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Instrumentation and Control Systems
THIRD EDITION

William Bolton
Table of Contents
Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Preface

Structure of the Book

Performance Outcomes

Software Tools

Changes for the 3rd edition

Acknowledgement

Chapter 1. Measurement Systems

Abstract

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Instrumentation Systems

1.3 Performance Terms

1.4 Dependability

1.5 Requirements

Problems

Chapter 2. Instrumentation System Elements

Abstract

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Displacement Sensors

2.3 Speed Sensors

2.4 Fluid Pressure Sensors

2.5 Fluid Flow

2.6 Liquid Level

2.7 Temperature Sensors

2.8 Sensor Selection

2.9 Signal Processing

2.10 Signal Transmission

2.11 Smart Systems

2.12 Data Presentation Element

Problems

Chapter 3. Measurement Case Studies

Abstract

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Case Studies

3.3 Data Acquisition Systems

3.4 Testing

Problems

Chapter 4. Control Systems

Abstract

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Control Systems

4.3 Basic Elements

4.4 Case Studies

4.5 Discrete-Time Control Systems

4.6 Digital Control Systems

4.7 Hierarchical Control

Problems

Chapter 5. Process Controllers

Abstract

5.1 Introduction

5.2 On–Off Control

5.3 Proportional Control

5.4 Derivative Control

5.5 Integral Control

5.6 PID Control

5.7 Tuning

5.8 Digital Systems

5.9 Fuzzy Logic Control

5.10 Neural Networks

Problems

Chapter 6. Correction Elements

Abstract

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Pneumatic and Hydraulic Systems

6.3 Directional Control Valves

6.4 Flow Control Valves

6.5 Motors

6.6 Case Studies

Problems

Chapter 7. PLC Systems

Abstract

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Logic Gates

7.3 PLC System

7.4 PLC Programming

7.5 Testing and Debugging

7.6 Case Studies

Problems

Chapter 8. System Models

Abstract

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Gain

8.3 Dynamic Systems

8.4 Differential Equations

Problems
Chapter 9. Transfer Function

Abstract

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Transfer Function

9.3 System Transfer Functions

9.4 Block Manipulation

9.5 Multiple Inputs

9.6 Sensitivity

Problems

Chapter 10. System Response

Abstract

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Inputs

10.3 Determining Outputs

10.4 First-Order Systems

10.5 Second-Order Systems

10.6 Stability

10.7 Steady-State Error

Problems

Chapter 11. Frequency Response

Abstract

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Sinusoidal Inputs

11.3 Bode Plots

11.4 System Identification

11.5 Stability

11.6 Compensation

Problems

Chapter 12. Nyquist Diagrams

Abstract
12.1 Introduction

12.2 The Polar Plot

12.3 Stability

12.4 Relative Stability

Problems

Chapter 13. Control Systems

Abstract

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Controllers

13.3 Frequency Response

13.4 Systems with Dead Time

13.5 Cascade Control

13.6 Feedforward Control

13.7 Digital Control Systems

13.8 Control Networks

Problems

Answers

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12
Chapter 13

Appendix A. Errors

A.1 Measurement Errors

A.2 Random Errors

A.3 Combination of Errors

Appendix B. Differential Equations

B.1 Differential Equations

B.2 Solving Differential Equations

Appendix C. Laplace Transform

C.1 The Laplace Transform

C.2 Obtaining the Transform

C.3 The Inverse Transform

C.4 Solving Differential Equations

Appendix D. The z-Transform

D.1 The z-Transform

D.2 The Inverse z-Transform

Index
Copyright
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States

Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in

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Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be
found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are

protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may
be noted herein).

Notices

Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly

changing. As new research and experience broaden our
understanding, changes in research methods, professional
practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own

experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any
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operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas
contained in the material herein.

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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British
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A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of

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ISBN: 978-0-12-823471-6

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Preface
W. Bolton

This book provides a first-level introduction to instrumentation

and control engineering and as such is suitable for the BTEC
units of Industrial Process Controllers and Industrial Plant and
Process Control for the National Certificates and Diplomas in
Engineering, and the unit Control Systems and Automation for
the Higher National Certificates and Diplomas in Engineering
and also providing a basic introduction to instrumentation and
control systems for undergraduates. The book aims to give an
appreciation of the principles of industrial instrumentation and
an insight into the principles involved in control engineering.

The book integrates actual hardware with theory and analysis,

aiming to make the mathematics of control engineering as
readable and approachable as possible.

Structure of the Book

The book has been designed to give a clear exposition and guide
readers through the principles involved in the design and use of
instrumentation and control systems, reviewing background
principles where necessary. Each chapter includes worked
examples, multiple-choice questions and problems; answers are
supplied to all questions and problems. There are numerous
case studies in the text indicating applications of the principles.

