globular, variously ornamented. Larva
when hatched with minute wart-like eminences, each bearing a hair,
the hairs in later stages being replaced in many forms by branching
spines. Chrysalis suspended, variously ornamented, often having on
the dorsal surface raised eminences, and the head bifurcate.
There are about thirty genera, containing somewhat less than two
hundred species, which belong to this subfamily in the United States.

Genus COLÆNIS Doubleday

The butterflies of this genus mimic the Heliconians in form; their

fore wings are long and narrow. The cell in the hind wing is open.
There are a number of species, two of which are found in the hot
parts of the Gulf States. The larvæ resemble those of the genera,
Dione and Euptoieta, and, like them, feed on the Passifloraceæ.
 (1) Colænis julia (Fabricius) (Julia).
Plate V, ♂. PL. V
The figure on the plate obviates the
necessity for a description. The insect
occurs sparingly in Florida and in Texas,
especially about Brownsville. It is very
common in Mexico, and thence
southward. Expanse 3 to 3.5 inches.
(2) Colænis delila (Fabricius), Delila.
Imagine all the dark markings shown in
the figure of Colænis julia on Plate V
effaced, and replaced by the lighter
ground-color, only all of the wing a shade
paler and yellower, and the fore wings a
trifle more pointed at the tip, and you have
a mental picture of this species, which has
the same range as the one shown. Expanse 2.75 to 3.3 inches.

Genus DIONE Hübner

This genus has the fore wings elongated, but less so than in
Colænis. The cell in the hind wing is open. The palpi are much more
robust and heavily clothed with hairs than in Colænis, thus
resembling those of the genus Argynnis. Like Argynnis the under
side of the wings of all species of Dione is spotted with silver.
There are a half dozen species of Dione in the New World, all but
one of which occur outside of our limits. They are gloriously beautiful
insects.
(1) Dione vanillæ (Linnæus) (The Gulf Fritillary). Plate VI, ♂.
This lovely insect ranges from southern Virginia southward and
westward to southern California, and thence further south, wherever
the sun shines and Passion-flowers bloom. The figure on the plate
does not show the magnificent markings of the under side of the
wings, but catch one, and you will see that you have a beauty in your
possession. Expanse 2.75 to 3.25 inches.
 PL. VI

Genus EUPTOIETA Doubleday

There are two species of this genus

PL. VII found in the United States. The butterfly
has the cell of the fore wing closed by a
feeble veinlet and the cell of the hind wing
open. The antennæ and palpi resemble
those of the genus Argynnis. The under
sides of the wings are not spotted with
silvery marks.
(1) Euptoieta claudia (Cramer), The
Variegated Fritillary. Plate VII, Fig. 1, ♂ ;
Fig. 2, under side.
The caterpillar feeds upon the leaves of
Passion-flowers and violets. It is reddish
yellow in color, with black spines on the
segments, white spots on the back, and
dark brown bands running the long way on
the sides. The chrysalis is pearly white mottled with black spots and
streaks. The insect ranges from southern New England south and
west, and is reported from as far north as Alberta. It goes as far as
Argentina in the south. Expanse ♂, 1.75 to 2.25 inches; ♀ , 2.25 to
2.75 inches.
(2) Euptoieta hegesia (Cramer), The Mexican Fritillary.
Very much like the preceding species, only the wings, especially
the hind wings, have very few dark markings, except about the
borders, and the insect is smaller. Expanse ♂, 1.6 to 2.25; ♀, 2.25 to
2.5 inches.
Found in Texas, Arizona, and southward.

