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 vi

Acknowledgments
When you think about how a textbook is created, you might envision a lone author who produces a
manuscript that is copyedited and then sent to the printer. If that was the case, textbooks might be less
expensive, but they would certainly be less effective and far less interesting.
Today, creating a textbook is more like developing a computer game than penning a novel. It is a
process that requires designers, script writers, narrators, animators, videographers, photographers,
photo researchers, desktop publishers, programmers, testers, indexers, editors, reviewers—and, yes,
somewhere in the middle of all this creative effort are the authors.
The successful launch of this textbook was possible only because of an extraordinary and diverse team
of dedicated specialists who collaborate from geographically dispersed locations using the Internet. It is
a team of disciplined professionals who do what it takes to meet deadlines with high-quality work and
cheeriness, even after working all weekend.
We would like to acknowledge the members of our incredible team who helped to bring you this
colorful, interactive textbook:
Keefe Crowley: Multi-talented Keefe produces the digital book by linking together the text, photos,
videos, software tours, animations, and computer-scored quizzes. He also ushers the CD through the
testing process and is responsible for producing many of the photos and video sequences. Keefe keeps
in shape riding his mountain bike even during snowy northern winters.
Donna Mulder: As our senior animator, Donna works tirelessly to script and develop guided software
tours from her office in Colorado, where we assume she has a cozy fireplace to keep her warm up
there in the mountains.
Chris Robbert: The voice of the Practical series, Chris records narrations from his studio in the U.S.
Virgin Islands, and he is a talented musician who specializes in classical and jazz guitar.
Tensi Parsons: Our layout and desktop publishing expert, Tensi, is responsible for tracking all the
elements for the printed book. Each chapter goes through at least four revisions, and Tensi’s job is to
keep everything straight so the final product meets the highest standards. Tensi coaches community
rowing in her free time.
Testers, testers, testers: Kevin Lappi, Joseph Smit, Kelsey Schuch, Nora Heikkinen, Michael Crowley,
and the Course Technology Software Quality Assurance Team; they test the digital book, they test the
instructions, and they test the tests.
Julia Leroux-Lindsey: As our content development manager, Julia oversees the manuscript from
inception to publication.
Michelle Durgerian: As our content project manager, Michelle monitors the flow of chapters among
the copyeditor, author, and desktop publisher. She makes sure that all the final copy is clean and
error-free.
Sarah Fowler: Our schedule maven and project manager keeps everything on track with her weekly
reports and production schedules.
Suzanne Huizenga: With today’s technology, spelling errors are few and far between. But there are
still a million and one grammar and style issues for the copyeditor to address, and Suzanne is a
perfectionist with an eagle eye.
And that’s not all! We simply cannot omit the editorial staff at Course Technology who make the
executive decisions and work with customers: Donna Gridley, Amanda Lyons, Kathy Finnegan, and
Melissa Stehler. They are this product’s fairy godmothers who make the pumpkin turn into a coach.

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 vii

Contents
SECTION I: Computing Chapter 3: Software 38
Fundamentals What is software? 39

Get It? Section I Practice Test 1 What does an operating system do? 41

Chapter 1: Computer Hardware 2 How do I recognize the Windows

operating system? 42
What is a computer? 3
How do I identify OS X? 44
How are computers classified? 4
What devices use iOS? 45
Can computers connect to each other? 7
What devices use the Android operating
What are the components of a personal
system? 46
computer system? 8
Where is Linux used? 47
What’s inside the system unit? 9
What is document production software? 48
How do computer circuits manipulate data? 10
What is spreadsheet software? 49
What factors affect computer speed,
power, and compatibility? 11 What is database software? 50

What’s important about microprocessors? 13 What is presentation software? 51

What’s important about computer memory? 14 What about graphics software? 52

Why do computers use multiple storage What’s available for working with videos,
devices? 16 music, and other media? 53

Assessment 19 Assessment 55

Chapter 2: Peripheral Devices 20 Chapter 4: Installing Software 56

What is a peripheral device? 21 How do I know which software will work
on my computer? 57
What’s special about computer keyboards? 22
How do I install local software? 58
What are the options for pointing devices? 23
What about software upgrades and updates? 60
What are the most popular display
technologies? 25 How do I remove local software? 61

What are the most popular printer What about portable software? 62
technologies? 27 How do I get started with Web apps? 63
How do computers work with digital What about apps for mobile devices? 64
cameras? 29 What’s the significance of software
What are the options for audio copyrights and licenses? 65
peripherals? 30 How do I deal with software installation
How do I connect peripheral devices to and access problems? 68
my computer? 31 Assessment 69
How do I keep computer and peripheral
equipment in good working condition? 33
How do I troubleshoot equipment
problems? 35
Assessment 37

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 viii

Contents
Chapter 5: Getting Started with Can I create my own libraries and folders? 112
Windows 70 What’s the best organization for my files? 113
Which version of Windows do I have? 71 Can I change the name of a file or folder? 115
How do I start Windows 7? 72 How do I delete files and folders? 116
How do I work with Windows 8? 74 What is a compressed file? 117
What’s on the Windows desktop? 76 How do I share files? 118
How do I use the taskbar? 77 How much space do I have to store files? 120
What do I need to know about basic How do I back up important files? 121
Windows controls? 78
Assessment 124
What should I know about Windows
updates? 79
SECTION II: Key Applications
How do I access Windows Help? 81
How do I shut down Windows? 82 Get It? Section II Practice Test 125
Assessment 83 Chapter 8: Getting Started with
Application Software 126
Chapter 6: Working with Windows
How do I start and exit Windows
Settings and Accounts 84
applications? 127
How do I access and change settings? 85
What are the basics of an
Can I adjust sleep and other power application window? 128
settings? 89
How do I switch between application
How do I adjust the keyboard, touchpad, windows? 129
and mouse? 91
How does the ribbon work? 130
How do I change display settings? 92
How do I open a file from within an
How do I control printers? 94 application? 131
What’s in the Ease of Access Center? 95 How do I open a file from the Start
How do I set up and modify user accounts? 96 screen or desktop? 132
How well is my computer performing? 98 How do I open a file with the
What is Task Manager? 99 file manager? 133

Assessment 101 What if a file doesn’t open? 134

How do I save a file? 135
Chapter 7: Working with Files 102
How do I change the settings for
What is a file? 103 Microsoft Office? 137
What are file properties and tags? 104 How do I access help for
What’s important about file names, Microsoft Office? 138
extensions, and types? 105 Assessment 139
How do I find a specific file? 108
How are files grouped? 109
What are Explorer’s main storage
categories? 110
How do I navigate to various folders and
storage devices? 111

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 ix

Contents
Chapter 9: Creating a Document 140 Chapter 11: Finalizing a Document 172
What’s in the Word program window? 141 How do I create headers and footers? 173
What’s in the document workspace? 142 How do I insert page breaks and
How do I create a document? 143 section breaks? 174

How do I select text for editing? 144 Can I insert photos into a document? 175

How do I move, copy, and delete text? 145 Can I insert line art into a document? 176