Performance Outcomes

The following indicate the outcomes for which each chapter has
been planned. At the end of the chapters the reader should be
able to:

Chapter 1: Measurement systems

Read and interpret performance terminology used in the
specifications of instrumentation.
Chapter 2: Instrumentation system elements
Describe and evaluate sensors commonly used with
instrumentation used in the measurement of position,
rotational speed, pressure, flow, liquid level, temperature
and the detection of the presence of objects.
Describe and evaluate methods used for signal processing
and display.
Chapter 3: Measurement case studies
Explain how system elements are combined in
instrumentation for some commonly encountered
 measurements.
Chapter 4: Control systems
Explain what is meant by open and closed-loop control
systems, the differences in performance between such
systems.
Explain the principles involved in some simple examples
of open and closed-loop control systems.
Describe the basic elements of digital control systems.
Chapter 5: Process controllers
Describe the function and terminology of a process
controller and the use of two-step, proportional, derivative
and integral control laws.
Explain PID control and how such a controller can be
tuned.
Explain what is meant by fuzzy logic and how it can be
used for control applications.
Explain what is meant by artificial neural networks and
how they can be used for control applications.
Chapter 6: Correction elements
Describe common forms of correction/regulating elements
used in control systems.
Describe the forms of commonly used pneumatic/hydraulic
and electric correction elements.
Chapter 7: PLC systems
 Describe the functions of logic gates and the use of truth
tables.
Describe the basic elements involved with PLC systems.
Devise programs to enable PLCs to carry out simple control
tasks.
Chapter 8: System models
Explain how models for physical systems can be
constructed in terms of simple building blocks.
Chapter 9: Transfer function
Define the term transfer function and explain how it is
used to relate outputs to inputs for systems.
Use block diagram simplification techniques to aid in the
evaluation of the overall transfer function of a number of
system elements.
Chapter 10: System response
Use Laplace transforms to determine the response of
systems to common forms of inputs.
Use system parameters to describe the performance of
systems when subject to a step input.
Analyse systems and obtain values for system parameters.
Explain the properties determining the stability of systems.
Derive the steady-state error for a basic closed-loop control
system.
Chapter 11: Frequency response
 Explain how the frequency response function can be
obtained for a system from its transfer function.
Construct Bode plots from a knowledge of the transfer
function.
Use Bode plots for first and second-order systems to
describe their frequency response.
Use practically obtained Bode plots to deduce the form of
the transfer function of a system.
Compare compensation techniques.
Chapter 12: Nyquist diagrams
Draw and interpret Nyquist diagrams.
Chapter 13: Control systems
Explain the reasons for the choices of P, PI, or PID
controllers.
Explain the effect of dead time on the behaviour of a
control system.
Explain the uses of cascade control and feedforward
control.
Explain the principles of digital control systems and the
use of the z-transform to analyse them.
Describe the principles involved in control networks.
Describe the principles involved in Fieldbus.
Describe the principles of CAN, SCADA, DSC and CIP
control networks.
 Identify the issues involved in maintaining a secure
system.

Software Tools

Details of programs and methods suitable for their

development have not been included in this book. It was felt to
be more appropriate to leave such development to more
specialist texts such as MATLAB and SIMULINK for Engineers
by Agam Kumar Tyagi (Oxford Higher Education 2011), A Guide
to MATLAB: For Beginners and Experienced Users by B. R. Hunt
and R. L. Lipsman (Cambridge University Press 2014), Hands-On
Introduction to LabView for Scientists and Engineers by John
Essick (Oxford University Press 2012), and Labview for
Everyone: Graphical Programming Made Easy and Fun by
Jeffrey Travis (Prentice Hall, 2006).

Changes for the 3rd edition

The major changes introduced to the third edition are a

discussion of dependability that has been included in Chapter 1,
the discussion of smart systems extended and an introduction
to radio telemetry for data transmission. A discussion of
interactive and non-interactive forms of PID control and
integrator windup has been added to Chapter 5, and it also now
includes a revised discussion of steady-state error and fuzzy
logic and artificial neural networks for control applications.
Chapter 10 extends the discussion of the steady-state error.
Chapter 13 extends the discussion of the z-transform and bus
systems used with control networks, introducing the HART
Communication Protocol, Fieldbus and CIP control networks,
and also extends the discussion of security issues. An appendix
has been included on the basic features of the z-transform.
Acknowledgement
I am grateful to all those who reviewed the previous edition
and made very helpful suggestions for this new edition.
CHAPTER 1

Measurement Systems

Abstract

This chapter is an introduction to the instrumentation systems

used for making measurements and deals with the basic
elements of such systems, i.e. sensors, signal processors and
data presentation, and the terminology used to describe their
performance in use, namely resolution, accuracy, error, range,
precision, repeatability, reproducibility, sensitivity, stability,
dynamic characteristics and dependability. International
standards and traceability to them are also discussed.

Keywords

Instrumentation systems; performance terminology

OUTLINE

1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Systems 1
1.2 Instrumentation Systems 2
 1.2.1 The Constituent Elements of an Instrumentation
System 2
1.3 Performance Terms 4
1.3.1 Resolution, Accuracy, and Error 4
1.3.2 Range 6
1.3.3 Precision, Repeatability, and Reproducibility 7
1.3.4 Sensitivity 7
1.3.5 Stability 8
1.3.6 Dynamic Characteristics 9
1.4 Dependability 9
1.4.1 Reliability 10
1.5 Requirements 11
1.5.1 Calibration 12
1.5.2 Safety Systems 13
Problems 14

1.1 Introduction

This chapter is an introduction to the instrumentation systems

used for making measurements and deals with the basic
elements of such systems and the terminology used to describe
their performance in use.

