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Microgrids
 IEEE Press
445 Hoes Lane
Piscataway, NJ 08854

IEEE Press Editorial Board

Sarah Spurgeon, Editor in Chief

Jón Atli Benediktsson Behzad Razavi Jeffrey Reed

Anjan Bose Jim Lyke Diomidis Spinellis
James Duncan Hai Li Adam Drobot
Amin Moeness Brian Johnson Tom Robertazzi
Desineni Subbaram Naidu Ahmet Murat Tekalp
Microgrids

Dynamic Modeling, Stability and Control

Qobad Shafiee, Mobin Naderi, and Hassan Bevrani

University of Kurdistan, Iran
Copyright © 2024 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Names: Shafiee, Qobad, author. | Naderi, Mobin, author. | Bevrani, Hassan,

author.
Title: Microgrids : dynamic modeling, stability and control / Qobad
Shafiee, Mobin Naderi, Hassan Bevrani.
Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley, [2024] | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2023040115 (print) | LCCN 2023040116 (ebook) | ISBN
9781119906209 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119906216 (adobe pdf) | ISBN
9781119906223 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Microgrids (Smart power grids)
Classification: LCC TK3105 .S43 2024 (print) | LCC TK3105 (ebook) | DDC
621.31–dc23/eng/20231107
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023040115
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023040116

Cover Design: Wiley

Cover Image: © ArtemisDiana/Shutterstock.com

Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Straive, Chennai, India

Dedicated to our beloved families.
 vii

Contents

About the Authors xv

Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Acronyms xxi

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Microgrid Concept and Capabilities 2
1.3 Microgrid Structure 2
1.4 Microgrids in the Future Smart Grids 5
1.5 Microgrids-Integrated Power Grids 7
1.6 Current Trends and Future Directions 8
1.6.1 Dynamic Behavior of MGs and Their Impacts on Power Grids 9
1.6.2 Microgrid-Based Ancillary Services 10
1.6.3 Dynamic Modeling and Control 10
1.7 The Book Content and Organization 10
References 12

Part I Individual Microgrids 15

2 Microgrid Dynamic Modeling: Concepts and Fundamentals 17

2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Dynamics and Modeling 19
2.3 Fundamental Analysis Tools and Requirements 20
2.3.1 State-Space (Small-Signal) Modeling 21
2.3.1.1 Finding Differential Equations 21
2.3.1.2 Park and Clark Transformations 22
2.3.1.3 Linearization 23
2.3.1.4 State-Space Representation 24
2.3.1.5 Interconnecting Modules 25
2.3.2 Detailed Modeling 28
2.3.3 Simplification Methods 28
2.3.3.1 Truncation (Regular Perturbation) 29
2.3.3.2 Residualization (Singular Perturbation) 30
viii Contents

2.3.3.3 Aggregation 30
2.3.3.4 Sensitivity Analysis 32
2.3.4 Prony Analysis 33
2.3.5 Large-Signal Modeling 35
2.4 Small-Signal Modeling of Microgrid Components 35
2.4.1 DC–AC Converter (Inverter) 36
2.4.2 AC–DC Converter (Rectifier) 36
2.4.3 DC–DC Converter (Chopper) 37
2.4.4 LC Filter 39
2.4.5 Power Network 39
2.4.5.1 Virtual Resistor Calculation 40
2.4.6 Loads 41
2.4.6.1 Constant RL Impedance Load 42
2.4.6.2 Constant Power Load (CPL) 43
2.4.6.3 Motor Load 44
2.4.6.4 Active Load 44
2.4.7 Energy Resources and Storages 46
2.4.7.1 Wind Generation Unit 46
2.4.7.2 Photovoltaic Generation Unit 50
2.4.7.3 Battery 52
2.4.7.4 Super-Capacitor 55
2.5 Small-Signal Modeling of Microgrid Controllers 58
2.5.1 Primary Control Strategies 58
2.5.1.1 Grid-Forming Strategy 59
2.5.1.2 Grid-Following Strategy 65
2.5.2 Secondary Control 68
2.5.3 Higher Control Levels 70
2.6 Large-Signal Modeling: An Example 70
2.6.1 Governing Equations on Synchronverter 70
2.6.2 Nonlinear State-Space Representation 72
2.7 Summary 72
References 73

3 Microgrid Dynamic Modeling: Overall Modeling and Case Studies 79

3.1 Introduction 79
3.2 Overall Microgrid Dynamic Modeling 80
3.2.1 Common Reference Frame 80
3.2.2 Microgrid General State-Space Model 81
3.2.3 Grid Model 81
3.3 Small-Signal Modeling of DC and AC Microgrids 82
3.3.1 A Grid-Connected PV 82
3.3.2 Grid-Connected AC Microgrids 84
3.3.3 Islanded AC Microgrids: The Detailed Model 85
3.3.4 Islanded AC Microgrids: A Sensitivity Analysis-Based Simplified Model 86
3.3.4.1 Removing/Reconfiguration Process of Modules 86
3.3.4.2 DLFMs Comparison of the Detailed and Simplified Models 88
3.3.4.3 The Oscillatory DLFM Comparison 89
 Contents ix