Can I undo a command? 146 How do I set margins? 177

How do I check spelling, grammar, and How do I perform a mail merge? 178
readability? 147 How do I save a document as a Web page? 180
How do I use the thesaurus and other How do I convert a document into a PDF? 181
research tools? 148 How do I work with electronic documents? 182
Can I search for text and make global Can I track changes and insert comments
changes? 149 in a document? 184
How do I use a document template? 150 Is there a way to protect documents from
How do I save a document? 151 unauthorized access? 185
How do I print a document? 152 What other features can I use to finalize
How can I troubleshoot printing problems? 153 my documents? 186

Assessment 155 Assessment 187

Chapter 10: Formatting a Document 156 Chapter 12: Creating a Worksheet 188
How do I select different fonts, font What’s in the Excel window? 189
sizes, and text colors? 157 How do I enter labels? 190
How do I apply bold, italic, and How do I enter values? 191
underlining attributes? 158 How do I enter formulas? 192
How do I use the Font dialog box? 159 How do I create complex formulas? 193
How do I center and align text? 160 How do I use functions? 194
How do I use styles? 161 What happens when I copy and move cells? 196
How do I add numbering and bullets When should I use absolute references? 197
to a list? 162
Can I access data from other worksheets? 198
How do I adjust line spacing? 164
Assessment 199
How do I use tabs? 165
How do I indent text? 166 Chapter 13: Formatting a Worksheet 200
How do I add footnotes or endnotes to How do I add borders and background
a document? 167 colors? 201

How do I work with outlines and other How do I format worksheet data? 202
document views? 168 How do I apply number formats? 203
How do I create a table? 169 How do I adjust column and row size? 204
Can I format a document into columns? 170 How do I center and align cell contents? 205
Assessment 171 How do I delete and insert rows and
columns? 206
Can I use styles? 207
How do I create a chart? 208
How do I modify a chart? 209
Can I add graphics to a worksheet? 210
Assessment 211

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 x

Contents
Chapter 14: Finalizing a Worksheet 212 Chapter 17: Creating a Database 250
Can I sort data in a worksheet? 213 How is data organized in a database? 251
How do I filter data? 214 What’s in the Access window? 252
How do I check spelling in a worksheet? 215 How do I create a new database? 253
How do I test my worksheet? 216 How do I create tables? 254
How do I control the page layout for a How do I save tables? 257
worksheet? 217 How do I enter and edit data in a table? 258
How do I set margins? 218 Can I import data into a database? 259
How do I add headers and footers to a How do I work with tables? 260
worksheet? 219
How do I create a query using a wizard? 261
What options do I have for printed
Assessment 263
output? 220
How do I set up a multipage worksheet? 221 Chapter 18: Finalizing a Database 264
How do I print a worksheet? 222 How do I create a form using a wizard? 265
What are my other output options? 223 How do I create a report using a wizard? 268
What makes a good worksheet? 224 How do I print a report? 271
Assessment 225 How do I save a report as a Web page? 272
Do I need to specify relationships? 273
Chapter 15: Creating a Presentation 226
Assessment 274
What’s in the PowerPoint window? 227
How do I create a presentation? 228
SECTION III: Online Connections
How do I add a slide? 229
How do I add a bulleted list? 230 Get It? Section III Practice Test 275
How do I add a graphic? 231 Chapter 19: Networks 276
How do I add a chart? 232 What is a communications network? 277
How do I add a table? 233 How do I set up a local area network? 279
How do I work with multimedia elements How do I connect to a local area network? 280
such as videos? 234 How do I access files on a LAN? 281
Can slides include Web links? 235 How does the Internet work? 282
How do I view a slide show? 236 How do I connect my computer to the
Assessment 237 Internet? 284
How do I access files stored in the cloud? 286
Chapter 16: Finalizing a Presentation 238
What communications options does
What’s the difference between Normal
the Internet offer? 287
view and Outline view? 239
How do I configure my social networking
How do I use Slide Sorter view? 240
sites? 290
How do I add transitions? 241
What is netiquette? 291
How do I format text on a slide? 242
How do I troubleshoot network
How do I add animation effects to a connectivity problems? 292
bulleted list? 243
Assessment 293
How do I check spelling in a presentation? 244
How do I work with speaker notes? 245
How do I print handouts? 247
How can I distribute my presentations? 248
Assessment 249

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 xi

Contents
Chapter 20: Working with E-mail 294 Chapter 22: Safety, Privacy, and Security 338
What is e-mail? 295 How do computers benefit society? 339
How does local e-mail work? 297 How can I protect my computer
How do I set up local e-mail? 298 from viruses? 340

How does Webmail work? 299 How does a router protect my computer
from intrusions? 343
How do I get a Webmail account? 300
How does firewall software protect my
What’s in the e-mail client window? 301
computer from intrusions? 344
How do I write an e-mail message? 303
How does encryption protect my network
How do I read and reply to an e-mail from intrusions? 345
message? 304
Can I use encryption to hide the
How do I forward an e-mail message? 305 contents of files? 346
How do I use the address book? 306 Should I worry about identity theft? 347
How do I send e-mail attachments? 307 How can I protect my identity and
How do I view, save, and delete e-mail privacy online? 348
attachments? 308 How can I avoid scams and hoaxes? 350
How can I organize my e-mail messages? 310 What about filtering and censorship? 352
What should I know about signatures What should I know about intellectual
and autoreplies? 312 property online? 353
Is e-mail safe? 314 How can I keep informed about
Assessment 315 technology-related issues? 355
How can I avoid computer-related health
Chapter 21: Browsing the Web 316
risks? 357
What is the Web? 317
How do computers affect the environment? 358
Which browsers are most popular? 318
Assessment 359
How do I start my browser? 319
How do I use a URL to go to a Web site? 320
PROJECTS
How do I use links on a Web page? 321
Projects List 360
How do I use browser navigation tools? 322
Introduction to Projects 362
How does the Favorites list work? 324
Hardware Project 366
How does the History list work? 325
Windows Projects 368
How do I find information on the Web? 326
Application Basics Projects 382
How do I separate online facts from
Word Processing Projects 388
fiction? 328
Spreadsheet Projects 406
Can I save Web pages, graphics,
and text? 330 Presentation Projects 420
How do I print a Web page? 333 Database Projects 438
How do I access digital media from Network Projects 458
the Web? 334 E-mail Projects 462
Why do browsers need plug-ins? 335 Web Projects 468
Is the Web safe? 336 Security Project 474
Assessment 337 Capstone Projects 476

Index 488

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 xii

Before You Begin

You are going to enjoy using Practical Computer Literacy and the accompanying digital version of the
book. It’s a snap to get started. The answers to the FAQs (frequently asked questions) in this section
will help you begin.

FAQ Will the digital book work on my computer?

The easiest way to find out if the digital book works on your computer is to try it! Just follow the steps
below to start the CD. If it works, you’re all set. Otherwise, check with your local t­echnical support
person.

To run the digital book, your computer needs the Windows operating system (Windows 8, 7, Vista, or
XP), a CD or DVD drive, and screen resolution of 1024 x 768 or better. If a CD or DVD drive is not built
into your computer, you can use an external drive to access the digital book or transfer the book to your
computer’s hard disk.

The instructions below explain how to use the digital book from the CD. If you prefer to transfer the
Before You Begin

digital book to your computer’s hard drive, refer to the instructions at the end of this section.