1.1.1 Systems
Random documents with unrelated
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“Essex,” 32-gun frigate, her action with the “Alert,” ii. 35, 377;
arrives with despatches, 52, 56;
sails in July, 1812, 377;
returns to port, 378.
Essex county In Massachusetts, declaration of meeting, ii. 402.
Eustis, William, appointed Secretary of War, i. 9;
orders Wilkinson not to camp at Terre aux Bœufs, 172, 174;
authorizes Harrison to buy Indian land in the Wabash valley, ii.
82;
approves Harrison’s purchase, 85;
orders Harrison to preserve peace with Indians, 88, 93;
orders the Fourth Regiment to Indiana, 92, 93;
his lost letter of Sept. 18, 1811, to Harrison, 95;
appears before the Committee of Foreign Relations, 129;
his supposed incompetence, 168, 206, 392, 395, 396, 397,
398;
his duties in 1812, 168;
on recruiting, 294;
his letters to William Hull, announcing war, 299;
and ordering conquests in Canada, 302;
his orders to Dearborn to repair to Albany, 306, 308, 309;
and to take direction of militia at Niagara, 310, 321, 340;
resigns, 422.
Exchange, turn of, against England, in 1808, i. 47.

Fagan, agent of Fouché, i. 239.

“Federal Republican” newspaper, ii. 406, 407.
Federalist party, deprived of grievances, i. 77;
praise Madison, 78, 158;
make common cause with Jackson, 158;
described by Giles, 180.
Federalists, in Congress, Foster’s reports of their conduct and
advice, ii. 171–175;
their reception of Henry’s documents, 183, 184;
cease attempts to discuss war, 227, 228;
their attitude towards the war, 398, 399;
support Clinton for the presidency, 410.
Fenwick, John R., lieut.-colonel of Light Artillery, ii. 352.
Ferdinand VII., proposed kingdom for, in America, i. 239;
cedes Florida by treaty of 1819, ii. 236.
Fernandina in East Florida, seized by United States, ii. 240;
occupation disavowed and maintained, 242, 243.
Finances in 1809, i. 163, 178;
customs-revenue in 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 290, 319;
military and naval appropriations of the Eleventh Congress,
357;
in 1811; ii. 126;
Gallatin’s estimates for war, 156–159;
war-taxes proposed by Gallatin, 166;
approved by the House, 166, 167;
laid aside, 167, 168;
in 1812, 432, 433;
in 1813, 438–448.
(See Loans.)
Findlay, James, colonel of Ohio volunteers, ii. 298, 315, 326.
Findley, William, member of Congress from Pennsylvania,
favors war, ii. 145.
Florida, Napoleon’s retention of, i. 32, 33;
Napoleon insinuates an idea regarding, 408;
Foster instructed to protest against the seizure of, ii. 23;
his protest, 37;
Monroe’s reception of the protest, 38, 39.
Florida, East, Madison asks authority to occupy, i. 326, 327;
Congress authorizes occupation of, 327;
commissioners sent to take possession of, 327;
revolutionized, ii. 237–243;
bill for occupation of, 243.
Florida, West, revolution in, i. 307–315;
Madison orders occupation of, 310–312, 318;
Claiborne takes possession of, 313;
organized as part of Orleans Territory, 314;
protest of British chargé, 314, 315;
Giles’s bill for annexing to Orleans Territory, 320;
debate on annexation, 320–323;
 Macon’s bill, admitting, as a part of Louisiana, 323, 324;
remains a separate territory, 326;
divided by act of Congress, ii. 236;
ceded by Spain in 1819, 237.
Forfeitures under the Non-importation act, ii. 436–443.
Fort Dearborn, Chicago, ii. 110, 294;
garrison massacred, 334.
Fort Erie, ii. 343, 347, 348, 358.
Fort George, ii. 300, 343, 347;
Brock’s headquarters, 341, 348, 349, 351.
Fort Harrison, ii. 95, 106, 294.
Fort Niagara, bombarded, ii. 355.
Fortifications, appropriation for, in 1809, i. 85;
appropriation asked for, in 1810, 319.
Foster, Augustus John, appointed British minister to the United
States, ii. 16, 21;
F. J. Jackson’s opinion of, 22;
his instructions, 22, 23;
arrives at Washington, 37, 52;
protests against the seizure of Florida, 37;
reports Monroe’s language about Spanish America, 38;
protests against the non-importation, 39;
narrows the issue to Fox’s blockade and the Orders in
Council, 40, 41;
reports Monroe’s language on the revocation of the French
decrees, 42;
threatens retaliation for the non-importation, 44;
reports that the Orders in Council are the single object of
irritation, 45;
settles the “Chesapeake” affair, 121, 122;
his report of executive temper in November, 1811, 131;
his report of Gallatin’s language about taxes, 156;
his report of the conduct of Federalists in Congress, 172–175;
receives instructions, March 21, 1812, 191;
communicates them, 192;
his report of Monroe’s remarks on recent French spoliations,
195, 198;
 his report of Madison’s and Monroe’s remarks on the embargo
of April, 1812, 199;
suggests Madison’s re-election, 213.
Fouché, Joseph, Duc d’Otrante, Napoleon’s minister of police, i.
222;
opposes the commercial system, 224;
sends an agent to the British government, 238, 239;
disgraced and exiled, 241.
France, alienation between United States and, i. 28–41, 141–
151;
difficulties of commerce with, 152, 245;
value of spoliations in 1809, 1810, 242, 243;
contract with, 339, 340;
unfriendly language of the annual message toward, ii. 125;
Madison’s language regarding, 187, 218, 224;
theory of contract with, apparently abandoned, 223;
Monroe’s language regarding, 232.
(See Napoleon.)
Fremantle, Colonel, letter on the situation of Parliament, i. 58.
Frigates. (See Navy, “President,” “Constitution,” “United States,”
“Chesapeake,” “Congress,” “Constellation,” “Essex,” and
“Adams.”)
“Frolic,” British sloop-of-war, ii. 379;
her action with the “Wasp,” 380.
Fulton’s torpedo, i. 209.