Genus ARGYNNIS Fabricius

Butterflies of medium or large size,

PL. VIII generally of some shade of reddish
fulvous, conspicuously marked on the
upper side with dark spots and waved
lines, which are less conspicuously
repeated on the under side, and in many
species in part replaced by silvery spots.
In some species the males and the
females are dimorphic, that is, very
different in appearance from each other.
The palpi are strongly developed and
clothed heavily with hairs. The antennæ
have a short, well-defined, flattened,
somewhat spoon-shaped club. The cells
of both fore and hind wings are closed.
Eggs cone-shaped, flattened, and
depressed at the top, rounded at the base,
ribbed both ways, mostly near the base. Caterpillars dark in color,
spiny, with the spines on the first segment the longest; feeding on
violets at night, and hiding during the day. Chrysalis angular,
adorned with more or less prominent projections, head bifid.
This large genus has many species. It occurs in both
hemispheres. Its metropolis is North America, and we can speak of
only a few of the commoner and more conspicuous forms.
 (1) Argynnis idalia (Drury), The Regal Fritillary. Plate VIII, ♂.
The figure given will help the student to recognize this insect. The
caterpillar, when fully grown, is about 1.75 inches in length, black,
banded and striped with ochreous and orange-red, and ornamented
with fleshy spines, of which the two rows on the back are white
tipped with black, those on the sides black tinged with orange where
they spring from the body. The chrysalis is brown mottled with yellow.
Ranges from Maine to Nebraska, and southward among the
Appalachian highlands into West Virginia. Expanse 2.75 to 4 inches.
(2) Argynnis
PL. X diana (Cramer), PL. IX
Plate IX, ♂ ;
Plate X, ♀
(Diana).
This lovely
insect is
dimorphic, the
male having the
outer borders of
the wings
orange-fulvous,
while the female
has the wings
bordered with
blue spots.
Expanse 3.75 to 4.5 inches.
It belongs to the southern Appalachian region, and ranges from
West Virginia and the Carolinas to northern Georgia, thence
westward to the Ozarks, being found sparingly in southern Ohio and
Indiana, and commonly in parts of Kentucky.
(3) Argynnis leto Edwards, Plate XI, ♀ (Leto).
The male of this species is in some respects not unlike the two
following species, but with the wings darker at their bases; the
female, on the other hand, is quite different, the dark spots on the
inner half of the wings running together
and giving this part of the wings a dark PL. XI
brown or black appearance, while the
outer borders are pale yellow. Expanse
2.5 to 3.25 inches.
This beautiful form occurs on the
western side of the Rocky Mountains, in
California and Oregon.
(4) Argynnis
PL. XII cybele
(Fabricius),
Plate XII, ♀ ,
under side (The
Great Spangled
Fritillary).
The male is
bright reddish-fulvous on the upper side of
the wings, with the characteristic dark
markings of the genus; on the under side
the wings are heavily silvered. There
always is a pale yellowish submarginal
band shown on the under side of the hind
wings which does not appear in the next
species, and by the presence or absence
of which they may be discriminated from
each other. The caterpillars hibernate as soon as hatched, and pass
the winter in this state, feeding up and maturing in the following
spring when the violets begin to grow. Expanse 3 to 4 inches.
This species ranges from Maine to Nebraska and southward to
Georgia and Arkansas. It is our commonest species in the Middle
States.
(5) Argynnis aphrodite (Fabricius). Plate XIII, ♀ , under side
(Aphrodite).
 Closely resembling the preceding
species, but smaller. The under side of the PL. XIII
hind wings has the submarginal band
narrower than in A. cybele and often
wholly wanting, as shown in the figure.
The fore wings on the under side are
redder at the base than in A. cybele.
Expanse 3 to 3.5 inches.
The range is the same as that of the
preceding species.
The two species A. cybele and A.
aphrodite usually are found flying at the
same time and in the same places, and
when on the wing it is often very difficult to
distinguish them from each other. In fact
they seem to intergrade into each other,
and in a long series of specimens such close resemblances often
occur that it is puzzling to decide which is which. The deeper red of
the fore wing of A. cybele is the best diacritical character. The paler
outer margin of the hind wing of A. aphrodite, which is typically
shown in Plate XII, sometimes occurs also in A. cybele, and I have
specimens of the latter which very closely approximate the former in
this regard. In selecting specimens for illustration I have chosen the
two extreme forms in which the pale wing of A. aphrodite is seen to
contrast on the under side with the darker wing of A. cybele shown
on Plate XIII.
It may be remarked in passing that the genus Argynnis is very
difficult, and the writer has been in the habit of comparing it to the
genus Salix, the willows, among flowers. Botanists know how the
willows seem to run together, and how hard it is to discriminate the
species. The same thing is true of this great genus of butterflies with
which we are now dealing. It is particularly true of the species which
occur in the region of the Rocky Mountains, of which the writer has
probably the largest collection in existence, including all of the types
of the late William H. Edwards. The test of breeding has not been
fully applied as yet to all of these forms, and it is doubtful whether
some of them are more than varieties or local races. There is here a
field of inquiry which should tempt some young, ardent, and careful
student. The day for more thorough work is at hand, and I hope
some reader of these pages may be converted to the task.
Entomological study should become more intensive, as well as
extensive. The fathers of the science have paved the way and laid
foundations; it remains for the rising generation to complete the work
which the fathers have begun.
(6) Argynnis atlantis Edwards. Plate
PL. XIV XIV, ♂ (The Mountain Silverspot).
Smaller than A. aphrodite, with narrower
wings, darker at the base on both the
upper and lower sides. The submarginal
band below is pale yellow, narrow, distinct,
and always present. Expanse 2.25 to 2.5
inches.
Ranges from Quebec to Alberta and
southward, but is confined to the
Appalachian mountain ranges in southern
Pennsylvania and West Virginia.
The specimen figured on the Plate is
the type of the male contained in the
collection of the late William H. Edwards.
Although taken long ago, it retains all its original freshness and
beauty.
There used to be near Cresson on the summit of the Allegheny
Mountains a field surrounded by woodland in which violets grew.
When the clover was in bloom myriads of Fritillaries, belonging to the
species aphrodite, cybele, and atlantis, congregated there. What
captures we made! Many a collection on both sides of the Atlantic
contains specimens taken in that field, but no possessor of these
specimens can have the happy memories of the days passed in that
field by their captor.
(7) Argynnis callippe Boisduval. Plate XV, ♀, under side (Callippe).
 Wings on the upper side obscured with
dark brown on which the pale buff spots, PL. XV
margined with black, stand out
conspicuously. On the under side the
wings are pale buff, with a greenish cast,
the spots well silvered. Expanse 2.3 to 3
inches.
Abundant in southern California,
according to W. G. Wright, preferring
plains, and being confined mainly to the
little hot valleys which traverse them.
According to the same author the life of
the insect as an imago is very brief, “the
shortest of any Argynnid that I know of,
being only a few days in length.”
Many of the
PL. XVI western species do not have the spots on
the under side silvered, but are none the
less beautiful for that. One of these
species, without silvery spots, the spots
being creamy white, without metallic
lustre, is the beautiful insect figured on
Plate XVI, A. rhodope, the under side of
the female type of which we show. There
are nearly a dozen species of Argynnis
belonging to the same group with A.
rhodope, but the latter is the most
beautiful of all of them.
(8) Argynnis rhodope Edwards. Plate
XVI, ♀ under side (Type) (Rhodope).
The wings of the two sexes are quite
alike on the under side. On the upper side, which we do not figure,
the wings are bright fulvous, dark at the base, marked with heavy,
black, confluent spots. Expanse 2.2 to 2.4 inches.
Found in Washington and British Columbia.