FAQ How do I start the CD?

The Practical Computer Literacy digital book is distributed on a CD, which is easy to use and requires
no installation. Follow these simple steps to get started:

1. Make sure your computer is turned on.

2. Insert the CD into your computer’s CD/

DVD drive.

3. If your computer displays an AutoPlay

window similar to the one shown below,
click the Run BookOnReader option.

© MediaTechnics

Source: Microsoft Corporation

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 xiii

4. W
 hen you see the title screen below, your digital book is open. You can click the OK button to
start reading, or you can set your tracking options. For information on tracking options, continue
to the FAQ on the next page of your textbook.

The length of time your computer takes to start the digital book depends on your security
settings. If you have security set to conduct a virus check on software running from CDs, you
must wait for that process to be completed before the digital book opens.

Before You Begin

© MediaTechnics

Manual Start: Follow the instructions in the figure below only if you’ve waited a minute
or two and the title screen has not appeared.

3. Double-click the
CD or DVD icon.

2. Click Computer.

1. Click the
Explorer button.
Source: Microsoft Corporation

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 xiv

FAQ How should I set my tracking options?

A Tracking file records your progress by saving your scores on assessment activities, such as
QuickChecks, Skill Tests, and Practice Tests. You can access tracking options and create your
personal tracking file by selecting File and then selecting Change Tracking Options. If you don’t want
to record your scores, simply make sure the Save Tracking data box is empty and then click the OK
button to proceed straight to the first chapter

Click this box

to activate or
deactivate tracking.

Click the OK button to

Before You Begin

proceed to the electronic

textbook pages.

© MediaTechnics

If you prefer to track your scores, then you can create a Tracking file. It’s easy! Click the Create button
and then follow the on-screen prompts to enter your name, student ID, and class section.

When the Save As window appears, you can select the location for your Tracking file. If you are using
your own computer, the default location in the My Documents folder is a great place to store your
Tracking file, so just click the Save button and you’re all set!

If you are working on a public computer, such as one in a school lab, be aware that data stored on the
hard disk might be erased or changed by other students unless you have a protected personal storage
area. When working on a public computer or when you need to transport your data from one computer
to another, a USB flash drive is a better option for storing your Tracking file.

To save your Tracking file in a location other than your computer’s My Documents folder, click the
Computer icon and then double-click a storage location to select it. Click the Save button to finalize
your storage selection.

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Visit https://ebookluna.com
now to explore a diverse
collection of ebooks available
in formats like PDF, EPUB, and
MOBI, compatible with all
devices. Don’t miss the chance
to enjoy exciting offers and
quickly download high-quality
materials in just a few simple
steps!
 xv

FAQ How do I navigate through the digital book?

Each on-screen page exactly duplicates a page from the paper book. Tools on the menu bar help you
navigate from page to page. If your computer screen does not show an entire page, use the scroll bar.

Click Contents, then click any chapter Enter a page number here, then click Click here to go to
to jump to the start of the chapter. the > button to jump to a specific page. the previous page.

Click File, then Click here to go

click Exit to close to the next page.
the digital book.

Before You Begin

Click the Try It!
buttons to start a
software tutorial.

Drag the scroll box down or

press the Page Down key
to scroll down the page.

Drag the scroll box up or

press the Page Up key to
scroll back up a page.

© MediaTechnics

FAQ What should I know about the Projects?

The last chapter contains projects that help you review and apply the concepts presented in the book.
All projects require the Windows 7 or 8 operating system. Other software and storage media that you’ll
need are listed at the beginning of each project.

If a project requires you to send an e-mail attachment to your instructor, use your usual e-mail
software, such as Thunderbird, Microsoft Outlook, Windows Mail, Outlook.com, Gmail, Yahoo! Mail, or
AOL mail. (If you don’t have an e-mail account, see Chapter 20 for instructions on how to set one up.)
First, make sure that you have saved the project file. Next, start your e-mail software. Then, follow your
software’s procedures for sending an e-mail attachment.

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 xvi

FAQ How does the interactive assessment page work?

Each chapter ends with an assessment page containing interactive activities. You can use these
activities to evaluate how well you’ve mastered the concepts and skills covered in the chapter. If you
do well on the end-of-chapter activities, then you’re ready to move on to the next chapter. If you don’t
do well, you might want to review the material before going on to the next chapter.

1. Click a QuickCheck text

box, then type your answer.
Before You Begin

2. When you’ve answered all

the questions in a QuickCheck
section, click the Check It!
button to see how you did.
3. In chapters that contain Skill Tests,
click the A, B, C, and D buttons to
test your ability to apply the software
skills you learned in the chapter.

© MediaTechnics

FAQ Are all my scores tracked?

Your scores on QuickChecks and Skill Tests located at the end of each chapter, and the Get It?
Practice Tests located at the beginning of each section, are tracked if you have activated tracking with
a checkmark in the Save Tracking data box.

FAQ How can I change tracking options?

You can access the Tracking Options window at any time by clicking File on the menu bar and
selecting Change Tracking Options. When the Tracking Options window appears, you can activate or
deactivate tracking, create a new Tracking file, or select a different Tracking file.

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 xvii

FAQ What if the Tracking Options window shows the wrong

Tracking file?
When working in a computer lab or using a computer where other students are using the Practical
Computer Literacy CD, the Tracking Options window might show the name of a Tracking file that
belongs to another person because that person was the last one to use the computer. You can use
the Open button on the Tracking Options window to select a different Tracking file. Tracking files are
usually stored in the Documents folder.

1. To change the Tracking

file, open the Tracking
Options dialog box by
clicking File, then selecting
Change Tracking Options.

2. Click Open, select

a storage device and

Before You Begin

folder, then select a
Tracking file.

© MediaTechnics

FAQ How do I submit my Tracking file?

In an academic setting, your instructor might request your Tracking file data to monitor your progress.
Your instructor will tell you if you should submit your Tracking file using the WebTrack system, if you
should hand in your Tracking file on a USB drive, or if you should send the Tracking file as an e-mail
attachment.

FAQ How do I end a session?

Leave the Practical Computer Literacy CD in the CD drive while you’re using it, or you will encounter an
error message. Before you remove the CD from the drive, you must exit the program by clicking File on
the menu bar, then clicking Exit. You can also exit by clicking the Close button in the upper-right corner
of the window.

FAQ What about sound?

If your computer is equipped for sound, you should hear narrations during videos, screen tours, and
interactive simulations. If you don’t hear anything, check the volume control on your computer by
clicking the speaker icon in the lower-right corner of your screen. If you’re working in a lab or an office
where sound would be disruptive, consider using headphones.

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 xviii

FAQ What if my computer has no CD drive?

The Practical Computer Literacy digital book is distributed on a CD, but it can be transferred to your
computer’s hard disk. To do so, you will need to temporarily connect an external CD/DVD drive, which
you can borrow from a friend, if necessary. Put the Practical Computer Literacy CD in the drive and
then complete the following steps:

1. From the Windows 8 Start screen, click the Desktop tile.

2. Select the File Explorer icon that’s at the bottom of the desktop.

4. Click the
first item.

6. Select the
Copy to button,
Before You Begin

then select
Choose location.
3. Select the
CD drive. 5. Hold the
Shift key down
and select the
last item.