Gallatin, Albert, Secretary of the Treasury, his appointment as

Secretary of State defeated, i. 4–8;
his quarrel with Samuel Smith, 10;
his conversation with Turreau about the Floridas, 38, 39;
his remarks to Turreau on renewing intercourse with Great
Britain, 74;
his letters on Erskine’s disavowal, 110, 111;
his expectations from Jackson’s mission, 110, 116, 117;
his feud with Giles, Smith, and Leib, 159;
his letter of remonstrance to Jefferson, 160, 161, 164;
his enemies, 167;
 his annual report of 1809, 178;
his bill for excluding British and French ships, 183 (see
Macon);
his remarks on Napoleon’s secret confiscations, 259;
his remarks to Turreau on revival of non-intercourse against
England, 303;
gives notice of revival of non-intercourse against England,
304;
his annual report of 1810, 319;
his dependence on the bank, 329, 335;
asks an increase of duties, 357;
his letter of resignation, 360–366;
Serurier’s estimate of, ii. 46;
his annual report of November, 1811, 126;
attacked by Giles, 148, 149;
delays his estimates, 156;
his war-taxes, 156–159, 165, 166, 204;
reported June 26, 235;
his loan of 1812, 206, 207;
believed to think war unnecessary, 225;
complains of Congress, 234, 235;
reports tax-bills to Congress, 235;
his instructions at the outbreak of war, 301;
his opinion of Eustis, 397, 398;
claims department of State, 424;
his annual report of Dec. 5, 1812, 433, 438;
his views on the forfeiture of merchandise imported in 1812,
439, 440;
his attitude toward war-taxation, 446.
Gardenier, Barent, member of Congress from New York, his
remarks on Jefferson and Madison, i. 79, 80;
supports Macon’s bill, 185;
cause of changing rule of previous question, 353.
Gaudin, Duc de Gaete, orders of, i. 348.
George III., king of England, becomes insane, i. 288; ii. 2.
George, Prince of Wales, his Whig associations, ii. 3, 4;
becomes Prince Regent, Feb. 6, 1811, 14;
 retains Spencer Perceval’s ministry, 14;
his audience of leave for William Pinkney, 16, 18–20;
his conditional declaration of April 21, 1812, that the Orders in
Council should be withdrawn, 254, 282.
Gerry, Elbridge, elected governor of Massachusetts in 1810 and
1811, i. 215; ii. 115;
defeated in 1812, 204;
nominated for the vice-presidency, 214;
elected, 413.
“Gershom,” American brig, burned by French squadron, ii. 193,
198.
Gholson, Thomas, member of Congress from Virginia, moves
new rule of previous question, i. 353.
Giles, William Branch, senator from Virginia, defeats Gallatin’s
appointment as Secretary of State i. 4–7;
votes for mission to Russia, 11;
his report on F. J. Jackson, 178, 179, 182, 183;
wishes energy of government, 180, 189;
his bill for the annexation of West Florida, 319, 320;
his speech on the Bank charter, 333;
his political capacity, 363;
reports bill for raising twenty-five thousand troops, ii. 147;
his speech attacking Gallatin, 148, 149;
his factiousness, 150;
his admission of errors, 154;
his speech on the volunteer bill, 161;
votes for war, 229;
votes against occupying East Florida, 243;
on seamen’s bill, 454.
Gore, Christopher, elected governor of Massachusetts in 1809,
i. 12;
invites F. J. Jackson to Boston, 213;
defeated in the election of 1810, 215;
and in 1811, ii. 115.
“Grace Ann Greene,” American vessel released by Napoleon, i.
391.
Graham, John, his account of public opinion in Kentucky, ii. 394.
Grandpré, Louis, i. 306, 307.
Grenville, Lord, on Canning, i. 49.
Grétry, i. 235.
Grundy, Felix, member of Congress from Tennessee, ii. 122,
137, 196;
on Committee of Foreign Relations, 124, 128;
his speech in favor of war, 137–141;
favors large army, 152;
opposes war-power, 161;
against frigates, 164;
on embargo, 201;
on the political effects of war, 213;
on forfeitures, 443;
reports bill for regulation of seamen, 452, 453.
“Guerriere,” British frigate, ii. 25;
“Little Belt” mistaken for, 26–30;
Captain Dacres of, 37;
joins Broke’s squadron, 368;
chases “Constitution,” 370;
captured by “Constitution,” 372–375.
Gunboats, i. 168.