3.3.5 Islanded AC Microgrids: Aggregated Single-Order Model 90

3.3.5.1 General Steps of Modeling 90
3.3.5.2 Virtual Swing Equation-Based Single-Order Model 91
3.3.6 Islanded DC Microgrid 93
3.4 Large-Signal Modeling of Microgrids 96
3.4.1 Model Validation 96
3.4.2 Time-Domain Simulations 98
3.5 Summary 99
References 100

4 Microgrids Stability 103

4.1 Introduction 103
4.2 Stability Definition and Classification 104
4.3 Basic Requirements 106
4.3.1 Eigenvalue Analysis 106
4.3.2 Participation Matrix 107
4.3.3 Sensitivity Analysis 108
4.4 Small-Signal Stability Analysis 109
4.4.1 Grid-Connected PV 109
4.4.1.1 Sensitivity Analysis: LC Filter Parameters 111
4.4.1.2 Sensitivity Analysis: Coupling/Grid Line Length 111
4.4.1.3 Sensitivity Analysis: PLL Gains 112
4.4.1.4 Sensitivity Analysis: Current Control Gains 113
4.4.1.5 Sensitivity Analysis: DC Voltage Control gains 113
4.4.2 Grid-Connected AC Microgrids 114
4.4.2.1 Sensitivity Analysis: Grid Strength Study 115
4.4.2.2 Sensitivity Analysis: Interaction of GFL DERs 116
4.4.3 Islanded AC Microgrids 117
4.4.3.1 Sensitivity Analysis of Droop Gains 117
4.4.3.2 Sensitivity Analysis of Virtual Impedance 118
4.4.3.3 Stability Analysis of Secondary Control 120
4.4.3.4 Sensitivity Analysis of GFL DER Parameters 122
4.4.3.5 Weakness of AC Microgrids 123
4.4.3.6 Relative Stability Improvement Using Grid-Supporting Control Strategy 125
4.4.4 Islanded DC Microgrids 129
4.5 Transient Stability 131
4.5.1 Power Sharing Stability in AC Microgrids 131
4.5.2 Synchronverter Stabilization 134
4.5.2.1 Adaptive Backstepping Stabilizing Method 134
4.5.2.2 Simulation Results 136
4.6 Summary 137
References 139

5 Microgrid Control: Concepts and Fundamentals 143

5.1 Introduction 143
5.2 Fundamentals and Requirements 143
5.2.1 Introduction to Control Systems 143
x Contents

5.2.2 Control Objectives and Challenges 144

5.2.3 Control Architectures 146
5.3 Control Strategies for Power Converters 149
5.3.1 Introduction 149
5.3.2 Grid-Following Power Converters 150
5.3.2.1 Current Control 151
5.3.2.2 Synchronization Algorithm 153
5.3.3 Grid-Forming Power Converters 153
5.4 Hierarchical Control 155
5.4.1 The Control Hierarchy 155
5.4.2 Control Layers 156
5.5 Primary Control 157
5.5.1 Droop Control 160
5.5.1.1 Droop Control for Inductive Grids 162
5.5.1.2 Droop Control for Resistive Grids 163
5.5.1.3 Droop Control for Resistive–Inductive Grids 163
5.5.1.4 Discussion on the Conventional Droop Control 164
5.5.1.5 Droop Control for DC Grids 167
5.5.2 Virtual Impedance 168
5.5.3 A Simulation Study for Primary Control of AC Microgrids 169
5.5.3.1 Case Study 169
5.5.3.2 Simulation Results 169
5.6 Secondary Control 173
5.6.1 Secondary Control Functions and Strategies 173
5.6.1.1 Secondary Control Functions 173
5.6.1.2 Secondary Control Strategies 175
5.6.2 Centralized Secondary Control 175
5.6.3 Distributed Secondary Control 176
5.6.3.1 Communication Network as a Graph 176
5.6.3.2 Average-Based DISC 177
5.6.3.3 Consensus-Based DISC 177
5.6.3.4 Event-Triggered DISC 178
5.6.4 Decentralized Secondary Control 179
5.6.4.1 Washout Filter-Based DESC 180
5.6.4.2 Local Variable-Based DESC 180
5.6.4.3 Estimation-Based DESC 180
5.6.5 A Simulation Study for Secondary Control of AC Microgrids 182
5.6.5.1 Case Study and Controller Implementation 182
5.6.5.2 Simulation Results 182
5.7 Central Control 185
5.8 Global Control 186
5.9 Summary 186
References 187