7. Select
Libraries,
then select
Documents and
My Documents.

10. Select the

9. Name the Copy button.
folder PLIT4. When the copy
is complete,
you can eject
8. Select Make the CD from
New Folder. the drive.

11. To start the

digital book, simply
navigate to the PLIT4
folder and click the
BookOnReader icon.

Source: Microsoft Corporation

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Section I
Computing Fundamentals
What’s in this Section?

Chapter 1: Computer Hardware 2

Chapter 2: Peripheral Devices 20
Chapter 3: Software 38
Chapter 4: Installing Software 56
Chapter 5: Getting Started with Windows 70
Chapter 6: Working with Windows Settings and Accounts 84
Chapter 7: Working with Files 102

GETIT?
When you complete Section I, use the digital textbook to take Practice Tests by selecting the Get It? button.

© VLADGRIN / Shutterstock.com

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Computer Hardware
CHA P T E R
1

What’s Inside and on the CD?

Chapter 1 provides an overview of computer equipment and terminology. You’ll learn how computers
are classified and find out how your computer fits into the gamut of machines ranging from
smartphones to supercomputers. You will review the basic components of a typical personal computer
system and take a look inside the system unit, which holds the motherboard, processor, and memory.
Then, you’ll explore the advantages and disadvantages of several computer storage devices.

FAQs:

What is a computer? 3

How are computers classified? 4

Can computers connect to each other? 7

What are the components of a personal computer system? 8

What’s inside the system unit? 9

How do computer circuits manipulate data? 10

What factors affect computer speed, power, and compatibility? 11

What’s important about microprocessors? 13

What’s important about computer memory? 14

Why do computers use multiple storage devices? 16

Assessment 19

Project HW-1: Buying a Computer 366

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Chapter 1 Computer Hardware 3

FAQ What is a computer?

At its core, a computer is a multipurpose digital device that accepts input, processes
data, stores data, and produces output, all according to a series of stored instructions.

Computer input is whatever is typed into, submitted to, or transmitted to a computer

system. Input can be supplied by a person, by the environment, or by another computer.
Examples of input that a computer can accept include words and symbols in a document,
numbers for a calculation, photos from a digital camera, temperatures from a thermostat,
audio signals from a microphone, and instructions from a computer program. An input
device, such as a keyboard, mouse, or touchscreen, gathers data and transforms it into a
series of electronic signals for the computer to store and manipulate.

In the context of computing, data refers to symbols that represent facts, objects, and
ideas. Computers manipulate data in many ways, and this manipulation is called
­processing. In a computer, most processing takes place in a component called the
­central processing unit (CPU), which is sometimes described as the computer’s “brain.”

The series of instructions that tell a computer how to carry out a processing task
is referred to as a computer program, or simply a program. These programs form
the software that sets up a computer to do a specific task. An operating system is
software that helps a computer control itself to operate efficiently and keep track of data.
Application software helps users “apply” the computer to specific tasks, such as writing
documents and editing photos.

A computer stores data so that it is available for processing. Most computers have more
than one location for storing data, depending on how the data is being used. Memory
is an area of a computer that temporarily holds data waiting to be processed, saved, or
output. Storage is the area where data can be left on a permanent basis when it is not
immediately needed for processing.

Computer output is the result produced by a computer. Some examples of computer

output include reports, documents, music, graphs, and pictures. An output device
­displays, prints, or transmits the results of processing. Figure 1-1 can help you visualize
the input, processing, storage, and output activities of a computer.

PLAYIT! Computers produce

­output on devices
Figure such as screens
1-1 and printers.

A computer accepts input

from an input device, such
as a ­keyboard, mouse, Data is processed in A computer
­scanner, touchscreen, or the CPU according to uses hard
­digital ­camera. instructions that have disks, CDs,
been loaded into the DVDs,
computer’s memory. and flash
drives to
­permanently
store data.
© MediaTechnics

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 4 Chapter 1 Computer Hardware

FAQ How are computers classified?

Computers are sometimes divided into categories. In order of size and computing power
starting with the most powerful, these categories are: supercomputers, mainframes,
servers, and personal computers.

Figure Supercomputers. A computer falls into the supercomputer category

1-2 if it is, at the time of construction, one of the fastest computers in the
world (Figure 1-2). Because of their speed, supercomputers can tackle
complex tasks that just would not be practical for other computers.
Typical uses for supercomputers include breaking codes, modeling
worldwide weather systems, and ­simulating nuclear explosions.

Computer manufacturers such as IBM, Cray, and Fujitsu have

in recent years held top honors for the world’s fastest computer.
Courtesy of Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, used with permission
Supercomputer speeds are measured in petaflops (PFLOPS). One
petaflop is an astounding 1,000,000,000,000,000 mathematical
calculations per second. That’s about 20,000 times faster than your
laptop computer.

Mainframes. A mainframe computer (or simply a mainframe) is a

Figure
1-3 large and expensive computer capable of simultaneously processing
data for hundreds or thousands of users. Its main processing circuitry
is housed in a closet-sized cabinet like the one shown in Figure
1-3; but after large components are added for storage and output, a
mainframe installation can fill a good-sized room.

Mainframes are generally used by businesses and government

agencies to provide centralized storage, processing, and management
for large amounts of data. Mainframes remain the computer of choice
in situations, such as banking, where reliability, data security, and
centralized ­control are necessary. The price of a mainframe computer
­typically starts at several hundred thousand dollars and can easily
Courtesy of IBM International Business Machines
exceed US$ 1 million.

Servers. The purpose of a server is to “serve” data to computers

Figure connected to a network. When you search Google or access a Web
1-4
site, the information you obtain is provided by servers. At e-commerce
sites, the store’s merchandise information is housed in database
servers. E-mail, chat, Skype, and online multiplayer games are all
operated by servers.

Technically, just about any computer can be configured to perform the

work of a server. Nonetheless, computer manufacturers such as IBM
and Dell offer devices classified as servers that are especially suited
© dotshock/Shutterstock.com
for storing and distributing data on networks. These devices are about
the size of a desk drawer and are often mounted in racks of multiple
servers (Figure 1-4).
Figure
1-5 Servers in small standalone units resemble old-style desktop tower
units (Figure 1-5). Despite impressive performance on server-related
tasks, these machines do not offer features such as sound cards,
DVD players, and other fun accessories, so they are not a suitable
alternative to a personal computer.
© MediaTechnics

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Chapter 1 Computer Hardware 5

• Ho w a re co mpu ter s c lassified ? (c ont inued )

Personal computers. A personal computer is designed to meet

the computing needs of an individual. These computers were
originally referred to as microcomputers. Personal computers
provide access to a wide variety of computing applications, such
as word processing, photo editing, e-mail, and Internet access.
Personal computers can be further classified as desktop, portable,
Figure
1-6 and mobile devices.

A desktop computer fits on a desk and runs on power from

an electrical wall outlet. The keyboard is typically a separate
­component. Traditionally styled desktop computers are housed
in a vertical case or in a horizontal case. In most modern
desktops, called all-in-one computers, the computer circuitry
is incorporated into the display device (Figure 1-6).