Hamilton, Paul, appointed Secretary of the Navy, i. 9, 206;

his orders to Commodore Rodgers of June 9, 1810, ii. 26;
of May 6, 1811, 25;
his supposed incompetence, 169, 290, 395, 398;
his orders to Rodgers, Decatur, and Hull in June, 1812, 363–
365, 368;
his orders of September, 1812, 378;
resigns, 428.
Hammond, George, Under Secretary for Foreign Affairs, i. 45.
Hampton, Wade, brigadier-general in U. S. army, i. 169;
takes command at New Orleans, 175; ii. 291.
Hanson, A. C., ii. 407.
Harper, Robert Goodloe, ii. 144.
Harrison, Fort, ii. 95, 106, 294.
Harrison, William Henry, governor of Indiana Territory, ii. 68;
 his account of Indian affairs, 69–73;
his treaties of 1804 and 1805, 75, 77;
his influence in the dispute about slavery in Indiana, 75–77;
his interview with the Prophet in August, 1808, 80;
his treaty of Sept. 30, 1809, 83, 84;
his interview with Tecumthe of Aug. 12, 1810, 85–88;
his letter to Tecumthe June 24, 1811, 90;
his talk with Tecumthe July 27, 1811, 91;
instructed to avoid hostilities, 93;
raises military forces, 93;
sends army up the Wabash valley, 94;
constructs Fort Harrison, 95;
marches on Tippecanoe, 97;
his arrival, 98–100;
his camp, 102;
attacked, 103;
his return to Vincennes, 106;
Humphrey Marshall’s opinion of, 107;
his estimate of the effect of his campaign, 107, 108;
appointed by Kentucky to command expedition to recover
Detroit, 392, 420;
unable to advance, 412.
Hauterive, Alexandre Maurice, Comte d’, charged with
negotiations with Armstrong, i. 140, 141.
Hawkesbury, Lord. (See Liverpool.)
Hay, George, his advice to Monroe, ii. 421.
Henry, John, secret agent of Sir James Craig, his report on
disunion, i. 14;
recalled, 86;
demands money, ii. 176;
comes to Boston, 177;
employs Crillon to negotiate with Monroe, 178;
obtains fifty thousand dollars, 179;
sails for Europe, 180;
papers of, 182;
supposed effect of, in Florida affairs, 241;
Holland, exempted from the non-intercourse, i. 72, 90–92, 112.
 (See Louis Bonaparte.)
Holland, Lord, ii. 275.
Holstein, Duchy of, i. 413.
“Hornet,” sloop-of-war, brings despatches, ii. 215, 217;
cruises with Rodgers’ squadron, 365, 366;
at Boston, 378, 381;
her second cruise, 384;
blockades the “Bonne Citoyenne,” 384.
Howell, Jeremiah B., senator from Rhode Island, votes against
occupying West Florida, ii. 243.
Hull, Isaac, captain in U. S. navy, commands “Constitution,” ii.
364;
his orders, 364;
chased by a British squadron, 369–371;
captures “Guerriere,” 372–375;
takes command at New York, 383.
Hull, William, governor of Michigan Territory, ii. 292;
appointed brigadier-general, 292, 298;
his advice regarding the defence of Detroit, 296;
his march to Detroit, 298;
his loss of papers, 300;
arrives at Detroit, 301;
invades Canada, 302, 317;
his proclamation, 303;
his required campaign, 311;
decides to besiege Malden, 312–314;
sudden discovery of his danger, 314, 315;
evacuates Canada, 315;
his situation at Detroit, 322–329;
his capitulation, 332, 334;
Jefferson’s opinion of, 336, 398.

Illinois Territory, population in 1810, i. 289.

Impressment becomes a casus belli, ii. 116–118;
not expressly mentioned as such by Pinkney, 18;
or in the annual message, 125;
treated by House Committee of Foreign Relations, 134, 135;
 mentioned by Grundy, 139;
by Madison’s war-message, 222;
only obstacle to peace, 430–432, 450–452;
extent of, 451, 452.
Impressments, i. 74, 292, 351, 352.
India, career of Marquess Wellesley in, i. 266.
Indiana Territory, population in 1810, i. 289;
created in 1800, ii. 68;
its dispute about the introduction of slavery, 75;
adopts second grade of territorial government, 76.
Indians in 1810, i. 318;
in the Northwest, ii. 69;
their condition described by Governor Harrison, 69;
trespasses on their territory, 70;
effects of intoxication upon, 71, 72;
murders committed upon, 72, 73;
Jefferson’s policy toward, 73–75;
Harrison’s treaties with, in 1804 and 1805, 75;
Tecumthe and the Prophet, 78;
Jefferson’s refusal to recognize them as a confederated body,
79;
establishment at Tippecanoe Creek, 79–81;
their hostility to cessions of land, 82, 87;
their land-cession of Sept. 30, 1809, 83, 84;
their outbreak imminent in 1810, 85;
outbreak delayed by British influence, 85;
their interview with Harrison, Aug. 12, 1810, 86–88;
government wishes peace with, 89;
of the Six Nations in Upper Canada, wish to remain neutral,
319;
their employment in war by the British, 320;
murders by, 393, 394.
Infantry, Fourth Regiment of, ordered to Indiana July, 1811, ii.
92, 93;
arrives, 94;
part of the expedition to Tippecanoe, 96;
losses in the battle, 104;
 its share in the battle, 107;
ordered to Detroit, 110;
marches to Detroit, 298;
at the battle of Maguaga, 325.
Invisibles, the, i. 363.