6 Advances in Microgrid Control 197

6.1 Introduction 197
6.2 Advanced Control Synthesis 198
 Contents xi

6.2.1 Advanced Control Techniques 198

6.2.1.1 Optimal Control 199
6.2.1.2 Robust Control 200
6.2.1.3 Nonlinear Control 200
6.2.1.4 Intelligent Control 200
6.2.2 Model Predictive Control 201
6.2.2.1 MPC for Microgrids 202
6.2.2.2 Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control 203
6.2.3 Model Predictive Control of DC Microgrids with Constant Power Loads 204
6.2.3.1 Case Study and Dynamic Modeling 205
6.2.3.2 Design Methodology 208
6.2.3.3 Real-Time Hardware in the Loop Results 210
6.2.4 Hybrid Fuzzy Predictive Control for Smooth Transition of AC Microgrids 210
6.2.4.1 Case Study and Dynamic Modeling 213
6.2.4.2 Control System Design 216
6.2.4.3 Simulation Results 218
6.3 Virtual Dynamic Control 221
6.3.1 Concept and Structure 221
6.3.2 Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) 223
6.3.2.1 VSG Applications 225
6.3.3 Virtual Dynamic Control of DC Microgrids 226
6.3.3.1 Dynamic Improvement of DC Microgrids Using Virtual Inertia Concept 226
6.3.3.2 Case Study and Simulation Results 228
6.4 Resilient and Cybersecure Control 230
6.4.1 Microgrid as a Cyber-Physical System 230
6.4.2 Communication Requirements 232
6.4.3 Cybersecurity 233
6.4.3.1 Network/Data Cyber Threats on Microgrids 234
6.4.3.2 Distributed Secondary Control Under Network Cyber Attacks 235
6.4.3.3 Cyberattack Detection 236
6.4.3.4 Cyberattack Mitigation 240
6.4.4 Event-Triggered Control 240
6.4.4.1 Event-Triggered Secondary Control of AC Microgrids 242
6.4.4.2 Physical and Control Layers 242
6.4.4.3 Secondary Control Design 243
6.4.4.4 Case Study and Simulation Results 245
6.5 Summary 250
References 250

Part II Interconnected Microgrids 263

7 Interconnected Microgrids: Opportunities and Challenges 265

7.1 Introduction 265
7.2 An Overview 267
7.3 Architectures of Interconnected Microgrids 269
7.4 Benefits, Challenges, and Research Fields 271
xii Contents

7.5 Operation of Interconnected Microgrids 272

7.6 Vacancies for Future Research 273
7.6.1 IMG Dynamic Modeling 273
7.6.2 IMG Stability Analysis 273
7.6.3 IMG Control 274
7.7 Summary 274
References 275

8 Modeling of Interconnected Microgrids 285

8.1 Introduction 285
8.2 Interconnection Method 286
8.3 Module Modeling 287
8.3.1 Microgrid Modeling 289
8.3.1.1 Modeling of Secondary Control for CB-IMGs 291
8.3.1.2 Other MG Modules 294
8.3.1.3 Overall MG Model 294
8.3.2 Interlinking Line Modeling 295
8.3.3 Back-to-Back Converter Modeling 296
8.3.3.1 AC Side of the BTBC 297
8.3.3.2 DC Side of the BTBC 297
8.3.3.3 Dependent Current and Voltage Sources 298
8.3.3.4 BTBC Power Part Interconnection 299
8.3.3.5 Power Controller 299
8.3.3.6 DC Voltage Controller 300
8.3.3.7 Synchronizing PLLs 300
8.3.3.8 Complete Interconnection of BTBC Modules 301
8.3.4 Circuit Breaker Modeling 302
8.4 Overall IMG Modeling 302
8.4.1 Comprehensive Modeling of CB-IMGs 302
8.4.2 Comprehensive Modeling of BTBC-IMGs 305
8.5 Model Validation 305
8.5.1 Model Validation Procedure 305
8.5.2 Real-Time Simulator 307
8.5.3 Validation of CB-IMG Modeling 308
8.5.3.1 Case Study Information 308
8.5.3.2 Prony Analysis Results 308
8.5.3.3 Comparison Results 309
8.5.4 Validation of BTBC-IMG Modeling 312
8.6 Reduced-Order Models 312
8.6.1 Simplified Model Application in CB-IMG Frequency Control 313
8.6.2 Simplified Model of MGs and CB-IMGs 314
8.6.3 Comparing Detailed and Single-Order Models 316
8.7 Summary 317
References 317
 Contents xiii

9 Stability of Interconnected Microgrids 323

9.1 Introduction 323
9.2 IMG Stability Review 324
9.3 Small-Signal Stability Analysis 324
9.3.1 Eigenvalue Analysis of CB-IMGs 325
9.3.2 Frequency Stability of CB-IMGs 326
9.3.2.1 Intermicrogrid Oscillatory Modes 326
9.3.2.2 Frequency Response 327
9.3.3 Eigenvalue Analysis of BTBC-IMGs 328
9.4 Sensitivity Analysis 331
9.4.1 CB-IMGs 331
9.4.2 BTBC-IMGs 332
9.4.2.1 DC Side and Voltage Controller of Back-to-Back Converter 332
9.4.2.2 PLLs of Back-to-Back Converter 333
9.4.2.3 𝜔 − P Droop Characteristic 334
9.4.2.4 Cutoff Frequency (𝜔c ) of LPFs 334
2
9.4.2.5 Initial DC Voltage (Vdc0 ) 335
9.4.2.6 Comparison Between Two and Three Interconnected Microgrids 336
9.4.2.7 Number of Interconnected Microgrids 336
9.5 Transient Stability of BTBC-IMGs: BTBC DC Voltage 337
9.5.1 Energy-Based Transient Stability Analysis 337
9.5.2 Minimum Stabilizing DC Voltage Criterion 338
9.5.2.1 Time Interval ΔTstab 338
j
9.5.2.2 Capacitance of the Cdc 339
( )
j
9.5.2.3 Injected Power to the DC Link Pdc0 339
9.5.2.4 MSDVC Comparison with Common Transient Stability Criteria 339
9.5.3 Grid Strength Impact 340
9.5.4 BTBC Power Flow Direction 341
9.5.5 Time-Domain Simulations 341
9.5.5.1 Frequency Instability of BTBC-IMGs 341
9.5.5.2 Voltage Instability of BTBC-IMGs 342
9.5.5.3 Power Flow Direction 343
9.5.5.4 Pre-charging Before Power Flow 344
9.5.5.5 Initial Power Transfer Limit 344
9.6 Summary 345
References 346