Desktop computers are popular for offices and

schools where portability is not important. Their
operating systems include Microsoft Windows, OS
X, and Linux. The price of an entry-level desktop
Figure computer starts at $500 or a bit less.
1-7
A portable computer runs on battery power. Its screen, keyboard,
camera, storage devices, and speakers are fully contained in a
single case so that the device can be easily transported from one
place to another. Portable computers include laptops, netbooks,
tablets, and smartphones.

A laptop computer (also referred to as a notebook computer) is a

small, lightweight personal computer designed like a clamshell with a
keyboard as the base and a screen on the hinged cover (Figure 1-7).

Figure Small laptop computers are sometimes called netbooks.

1-8 Netbooks and laptops use the same operating systems as desktop
computers. The price of an entry-level netbook computer starts at
about $250. Larger laptops start at $300.

A tablet computer is a portable computing device featuring a

touch-sensitive screen that can be used for input as well as for
output. Tablet computers use specialized operating systems, such
as iOS, Android, and Microsoft Windows RT.

Figure A slate tablet configuration lacks a physical keyboard (although

1-9 one can be attached) and resembles a high-tech clipboard (Figure
1-8). The Apple iPad and Samsung Galaxy are popular examples
of slate tablets. A convertible tablet can be operated by using
its touch-sensitive screen or with a physical keyboard that can be
folded out of the way or removed (Figure 1-9).

When tablet computers were first introduced in 2002, they

were priced significantly higher than laptop computers
with similar specifications. Currently, however, tablet
computers are priced only slightly higher than equivalent
laptop computers.
All © MediaTechnics

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Other documents randomly have
different content
—— applications of, in Paris, Strasbourg, and Lyons, 24
—— discovery of, 372;
preparation of, ib.
—— chemical and physical characters of, 373–7
—— volatility of different specimens of, 416
—— experiments with, 378–86
—— administration of, for operations, 386, 400
—— administration of, in parturition, 394–7
—— mode of administration of, 386–7, 405–6, 416
—— symptoms produced by, 399, 400
—— spasms and rigidity from, 401–2
—— does not produce vomiting, 406–7
—— effects of, on different persons, 401–2
—— effects of, on author, 384
—— amount of, required to produce insensibility, 384
—— effects of, on the heart, 384
—— time of inhalation of, to produce insensibility, 397
—— effects of, on consciousness, 398–403
—— promptitude of action of, 403
—— effects of, on respiration and circulation, 400
—— —— —— on the salivary glands, 400
—— chloroform, and sulphuric ether, effects of, compared, 403–5
—— after-effects of, 406–7
—— fatal cases from inhalation of, 408–16
—— amount of vapour of, inhaled in fatal cases, 415
Amylene, author’s prediction regarding safety of, 417
—— mode of administration of, by M. Rigaud, 417–18
—— Mr. Clarke’s remarks on, 418;
—— Dr. Debout’s remarks on, ib.
—— Professor Tourdes’ remarks on, ib.
—— author’s computation of safety of, ib.
—— M. Giraldis on use of, 419
—— M. Jobert de Lamballe on use of, ib.
Anæsthesia, modes of production of, 40–1
Anæsthetics, definition of, 34–5
Ancients, views of the, 3
Animals, various, experiments on, with narcotic vapours, 60 to 73
Anus, operations on, under chloroform, 307, 308–9
Animation suspended by chloroform, treatment of, 251–62
Apuleius on effects of mandragora, 2
Apoplexy, administration of chloroform after, 57
Aretæus’ description of mandragora, 3
Arnott, Dr. James, statistics of operations before and after
introduction of etherisation, 265–7
—— on pyæmia following chloroform, 267
Arteries, coronary, circulation of the, 262
Artificial respiration, value of, 121, 251–7, 260
—— —— applied in cases of death from chloroform, 139, 144, 151,
156, 159, 163, 166, 167–8, 173, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187–8, 190–1,
194, 196–7, 207, 210
Artificial respiration applied in case of death from amylene, 410–413
Arteries, ligature of, under chloroform, 289–291
Aschendorf, Dr., on alleged fatal case from chloroform, 204–5
Asphyxia idiopathica, 226
Asphyxia, death from, 235
Asthma, treatment of, with chloroform, 331
Athletics least susceptible of chloroform, 50
Augustus of Poland, operation on, without pain, 8
Aurelianus Cælius on mandragora, 3