Jackson, Francis James, his reputation, i. 96.

appointed British minister to the United States, 97;
his instructions, 99–105;
sails for America, 105;
Gallatin’s expectations from, 111, 117;
arrives at Washington, 115, 116;
his impressions, 117–120;
his negotiation, 120–132;
rupture with, 132;
his anger, 154, 155;
his complaints, 156;
his reception in Baltimore and New York, 157;
discussed before Congress, 176, 178, 179, 182;
his letters from New York and Boston, 212–218;
returns to England, 219;
his treatment by Wellesley, 218, 219, 269, 271, 272;
his influence with the British government, ii. 13;
his account of Pinkney’s “inamicable leave,” 20;
his opinion of Augustus J. Foster, 22;
his death, 22.
Jackson, Mrs. F. J., i. 115, 157.
“Java,” British frigate, her action with the “Constitution,” ii. 385,
386.
Jefferson, Thomas, Turreau’s anger with, i. 34;
Gallatin’s remarks on, 38, 39;
the “National Intelligencer” on, 75;
Randolph’s remarks on, 78;
Robert Smith’s remarks on, 84;
intermediates with Monroe, 161, 162;
expenditures of his administration, 200, 205, 206;
considered too timid by Robert Smith, ii. 48;
 his Indian policy, 69, 73–75, 78, 79, 81;
his opinion of William Hull, 336, 398;
his expectation of the conquest of Canada, 337;
his opinion of Van Rensselaer, 398.
Jesup, Thomas S., acting adjutant-general at Detroit, ii. 329.
Johnson, Richard Mentor, member of Congress from Kentucky,
i. 197, 203; ii. 122;
his war speech, 142;
on the dangers of a navy, 164;
on the treason of opposition, 212.
Jones, Jacob, captain in U. S. navy, commands the “Wasp,” ii.
379;
his action with the “Frolic,” 380;
captured, 381;
takes command of the “Macedonian,” 383.
Jones, Walter, his letter to Jefferson, on dissensions in
Madison’s Cabinet, i. 188.
Jones, William, appointed Secretary of the Navy, ii. 428, 429.

Kentucky, enthusiasm for the war, ii. 390;

number of men in the field, 391, 393;
distaste for the regular army, 391, 394.
Key, Philip Barton, member of Congress from Maryland, i. 185.
King, Rufus, his supposed opposition to Clinton, ii. 410.

Labouchere, i. 238, 239.

Lambert, Henry, captain of the British frigate “Java,” ii. 385, 386.
Langdon, John, of New Hampshire, nominated for the Vice-
Presidency, ii. 214.
Lansdowne, Marquis of, ii. 275.
Lauriston, Marquis de, French ambassador to Russia, i. 418.
Lee, Henry, crippled by Baltimore rioters, ii. 407, 408.
Leib, Michael, senator from Pennsylvania, i. 181, 189, 191; ii.
229, 243;
votes against Bank charter, 337;
his political capacity, 364.
Licenses of trade, British, i. 59, 64;
 scandal of, 273;
debate on, 274, 275;
Canning’s remarks on, 278, 280;
Sidmouth’s conditions on, 281;
Castlereagh proposes to abandon, 221, 282.
Licenses, Napoleon’s system of, i. 246–249;
promised abandonment of, 392, 393;
continued issue of, 400;
repudiated by Napoleon, 414, 417, 422;
municipal character of, ii. 43;
their continued issue, 54;
extension of, 250.
Lincoln, Levi, declines appointment as justice, i. 359.
Lingan, James Maccubin, killed by Baltimore rioters, ii. 407, 408.
“Little Belt,” British sloop of-war, affair of, i. 25–37, 45, 270.
Livermore, Edward St. Loe, member of Congress from
Massachusetts, i. 184.
Liverpool, Lord, on American partiality to France, i. 50;
succeeds Castlereagh at the War Department, 263.
Lloyd, James, senator from Massachusetts, ii. 183.
Loan for 1810, i. 178;
of 1812, for eleven millions, ii. 169;
partial failure of, 207;
of 1813, for twenty millions, 433, 448.
Long, Charles, joint paymaster-general of the forces, i. 58.
Louis Bonaparte, king of Holland, resists Napoleon’s decrees, i.
146;
his interview with Armstrong, 147, 148;
threatened by Napoleon, 236, 237, 240;
stipulates seizure of American ships, 240, 274;
abdicates, 242.
Louisiana, government offered to Monroe, i. 162;
proposed as a kingdom for the French Bourbons, 239;
admitted into the Union, 323–326; ii. 235.
Lowndes, William, member of Congress from South Carolina, ii.
122, 164;
his hostility to non-importation, 205, 234, 445, 448;
 opposes compromise of forfeitures, 442.
Lyon, Matthew, member of Congress from Kentucky, i. 358.