10 Control of Interconnected Microgrids 349

10.1 Introduction 349
10.2 Overview on IMG Control 350
10.2.1 CB-IMGs 352
10.2.2 BTBC-IMGs 353
10.2.3 DC-IMGs 355
10.3 Frequency Control for CB-IMGs 356
10.3.1 Tuning of Secondary Control Gains 356
Other documents randomly have
different content
 “Then we will consider it all settled; it is a banderbust,” and taking
Honor’s arm, she nodded quite an affectionate good night, and
retired into her own quarters.
Precisely at six o’clock the next day the party made a start—the
men on sturdy hill ponies, the ladies in dandies. What can be more
exquisite than a clear April morning on the lower slopes of the
Himalayas? The lake was still and lay half in shadow; the dew
glittered among the cherry blossoms, as if they were set in
diamonds; the low rush-covered marshes were sprinkled with herds
of cattle, and the doves were cooing in the dense woods that
overlooked the misty blue plains. The travellers encountered many
groups of hill folk, going to work among the cultivated patches lower
down, or in the neighbouring tea-gardens, as they passed through a
village, a flock of delightful little brown children sallied out and tossed
freshly plucked monthly roses into the ladies’ laps, “so charmingly
Arcadian and simple,” thought Honor. But she was disillusioned, by
the same little brown elves pursuing them for half a mile, with shrill
demands for “Bucksheesh! bucksheesh!”
As they toiled upwards, the day grew perceptibly warmer, the
ascent steeper. At twelve o’clock they halted by a mountain stream
under some evergreen oaks, and there found an excellent repast
awaiting them. Mrs. Brande’s portly cook had girded up his loins, and
hastened by short cuts and by-paths, and now lay in ambush with
this welcome repast of fowl, cold pie, rolls and coffee; claret and
hock were cooling in a neighbouring stream.
There was some satisfaction in being escort to Mrs. Brande, who
sat on a box, presiding over the table-cloth, and looking the
embodiment of gratified hospitality. When the meal had come to an
end and the men were smoking, she said—
“What’s that in your dandy, Honor? I see you taking as much care
of it as if it was some great treasure; not your new hats, I hope?” in a
tone of real concern.
“No, aunt; it is my violin—a much more important affair.”
 “Nonsense, child! Why did you not leave it with the heavy
baggage?”
“Because it might have been smashed.”
“Well, if it was, it could be mended. We have a very clever Maistry
carpenter at Shirani. I often give him little jobs. My butler—a
Goanese—has a fiddle, too, and of an evening I hear him giving the
other servants a benefit.”
“Perhaps he and I may play duets,” remarked Honor, demurely.
“My dear child!” with a deeply horrified air. “How can you talk in
such a wild way? Captain Waring is shocked—ain’t you, captain?”
“Dreadfully scandalized; and I will only condone the outrage to my
feelings on one condition, that Miss Gordon plays us a solo. Will you,
Miss Gordon? This is the hour and the place.”
Mrs. Brande naturally expected that her niece would require at
least a quarter of an hour’s incessant pressing; and, indeed, in spite
of what the Hodsons had told her, this benighted old person was not
at all sure that it was the correct thing for a woman to play the fiddle.
“Would Mrs. Langrishe allow her girl to do it?” and visions of her own
fat black butler, squatting outside the house in the cool of the day
playing jigs and reels to a circle of enraptured syces and chuprassis,
rose before her mind’s eye!
This vision was quickly dispelled by another. Honor longed for the
sound of her beloved violin, her present audience were not
formidable, and she was not the least nervous. Last time she had
held her fiddle and bow it had been a dull wet afternoon at home—a
type of the worst grey, sullen, English weather. She had played to
them in the drawing-room Schubert’s “Adieu.” Yes, and her mother
had wept. Now, what a different scene, and different listeners! Two
men, almost strangers, prone on the grass, lazily expectant, and, as
far as Captain Waring was concerned, condescendingly ready to be
entertained; a stout lady sitting on a wine-case, with her napkin on
her knee, and her topee quite at the back of her head; a distant
group of scarlet-and-white clad servants; and all around a scene fit
to encircle Orpheus himself. Range after range of purple-blue hills,
rising out of rhododendron and oak forests, a rival across the valley
in the shape of a cuckoo, otherwise a waiting, sympathetic silence.
As the girl took the violin out of its case, Captain Waring could see
that it was in hands that loved it; and noted, moreover, that the said
hands were beautiful—the wrists most daintily modelled. Soon the
bow began to call forth heavenly sounds.
Honor stood up, leaning carelessly against the trunk of a tree, and
seemed wholly unconscious of her audience; her face, which was
turned towards the hills, gradually assumed a rapt exalted