B.
Balard, Professor, discovery of amylene, 372
Balloon for inhalation of chloroform, 80
Barlow, Mr. W. F., report on case of alleged death from chloroform,
208
Barrière, M., case of alleged death from ether, 364
Bath warm, use of, in fatal case from chloroform, 159
Beddoes, Dr., administration of gases in disease, 14
—— —— his pneumatic institution at Bristol, ib.
Bell, Mr. Jacob, on chloric ether, 20
Belladonna, effects of, 4
Berthé, M., discovery of amylene, 378
Bickersteth, Mr., on supposed effect of surgeon’s knife on pulse,
240–3
—— —— on the pulse during inhalation of chloroform, 249–50
—— —— cases of resuscitation from over effects of chloroform, 253–
6
Bigelow, Dr., use of sulphuric ether as an anæsthetic, 18
—— —— administration of chloric ether by, 20
Birds quickly affected by chloroform, 70
Black, Dr. Patrick, on asphyxia and syncope, 222
—— —— on closure of the glottis by chloroform, 236
—— —— on modes of inhaling chloroform, 236–7
Blood, serum of, absorption of chloroform by, 69
—— absorption of amylene by, 382–4
—— quantity of, in body, 73;
amount of serum, 74
—— chemical examination of, in alleged case of death from
chloroform, 211
—— condition of, after death from chloroform, 247
—— saturation of, with ether, 354–5
Blood-letting in accidents from chloroform, 261
—— from external jugular, tried in case of death from chloroform,
151, 159, 168, 174
Body, temperature of, falls under chloroform, 70
Bolton, Mr. Andrew, case of puerperal convulsions treated with
chloroform, 338
Bone, removal of tumours of, under chloroform, 291
Boot, Dr., first operation in England without pain, 18
Bouisson, M., on a case of supposed death from ether, 369
Bowman, Professor, removal of pus from frontal sinus after
inhalation by chloroform, 302
Breathing modified by chloroform vapour, 69, 70
—— conditions of, under chloroform, 89, 90, 91, 92
Breast, tumours of, removal under chloroform, 285–7
Breton, supposed death of, from chloroform, 199–200
Brodie, Sir Benjamin, on use of chloroform in lithotrity, 274
Buck, Mr. Gurdon, report of death from chloroform by, 136–8
Bullock, Mr. Lloyd, manufacture of amylene by, 374–8
Bursa, the, operations on, under chloroform, 311
 C.
Cahours, M. Auguste, invention of name of amylene, 372
Cancer of the lip, operation for, under chloroform, 294
Cases dangerous from chloroform, 258–60
—— of death from chloroform during labour, from neglect, 328
Cases, fatal, from inhalation of chloroform, 120–200
Case 1, of Hannah Greener, Winlaton, Newcastle, 123–7;
2, of Martha G. Simmons, Cincinnati, 127–30;
3, of Patrick Coyle, 130–1;
4, of Mdlle. Stock, Boulogne, 131–5;
5, of a woman at Hyderabad, 135;
6, of Charles Desnoyers, Hôtel-Dieu, Lyons, 135–6;
7, of a young gentleman at Govan, 136;
8, of John Griffith, New York, Hospital, 136–8;
9, of J. Verrier, Hôtel-Dieu, Lyons, 138–141;
10, of Samuel Bennett, Westminster, 141–2;
11, of Mdlle. Labrune, at Langres, 142–3;
12, of John Shorter, St. Thomas’s Hospital, 143–5;
13, of Mrs. Jones, at Shrewsbury, 145–6;
14, at Berlin, 146;
15, of William Bryan, Kingston, Jamaica, 147;
16, of an artilleryman, Mauritius, 147–8;
17, at Seraphim Hospital, Stockholm, 148–50;
18, of a boy of seven, Glasgow Infirmary, 150–1;
19, of Alexander Scott, Guy’s Hospital, 151–2;
20, of James Jones, Cavan Infirmary, 152–3;
21, of John Holden, Stepney Workhouse, 153–5;
22, of Mdme. Simon, Strasbourg, 154–5;
23, at Seaman’s Hospital, Greenwich, 155–7;
24, of Elizabeth Hollis, Chipping Norton, 157–8;
25, of Thomas Hayward, of Bartholomew’s Hospital, 158–61;
26, of Mdme. W., at Ulm, 161;
27, of Mr. John Atkinson, Melbourne, 162;
28, of Mr. Martin, at Melrose, 162–3;
29, of Henry Hollingsworth, Manchester Royal Infirmary, 163–4;
30, of Caroline Baker, of University College Hospital, 165;
 31, of a French soldier, Hôtel
Dieu., d’Orléans, 165–6;
32, of John Mitchell, at Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, 166–70;
33, of E. R., at University College Hospital, 170–2;
34, of Ann Smith, at St. Bartholomew’s, 172–4;
35, of a young man in Vienna, 174;
36, of a young girl at Neustedt, 174–5;
37, of Jane Morgan, Bristol Infirmary, 175–6;
38, of a woman, Hôpital St. Antoine, 176–7;
39, of Mrs. Harrup, Sheffield, 177–8;
40, of Walter Hollis, Lock Hospital, 178–80;
41, of a man, at Middlesex Hospital, 180–2;
42, of George Sands, University College Hospital, 182–4;
43, of a woman, in Guy’s Hospital, 185–7;
44, of John Cannon, Royal Ophthalmic Hospital, 187–8;
45, of a lady, London, 188–9;
46, of Mrs. H., Edinburgh, 189–90;
47, of a sailor, St. Thomas’s Hospital, 190–2;
48, of a boy, recorded by Mr. Paget, 192–4;
49, of a man, Liverpool Infirmary, 195–6;
50, of Ann Stoner, King’s College Hospital, 196–9;
cases, supposed, of death from chloroform, 199, 200;
case, fatal, during labour from neglect, 328
Cases, alleged fatal, from inhalation of chloroform, 201–12;
of Mr. Walter Badger, 201;
case reported by M. Malgaigne, 204;
of a woman, in Paris, ib.;
of a child, in the hospital, Madrid, ib.;
of a child, by Dr. Aschendorf, 204–5;
case by the author, 205–9;
case at St. George’s Hospital, 209–12
Cases, alleged fatal, from ether, 362–8
—— medical, inhalation of chloroform in, 329–44.
See Medical Cases
—— surgical, use of chloroform in different kinds of, 271–318.
See Operations
—— fatal, from inhalation of amylene, 408–16
Cats, experiments on, with chloroform, 61, 66, 109, 110, 111
Cat, experiment on, with amylene, 380–1
Cataract, operations for, under chloroform, 296
Cause and prevention of death from chloroform, 107–120
Causes, supposed, of death from chloroform, 228–45.
See Death
Cerebral diseases and chloroform, 56
—— —— treated by chloroform, 56–7
Chaffinch, experiments on, with chloroform, 73
Charrière, M., inhaler for chloroform by, 85
Chassaignac, M., on tolerance of chloroform, 92
Chevalier, M., on asphyxia idiopathica, 226
Chinese, use of Indian hemp by, 5
Chloroform, first experiments with, by Glover, 112;
first experiments with, by Flourens, 21
—— recommended by Dr. Simpson, 21
—— rapid introduction of, 22
—— first death from, 22
—— disused in Boston, Massachusetts, Philadelphia, Naples, and
Lyons, 23
—— history and composition of, 27
—— analysed by M. Soubeiran, and named bichloric ether, 27
—— examined by Liebig, and named liquid chloride of carbon, 27
—— examined by Dumas, and named chloroform, 27
—— called chloroformyl in London Pharmacopœia, 28
—— mode of preparation of, 28–9
—— chemical and physical properties of, 29–30
—— adulterations of, 30–2
—— effects of, mixed with alcohol, 31
Chloroform, how to be preserved, 32
—— properties of vapour of, 32
—— quantity of vapour of, taken up by air at various temperatures,
33, 68
—— effects of inhalation of vapour of, at different temperatures, 34
—— physiological effects of, 34
—— a narcotico-irritant, 34
—— degrees of narcotism from, 35–43
—— symptoms during first degree, 35–37;
second degree, 37–38;
third degree, 38–42;
fourth and fifth degrees, 42–43
—— effects on the heart of a sudden overdose of, 43
—— produces post-mortem rigidity, 43
—— effects of, on pulse, 43, 44, 77, 89
—— action of, on the nervous system, 44–45
—— effects of, during an operation, 45
—— varying effects of, on patients, 45–8
—— circumstances which influence or modify its effects, 48
—— influence of age in modifying effects of, 49–50
—— effects of, as regards strength or debility, 50
—— effects when given slowly, 50
—— effects of, in hysteria, 50–2
—— effects of, in epilepsy, 52
—— effects of, during menstrual period, 53
—— effects of, during pregnancy, 53
—— effects of, in cases of disease of the lungs, 53–4
—— effects of, in case of phthisis described, 53–54
—— effects of, in cases of heart disease, 54–56
—— effects of, in cerebral disease, 56–57
—— effects of, on the insane, 57
—— effects of, on hard drinkers, 57–58
—— amount of vapour of, absorbed to cause the various degrees of
narcotism, 58–74
—— is absorbed into the circulation during inhalation, 58
—— is exhaled in the secretions, 58
—— experiments on inhalation of, 59–74.
See Experiments
—— absorption of, by blood serum, 69
—— proportion of, required to arrest respiration, 69, 70, 74, 115, 116
—— action of, on frogs, 71–73
—— action of, on chaffinch, 73
—— action of, on animals of warm and cold blood, 70–73
—— preparations for administering the, 74
—— should not be administered after a meal, 74
—— vomiting in relation to administration of, 74–75
—— position of patient during inhalation of, 75
—— fears regarding the, 76–77
—— and fear, relative effects of, 77
—— removes fear as it destroys consciousness, 77
—— prevents syncope from fear, 77–78
—— mode of administering the, 78
—— amount of, required to produce insensibility, 78, 107
—— Dr. Simpson’s administration of the, 78
—— objections to administration of, on handkerchief, 78–79
—— may cause death without producing insensibility, 79, 133
Chloroform, effects of, not modified by idiosyncracies, 79
—— inhaled from a balloon, 80
—— inhaler for, the author’s, described, 81–84
—— diagram of, 82
—— amount of, used for inhalation, 84
—— how to be administered with inhaler, 86
—— use of, in obstetric cases, 87
—— use of, in surgical operations, 87
—— signs of insensibility from, 87
—— effects of, eyelid test, 88
—— effect of, on breathing, 89–93
—— effect of, on pupil, 93–94, 158
—— on position of the eyes, 94
—— accumulation of, in lungs, 91
—— rigidity and struggling under, to be subdued by continued
inhalation, 91, 92, 93
—— on tolerance of, M. Chassaignac, 92
—— how long to be inhaled by patients of different ages, 94
—— always takes effect, 95–96
—— repetition of, during operations, 97
—— recovery from, 97–100
—— sequelæ of inhalation of, 100–107
—— cause and prevention of death from, 107–120
—— effect of prolonged inhalation of, 109
—— experiments illustrating mode of dying from, 109–120
—— paralyzing effects on the heart from large doses of, 112
—— fatal cases of inhalation from, 120–200
—— alleged cases of death from inhalation of, 201–212
—— danger of rapid inhalation of, 126, 127
—— the mode of administration of, in fatal cases from, 124, 127, 130,
131, 135, 137, 138, 142, 143, 144–5, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 153,
154, 155, 158–9, 161, 162, 164, 165–6, 167, 170, 172, 174, 176, 177,
178, 180, 183–4, 185, 187, 189, 190–1, 193, 195, 197
—— mode of inhalation of, in alleged cases of death from, 201, 205,
207, 209–10
—— symptoms in the fatal cases of inhalation of, 212–17
—— mode of death in accidents from, 217
—— table of fatal cases of inhalation of, 218–22
—— supposed causes of death from, 228–45,
see Death
—— state of the chief organs after death from, 245–8
—— further remarks on the prevention of accidents from, 248–51
—— rules in administration of, 250–1
—— treatment of suspended animation from, 251–62
—— the effect of, on the results of operations, 263–70
—— benefits conferred by, in operations, 263–4
—— administration of, in the different kinds of operations, 271–318,
see Operations
—— in parturition, 318–29
—— introduced by Dr. Simpson into obstetric practice, 318
—— need not produce unconsciousness during labour, 318
—— cases of labour in which it may be employed, 319–20
—— period for its administration in labour, 320
—— mode of administration in labour, 320–21
—— does not influence the duration of labour, 323
Chloroform, its use in operations during labour, 324–6
—— its use in peculiar cases of labour, 327–8
—— death from, by neglect during labour, 328
—— in relation to puerperal convulsions, 329
—— inhalation of, in medical cases, 329–44
—— frequent and long continued use of, 343–4
—— and ether, analogous action of, 349
—— and ether, combination of, 369–79
—— sulphuric ether, and amylene, effects of, compared, 403–5
Chowne, Dr., cases of hysteria treated with chloroform, 339–41
Circumstances which influence or modify the effects of chloroform,
48
Clarke, Mr., on amylene, 418
Clement, Mr., on case of death from chloroform, 145–6
Clover, Mr., his mode of administering chloroform, 184
Cockle, Dr., on the circulation in the coronary arteries, 262
Cocks, Mr. W. G. H., on treatment of laryngismus stridulus with
chloroform, 332
Colston, Mr. G. Q., administration of nitrous oxyde by, 14–15
Combination of chloroform and ether, 369–71
—— case of supposed death from inhalation of, 370
Consciousness, recovery of, after chloroform, 98
Consumption, treatment of, by ether, 14, 360
Convulsions, epileptiform, in fatal case from chloroform, 191
—— infantile, use of chloroform in, 332–3
—— puerperal, use of chloroform in, 337–9
—— treatment of, with ether, 359
Corfe, Dr., report of a post-mortem after death from chloroform,
181–2
Countenance, expression of, under amylene, 401
Crockett, Dr., on a case of supposed death from combination of
chloroform and ether, 370
Croup, spasmodic, use of chloroform in, 331–2