McArthur, Duncan, colonel of Ohio militia, ii. 298, 326, 328, 332,
334.
“Macedonian,” British frigate, capture of, ii. 382, 383.
McKee, John, ii. 237.
Macon, Nathaniel, member of Congress from North Carolina,
votes with Federalists, i. 182;
his bill for excluding British and French shipping, 183, 184;
bill defeated by Senate, 185, 191, 193;
Samuel Smith’s motives for defeating, 185–188, 192, 193;
his bill No. 2, 194, 195;
adopted by Congress, 197, 198;
his remark on manufacturing influence, 197;
his speech on reducing the army and navy in 1810, 201;
his bill admitting the State of Louisiana, with West Florida, into
the Union, 323–326;
not candidate for speaker, ii. 123, 124;
his account of the opinions prevailing at Washington, 129;
supports war, 145;
his remark on France and England, 196.
Madison, James, inauguration of, i. 1;
his inaugural address, 2, 3, 4;
offers the Treasury to Robert Smith, 7, 379;
appoints Robert Smith Secretary of State, 8;
his Cabinet, 9, 10;
nominates J. Q. Adams to Russia, 11;
his letter to Erskine accepting settlement of the “Chesapeake
affair,” 68–70, 89;
issues proclamation renewing intercourse with England, 73,
74;
his views of the change in British policy, 75, 76, 81, 83;
his message of May 23, 1809, 76, 77;
his popularity, 80, 85, 86;
on the disavowal of Erskine’s arrangement, 112;
revives non-intercourse against England, 114;
his negotiation with F. J. Jackson, 117, 122–132;
described by Jackson, 120;
his message of Nov. 29, 1809, 176, 177;
special message of Jan. 3, 1810, asking for volunteers, 179;
his opinions of Samuel and Robert Smith, 186;
dissensions in his cabinet, 188;
remarks on the experiment of unrestricted commerce, 210,
211;
his reply to Napoleon’s note on the right of search and
blockade, 250;
his anger at Napoleon’s confiscations, 292;
his instructions of June 5, 1810, to Armstrong on
Champagny’s reprisals, 293, 294;
his devotion to commercial restrictions, 293, 295;
his instructions of July 5, 1810, to Armstrong requiring
indemnity, 295, 296, 297, 299;
his decision to accept the conditions of Champagny’s letter of
August 5, 296–301;
revives non-intercourse against Great Britain, 303, 304;
takes military possession of West Florida, 308–312, 318;
his supposed character, 310;
his annual message of Dec. 5, 1810, 314, 317–319;
asks authority to take possession of East Florida, 327;
appoints commissioners for East Florida, 327;
decides to enforce the non-intercourse against Great Britain,
347;
his doubts regarding Napoleon’s folly, 350;
his irritation at Smith’s proposed inquiry from Serurier, 350,
351;
offers the State Department to Monroe, 366, 372, 374;
his parting interview with Robert Smith, 375–377;
his anger with Smith, 378;
his translation of bien entendu, 387, 388;
his success in maintaining his own system in the Cabinet, ii.
61, 62;
his discontent with Napoleon’s conduct, 63, 64, 125, 187, 218,
224;
 his orders to maintain peace with the northwestern Indians,
88, 93;
his attitude toward war with England, 118, 125, 129, 131, 175,
196, 197, 213;
his annual message of Nov. 5, 1811, 124;
entertains Crillon, 179, 185;
his message communicating Henry’s papers, 181;
his embargo message, 193, 198, 199;
his comments on the conduct of the Senate, 203;
sustains non-importation, 205;
renominated for the presidency, 214;
perplexed by the French decrees, 218;
his letter to Barlow threatening war on France, 218, 259;
his view of the “immediate impulse” to war with England, 220,
226;
his war message, 221–226;
signs declaration of war, and visits departments, 229;
his measures regarding East Florida, 237, 239, 241, 243;
his remarks on Napoleon’s Russian campaign, 265;
his remarks in August, 1812, on the Canadian campaign, 337;
re-elected President, 413;
wishes Monroe to command western army, 419, 420, 425;
his annual message of 1812, 430–433.
Maguaga, battle of, ii. 325.
Malden, British trading post on the Detroit River, ii. 73, 80, 85,
300;
to be besieged by Hull, 303, 314;
British force at, 312, 313.
Manufactures, growth of, in 1809–1810, i. 15–19;
political influence of, 197;
protection of, 319.
Maret, Hugues Bernard, Duc de Bassano, Napoleon’s secretary,
i. 143;
succeeds Champagny as Minister of Foreign Affairs, 401;
his report to Napoleon of March 10, 1812, ii. 216, 253;
his negotiation with Joel Barlow, 248–263;
 his instructions to Serurier of October, 1811, on the revocation
of the Decrees, 248, 249;
communicates Decree of St. Cloud to Barlow and Serurier,
255–257;
his instructions to Dalberg, 260;
invites Barlow to Wilna, 263;
dismisses his guests, 264.
Marmont, Marshall, his story of Decrès, i. 222.
Marshall, Humphrey, on W. H. Harrison, ii. 107.
Maryland, her electoral vote, ii. 406, 413.
Massa, Duc de, letter from, i. 347.
Massachusetts, election of 1809, i. 12;
tonnage of, 15;
manufactures of, 17–19;
resolutions of legislature regarding F. J. Jackson, 214;
election of, 1810, 215;
Republican control of, in 1810 and 1811, ii. 115;
Federalists recover control of, in 1812, 204;
gives trouble to Dearborn, 305;
refuses to obey call for militia, 309;
temper of, 397–401, 409;
Federalist majority in the Congressional elections of 1812,
413.
Massassinway, council at, ii. 111.
Matthews, George, appointed commissioner to take possession
of East Florida, ii. 237;
his proceedings, 238–240;
disavowed, 240–242.
Mecklenburg, Grand Duchy of, closes its ports to American
commerce, i. 413.
“Melampus,” British frigate, ii. 25.
Merry, Anthony, i. 118, 119, 120, 121.
Message, first annual of President Madison, May 23, 1809, i. 76;
annual, of Nov. 29, 1809, 176–178;
special, of Jan. 3, 1810, asking for volunteers, 179;
annual, of Dec. 5, 1810, 317–319;
 special, of Feb. 19, 1811, on the revocation of the French
decrees, 347, 348;
annual, of Nov. 5, 1811, ii. 124–126;
special, of March 9, 1812, communicating John Henry’s
papers, 181;
special, of April 1, 1812, recommending an embargo for sixty
days, 198;
of April 24, 1812, asking for two Assistant Secretaries of War,
206;
of June 1, 1812, recommending a declaration of war with
England, 221–226;
annual, of Nov. 4, 1812, 430–433.
Michigan territory, population in 1810, i. 289.
Michillimackinaw, Island of, ii. 294;
captured by British expedition, 314, 320.
Militia, constitutional power of Congress over, ii. 159, 160, 400;
Cheves’s opinion on the war power, 160;
act authorizing call for one hundred thousand, 204, 390;
refuses to cross the frontier, 351, 352, 360;
of Kentucky, 391, 393.
Miller, James, Lieutenant-Colonel of Fourth U. S. Infantry, at
Detroit, ii. 326, 328.
Mitchell, D. B., Governor of Georgia, ii. 242.
Mobile, ii. 236.
Monroe, James, Madison’s advances to, i. 159, 161, 162;
his state of mind, 162;
offered the State Department, 366;
his acceptance and policy, 368–374;
takes charge, 380;
Secretary of State, April 1, 1811, ii. 50;
his sensitiveness about the title to West Florida, 38;
his reply to Foster’s protest against the seizure of Florida, 38,
39;
blames Jonathan Russell for questioning the revocation of the
French decrees, 42;
asserts the revocation of the French decrees, 42, 43;
abandons task of reconciliation with England, 44;
 requires revocation of the Orders in Council, 45;
delays Barlow’s departure, 50;
his remonstrances to Serurier about Napoleon’s conduct, 51,
54, 188, 189, 194, 195, 200, 217;
his remarks on protection accorded to commerce, 58;
his acceptance of Madison’s policy, 59–61;
affirms to Foster the repeal of Napoleon’s decrees, 65;
his letter of June 13, 1812, to John Taylor, of Caroline, 66;
his language to Serurier, in October, 1811, 120;
informs Serurier, in November, of executive plan, 129;
agrees to assist the independence of Spanish America, 130;
negotiates purchase of Henry’s papers, 178–180;
his remarks to Foster on Wellesley’s instructions, 192;
his conference with House Committee of Foreign Relations,
March 31, 1812, 197;
his remarks on the embargo, 199, 200, 202;
his relations toward Matthews and the occupation of East
Florida, 238, 240, 241, 242;
his criticisms on the conduct of the war, 396, 397;
assures Serurier he will not negotiate for peace, 415;
proposes to negotiate, 416;
proposes to take a military commission, 419, 420;
hesitates between civil or military control of the war, 421–423;
becomes acting Secretary of War, 423;
excites jealousy, 424, 425;
abandons military career, 425, 426;
offers to prohibit the employment of foreign seamen, 451.
“Moniteur,” The, ii. 253.
Montalivet, Comte de, Napoleon’s Minister of the Interior, i. 221;
his efforts for American commerce, 223, 224.
Moore, Sir John, his Spanish campaign, i. 26, 47, 48.
Morier, J. P., British chargé at Washington, i. 219;
his protest against the seizure of West Florida, 315.
Mountmorris, Lord, i. 265.