expression, and her playing was in keeping with her attitude and her
eyes. The performance was a revelation—a mixture of great
simplicity, with a distinct note of human passion in its strain. Surely
the music was the voice of this girl’s sweet soul!
The servants boldly came near to hear this new “Miss Sahib” who
drew such marvellous strains from the “sitar.” The very ponies
pricked their ears, a rambling hill cow halted to listen, the competitive
cuckoo was dumb.
The two young men gradually dropped their cigarettes. Mrs.
Brande dropped her jaw. Why, her niece played as well as a man at
a concert! Even better, in her opinion, for this was a tune that
touched her, and that she could understand; those sweet wailing
notes, resembling a human voice, penetrated her opaque
sensibilities, and wafted her to the very gates of Paradise.
Captain Waring surveyed with unaffected curiosity this fair young
musician, with his elbows dug into the grass, his chin resting on his
hands. He knew something about music; the girl played with faultless
taste and absolute purity of tone. He was listening to “linked
sweetness long drawn out” rendered with truly expressive charm.
Here was not the common or ordinary Indian spin, but a modern
Saint Cecilia! He glanced at Mark, to see how this unexpected
transformation had affected him; but Mark’s face was averted, and
he gave no sign, though in reality he was enjoying a debauch of
exquisite musical thoughts.
 Presently the spell, a weird Russian air, died away in a long
sobbing sigh, and, save for a murmur among the servants, there
ensued quite a remarkable pause, broken at length by Mrs. Brande,
who exclaimed as if she had suddenly awoke—
“Very pretty indeed! And how did you like it, Captain Waring?”
“Like it!” he echoed indignantly. “My dear madam, what a feeble
and inadequate expression! Miss Gordon plays magnificently.”
“Oh indeed, no,” she protested. “I can play music that I can feel—
and that is easy, and I began to learn the violin when I was four
years old, so that my fingers are pretty supple; but when I think of
other people’s playing, such as Sarasate, I realize that I am nothing
more than a well-meaning amateur, and never will be otherwise. I
cannot master any excessive technical difficulties. I have no
brilliancy—still,” with a happy little sigh, “I am glad that you liked it.”
“Yes, my dear,” said her aunt, nodding her head approvingly. “And
now let us have something lively. Suppose you play a polka?”
But the violin was already in its case. Honor had laid it there with
the air of a mother consigning an infant to its rest.
“Oh, Miss Gordon, what a shame!” expostulated Mark Jervis. “I
could lie on this sunny slope, under the rhododendrons, listening to
you for days.”
“You would not find it very comfortable in the rains,” remarked Mrs.
Brande, with some asperity. She did not approve of penniless young
men thus launching compliments at her accomplished niece. “And
now we had better be getting on, if we are to reach Binsa before
dark.”
The next and last day of their march the party were proceeding as
usual in pairs; Honor and Captain Waring led the van, whilst Jervis
and Mrs. Brande, who was a heavy load, lagged behind. The further
they journeyed, the steeper grew the precipices, the wilder the
scenery, the narrower the paths. At one place in the woods, high
above them, grazed a herd of so-called tame buffaloes—tame with
natives, wild with Europeans. The huge bull, with his hairy head and
enormous horns—though he carried a bell—was tame with no one!
Hearing strange voices below, he lifted up his hideous china-blue
eyes, stared fiercely about him, and then came crashing downhill for
some dozen yards, but his prey—Honor and her escort—had already
passed by, and were out of reach. He stood still in a meditative
attitude, and gave vent to an angry and disappointed bellow.
After a considerable interval, another group came into view. Mrs.
Brande’s gay jampannis and scarlet dandy rug settled the question.
In half a moment he had blundered through the undergrowth, and
placed himself in a warlike attitude upon the path—exactly six yards
ahead of the party. The unanimity with which Mrs. Brande’s bearers
dropped her, and fled up trees, was only equalled by the agility
displayed by the lady herself, in leaping out of the dandy and
scrambling down the khud! Nothing remained on the track but the
empty vehicle, the buffalo, and Jervis.
He promptly jumped off his pony, snatched up a jampanni’s pole,
on the end of which he raised the red rug, and boldly advanced like a
matador in the arena. When the bull lowered his ponderous head to
charge, he threw the rug over his horns with as much coolness and
dexterity as if he had merely to deal with a stuffed animal! But this
animal was dangerously animated. Rushing furiously forward, he
tumbled blindly over the dandy, and with a loud crash, rolled down
the khud, which, luckily for him (and Mrs. Brande) was not of sheer