D.
Davy, Sir Humphrey, experiments of, with nitrous oxyde, 14
—— suggested use of nitrous oxyde by, to remove pain of operations,
14
Death from chloroform without insensibility, 79–133
—— cause and prevention of, from chloroform, 107–20
—— under chloroform from paralysis of heart, 131, 138, 141, 143, 151,
156, 165, 178–9, 181, 186, 189, 196
—— two modes of, from chloroform, 135
—— from chloroform, cases of, 120–200,
see Operations, fatal
—— symptoms of, from chloroform, 124, 127–28, 130, 131, 135, 137,
139–41, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149, 151, 153, 154, 155–6, 157–
8, 159, 161, 162, 163–4, 165, 166, 167–8, 170–1, 172–3, 174–5, 175–
6, 176–7, 177–8, 178–9, 180–1, 182–3, 185–6, 187–8, 189, 190,
191, 192–4, 195–6, 197
—— from chloroform, cases of alleged, 201, 203, 204, 205, 209
—— mode of, in accidents from chloroform, 217
—— supposed causes of, from chloroform, 228–45;
age, 230–31;
idiosyncracy, 231–2;
impurity of chloroform, 233;
 apparatus employed, 233;
exclusion of air, 233–4;
closure of the glottis, 234–8;
exhaustion from struggling, 238–9;
sitting posture, 239–40;
effect of surgeon’s knife, 240–3;
sudden death from other causes, 243–5;
falling back of the tongue, 245
Death, sudden, from other causes during inhalation of chloroform,
244–5
—— during operations without anæsthetics, 245
Debout, Dr., on amylene, 375, 406, 418
Delarue, M., on titillation of the uvula during accidents from
chloroform, 257–8
Delirium cum tremore, treatment of, by chloroform, 333–4
—— in fever, 334–5
Delphos, Priestess of, intoxicated by narcotic fumes, 11
Demarquay, M., on closure of the glottis by chloroform, 234
Diagram of chloroform inhaler, 82
—— of ether inhaler, 349
Dinners, late, a cause of hæmorrhoids, 307
Dioscorides, on decoction of mandragora, 1
—— on symptoms from mandragora, 3
Discovery of anæsthetics, importance of, 1–2
Dislocations, reduction of, under chloroform, 302–3
Devergie, M., on closure of the glottis by chloroform, 234
—— on death from amylene, 415
Dominus Hugo, his recipe for a narcotic, 5–6
—— his prescription for a local application, 6
Dumas, M., on analysis of chloroform and name, 27
Duroy, M., anæthesimeter of, 85
—— on amylene, 375–6
Dutch liquid, nature of, 27