Napoleon, his Spanish campaign, i. 22–28;

his severity toward American commerce, 30–32;
withholds Florida, 32, 33;
his causes for rupture with the United States, 39, 40;
his war with Austria in 1809, 106, 134;
learns the repeal of the embargo and of the British Orders,
136;
his first reply to Armstrong’s communication, 137;
drafts Decree withdrawing the Milan Decree, 139;
cause of his hesitation, 140, 141;
lays aside his repealing Decree, 141;
his draft of Vienna Decree of August 4, 1809, 143, 144, 230,
233, 236;
his view of the right of search, 137, 145, 149;
quarrels with his brother Louis, 146, 147;
his increased severity toward the United States, 150–152,
220;
calls a Cabinet council on commerce, Dec. 19, 1809, 220,
221;
discussions with Montalivet, 221, 223;
his note to Gaudin on American ships, 224;
his want of money, 225, 226, 237;
calls for a report from Champagny, Jan. 10, 1810, 226, 227;
his dislike for Armstrong, 228, 229;
his condition for the revocation of his Decrees, 229;
his draft of note asserting retaliation on the Non-intercourse
Act, 230, 231;
his reply to Armstrong’s remonstrances, 234, 235;
his memory, 235;
his decree of Rambouillet, 236;
his threats of annexing Holland, 238, 246;
his annexation of Holland, 241, 242;
his reflections on Macon’s act, 244, 245;
his license system, 246;
his instructions to Champagny ordering announcement that
the Decrees will be withdrawn, 253;
dictates letter of August 5, 1810, 253;
his idea of a trap, 257, 383;
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