descent. The lady’s piercing screams attracted the notice of her
niece, and—of what was far more to the purpose—the boy who was
in charge of the herd. Probably he had been fast asleep, but he now
came racing through the brushwood, routed up the buffalo, whose
fall had undoubtedly quenched his spirit, and drove him away, laden
with the hearty curses of the jampannis. These valiant gentlemen
had now descended to mother earth, as brave as lions. The rug was
in ribbons, the dandy in matchwood, but no one was injured. “What
was to be done?” inquired Captain Waring, vainly struggling to
preserve a grave countenance, as he saw Mrs. Brande, who
presented a truly distressing spectacle, emerging from the bushes,
on her hands and knees. The back of her dress was split right across
the shoulders, her veil hung round her neck, and she was covered
with sand and bits of twigs.
 Mark had hastened to her assistance, and her niece, as she
picked up her topee and umbrella, asked anxiously “if she was hurt?”
“No,” she panted, sitting down and dusting herself with her
handkerchief, “I’m not a bit the worse.”
“But your dandy is in smithereens!” said Captain Waring. “What is
to be done?”
“I know what has been done. Young man,” solemnly addressing
herself to Jervis, “you saved my life, as sure as I sit here, and you
stand there. If you had not had the courage to throw the rug over his
head, he would have come down the khud, and gored me to death—
I’m not a woman of many words” (fond delusion) “but I won’t forget it
—nor will P.” In moments of unusual excitement, or when with her
intimates, she invariably spoke of her husband as “P.”
“Oh, Mrs. Brande,” he replied, “you think a great deal too much of
it—it was only a buffalo.”
“Only a buffalo!” she repeated. “You little know them; in another
minute I’d have been only a corpse. They are the most dangerous
brutes you can come across, and so cunning. Ha,” changing her
voice to another and sharper key, “Jait Sing, you base coward! I shall
cut every one’s pay two rupees. I’ve a mind to stop your wood
tickets. What a contrast to you,” she pointed her fat finger straight at
Jervis. “Lions, indeed, as all these Sings call themselves—pretty
lions—you are the bravest young man I ever saw!”
“Oh come, I say, Mrs. Brande,” expostulated Waring, playfully.
“You don’t know what I could do if I tried.”
“Well, as you did not try, I cannot say,” she answered dryly.
“It’s not such a marvellous feat, driving off an old buffalo——”
“Depends upon the humour the buffalo is in; and I’m surprised at
you belittling your own cousin, instead of being proud of him,”
pursued the lady with considerable heat, and entirely forgetting her
intended rôle with respect to this millionaire.
“How are you to get on, aunt?” inquired Honor; “but of course you
must go in my dandy and I can walk.”
 “By no means, Miss Gordon; you shall ride my pony,” said Captain
Waring. “He has a grand roomy old saddle and a fine broad back,
and I will hold you from slipping off.”
To this arrangement Mrs. Brande (who had now recovered her
composure and her wits) saw no objection. Quite the contrary, it was
a capital idea. As for herself, she felt so shattered and so nervous,
that she could not allow Mr. Jervis out of her sight.
They were now within seven miles of Shirani, and oh! what
interminable miles—they seemed leagues—leagues of dreary
monotonous road, winding and twisting round barren fawn-coloured
hills, and apparently taking them straight into the very heart of Asia.
They wound up and down valleys, to the crest of a range, which hid,
as they fondly hoped, long-looked-for Shirani. Alas! it but gave them
a view of yet another valley—yet another rounded hill slope. Honor
was not surprised to hear that a lady of her aunt’s acquaintance, on
her first visit, had, after a series of these maddening
disappointments, collapsed on the journey, and given way to a storm
of hysterical tears. Sometimes Honor walked—walked by
preference, but at others, she mounted the pony in deference to her
chaperon’s wishes. She did not enjoy her ride, it consisted of a
gradual slide, slide, slide, a recover, then slide, slide, again. She
declined Captain Waring’s eagerly tendered arm—support was twice
as irksome as walking. Would this detestable road never, never,
come to an end?
Ah, there were the pine trees of Shirani at last! In another twenty
minutes, they were among them. As the little party debouched into
the mall, Mrs. Brande heading the procession, Honor bringing up the
rear, with Captain Waring leading her pony, they came face to face
with Mrs. Langrishe, walking with her most stately air, between a
soldierly looking man and a small, beautifully dressed, fair-haired
girl.
Yes, she could not have failed to notice and take in the full
significance of Mrs. Brande’s rentrée (indeed she and her rival had
exchanged bows), and dusty, hot, and thirsty, as that lady was, this
was one of the happiest and proudest moments of her life!
 CHAPTER XVI.
A MESSAGE FROM MISS PASKE.