E.
Ear, operations on, under chloroform, 298
Eastment, Mr., case by, of alleged death from ether, 368–9
Effect of chloroform on the results of operations, 263–70
Elbow, excision of, under chloroform, 279–80
Electricity, use of, in a fatal case from chloroform, 166
—— value of, during accidents from chloroform, 261–2
—— use of, in case of death of from amylene, 413
Emphysema, in a fatal case from chloroform, 148
Epilepsy, influence of chloroform on, 52
—— use of chloroform in, 336–7
Esdaile, Dr., on hypnotism in the Hindoos, 10
Ether, sulphuric, or ether, 15 to 27, 345 to 371
—— effects of, vapour, described by Faraday, 15
—— effects experimentally shewn by Professor Turner, 16
—— vapour as an anæsthetic, discovery of, 15, 16, 17
—— application of, summary, 17, 18
—— treatment of diseases by, 19
—— supposed death from, 20
—— use of, in Massachusetts Hospital, Boston, Philadelphia, New
York, Naples, and Lyons, 23
—— action of, on nervous centres, 45
—— administered for operation for removal of pus from frontal
sinus, 302
—— history and composition of, 345
—— chemical and physical properties, 345–9
—— physiological effects of, 349–55
Ether, sulphuric, administration of, 356–8
—— —— in medical cases, 358–61
—— great safety of, 22–3, 362
—— alleged deaths from, 362–9
—— chloroform and amylene, effects of, compared, 403–5
—— saturation of the blood with, 354;
flavour of, 357;
—— quantity of, inhaled to produce insensibility, 356–7
—— operations under, 357–9
—— and chloroform, combination of, 369–71
—— —— analogous action of, 349–50
—— chloric, composition of, 20
—— chloric, introduction of, as an anæsthetic, ib.
—— its relation to chloroform, ib.
—— author’s experiments with, 21;
named by Dr. Thompson, 27
—— alcoholic solution of, made by Guthrie, 27
—— known as a diffusible stimulant, 27
Eupion, properties of, 377
Excitement, muscular, under chloroform, 93
Exhaustion from struggling, a supposed cause of death from
chloroform, 238–9
Experiments with chloroform, mode of conducting the, 59, 60
—— on animals with chloroform, 60–74
—— illustrating modes of dying from chloroform, 109
—— with ether, 350–5;
with amylene, 378–386
Eye, operations on, under chloroform, 295–8
Eyelids, sensibility of, under chloroform, a test, 88

F.
Face, division of nerves of, under chloroform, 294–5
Faintness from chloroform, 103–4
Faraday, Professor, description of effects of ether vapour, 16
Farr, Dr. Arthur, on hysteria treated with chloroform, 341
Fatal cases from inhalation of chloroform, 120–200
—— alleged, from chloroform, 201–12
—— alleged, from inhalation of ether, 362–8
Fear, effects of, 77;
subsides with unconsciousness, 77
—— possible cause of death, cases of, 203, 209–12
Femur, excision of head of, under chloroform, 279
Fenwick, Dr., statistics of operations since the introduction of
anæsthetics, 267–70, 278
Fergusson, Mr., on utility of chloroform in lithotrity, 274
—— improvement of operation by, for removal of jaw, 281–2
—— operation by, for hare-lip, 292
—— observations of, in case of death from amylene, 408–11
Fibrine separated after application of galvanism, 181–2
Fife, Sir John, on the post-mortem appearances in a case of death
from chloroform, 125
Flourens, M., experiments by chloroform, 21
—— on the action of sulphuric ether, 45
Frogs, experiments on, with chloroform, 71, 72, 112
—— mode of action of chloroform upon, 71–2
—— modified by different temperatures, 72
Further remarks on the prevention of accidents from chloroform,
248–51

%center%G.
Galvanism applied in cases of death from chloroform, 144, 151, 167–
8, 181, 183, 197
Garner, Mr., on treatment of neuralgia with chloroform, 344
Garrod, Dr., report of post-mortem after a death from chloroform,
171–2
Giraldis, M., on use of amylene, 419
Glasgow Herald, report by, of case of death from chloroform, 136
Glottis, closure of, during inhalation of chloroform, 234–38
Glover, Dr., first experiments with chloroform, 112
—— report of post-mortem, appearances after death from
chloroform, 124, 125
Gorré, M., on death from chloroform, 131–2
Guineapigs, experiments on, with chloroform, 60–67
—— experiments on, with amylene, 378–385
Guthrie, Mr., method of obtaining chloric ether, 27

H.
Hall, Dr. Marshall, reference to the author, 109
—— description of his “ready method”, 260–1
—— his “ready method” of artificial respiration tried in fatal cases
from chloroform, 194, 196, 197
—— “ready method” applied in cases of death from amylene, 410–13
Haller on influence of the blood in the heart, 223
Hæmorrhage, a cause of death during inhalation of chloroform, 205,
282–4, 370–1
—— death from, during removal of tumour from jaw, 284–5
—— secondary, after operations, prevented by chloroform, 318
Hæmorrhoids, operations for, under chloroform, 305–7
—— why prevalent in the upper classes, 307
Hard drinkers, effects of chloroform on, 57–8
Hare-lip, operations for, under chloroform, 291–3
Harlequin, a, note concerning, 50
Harrison, Mr., observations by, in fatal case from chloroform, 175–6
Hawkesley, Dr., invention of mouth-piece for an inhaler by, 83
Hawkesworth, Mr. C. A., on tetanus treated with ether, 360–1
Hayward, Dr., operation by, on a patient narcotized by ether, 16
Head symptoms supposed as result of chloroform, 106–7
—— condition of, after death by chloroform, 246
Heart, diseases of, in relation to chloroform, 54
—— symptoms during recovery from chloroform, 56
—— fatal cases from chloroform inhalation during diseases of, 162,
165, 206
Heart, special influence of chloroform on, in different animals, 112–
13, 114, 117, 122
—— human, special influence of chloroform upon, 115, 164
—— sudden death from paralysis of, from chloroform, 131, 138, 141,
143, 151, 156, 165, 178–9, 181, 186, 189, 196
—— condition of, during syncope, 223–5, 228
—— condition of, after death, from chloroform, 246
—— circulation in coronary vessels of, 262
—— paralysis of, in case of death from amylene, 409, 413
Hernia, strangulated, operations for, under chloroform, 304–5
Herodotus on inhalation of narcotic vapours, 10, 11
Hewitt, Mr. Prescott, report of fatal operation for removal of tumour
from jaw, 282–4
Hillier, Dr., report of a fatal case from chloroform, 170–2
History of anæsthetics, 1, 24
Hoa-tho, his use of Indian hemp for deadening pain, 4, 12
Hoffberg, use of mandrake as a narcotic, 4
Holmes, Mr. Thomas, on pyæmia and chloroform, 267
Hooping-cough, treatment of, by chloroform, 332;
by ether, 360
Housz, Dr., oxygen inhaler of, 83
Hunter, Mr. John, death of, 227
Hydrocephalus, treatment of, by chloroform, 335
Hysteria, influence of chloroform in, 51–2
—— cases of, in which chloroform was administered, 51–2
—— after chloroform, 104–7;
after amylene, 406
Hysterical paralysis and contractions treated by chloroform, 339–40

I.
Idiosyncrasy, supposed case of, 96
—— supposed cause of death from chloroform, 231–2
Indian hemp as a narcotic, 4
—— fumes of, inhaled by Hindoos, 5
Inhalation, definition of, 25;
reasons for, 26
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