Although she had only caught a fleeting vision of Mrs. Brande’s

niece, Mrs. Langrishe had sharp eyes, and one glance had been
sufficient to assure her that the girl was not the least like what she
had expected. She was slim and dark, and, though covered with
dust, and wearing a frightful one rupee topee, undeniably a lady, and
not at all of the dairymaid type.
And how exultant the old woman had looked! Literally puffed out
with pride, as she was carried past, with the millionaire in close
attendance. Not that that detail was of the slightest consequence.
Lalla knew him intimately, and she would get her to write him a nice,
friendly little note, and ask him to drop in to tea.
Meanwhile Honor had been presented to her uncle, who, far from
being disappointed, was agreeably surprised to find that she was the
image of his favourite sister Hester, who had died when she was
eighteen. This resemblance (which he kept to himself) ensured the
new arrival an immediate entrée to her uncle’s good graces. And
Mrs. Brande, accustomed to his cool and rather cynical manner, was
amazed at the warmth of the reception he accorded to his hitherto
unknown niece.
For several days the young lady was kept at home in strict
seclusion, until her complexion had recovered the journey and her
boxes had arrived from the railway. Her aunt was determined not to
submit her treasure to the fierce gaze which beats upon a newly
arrived girl, until she was altogether at her best. She, however, could
not close her doors to numerous ladies who came to call upon Miss
Gordon, and thus secure an early and private view. Honor was
compelled to sit in state in a hideous drawing-room, where every
colour was shouting at another, and listen to her aunt telling visitors
how beautifully she played the fiddle, and what long hair she had,
and how she took threes in shoes, and how useful she was in the
house already. Also, she did not spare them full particulars of the
buffalo adventure, nor fail to sing loud praises of Mr. Jervis, or to
enlarge on his cousin’s agreeable escort and particular attentions en
route. Then Mrs. Brande discussed her servants and the outrageous
price of ghee and charcoal.
“Come, let us sit in the verandah,” whispered Mrs. Sladen, who
had read the girl’s expressive face. “You will get quite used to it,” she
continued, when they were outside; “you will do it yourself some day.
We all do; but you will have a very happy home here, in spite of the
price of potatoes! Your aunt is delighted with you, as you may see,
and you will soon have plenty of topics to discuss. She has been
lonely enough till now. She and Mr. Brande, although much attached
to one another, have few tastes in common. He is fond of literature,
and devoted to tennis and rackets; and although he is older, he is so
active that he seems years her junior. Your coming has given her a
fresh start and new pleasures. She is a dear, good woman, and as
single-hearted as a little child.”
Mrs. Sladen and Honor had taken to one another at once. Honor
had been down (after dusk) to Mrs. Sladen’s house—been
presented to Colonel Sladen, and shown the photographs of Mrs.
Sladen’s little girls—Charlotte and Mabel, and had heard their last
letters—a proof that she was in high favour with their mother. Honor
was not accustomed to sitting with her hands before her, and
promptly found occupation in various ways—she ran messages,
wrote notes and orders, arranged flowers, and ventured on
respectful suggestions with regard to the drawing-room, a fine
apartment, expensively furnished in the worst taste imaginable—a
supreme contrast to Mrs. Langrishe’s room, which was the prettiest
in Shirani. People little suspected how that leisurely lady dusted it
entirely herself, shook out draperies, arranged flowers, and washed
the china ornaments with her own delicate hands. Her room, as she
understood it, made an effective background for herself—and she
spared no pains to frame Ida Langrishe in the most becoming
fashion. The floor was covered with fine old prayer-rugs, the tables
were strewn with curios, the walls hung with valuable water colours,
and scattered at suitable intervals were inviting armchairs.
Ill-natured people assured one another that the Persian rugs,
carvings, and silver bowls were all so many offerings from “men.”
Even so Mrs. Langrishe would have been the first to admit,
“Presents to Granby and myself. Colonel Greene, a dear old thing,
brought us the carpet from Peshawar; and Mr. Goldhoofe sent those
silver things from Delhi. I must say that our friends never forget us.”
Mrs. Langrishe, as we know, had fully determined to hand over the
drawing-room to her niece, it would be such good practice for the
child, and really the flowers took up an hour every morning. She
would find many ways of making Lalla useful. But that young lady
steadily objected to these plans, she immediately made her aunt
aware that she considered herself merely ornamental. “Oh dear no!
she never arranged flowers, she had no taste in that line, and
besides, it would spoil her hands. Dust the drawing-room! dear Aunt
Ida must be joking; why, that was the bearer’s business. Get out the
dessert! oh!” with a peal of ringing laughter, “she was not to be
trusted. She would eat every chocolate, and all the best French
sweets!”
So whilst Mrs. Langrishe laboured, as usual, over her household
tasks, her fair niece, with a locked door, lay upon her bed, reading a
novel, tried new experiments in the hairdressing line, or wrote notes.
No, no; she had not come to Shirani to be a lady-help. She had
always heard that her aunt Ida was very clever; but, luckily, she had
her wits about her also!
During Honor Gordon’s period of enforced retirement, she went
early every morning for a solitary walk along a pretty sandy road,
that wound among the dark aromatic pine woods—a road with sharp
angles, and deep leafy ravines, green with ferns and ivy. It was early
in May, and the ground was strewn with pine-needles, which
deadened the footfall; the firs were thin and bare, and through their
dark branches she caught glimpses of the snows, that like a great
white rampart hung in mid-air, between a brilliant blue sky and an
opal-tinted mist. Honor enjoyed these rambles immensely, though
she rarely met a soul, save a syce exercising a horse, or an ayah
wheeling a perambulator. Her sole companion was “Ben,” who luckily
had “taken to her,” and with whom she had established relations of
such a friendly character, that she had actually been installed in the
unexpected position of his “aunt.”
Occasionally they made joint excursions down the khud, he in
search of the private larders of other dogs, she in quest of ferns and
moss for table decoration. Ben was a personage of such importance
at Rookwood that he demands half a chapter to himself. He was a
dog with fixed opinions, and hated Mrs. Langrishe—and one or two
other people—in the same degree that he hated cold boiled meat.
Sport was his passion, the chewing up of Suède gloves his
weakness. He was a fox-terrier with a history. As a pup, he had been
presented by a man to a girl, on the principle of “love me love my
dog,” but alas, the false maiden had loved neither the one nor the
other; she heartlessly jilted the man, and abandoned the dog to his
fate. However, her ayah (prudent soul) ere she went down the hill,
sold the pup to a bheestie for the sum of two annas (an ancient
debt), he happened to be Mrs. Brande’s servant, and was
excessively vain of his purchase, but left him most of the day tied by
a strip of pink calico to a conspicuous tree in her compound, where
he suffered him to “eat the air,” and but little else. Mrs. Brande, en
route to feed her well-to-do fowls, noticed the famishing animal; and
as she often threw him a crust, he naturally hailed her advent with
extravagant demonstrations of delight and feeble yelps of joy. Her
easily softened heart was touched by the raptures of the starving
puppy, and after some parley she bought him from the bheestie for
the sum he swore he had paid—to wit, ten rupees—in order to feed
him up and get him a good master. But Ben was thoroughly satisfied
with his present quarters, and soon made himself completely at
home. He displayed an easy intimacy with armchairs and cushions,
he had undoubtedly been accustomed to sweet biscuits and to good
society, and his mistress pointed out with just pride that he
understood English perfectly! Of course she eventually adopted
“Ben,” he made himself indispensable, he refused to be separated
from his patroness, and became her shadow, and soon ceased to be
a shadow himself. He grew from a dirty, starving, shivering whelp,
into an extremely handsome dog, with a fine gloss on his coat. Did
he ever remember his own evil days, as he lounged of an afternoon
sunning himself at the gate of Rookwood, and passed in scornful
review, curs less happy and of low degree? Are dogs snobs?
Whether snob or not, Ben was brave, he lowered his tail to none,
and when the big wild cat that created such havoc among the
poultry, went to ground under the messhouse, “Ben Brande,” as he
was called, was the only one of the assembled mob of terriers, who,
as a looker on expressed it, “was man enough to follow him, kill him,
and drag him out.” Ben Brande lost an eye thereby, but gained a
magnificent reputation.
Of course Ben was spoiled. His mistress talked to him incessantly;
he had his own little charpoy in her room, his morning tea in her
company, and now and then he was permitted to invite his pal
“Jacko,” a red terrier, to dine and spend the day! (Once they had
elected to spend it quietly in Mr. Brande’s dressing-room, where they
devoured several pairs of boots, a sponge-bag, and the back of
“Nancy.”) Ben escorted his mistress in her walks and drives. Many a
time she went out solely on his account, and it was an indisputable
fact that he had favourite roads, and his “grandmamma”—as the
infatuated lady called herself—always studied his wishes. On those
occasions when “his grandpapa and grandmamma” were dining
abroad, he never went to bed, but established himself at the
entrance until their return (however late), and passers-by could
always tell that the Brandes were at a “burra khana” when they saw
an upright little white figure sitting by the gatepost. Indeed it was
whispered, that the reason Mrs. Brande was always so early to
depart, was simply that she did not like to keep Ben waiting up! She
never said so, but every one knew that Ben was the real motive for
her premature departure. And this was the animal who now
accompanied Honor, and who had accorded her his patronage and
friendship. One morning, as they were strolling homewards, he with
a large stone in his mouth, and she carrying an armful of ferns, they
nearly came into collision with another couple—the angles were
abrupt—walking noiselessly on pine needles. They proved to be
Toby Joy, who was also attended by a dog, and sauntering along
hand-in-hand with a young lady, a dainty, white-skinned little person,
with fluffy light hair, small keen eyes, admirably arched brows and a
tip-tilted nose.
Honor was by far the most embarrassed of the trio, and blushed a
good healthy blush—of which she was heartily ashamed. Why
should not other people enjoy the delicious morning air? As to
walking hand-in-hand, she ought to be the last person to object; had
she not walked hand-in-hand herself with an absolute stranger?
“Good morning, Miss Gordon,” said Toby, slowly relinquishing Miss
Paske’s fingers, and doffing his cap. “So you have got up here all
right in spite of the buffalo! Let me introduce you to Miss Paske.”
The girls bowed, and looked at one another gravely.
“We are getting up that burlesque I told you about, and have come
out early to study our part together.”
“How praiseworthy of you,” said Honor, in simple good faith. “And
what is the piece to be?”
“The Babes in the Wood,” responded Miss Paske with an odd
smile, and looking Honor over with her bright little eyes. “Don’t you
think it will be suitable to the dear simple people at Shirani?”
“I really don’t know,” replied the other, with a puzzled face.
“Well, I hope you will come to see it,” and with a patronizing nod
she moved on. But Ben and Jumbo (Mrs. Langrishe’s dog) were not
disposed to part thus! The household feud had evidently extended to
them. They had been tiptoeing round one another for some time,
with considerable stiffness in their gait, emitting low and insulting
growls, that now culminated in a sort of gurgling snarl, as they flew at
one another’s throats. Miss Paske gave a little stifled shriek, and
scrambled hastily up the bank, whilst Honor and Toby made
desperate attempts to separate the combatants. They each caught
hold of a dog by whatever came first, leg or tail; but the dogs refused
to be parted, and to and fro, and up and down, they struggled and
scrambled in a mutual frenzy. Meanwhile, Lalla, who was now at a
safe elevation, actually appeared delighted at the performance, and
laughed and clapped her hands ecstatically. At last, by the expedient
of pouring sand on their heads, the dogs were choked off, and each
side was bottle-holder to a furious, panting, struggling animal.
“I think we had better separate at once,” gasped Honor, who only
restrained Ben with the greatest difficulty.
“Yes, the sooner the better,” agreed Toby, who was also wrestling
with an eager armful.
As Honor turned homewards, with Ben hanging longingly over her
shoulder, Miss Paske, who had tripped down from her coign of
’vantage, called after her, in her sweetest, clearest tones—
“Be sure you tell Mrs. Brande, that her dog got the worst of it.”

END OF VOL. I.

PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON

AND BECCLES.
 Transcriber’s Notes
Punctuation errors/omissions have been fixed.
Page 21: “you have jus” changed to “you have just”
Page 246: “Grandby and myself” changed to “Granby and myself”
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MR. JERVIS,
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